Network Working Group B. Carpenter
Internet-Draft Univ. of Auckland
Intended status: Informational B. Liu, Ed.
Expires: April 9, 2020 Huawei Technologies
W. Wang
X. Gong
BUPT University
October 7, 2019
Generic Autonomic Signaling Protocol Application Program Interface
(GRASP API)
draft-ietf-anima-grasp-api-04
Abstract
This document is a conceptual outline of an application programming
interface (API) for the Generic Autonomic Signaling Protocol (GRASP).
Such an API is needed for Autonomic Service Agents (ASA) calling the
GRASP protocol module to exchange autonomic network messages with
other ASAs. Since GRASP is designed to support asynchronous
operations, the API will need to be adapted to the support for
asynchronicity in various languages and operating systems.
Status of This Memo
This Internet-Draft is submitted in full conformance with the
provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79.
Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering
Task Force (IETF). Note that other groups may also distribute
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Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months
and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any
time. It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference
material or to cite them other than as "work in progress."
This Internet-Draft will expire on April 9, 2020.
Copyright Notice
Copyright (c) 2019 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the
document authors. All rights reserved.
This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal
Provisions Relating to IETF Documents
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Table of Contents
1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
2. GRASP API for ASA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
2.1. Design Principles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
2.2. Asynchronous Operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
2.3. API definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
2.3.1. Parameters and data structures . . . . . . . . . . . 7
2.3.2. Registration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
2.3.3. Discovery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
2.3.4. Negotiation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
2.3.5. Synchronization and Flooding . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
2.3.6. Invalid Message Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
3. Implementation Status [RFC Editor: please remove] . . . . . . 24
4. Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
5. IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
6. Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
7. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
7.1. Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
7.2. Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
Appendix A. Error Codes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
Appendix B. Change log [RFC Editor: Please remove] . . . . . . . 26
Authors' Addresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
1. Introduction
As defined in [I-D.ietf-anima-reference-model], the Autonomic Service
Agent (ASA) is the atomic entity of an autonomic function, and it is
instantiated on autonomic nodes. When ASAs communicate with each
other, they should use the Generic Autonomic Signaling Protocol
(GRASP) [I-D.ietf-anima-grasp].
As the following figure shows, a GRASP implementation could contain
two major sub-layers. The bottom is the GRASP base protocol module,
which is only responsible for sending and receiving GRASP messages
and maintaining shared data structures. The upper layer contains
some extended functions based upon GRASP basic protocol. For
example, [I-D.liu-anima-grasp-distribution] describes a possible
extended function.
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It is desirable that ASAs can be designed as portable user-space
programs using a portable API. In many operating systems, the GRASP
module will therefore be split into two layers. The top layer is a
library that provides the API. The lower layer is a daemon that
contains GRASP core functions that are independent of specific ASAs,
such as multicast handling and relaying, and common data structures
such as the discovery cache. The GRASP API library would need to
communicate with the GRASP core via an inter-process communication
(IPC) mechanism. The details of this are system-dependent.
+----+ +----+
|ASAs| |ASAs|
+----+ +----+
| |
| GRASP Function API |
| |
+------------------+ |GRASP API
| GRASP Extended | |
| Function Modules | |
+------------------+ |
+------------------------------------------+
| GRASP API Library |
| GRASP Modules - - - - - - - - - - - - - |
| GRASP Core (Daemon) |
+------------------------------------------+
Both the GRASP library and the extended function modules should be
available to the ASAs. Thus, there need to be two sub-sets of API.
However, since the extended functions are expected to be added in an
incremental manner, it is inappropriate to define all the function
APIs in a single document. This document only describes the basic
GRASP API.
Note that a very simple autonomic node might contain only a single
ASA in addition to the autonomic infrastructure components described
in [I-D.ietf-anima-bootstrapping-keyinfra] and
[I-D.ietf-anima-autonomic-control-plane]. Such a node might directly
integrate GRASP in its autonomic code and therefore not require this
API to be installed.
This document gives a conceptual outline of the API. It is not a
formal specification for any particular programming language or
operating system, and it is expected that details will be clarified
in individual implementations.
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2. GRASP API for ASA
2.1. Design Principles
The assumption of this document is that any Autonomic Service Agent
(ASA) needs to call a GRASP module that handles protocol details
(security, sending and listening for GRASP messages, waiting, caching
discovery results, negotiation looping, sending and receiving
sychronization data, etc.) but understands nothing about individual
objectives. The semantics of objectives are unknown to the GRASP
module and are handled only by the ASAs. Thus, this is a high level
abstract API for use by ASAs. Individual language bindings should be
defined in separate documents.
An assumption of this API is that ASAs may fall into various classes:
o ASAs that only use GRASP for discovery purposes.
o ASAs that use GRASP negotiation but only as an initiator (client).
o ASAs that use GRASP negotiation but only as a responder.
o ASAs that use GRASP negotiation as an initiator or responder.
o ASAs that use GRASP synchronization but only as an initiator
(recipient).
o ASAs that use GRASP synchronization but only as a responder and/or
flooder.
o ASAs that use GRASP synchronization as an initiator, responder
and/or flooder.
The API also assumes that one ASA may support multiple objectives.
Nothing prevents an ASA from supporting some objectives for
synchronization and others for negotiation.
The API design assumes that the operating system and programming
language provide a mechanism for simultaneous asynchronous
operations. This is discussed in detail in Section 2.2.
The functions provided by the API do not map one-to-one onto GRASP
messages. Rather, they are intended to offer convenient support for
message sequences (such as a discovery request followed by responses
from several peers, or a negotiation request followed by various
possible responses).
This is a preliminary version. A few gaps exist:
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o Authorization of ASAs is out of scope.
o User-supplied explicit locators for an objective are not
supported.
o The Rapid mode of GRASP is not supported.
2.2. Asynchronous Operations
GRASP includes asynchronous operations and wait states, and its
messages are not idempotent, i.e. they may cause incremental changes
of state in the recipient ASA. Most ASAs will need to support
several simultaneous operations; for example an ASA might need to
negotiate one objective with a peer while discovering and
synchronizing a different objective with a different peer.
Alternatively, an ASA which acts as a resource manager might need to
run simultaneous negotiations for a given objective with multiple
different peers. Such an ASA must support atomic access to its
internal data structures, for example using operating system locks.
Thus, both the GRASP core and most ASAs need to support asynchronous
operations. Depending on both the operating system and the
programming language in use, there are three main techniques for such
parallel operations: multi-threading, an event loop structure using
polling, and an event loop structure using callback functions.
1. In multi-threading, the operating system and language will
provide the necessary support for asynchronous operations,
including creation of new threads, context switching between
threads, queues, locks, and implicit wait states. In this case,
all API calls can be treated naturally as synchronous, even if
they include wait states, blocking and queueing. Simultaneous
operations will each run in their own threads. For example, the
discover() call may not return until discovery results have
arrived or a timeout has occurred. If the ASA has other work to
do, the discover() call must be in a thread of its own.
2. In an event loop implementation with polling, blocking calls are
not acceptable. Therefore all calls must be non-blocking, and
the main loop could support multiple GRASP sessions in parallel
by repeatedly polling each one for a change of state. To
facilitate this, the API implementation would provide non-
blocking versions of all the functions that otherwise involve
blocking and queueing. In these calls, a 'noReply' code will be
returned by each call instead of blocking, until such time as the
event for which it is waiting (or a failure) has occurred. Thus,
for example, discover() would return 'noReply' instead of waiting
until discovery has succeeded or timed out. The discover() call
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would be repeated in every cycle of the main loop until it
completes. Effectively, it becomes a polling call.
3. In an event loop implementation with callbacks, the ASA
programmer would provide a callback function for each
asynchronous operation, e.g. discovery_received(). This would be
called asynchronously when a reply is received or a failure such
as a timeout occurs.
The following calls involve waiting for a remote operation, so they
could use a polling or callback mechanism. In a threaded mechanism,
they will usually require to be called in a separate thread:
discover() whose callback would be discovery_received().
request_negotiate() whose callback would be
negotiate_step_received().
negotiate_step() whose callback would be
negotiate_step_received().
listen_negotiate() whose callback would be
negotiate_step_received().
synchronize() whose callback would be synchronization_received().
There is nothing in the design of GRASP to prevent the following
scenario. Consider an ASA "A" that acts as a resource allocator for
some objective. An ASA "B" launches a negotiation with "A" to obtain
or release a quantity of the resource. While this negotatition is
under way, "B" chooses to launch a second simultaneous negotiation
with "A" for a different quantity of the same resource. "A" must
therefore conduct two separate negotiation sessions at the same time
with the same peer, and must not mix them up.
Note that ASAs could be designed to avoid such a scenario, i.e.
restricted to exactly one negotiation session at a time for a given
objective, but this would be a voluntary restriction not required by
the GRASP protocol. In fact it is an assumption of GRASP that an ASA
managing a resource may need to conduct multiple parallel
negotiations, possibly with the same peer. Therefore, the API design
allows for such scenarios.
In the callback model, for the scenario just described, the ASAs "A"
and "B" will each provide two instances of negotiate_step_received(),
one for each session. For this reason, each ASA must be able to
distinguish the two sessions, and the peer's IP address is not
sufficient for this. It is also not safe to rely on transport port
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numbers for this, since future variants of GRASP might use shared
ports rather than a separate port per session. This is why the GRASP
design includes a session identifier. Thus, when necessary, a
'session_nonce' parameter is used in the API to distinguish
simultaneous GRASP sessions from each other, so that any number of
sessions may proceed asynchronously in parallel.
In calls where it is used, the 'session_nonce' is an opaque read/
write parameter. On the first call, it is set to a null value, and
the API returns a non-null 'session_nonce' value based on the GRASP
session identifier. This value must be used in all subsequent calls
for the same session, and will be provided as a parameter in the
callback functions. By this mechanism, multiple overlapping sessions
can be distinguished, both in the ASA and in the GRASP core. The
value of the 'session_nonce" is opaque to the ASA.
An additional mechanism that might increase efficiency for polling
implementations is to add a general call, say notify(), which would
check the status of all outstanding operations for the calling ASA
and return the session_nonce values for all sessions that have
changed state. This would eliminate the need for repeated calls to
the individual functions returning a 'noReply'. This call is not
described below as the details are likely to be implementation-
specific.
An implication of the above for all GRASP implementations is that the
GRASP core must keep state for each GRASP operation in progress, most
likely keyed by the GRASP Session ID and the GRASP source address of
the session initiator. Even in a threaded implementation, the GRASP
core will need such state internally. The session_nonce parameter
exposes this aspect of the implementation.
2.3. API definition
2.3.1. Parameters and data structures
This section describes parameters and data structures used in
multiple API calls.
2.3.1.1. Errorcode
All functions in the API have an unsigned 'errorcode' integer as
their return value (the first returned value in languages that allow
multiple returned parameters). An errorcode of zero indicates
success. Any other value indicates failure of some kind. The first
three errorcodes have special importance:
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1. Declined: used to indicate that the other end has sent a GRASP
Negotiation End message (M_END) with a Decline option
(O_DECLINE).
2. No reply: used in non-blocking calls to indicate that the other
end has sent no reply so far (see Section 2.2).
3. Unspecified error: used when no more specific error code applies.
Appendix A gives a full list of currently suggested error codes,
based on implementation experience. While there is no absolute
requirement for all implementations to use the same error codes, this
is highly recommended for portability of applications.
2.3.1.2. Timeout
Wherever a 'timeout' parameter appears, it is an integer expressed in
milliseconds. If it is zero, the GRASP default timeout
(GRASP_DEF_TIMEOUT, see [I-D.ietf-anima-grasp]) will apply. If no
response is received before the timeout expires, the call will fail
unless otherwise noted.
2.3.1.3. Objective
An 'objective' parameter is a data structure with the following
components:
o name (UTF-8 string) - the objective's name
o neg (Boolean flag) - True if objective supports negotiation
(default False)
o synch (Boolean flag) - True if objective supports synchronization
(default False)
o dry (Boolean flag) - True if objective supports dry-run
negotiation (default False)
* Note 1: All objectives are assumed to support discovery, so
there is no Boolean for that.
* Note 2: Only one of 'synch' or 'neg' may be True.
* Note 3: 'dry' must not be True unless 'neg' is also True.
* Note 4: In a language such as C the preferred implementation
may be to represent the Boolean flags as bits in a single byte.
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o loop_count (integer) - Limit on negotiation steps etc. (default
GRASP_DEF_LOOPCT, see [I-D.ietf-anima-grasp])
o value - a specific data structure expressing the value of the
objective. The format is language dependent, with the constraint
that it can be validly represented in CBOR (default integer = 0).
An essential requirement for all language mappings and all
implementations is that, regardless of what other options exist
for a language-specific represenation of the value, there is
always an option to use a CBOR byte string as the value. The API
will then wrap this byte string in CBOR Tag 24 for transmission
via GRASP, and unwrap it after reception.
An example data structure definition for an objective in the C
language, assuming the use of a particular CBOR library, is:
typedef struct {
char *name;
uint8_t flags; // flag bits as defined by GRASP
int loop_count;
int value_size; // size of value in bytes
cbor_mutable_data cbor_value;
// CBOR bytestring (libcbor/cbor/data.h)
} objective;
An example data structure definition for an objective in the
Python language is:
class objective:
"""A GRASP objective"""
def __init__(self, name):
self.name = name # Unique name (string)
self.negotiate = False # True if objective supports negotiation
self.dryrun = False # True if objective supports dry-run neg.
self.synch = False # True if objective supports synch
self.loop_count = GRASP_DEF_LOOPCT # Default starting value
self.value = 0 # Place holder; any valid Python object
2.3.1.4. ASA_locator
An 'ASA_locator' parameter is a data structure with the following
contents:
o locator - The actual locator, either an IP address or an ASCII
string.
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o ifi (integer) - The interface identifier index via which this was
discovered - probably no use to a normal ASA
o expire (system dependent type) - The time on the local system
clock when this locator will expire from the cache
o is_ipaddress (Boolean) - True if the locator is an IP address
o is_fqdn (Boolean) - True if the locator is an FQDN
o is_uri (Boolean) - True if the locator is a URI
o diverted (Boolean) - True if the locator was discovered via a
Divert option
o protocol (integer) - Applicable transport protocol (IPPROTO_TCP or
IPPROTO_UDP)
o port (integer) - Applicable port number
2.3.1.5. Tagged_objective
A 'tagged_objective' parameter is a data structure with the following
contents:
o objective - An objective
o locator - The ASA_locator associated with the objective, or a null
value.
2.3.1.6. Asa_nonce
Although an authentication and authorization scheme for ASAs has not
been defined, the API provides a very simple hook for such a scheme.
When an ASA starts up, it registers itself with the GRASP core, which
provides it with an opaque nonce that, although not cryptographically
protected, would be difficult for a third party to predict. The ASA
must present this nonce in future calls. This mechanism will prevent
some elementary errors or trivial attacks such as an ASA manipulating
an objective it has not registered to use.
Thus, in most calls, an 'asa_nonce' parameter is required. It is
generated when an ASA first registers with GRASP, and the ASA must
then store the asa_nonce and use it in every subsequent GRASP call.
Any call in which an invalid nonce is presented will fail. It is an
up to 32-bit opaque value (for example represented as a uint32_t,
depending on the language). It should be unpredictable; a possible
implementation is to use the same mechanism that GRASP uses to
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generate Session IDs [I-D.ietf-anima-grasp]. Another possible
implementation is to hash the name of the ASA with a locally defined
secret key.
2.3.1.7. Session_nonce
In some calls, a 'session_nonce' parameter is required. This is an
opaque data structure as far as the ASA is concerned, used to
identify calls to the API as belonging to a specific GRASP session
(see Section 2.2). In fully threaded implementations this parameter
might not be needed, but it is included to act as a session handle if
necessary. It will also allow GRASP to detect and ignore malicious
calls or calls from timed-out sessions. A possible implementation is
to form the nonce from the underlying GRASP Session ID and the source
address of the session.
2.3.2. Registration
These functions are used to register an ASA and the objectives that
it supports with the GRASP module. If an authorization model is
added to GRASP, it would also be added at this point in the API.
o register_asa()
Input parameter:
name of the ASA (UTF-8 string)
Return parameters:
errorcode (integer)
asa_nonce (integer) (if successful)
This initialises state in the GRASP module for the calling
entity (the ASA). In the case of success, an 'asa_nonce' is
returned which the ASA must present in all subsequent calls.
In the case of failure, the ASA has not been authorized and
cannot operate.
o deregister_asa()
Input parameters:
asa_nonce (integer)
name of the ASA (UTF-8 string)
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Return parameter:
errorcode (integer)
This removes all state in the GRASP module for the calling
entity (the ASA), and deregisters any objectives it has
registered. Note that these actions must also happen
automatically if an ASA crashes.
Note - the ASA name is strictly speaking redundant in this
call, but is present for clarity.
o register_objective()
Input parameters:
asa_nonce (integer)
objective (structure)
ttl (integer - default GRASP_DEF_TIMEOUT)
discoverable (Boolean - default False)
overlap (Boolean - default False)
local (Boolean - default False)
Return parameter:
errorcode (integer)
This registers an objective that this ASA supports and may
modify. The 'objective' becomes a candidate for discovery.
However, discovery responses should not be enabled until the
ASA calls listen_negotiate() or listen_synchronize(), showing
that it is able to act as a responder. The ASA may negotiate
the objective or send synchronization or flood data.
Registration is not needed if the ASA only wants to receive
synchronization or flood data for the objective concerned.
The 'ttl' parameter is the valid lifetime (time to live) in
milliseconds of any discovery response for this objective. The
default value should be the GRASP default timeout
(GRASP_DEF_TIMEOUT, see [I-D.ietf-anima-grasp]).
If the parameter 'discoverable' is True, the objective is
immediately discoverable. This is intended for objectives that
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are only defined for GRASP discovery, and which do not support
negotiation or synchronization.
If the parameter 'overlap' is True, more than one ASA may
register this objective in the same GRASP instance.
If the parameter 'local' is True, discovery must return a link-
local address. This feature is for objectives that must be
restricted to the local link.
This call may be repeated for multiple objectives.
o deregister_objective()
Input parameters:
asa_nonce (integer)
objective (structure)
Return parameter:
errorcode (integer)
The 'objective' must have been registered by the calling ASA;
if not, this call fails. Otherwise, it removes all state in
the GRASP module for the given objective.
2.3.3. Discovery
o discover()
Input parameters:
asa_nonce (integer)
objective (structure)
timeout (integer)
age_limit (integer)
Return parameters:
errorcode (integer)
locator_list (structure)
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This returns a list of discovered 'ASA_locator's for the given
objective. Note that this structure includes all the fields
described in Section 2.3.1.4.
If the parameter 'age_limit' is greater than zero, any locally
cached locators for the objective whose remaining lifetime in
milliseconds is less than or equal to 'age_limit' are deleted
first. Thus 'age_limit' = 0 will flush all entries.
If the parameter 'timeout' is zero, any remaining locally
cached locators for the objective are returned immediately and
no other action is taken. (Thus, a call with 'age_limit' and
'timeout' both equal to zero is pointless.)
If the parameter 'timeout' is greater than zero, GRASP
discovery is performed, and all results obtained before the
timeout in milliseconds expires are returned. If no results
are obtained, an empty list is returned after the timeout.
That is not an error condition.
Threaded implementation: This should be called in a separate
thread if asynchronous operation is required.
Event loop implementation: An additional read/write
'session_nonce' parameter is used. A callback may be used in
the case of a non-zero tiemout.
2.3.4. Negotiation
o request_negotiate()
Input parameters:
asa_nonce (integer)
objective (structure)
peer (ASA_locator)
timeout (integer)
Return parameters:
errorcode (integer)
session_nonce (structure) (if successful)
proffered_objective (structure) (if successful)
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reason (string) (if negotiation declined)
This function opens a negotiation session. The 'objective'
parameter must include the requested value, and its loop count
should be set to a suitable value by the ASA. If not, the
GRASP default will apply.
Note that a given negotiation session may or may not be a dry-
run negotiation; the two modes must not be mixed in a single
session.
The 'peer' parameter is the target node; it must be an
'ASA_locator' as returned by discover(). If the peer is null,
GRASP discovery is performed first.
If the 'errorcode' return parameter is 0, the negotiation has
successfully started. There are then two cases:
1. The 'session_nonce' parameter is null. In this case the
negotiation has succeeded (the peer has accepted the
request). The returned 'proffered_objective' contains the
value accepted by the peer.
2. The 'session_nonce' parameter is not null. In this case
negotiation must continue. The returned
'proffered_objective' contains the first value proffered by
the negotiation peer. Note that this instance of the
objective must be used in the subsequent negotiation call
because it also contains the current loop count. The
'session_nonce' must be presented in all subsequent
negotiation steps.
This function must be followed by calls to 'negotiate_step'
and/or 'negotiate_wait' and/or 'end_negotiate' until the
negotiation ends. 'request_negotiate' may then be called
again to start a new negotation.
If the 'errorcode' parameter has the value 1 ('declined'), the
negotiation has been declined by the peer (M_END and O_DECLINE
features of GRASP). The 'reason' string is then available for
information and diagnostic use, but it may be a null string.
For this and any other error code, an exponential backoff is
recommended before any retry.
Threaded implementation: This should be called in a separate
thread if asynchronous operation is required.
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Event loop implementation: The 'session_nonce' parameter is
used in read/write mode.
Use of dry run mode: This must be consistent within a GRASP
session. The state of the 'dry' flag in the initial
request_negotiate() call must be the same in all subsequent
negotiation steps of the same session. The semantics of the
dry run mode are built into the ASA; GRASP merely carries the
flag bit.
Special note for the ACP infrastructure ASA: It is likely that
this ASA will need to discover and negotiate with its peers in
each of its on-link neighbors. It will therefore need to know
not only the link-local IP address but also the physical
interface and transport port for connecting to each neighbor.
One implementation approach to this is to include these details
in the 'session_nonce' data structure, which is opaque to
normal ASAs.
o listen_negotiate()
Input parameters:
asa_nonce (integer)
objective (structure)
Return parameters:
errorcode (integer)
session_nonce (structure) (if successful)
requested_objective (structure) (if successful)
This function instructs GRASP to listen for negotiation
requests for the given 'objective'. It also enables discovery
responses for the objective.
Threaded implementation: It will block waiting for an incoming
request, so should be called in a separate thread if
asynchronous operation is required. If the ASA supports
multiple simultaneous transactions, a new thread must be
spawned for each new session.
Event loop implementation: A read/write 'session_nonce'
parameter is used. If the ASA supports multiple simultaneous
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transactions, a new event must be inserted in the event loop
for each new session.
Unless there is an unexpected failure, this call only returns
after an incoming negotiation request. When it does so,
'requested_objective' contains the first value requested by the
negotiation peer. Note that this instance of the objective
must be used in the subsequent negotiation call because it also
contains the current loop count. The 'session_nonce' must be
presented in all subsequent negotiation steps.
This function must be followed by calls to 'negotiate_step'
and/or 'negotiate_wait' and/or 'end_negotiate' until the
negotiation ends. 'listen_negotiate' may then be called again
to await a new negotation.
If an ASA is capable of handling multiple negotiations
simultaneously, it may call 'listen_negotiate' simultaneously
from multiple threads. The API and GRASP implementation must
support re-entrant use of the listening state and the
negotiation calls. Simultaneous sessions will be distinguished
by the threads themselves, the GRASP Session IDs, and the
underlying unicast transport sockets.
o stop_listen_negotiate()
Input parameters:
asa_nonce (integer)
objective (structure)
Return parameter:
errorcode (integer)
Instructs GRASP to stop listening for negotiation requests for
the given objective, i.e., cancels 'listen_negotiate'.
Threaded implementation: Must be called from a different thread
than 'listen_negotiate'.
Event loop implementation: no special considerations.
o negotiate_step()
Input parameters:
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asa_nonce (integer)
session_nonce (structure)
objective (structure)
timeout (integer)
Return parameters:
Exactly as for 'request_negotiate'
Executes the next negotation step with the peer. The
'objective' parameter contains the next value being proffered
by the ASA in this step.
Threaded implementation: Called in the same thread as the
preceding 'request_negotiate' or 'listen_negotiate', with the
same value of 'session_nonce'.
Event loop implementation: Must use the same value of
'session_nonce' returned by the preceding 'request_negotiate'
or 'listen_negotiate'.
o negotiate_wait()
Input parameters:
asa_nonce (integer)
session_nonce (structure)
timeout (integer)
Return parameters:
errorcode (integer)
Delay negotiation session by 'timeout' milliseconds, thereby
extending the original timeout. This function simply triggers
a GRASP Confirm Waiting message.
Threaded implementation: Called in the same thread as the
preceding 'request_negotiate' or 'listen_negotiate', with the
same value of 'session_nonce'.
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Event loop implementation: Must use the same value of
'session_nonce' returned by the preceding 'request_negotiate'
or 'listen_negotiate'.
o end_negotiate()
Input parameters:
asa_nonce (integer)
session_nonce (structure)
reply (Boolean)
reason (UTF-8 string)
Return parameters:
errorcode (integer)
End the negotiation session.
'reply' = True for accept (successful negotiation), False for
decline (failed negotiation).
'reason' = optional string describing reason for decline.
Threaded implementation: Called in the same thread as the
preceding 'request_negotiate' or 'listen_negotiate', with the
same value of 'session_nonce'.
Event loop implementation: Must use the same value of
'session_nonce' returned by the preceding 'request_negotiate'
or 'listen_negotiate'.
2.3.5. Synchronization and Flooding
o synchronize()
Input parameters:
asa_nonce (integer)
objective (structure)
peer (ASA_locator)
timeout (integer)
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Return parameters:
errorcode (integer)
objective (structure) (if successful)
This call requests the synchronized value of the given
'objective'.
Since this is essentially a read operation, any ASA can do it.
Therefore the API checks that the ASA is registered but the
objective doesn't need to be registered by the calling ASA.
If the objective was already flooded, the flooded value is
returned immediately in the 'result' parameter. In this case,
the 'source' and 'timeout' are ignored.
Otherwise, synchronization with a discovered ASA is performed.
The 'peer' parameter is an 'ASA_locator' as returned by
discover(). If 'peer' is null, GRASP discovery is performed
first.
This call should be repeated whenever the latest value is
needed.
Threaded implementation: Call in a separate thread if
asynchronous operation is required.
Event loop implementation: An additional read/write
'session_nonce' parameter is used.
Since this is essentially a read operation, any ASA can use it.
Therefore GRASP checks that the calling ASA is registered but
the objective doesn't need to be registered by the calling ASA.
In the case of failure, an exponential backoff is recommended
before retrying.
o listen_synchronize()
Input parameters:
asa_nonce (integer)
objective (structure)
Return parameters:
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errorcode (integer)
This instructs GRASP to listen for synchronization requests for
the given objective, and to respond with the value given in the
'objective' parameter. It also enables discovery responses for
the objective.
This call is non-blocking and may be repeated whenever the
value changes.
o stop_listen_synchronize()
Input parameters:
asa_nonce (integer)
objective (structure)
Return parameters:
errorcode (integer)
This call instructs GRASP to stop listening for synchronization
requests for the given 'objective', i.e. it cancels a previous
listen_synchronize.
o flood()
Input parameters:
asa_nonce (integer)
ttl (integer)
tagged_objective_list (structure)
Return parameters:
errorcode (integer)
This call instructs GRASP to flood the given synchronization
objective(s) and their value(s) and associated locator(s) to
all GRASP nodes.
The 'ttl' parameter is the valid lifetime (time to live) of the
flooded data in milliseconds (0 = infinity)
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The 'tagged_objective_list' parameter is a list of one or more
'tagged_objective' couplets. The 'locator' parameter that tags
each objective is normally null but may be a valid
'ASA_locator'. Infrastructure ASAs needing to flood an
{address, protocol, port} 3-tuple with an objective create an
ASA_locator object to do so. If the IP address in that locator
is the unspecified address ('::') it is replaced by the link-
local address of the sending node in each copy of the flood
multicast, which will be forced to have a loop count of 1.
This feature is for objectives that must be restricted to the
local link.
The function checks that the ASA registered each objective.
This call may be repeated whenever any value changes.
o get_flood()
Input parameters:
asa_nonce (integer)
objective (structure)
Return parameters:
errorcode (integer)
tagged_objective_list (structure) (if successful)
This call instructs GRASP to return the given synchronization
objective if it has been flooded and its lifetime has not
expired.
Since this is essentially a read operation, any ASA can do it.
Therefore the API checks that the ASA is registered but the
objective doesn't need to be registered by the calling ASA.
The 'tagged_objective_list' parameter is a list of
'tagged_objective' couplets, each one being a copy of the
flooded objective and a coresponding locator. Thus if the same
objective has been flooded by multiple ASAs, the recipient can
distinguish the copies.
Note that this call is for advanced ASAs. In a simple case, an
ASA can simply call synchronize() in order to get a valid
flooded objective.
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o expire_flood()
Input parameters:
asa_nonce (integer)
tagged_objective (structure)
Return parameters:
errorcode (integer)
This is a call that can only be used after a preceding call to
get_flood() by an ASA that is capable of deciding that the
flooded value is stale or invalid. Use with care.
The 'tagged_objective' parameter is the one to be expired.
2.3.6. Invalid Message Function
o send_invalid()
Input parameters:
asa_nonce (integer)
session_nonce (structure)
info (bytes)
Return parameters:
errorcode (integer)
Sends a GRASP Invalid Message (M_INVALID) message, as described
in [I-D.ietf-anima-grasp]. Should not be used if
end_negotiate() would be sufficient. Note that this message
may be used in response to any unicast GRASP message that the
receiver cannot interpret correctly. In most cases this
message will be generated internally by a GRASP implementation.
'info' = optional diagnostic data. May be raw bytes from the
invalid message.
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3. Implementation Status [RFC Editor: please remove]
A prototype open source Python implementation of GRASP, including an
API similar to this document, has been used to verify the concepts
for the threaded model. It may be found at
<https://github.com/becarpenter/graspy> with associated documentation
and demonstration ASAs.
4. Security Considerations
Security issues for the GRASP protocol are discussed in
[I-D.ietf-anima-grasp]. Authorization of ASAs is a subject for
future study.
The 'asa_nonce' parameter is used in the API as a first line of
defence against a malware process attempting to imitate a
legitimately registered ASA. The 'session_nonce' parameter is used
in the API as a first line of defence against a malware process
attempting to hijack a GRASP session.
5. IANA Considerations
This document currently makes no request of the IANA.
Open question: Do we need an IANA registry for the error codes?
6. Acknowledgements
Excellent suggestions were made by Ignas Bagdonas, Toerless Eckert,
Guangpeng Li, Michael Richardson, and other participants in the ANIMA
WG.
7. References
7.1. Normative References
[I-D.ietf-anima-grasp]
Bormann, C., Carpenter, B., and B. Liu, "A Generic
Autonomic Signaling Protocol (GRASP)", draft-ietf-anima-
grasp-15 (work in progress), July 2017.
7.2. Informative References
[I-D.ietf-anima-autonomic-control-plane]
Eckert, T., Behringer, M., and S. Bjarnason, "An Autonomic
Control Plane (ACP)", draft-ietf-anima-autonomic-control-
plane-20 (work in progress), July 2019.
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[I-D.ietf-anima-bootstrapping-keyinfra]
Pritikin, M., Richardson, M., Eckert, T., Behringer, M.,
and K. Watsen, "Bootstrapping Remote Secure Key
Infrastructures (BRSKI)", draft-ietf-anima-bootstrapping-
keyinfra-28 (work in progress), September 2019.
[I-D.ietf-anima-reference-model]
Behringer, M., Carpenter, B., Eckert, T., Ciavaglia, L.,
and J. Nobre, "A Reference Model for Autonomic
Networking", draft-ietf-anima-reference-model-10 (work in
progress), November 2018.
[I-D.liu-anima-grasp-distribution]
Liu, B., Xiao, X., Jiang, S., Hecker, A., and Z.
Despotovic, "Information Distribution in Autonomic
Networking", draft-liu-anima-grasp-distribution-11 (work
in progress), July 2019.
Appendix A. Error Codes
This Appendix lists the error codes defined so far, with suggested
symbolic names and corresponding descriptive strings in English. It
is expected that complete API implementations will provide for
localisation of these descriptive strings, and that additional error
codes will be needed according to implementation details.
An open issue for these values is whether there is an advantage in
aligning them with existing error codes in the socket API, where the
meanings coincide, and using different values otherwise. This is to
be balanced against the advantage of having a compact and completely
portable set of error codes for GRASP alone.
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ok 0 "OK"
declined 1 "Declined"
noReply 2 "No reply"
unspec 3 "Unspecified error"
ASAfull 4 "ASA registry full"
dupASA 5 "Duplicate ASA name"
noASA 6 "ASA not registered"
notYourASA 7 "ASA registered but not by you"
notBoth 8 "Objective cannot support both negotiation
and synchronization"
notDry 9 "Dry-run allowed only with negotiation"
notOverlap 10 "Overlap not supported by this implementation"
objFull 11 "Objective registry full"
objReg 12 "Objective already registered"
notYourObj 13 "Objective not registered by this ASA"
notObj 14 "Objective not found"
notNeg 15 "Objective not negotiable"
noSecurity 16 "No security"
noDiscReply 17 "No reply to discovery"
sockErrNegRq 18 "Socket error sending negotiation request"
noSession 19 "No session"
noSocket 20 "No socket"
loopExhausted 21 "Loop count exhausted"
sockErrNegStep 22 "Socket error sending negotiation step"
noPeer 23 "No negotiation peer"
CBORfail 24 "CBOR decode failure"
invalidNeg 25 "Invalid Negotiate message"
invalidEnd 26 "Invalid end message"
noNegReply 27 "No reply to negotiation step"
noValidStep 28 "No valid reply to negotiation step"
sockErrWait 29 "Socket error sending wait message"
sockErrEnd 30 "Socket error sending end message"
IDclash 31 "Incoming request Session ID clash"
notSynch 32 "Not a synchronization objective"
notFloodDisc 33 "Not flooded and no reply to discovery"
sockErrSynRq 34 "Socket error sending synch request"
noListener 35 "No synch listener"
noSynchReply 36 "No reply to synchronization request"
noValidSynch 37 "No valid reply to synchronization request"
invalidLoc 38 "Invalid locator"
Appendix B. Change log [RFC Editor: Please remove]
draft-ietf-anima-grasp-api-04, 2019-10-07:
Improved discussion of layering, mentioned daemon.
Added callbacks and improved description of asynchronous operations.
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Described use case for 'session_nonce'.
More explanation of 'asa_nonce'.
Change 'discover' to use 'age_limit' instead of 'flush'.
Clarified use of 'dry run'.
Editorial improvements.
draft-ietf-anima-grasp-api-03, 2019-01-21:
Replaced empty "logic flows" section by "implementation status".
Minor clarifications.
Editorial improvements.
draft-ietf-anima-grasp-api-02, 2018-06-30:
Additional suggestion for event-loop API.
Discussion of error code values.
draft-ietf-anima-grasp-api-01, 2018-03-03:
Editorial updates
draft-ietf-anima-grasp-api-00, 2017-12-23:
WG adoption
Editorial improvements.
draft-liu-anima-grasp-api-06, 2017-11-24:
Improved description of event-loop model.
Changed intended status to Informational.
Editorial improvements.
draft-liu-anima-grasp-api-05, 2017-10-02:
Added send_invalid()
draft-liu-anima-grasp-api-04, 2017-06-30:
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Noted that simple nodes might not include the API.
Minor clarifications.
draft-liu-anima-grasp-api-03, 2017-02-13:
Changed error return to integers.
Required all implementations to accept objective values in CBOR.
Added non-blocking alternatives.
draft-liu-anima-grasp-api-02, 2016-12-17:
Updated for draft-ietf-anima-grasp-09
draft-liu-anima-grasp-api-02, 2016-09-30:
Added items for draft-ietf-anima-grasp-07
Editorial corrections
draft-liu-anima-grasp-api-01, 2016-06-24:
Updated for draft-ietf-anima-grasp-05
Editorial corrections
draft-liu-anima-grasp-api-00, 2016-04-04:
Initial version
Authors' Addresses
Brian Carpenter
Department of Computer Science
University of Auckland
PB 92019
Auckland 1142
New Zealand
Email: brian.e.carpenter@gmail.com
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Bing Liu (editor)
Huawei Technologies
Q14, Huawei Campus
No.156 Beiqing Road
Hai-Dian District, Beijing 100095
P.R. China
Email: leo.liubing@huawei.com
Wendong Wang
BUPT University
Beijing University of Posts & Telecom.
No.10 Xitucheng Road
Hai-Dian District, Beijing 100876
P.R. China
Email: wdwang@bupt.edu.cn
Xiangyang Gong
BUPT University
Beijing University of Posts & Telecom.
No.10 Xitucheng Road
Hai-Dian District, Beijing 100876
P.R. China
Email: xygong@bupt.edu.cn
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