Internet Engineering Task Force AVT WG
Internet Draft Schulzrinne/Petrack
Columbia U./eDial
draft-ietf-avt-rfc2833bis-00.txt
May 28, 2002
Expires: December 2001
RTP Payload for DTMF Digits, Telephony Tones and Telephony Signals
STATUS OF THIS MEMO
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Abstract
This memo describes how to carry dual-tone multifrequency (DTMF)
signaling, other tone signals and telephony events in RTP packets.
This document updates RFC 2833.
1 Introduction
This memo defines two payload formats, one for carrying dual-tone
multifrequency (DTMF) digits, other line and trunk signals (Section
3), and a second one for general multi-frequency tones in RTP [1]
packets (Section 4). Separate RTP payload formats are desirable since
low-rate voice codecs cannot be guaranteed to reproduce these tone
signals accurately enough for automatic recognition. Defining
separate payload formats also permits higher redundancy while
maintaining a low bit rate.
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The payload formats described here may be useful in at least three
applications: DTMF handling for gateways and end sytems, as well as
"RTP trunks". In the first application, the Internet telephony
gateway detects DTMF on the incoming circuits and sends the RTP
payload described here instead of regular audio packets. The gateway
likely has the necessary digital signal processors and algorithms, as
it often needs to detect DTMF, e.g., for two-stage dialing. Having
the gateway detect tones relieves the receiving Internet end system
from having to do this work and also avoids that low bit-rate codecs
like G.723.1 render DTMF tones unintelligible. Secondly, an Internet
end system such as an "Internet phone" can emulate DTMF functionality
without concerning itself with generating precise tone pairs and
without imposing the burden of tone recognition on the receiver.
In the "RTP trunk" application, RTP is used to replace a normal
circuit-switched trunk between two nodes. This is particularly of
interest in a telephone network that is still mostly circuit-
switched. In this case, each end of the RTP trunk encodes audio
channels into the appropriate encoding, such as G.723.1 or G.729.
However, this encoding process destroys in-band signaling information
which is carried using the least-significant bit ("robbed bit
signaling") and may also interfere with in-band signaling tones, such
as the MF digit tones. In addition, tone properties such as the phase
reversals in the ANSam tone, will not survive speech coding. Thus,
the gateway needs to remove the in-band signaling information from
the bit stream. It can now either carry it out-of-band in a signaling
transport mechanism yet to be defined, or it can use the mechanism
described in this memorandum. (If the two trunk end points are within
reach of the same media gateway controller, the media gateway
controller can also handle the signaling.) Carrying it in-band may
simplify the time synchronization between audio packets and the tone
or signal information. This is particularly relevant where duration
and timing matter, as in the carriage of DTMF signals.
1.1 Terminology
In this document, the key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED",
"SHALL", "SHALL NOT", "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY",
and "OPTIONAL" are to be interpreted as described in RFC 2119 [2] and
indicate requirement levels for compliant implementations.
2 Events vs. Tones
A gateway has two options for handling DTMF digits and events. First,
it can simply measure the frequency components of the voice band
signals and transmit this information to the RTP receiver (Section
4). In this mode, the gateway makes no attempt to discern the meaning
of the tones, but simply distinguishes tones from speech signals.
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All tone signals in use in the PSTN and meant for human consumption
are sequences of simple combinations of sine waves, either added or
modulated. (There is at least one tone, the ANSam tone [3] used for
indicating data transmission over voice lines, that makes use of
periodic phase reversals.)
As a second option, a gateway can recognize the tones and translate
them into a name, such as ringing or busy tone. The receiver then
produces a tone signal or other indication appropriate to the signal.
Generally, since the recognition of signals often depends on their
on/off pattern or the sequence of several tones, this recognition can
take several seconds. On the other hand, the gateway may have access
to the actual signaling information that generates the tones and thus
can generate the RTP packet immediately, without the detour through
acoustic signals.
In the phone network, tones are generated at different places,
depending on the switching technology and the nature of the tone.
This determines, for example, whether a person making a call to a
foreign country hears her local tones she is familiar with or the
tones as used in the country called.
For analog lines, dial tone is always generated by the local switch.
ISDN terminals may generate dial tone locally and then send a Q.931
SETUP message containing the dialed digits. If the terminal just
sends a SETUP message without any Called Party digits, then the
switch does digit collection, provided by the terminal as KEYPAD
messages, and provides dial tone over the B-channel. The terminal can
either use the audio signal on the B-channel or can use the Q.931
messages to trigger locally generated dial tone.
Ringing tone (also called ringback tone) is generated by the local
switch at the callee, with a one-way voice path opened up as soon as
the callee's phone rings. (This reduces the chance of clipping the
called party's response just after answer. It also permits pre-answer
announcements or in-band call-progress indications to reach the
caller before or in lieu of a ringing tone.) Congestion tone and
special information tones can be generated by any of the switches
along the way, and may be generated by the caller's switch based on
ISUP messages received. Busy tone is generated by the caller's
switch, triggered by the appropriate ISUP message, for analog
instruments, or the ISDN terminal.
Gateways which send signalling events via RTP MAY send both named
signals (Section 3) and the tone representation (Section 4) as a
single RTP session, using the redundancy mechanism defined in Section
3.7 to interleave the two representations. It is generally a good
idea to send both, since it allows the receiver to choose the
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appropriate rendering.
If a gateway cannot present a tone representation, it SHOULD send the
audio tones as regular RTP audio packets (e.g., as payload format
PCMU), in addition to the named signals.
3 RTP Payload Format for Named Telephone Events
3.1 Introduction
The payload format for named telephone events described below is
suitable for both gateway and end-to-end scenarios. In the gateway
scenario, an Internet telephony gateway connecting a packet voice
network to the PSTN recreates the DTMF tones or other telephony
events and injects them into the PSTN. Since, for example, DTMF digit
recognition takes several tens of milliseconds, the first few
milliseconds of a digit will arrive as regular audio packets. Thus,
careful time and power (volume) alignment between the audio samples
and the events is needed to avoid generating spurious digits at the
receiver.
DTMF digits and named telephone events are carried as part of the
audio stream, and MUST use the same sequence number and time-stamp
base as the regular audio channel to simplify the generation of audio
waveforms at a gateway. The default clock frequency is 8,000 Hz, but
the clock frequency can be redefined when assigning the dynamic
payload type.
The payload format described here achieves a higher redundancy even
in the case of sustained packet loss than the method proposed for the
Voice over Frame Relay Implementation Agreement [4].
If an end system is directly connected to the Internet and does not
need to generate tone signals again, time alignment and power levels
are not relevant. These systems rely on PSTN gateways or Internet end
systems to generate DTMF events and do not perform their own audio
waveform analysis. An example of such a system is an Internet
interactive voice-response (IVR) system.
In circumstances where exact timing alignment between the audio
stream and the DTMF digits or other events is not important and data
is sent unicast, such as the IVR example mentioned earlier, it may be
preferable to use a reliable control protocol rather than RTP
packets. In those circumstances, this payload format would not be
used.
3.2 Simultaneous Generation of Audio and Events
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A source can choose between three approaches. In the first approach, |
it sends events and encoded audio packets (e.g., PCMU) for the same |
time instant. In that mode, events are treated as redundant encodings |
for the encoded audio stream. In the second approach, the source does |
not send encoded audio while event tones are active and only sends |
named events, without any redundancy. Finally, in the third approach, |
it also does not send encoded audio while event tones are active. It |
only sends named events, but uses RFC 2198 [5] redundancy, with named |
events as both primary and redundant encodings.
Note that a period covered by an encoded tone may overlap in time
with a period of audio encoded by other means. This is likely to
occur at the onset of a tone and is necessary to avoid possible
errors in the interpretation of the reproduced tone at the remote
end. Implementations supporting this payload format must be prepared
to handle the overlap. It is RECOMMENDED that gateways only render
the encoded tone since the audio may contain spurious tones
introduced by the audio compression algorithm. However, it is
anticipated that these extra tones in general should not interfere
with recognition at the far end.
3.3 Event Types
This payload format is used for five different types of signals:
o DTMF tones (Section 3.10);
o fax-related tones (Section 3.11);
o standard subscriber line tones (Section 3.12);
o country-specific subscriber line tones (Section 3.13) and;
o trunk events (Section 3.14).
A compliant implementation MUST support the events listed in Table 1
with the exception of "flash". If it uses some other, out-of-band
mechanism for signaling line conditions, it does not have to
implement the other events.
In some cases, an implementation may simply ignore certain events,
such as fax tones, that do not make sense in a particular
environment. Section 3.9 specifies how an implementation can use the
SDP "fmtp" parameter within an SDP description to indicate its
inability to understand a particular event or range of events.
Depending on the available user interfaces, an implementation MAY
render all tones in Table 5 the same or, preferably, use the tones
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conveyed by the concurrent "tone" payload or other RTP audio payload.
Alternatively, it could provide a textual representation.
Note that end systems that emulate telephones only need to support
the events described in Sections 3.10 and 3.12, while systems that
receive trunk signaling need to implement those in Sections 3.10,
3.11, 3.12 and 3.14, since MF trunks also carry most of the "line"
signals. Systems that do not support fax or modem functionality do
not need to render fax-related events described in Section 3.11.
The RTP payload format is designated as "telephone-event", the MIME
type as "audio/telephone-event". The default timestamp rate is 8000
Hz, but other rates may be defined. In accordance with current
practice, this payload format does not have a static payload type
number, but uses a RTP payload type number established dynamically
and out-of-band.
3.4 Use of RTP Header Fields
Timestamp: The RTP timestamp reflects the measurement point for
the current packet. The event duration described in Section |
3.5 extends forwards from that time. For events that span |
multiple RTP packets, the RTP timestamp identifies the |
beginning of the event, i.e., several RTP packets may carry |
the same timestamp. |
The special duration value of 0 is reserved to indicate |
that the event lasts "forever", i.e., is a state and is |
considered to be effective until updated. For robustness, |
the sender SHOULD still retransmit the named event |
periodically.
The receiver calculates jitter for RTCP receiver reports
based on all packets with a given timestamp. Note: The
jitter value should primarily be used as a means for
comparing the reception quality between two users or two
time-periods, not as an absolute measure.
Marker bit: The RTP marker bit indicates the beginning of a new
event.
3.5 Payload Format
The payload format is shown in Fig. 1.
events: The events are encoded as shown in Sections 3.10 through
3.14.
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0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| event |E|R| volume | duration |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
Figure 1: Payload Format for Named Events
volume: For DTMF digits and other events representable as tones,
this field describes the power level of the tone, expressed
in dBm0 after dropping the sign. Power levels range from 0
to -63 dBm0. The range of valid DTMF is from 0 to -36 dBm0
(must accept); lower than -55 dBm0 must be rejected (TR-
TSY-000181, ITU-T Q.24A). Thus, larger values denote lower
volume. This value is defined only for DTMF digits. For
other events, it is set to zero by the sender and is
ignored by the receiver.
duration: Duration of this digit, in timestamp units, expressed
as an unsigned integer. Thus, the event began at the
instant identified by the RTP timestamp and has so far
lasted as long as indicated by this parameter. The event
may or may not have ended. If the event duration exceeds |
the maximum representable by the duration field, a new |
event MUST be indicated.
For a sampling rate of 8000 Hz, this field is
sufficient to express event durations of up to
approximately 8 seconds.
E: If set to a value of one, the "end" bit indicates that this
packet contains the end of the event. Thus, the duration
parameter above measures the complete duration of the
event.
A sender MAY delay setting the end bit until retransmitting
the last packet for a tone, rather than on its first
transmission. This avoids having to wait to detect whether
the tone has indeed ended.
Some events are actually states, i.e., the appearence of a |
different named event implies the end of the previous |
state. Thus, for named RTP events labeled "state" in Tables |
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1 through 5, sending of a packet with the "E" bit set is |
OPTIONAL. State events are sent with a long duration, with |
the precise duration defined by the implementation. If the |
state changes before the time expires, a new named event is |
sent. If the state lasts longer than the original duration, |
the duration can be extended up to the maximum encodable |
duration or the same named event is repeated.
Receiver implementations MAY use different algorithms to
create tones, including the two described here. In the
first, the receiver simply places a tone of the given
duration in the audio playout buffer at the location
indicated by the timestamp. As additional packets are
received that extend the same tone, the waveform in the
playout buffer is extended accordingly. (Care has to be
taken if audio is mixed, i.e., summed, in the playout
buffer rather than simply copied.) Thus, if a packet in a
tone lasting longer than the packet interarrival time gets
lost and the playout delay is short, a gap in the tone may
occur. Alternatively, the receiver can start a tone and
play it until it receives a packet with the "E" bit set,
the next tone, distinguished by a different timestamp value
or a given time period elapses. This is more robust against
packet loss, but may extend the tone if all retransmissions
of the last packet in an event are lost. Limiting the time
period of extending the tone is necessary to avoid that a
tone "gets stuck". Regardless of the algorithm used, the
tone SHOULD NOT be extended by more than three packet
interarrival times. A slight extension of tone durations
and shortening of pauses is generally harmless.
R: This field is reserved for future use. The sender MUST set it
to zero, the receiver MUST ignore it.
3.6 Sending Event Packets
An audio source SHOULD start transmitting event packets as soon as it
recognizes an event and every 50 ms thereafter or the packet interval
for the audio codec used for this session, if known. (The sender does
not need to maintain precise time intervals between event packets in
order to maintain precise inter-event times, since the timing
information is contained in the timestamp.)
Q.24 [6], Table A-1, indicates that all administrations
surveyed use a minimum signal duration of 40 ms, with
signaling velocity (tone and pause) of no less than 93 ms.
If an event continues for more than one period, the source generating
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the events should send a new event packet with the RTP timestamp
value corresponding to the beginning of the event and the duration of
the event increased correspondingly. (The RTP sequence number is
incremented by one for each packet.) If there has been no new event
in the last interval, the event SHOULD be retransmitted three times
or until the next event is recognized. This ensures that the duration
of the event can be recognized correctly even if the last packet for
an event is lost.
DTMF digits and events are sent incrementally to avoid
having the receiver wait for the completion of the event.
Since some tones are two seconds long, this would incur a
substantial delay. The transmitter does not know if event
length is important and thus needs to transmit immediately
and incrementally. If the receiver application does not
care about event length, the incremental transmission
mechanism avoids delay. Some applications, such as gateways
into the PSTN, care about both delays and event duration.
For events with a duration shorter than a typical packet interval, |
for example, V.21 bits (Section 3.11), it is RECOMMENDED that |
multiple events are represented by a single RFC 2198 [5] packet, as |
described in Section 3.7.
3.7 Reliability
During an event, the RTP event payload format provides incremental
updates on the event. The error resiliency depends on the playout
delay at the receiver. For example, for a playout delay of 120 ms and
a packet gap of 50 ms, two packets in a row can get lost without
causing a gap in the tones generated at the receiver.
The audio redundancy mechanism described in RFC 2198 [5] MAY be used
to recover from packet loss across events. The effective data rate is
r times 64 bits (32 bits for the redundancy header and 32 bits for
the telephone-event payload) every 50 ms or r times 1280 bits/second,
where r is the number of redundant events carried in each packet. The
value of r is an implementation trade-off, with a value of 5
suggested.
The timestamp offset in this redundancy scheme has 14 bits,
so that it allows a single packet to "cover" 2.048 seconds
of telephone events at a sampling rate of 8000 Hz.
Including the starting time of previous events allows
precise reconstruction of the tone sequence at a gateway.
The scheme is resilient to consecutive packet losses
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spanning this interval of 2.048 seconds or r digits,
whichever is less. Note that for previous digits, only an
average loudness can be represented.
An encoder MAY treat the event payload as a highly-compressed version
of the current audio frame. In that mode, each RTP packet during an
event would contain the current audio codec rendition (say, G.723.1
or G.729) of this digit as well as the representation described in
Section 3.5, plus any previous events seen earlier.
This approach allows dumb gateways that do not understand
this format to function. See also the discussion in Section
1.
3.8 Example
A typical RTP packet, where the user is just dialing the last digit
of the DTMF sequence "911". The first digit was 200 ms long (1600
timestamp units) and started at time 0, the second digit lasted 250
ms (2000 timestamp units) and started at time 800 ms (6400 timestamp
units), the third digit was pressed at time 1.4 s (11,200 timestamp
units) and the packet shown was sent at 1.45 s (11,600 timestamp
units). The frame duration is 50 ms. To make the parts recognizable,
the figure below ignores byte alignment. Timestamp and sequence
number are assumed to have been zero at the beginning of the first
digit. In this example, the dynamic payload types 96 and 97 have been
assigned for the redundancy mechanism and the telephone event
payload, respectively.
3.9 Indication of Receiver Capabilities using SDP
Receivers MAY indicate which named events they can handle, for
example, by using the Session Description Protocol (RFC 2327 [7]).
The payload formats use the following fmtp format to list the event
values that they can receive:
a=fmtp:<format> <list of values>
The list of values consists of comma-separated elements, which can be
either a single decimal number or two decimal numbers separated by a
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0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
|V=2|P|X| CC |M| PT | sequence number |
| 2 |0|0| 0 |0| 96 | 28 |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| timestamp |
| 11200 |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| synchronization source (SSRC) identifier |
| 0x5234a8 |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
|F| block PT | timestamp offset | block length |
|1| 97 | 11200 | 4 |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
|F| block PT | timestamp offset | block length |
|1| 97 | 11200 - 6400 = 4800 | 4 |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
|F| Block PT |
|0| 97 |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| digit |E R| volume | duration |
| 9 |1 0| 7 | 1600 |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| digit |E R| volume | duration |
| 1 |1 0| 10 | 2000 |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| digit |E R| volume | duration |
| 1 |0 0| 20 | 400 |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
Figure 2: Example RTP packet after dialing "911"
hyphen (dash), where the second number is larger than the first. No
whitespace is allowed between numbers or hyphens. The list does not
have to be sorted.
For example, if the payload format uses the payload type number 100,
and the implementation can handle the DTMF tones (events 0 through
15) and the dial and ringing tones, it would include the following
description in its SDP message:
a=fmtp:100 0-15,66,70
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The corresponding MIME parameter is "events", so that the following
sample media type definition corresponds to the SDP example above:
audio/telephone-event;events="0-11,66,67";rate="8000"
3.10 DTMF Events
Tables 1 summarizes the DTMF-related named events within the
telephone-event payload format.
Event encoding (decimal) state?
_________________________________
0--9 0--9
* 10
# 11
A--D 12--15
Flash 16
Table 1: DTMF named events
3.11 Data Modem and Fax Events
Table 3.11 summarizes the events and tones that can appear on a
subscriber line serving a fax machine or modem. The tones are
described below, with additional detail in Table 7.
ANS: This 2100 +/- 15 Hz tone is used to disable echo
suppression for data transmission [8,9]. For fax machines,
Recommendation T.30 [9] refers to this tone as called
terminal identification (CED) answer tone.
/ANS: This is the same signal as ANS, except that it reverses
phase at an interval of 450 +/- 25 ms. It disables both
echo cancellers and echo suppressors. (In the ITU
Recommendation V.25 [8], this signal is rendered as ANS
with a bar on top.)
ANSam: The modified answer tone (ANSam) [3] is a sinewave signal
at 2100 +/- 1 Hz without phase reversals, amplitude-
modulated by a sinewave at 15 +/- 0.1 Hz. This tone is sent
by modems if network echo canceller disabling is not
required.
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/ANSam: The modified answer tone with phase reversals (ANSam)
[3] is a sinewave signal at 2100 +/- 1 Hz with phase
reversals at intervals of 450 +/- 25 ms, amplitude-
modulated by a sinewave at 15 +/- 0.1 Hz. This tone [10,8]
is sent by modems [11] and faxes to disable echo
suppressors.
CNG: After dialing the called fax machine's telephone number
(and before it answers), the calling Group III fax machine
(optionally) begins sending a CalliNG tone (CNG) consisting
of an interrupted tone of 1100 Hz. [9]
CRdi: Capabilities Request (CRd), initiating side, [12] is a
dual-tone signal with tones at 1375 Hz and 2002 Hz for 400
ms, followed by a single tone at 1900 Hz for 100 ms. "This
signal requests the remote station transition from
telephony mode to an information transfer mode and requests
the transmission of a capabilities list message by the
remote station. In particular, CRdi is sent by the
initiating station during the course of a call, or by the
calling station at call establishment in response to a CRe
or MRe."
CRdr: CRdr is the response tone to CRdi (see above). It consists
of a dual-tone signal with tones at 1529 Hz and 2225 Hz for
400 ms, followed by a single tone at 1900 Hz for 100 ms.
CRe: Capabilities Request (CRe) [12] is a dual-tone signal with
tones at tones at 1375 Hz and 2002 Hz for 400 ms, followed
by a single tone at 400 Hz for 100 ms. "This signal
requests the remote station transition from telephony mode
to an information transfer mode and requests the
transmission of a capabilities list message by the remote
station. In particular, CRe is sent by an automatic
answering station at call establishment."
CT: "The calling tone [8] consists of a series of interrupted
bursts of binary 1 signal or 1300 Hz, on for a duration of
not less than 0.5 s and not more than 0.7 s and off for a
duration of not less than 1.5 s and not more than 2.0 s."
Modems not starting with the V.8 call initiation tone often
use this tone.
ESi: Escape Signal (ESi) [12] is a dual-tone signal with tones
at 1375 Hz and 2002 Hz for 400 ms, followed by a single
tone at 980 Hz for 100 ms. "This signal requests the remote
station transition from telephony mode to an information
transfer mode. signal ESi is sent by the initiating
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station."
ESr: Escape Signal (ESr) [12] is a dual-tone signal with tones
at 1529 Hz and 2225 Hz for 400 ms, followed by a single
tone at 1650 Hz for 100 ms. Same as ESi, but sent by the
responding station.
MRdi: Mode Request (MRd), initiating side, [12] is a dual-tone
signal with tones at 1375 Hz and 2002 Hz for 400 ms
followed by a single tone at 1150 Hz for 100 ms. "This
signal requests the remote station transition from
telephony mode to an information transfer mode and requests
the transmission of a mode select message by the remote
station. In particular, signal MRd is sent by the
initiating station during the course of a call, or by the
calling station at call establishment in response to an
MRe." [12]
MRdr: MRdr is the response tone to MRdi (see above). It consists
of a dual-tone signal with tones at 1529 Hz and 2225 Hz for
400 ms, followed by a single tone at 1150 Hz for 100 ms.
MRe: Mode Request (MRe) [12] is a dual-tone signal with tones at
1375 Hz and 2002 Hz for 400 ms, followed by a single tone
at 650 Hz for 100 ms. "This signal requests the remote
station transition from telephony mode to an information
transfer mode and requests the transmission of a mode
select message by the remote station. In particular, signal
MRe is sent by an automatic answering station at call
establishment." [12]
V.21: V.21 describes a 300 b/s full-duplex modem that employs
frequency shift keying (FSK). It is used by Group 3 fax
machines to exchange T.30 information. The calling
transmits on channel 1 and receives on channel 2; the
answering modem transmits on channel 2 and receives on
channel 1. Each bit value has a distinct tone, so that V.21
signaling comprises a total of four distinct tones.
In summary, procedures in Table 2 are used.
3.12 Line Events
Table 4 summarizes the events and tones that can appear on a
subscriber line.
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Procedure indications
___________________________________________________
V.25 and V.8 ANS
V.25, echo canceller disabled ANS, /ANS, ANS, /ANS
V.8 ANSam
V.8, echo canceller disabled /ANSam
Table 2: Use of ANS, ANSam and /ANSam in V.x recommendations
Event____________________encoding_(decimal)
Answer tone (ANS) 32
/ANS 33
ANSam 34
/ANSam 35
Calling tone (CNG) 36
V.21 channel 1, "0" bit 37
V.21 channel 1, "1" bit 38
V.21 channel 2, "0" bit 39
V.21 channel 2, "1" bit 40
CRdi 41
CRdr 42
CRe 43
ESi 44
ESr 45
MRdi 46
MRdr 47
MRe 48
CT 49
Table 3: Data and fax named events
ITU Recommendation E.182 [13] defines when certain tones should be
used. It defines the following standard tones that are heard by the
caller:
Dial tone: The exchange is ready to receive address information.
PABX internal dial tone: The PABX is ready to receive address
information.
Special dial tone: Same as dial tone, but the caller's line is
subject to a specific condition, such as call diversion or
a voice mail is available (e.g., "stutter dial tone").
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Second dial tone: The network has accepted the address
information, but additional information is required.
Ring: This named signal event causes the recipient to generate
an alerting signal ("ring"). The actual tone or other
indication used to render this named event is left up to
the receiver. (This differs from the ringing tone, below,
heard by the caller.)
Ringing tone: The call has been placed to the callee and a
calling signal (ringing) is being transmitted to the
callee. This tone is also called "ringback".
Special ringing tone: A special service, such as call forwarding
or call waiting, is active at the called number.
Busy tone: The called telephone number is busy.
Congestion tone: Facilities necessary for the call are
temporarily unavailable.
Calling card service tone: The calling card service tone
consists of 60 ms of the sum of 941 Hz and 1477 Hz tones
(DTMF '#'), followed by 940 ms of 350 Hz and 440 Hz (U.S.
dial tone), decaying exponentially with a time constant of
200 ms.
Special information tone: The callee cannot be reached, but the
reason is neither "busy" nor "congestion". This tone should
be used before all call failure announcements, for the
benefit of automatic equipment.
Comfort tone: The call is being processed. This tone may be used
during long post-dial delays, e.g., in international
connections.
Hold tone: The caller has been placed on hold.
Record tone: The caller has been connected to an automatic
answering device and is requested to begin speaking.
Caller waiting tone: The called station is busy, but has call
waiting service.
Pay tone: The caller, at a payphone, is reminded to deposit
additional coins.
Positive indication tone: The supplementary service has been
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activated.
Negative indication tone: The supplementary service could not be
activated.
Off-hook warning tone: The caller has left the instrument off-
hook for an extended period of time.
The following tones can be heard by either calling or called party
during a conversation:
Call waiting tone: Another party wants to reach the subscriber.
Warning tone: The call is being recorded. This tone is not
required in all jurisdictions.
Intrusion tone: The call is being monitored, e.g., by an
operator.
CPE alerting signal: A tone used to alert a device to an
arriving in-band FSK data transmission. A CPE alerting
signal is a combined 2130 and 2750 Hz tone, both with
tolerances of 0.5% and a duration of 80 to. 80 ms. The CPE
alerting signal is used with ADSI services and Call Waiting
ID services [14].
The following tones are heard by operators:
Payphone recognition tone: The person making the call or being
called is using a payphone (and thus it is ill-advised to
allow collect calls to such a person).
3.13 Extended Line Events
Table 5 summarizes country-specific events and tones that can appear
on a subscriber line.
3.14 Trunk Events
Table 6 summarizes the events and tones that can appear on a trunk.
Note that trunk can also carry line events (Section 3.12), as MF
signaling does not include backward signals [15] used outside the
United States in MFC signaling.
The frequencies for the (United States) MF signals are as follows:
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Event encoding (decimal) state?
_____________________________________________________
Off Hook 64
On Hook 65
Dial tone 66
PABX internal dial tone 67
Special dial tone 68
Second dial tone 69
Ringing tone 70
Special ringing tone 71
Busy tone 72
Congestion tone 73
Special information tone 74
Comfort tone 75
Hold tone 76
Record tone 77
Caller waiting tone 78
Call waiting tone 79
Pay tone 80
Positive indication tone 81
Negative indication tone 82
Warning tone 83
Intrusion tone 84
Calling card service tone 85
Payphone recognition tone 86
CPE alerting signal (CAS) 87
Off-hook warning tone 88
Ring 89
Table 4: E.182 line events
Hz____900__1100__1300__1500__1700_____
700 1 2 4 7 ST3P/KP3P
900 3 5 8 ST1P/KP1P
1100 6 9 KP
1300 0 ST2P/KP2P
1500 ST
ITU-T R2 MFC Tones are composed of the following frequencies (in Hz):
Signal Forward 1380 1500 1620 1740 1860 1980
number Backward 1140 1020 900 780 660 540
_____________________________________________________
1 X X
2 X X
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Event encoding (decimal) state?
___________________________________________________________
Acceptance tone 96
Confirmation tone 97
Dial tone, recall 98
End of three party service tone 99
Facilities tone 100
Line lockout tone 101
Number unobtainable tone 102
Offering tone 103
Permanent signal tone 104
Preemption tone 105
Queue tone 106
Refusal tone 107
Route tone 108
Valid tone 109
Waiting tone 110
Warning tone (end of period) 111
Warning Tone (PIP tone) 112
Table 5: Country-specific Line events
3 X X
4 X X
5 X X
6 X X
7 X X
8 X X
9 X X
10 X X
11 X X
12 X X
13 X X
14 X X
15 X X
ABCD transitional: 4-bit signaling used by digital trunks. For
N-state (N<16) signaling, the first N values are used.
The T1 ESF (extended super frame format) allows 2, 4, and
16 state signalling bit options. These signalling bits are
named A, B, C, and D. Signalling information is sent as
robbed bits in frames 6, 12, 18, and 24 when using ESF T1
framing. A D4 superframe only transmits 4-state signalling
with A and B bits. On the CEPT E1 frame, all signalling is
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Event encoding (decimal) state? |
______________________________________________________________________ |
MF 0...9 128...137 |
MF K0 or KP (start-of-pulsing) 138 |
MF KP1P (1100/1700 Hz) 139 |
MF KP2P (1300/1700 Hz) 140 |
MF S0 to ST (end-of-pulsing), 1500/1700 Hz 141 |
MF S1 142 |
MF S2 143 |
ABCD signaling (see below) 144...159 state |
Reserved 160...166 |
Continuity tone (2010 Hz) 167 |
Continuity tone (1780 Hz) 168 |
Reserved 169...173 |
MF S3 174 |
Trunk unavailable 175 |
MFC Forward 1...15 176...190 |
MFC Backward 1...15 190...204 |
Table 6: Trunk events
carried in timeslot 16, and two channels of 16-state (ABCD)
signalling are sent per frame.
Since this information is a state rather than a changing
signal, implementations SHOULD use the following triple-
redundancy mechanism, similar to the one specified in ITU-T
Rec. I.366.2 [16], Annex L. At the time of a transition,
the same ABCD information is sent 3 times at an interval of
5 ms. If another transition occurs during this time, then
this continues. After a period of no change, the ABCD
information is sent every 5 seconds.
Continuity tones: Tones used for testing circuit continuity. A |
tone of 1780 Hz is sent by the calling exchange. If |
received by the called exchange, it returns a "continuity |
verified" tone of 2010 Hz. |
MFC R2 signaling: R2 is a compelled tone signaling protocol, |
meaning that one tone is played until an "acknowledgment or |
directive for the next tone" is received which indicates |
that the original tone should cease. In R2 signaling, the |
signaling sequence is initiated from the outgoing exchange |
by sending a forward Group I signal. The first forward |
signal is typically the first digit of the called number. |
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The incoming exchange typically replies with a backward |
Group A-1 indicating to the outgoing exchange to send the |
next digit of the called number. |
The tones have meaning, however, the meaning varies |
depending on where the tone occurs in the signaling. The |
meaning may also depend on the country. Thus, to avoid an |
unmanageable number of events, this document simply |
provides means to indicate the 15 forward and 15 backward |
MF R2 tones.
Trunk unavailable: The trunk is unavailable for service. The
length of the downtime is indicated in the duration field.
The duration field is set to a value that allows adequate
granularity in describing downtime. A value of 1 second is
RECOMMENDED. When the trunk becomes unavailable, this event
is sent with the same timestamp three times at an interval
of 20 ms. If the trunk persists in the unavailable state at
the end of the indicated duration, then it is
retransmitted, preferably with the same redundancy scheme.
Unavailability of the trunk might result from a failure or
an administrative action. This event is used in a stateless
manner to synchronize trunk unavailability between
equipment connected through provisioned RTP trunks. It
avoids the unnecessary consumption of bandwidth in sending
a continuous stream of RTP packets with a fixed payload for
the duration of the downtime, as would be required in
certain E1-based applications. In T1-based applications,
trunk conditioning via the ABCD transitional events can be
used instead.
4 RTP Payload Format for Telephony Tones
4.1 Introduction
As an alternative to describing tones and events by name, as
described in Section 3, it is sometimes preferable to describe them
by their waveform properties. In particular, recognition is faster
than for naming signals since it does not depend on recognizing
durations or pauses.
There is no single international standard for telephone tones such as
dial tone, ringing (ringback), busy, congestion ("fast-busy"),
special announcement tones or some of the other special tones, such
as payphone recognition, call waiting or record tone. However, across
all countries, these tones share a number of characteristics [17]:
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o Telephony tones consist of either a single tone, the addition
of two or three tones or the modulation of two tones. (Almost
all tones use two frequencies; only the Hungarian "special
dial tone" has three.) Tones that are mixed have the same
amplitude and do not decay.
o Tones for telephony events are in the range of 25 (ringing
tone in Angola) to 1800 Hz. CED is the highest used tone at
2100 Hz. The telephone frequency range is limited to 3,400 Hz.
(The piano has a range from 27.5 to 4186 Hz.)
o Modulation frequencies range between 15 (ANSam tone) to 480 Hz
(Jamaica). Non-integer frequencies are used only for
frequencies of 16 2/3 and 33 1/3 Hz. (These fractional
frequencies appear to be derived from older AC power grid
frequencies.)
o Tones that are not continuous have durations of less than four
seconds.
o ITU Recommendation E.180 [18] notes that different telephone
companies require a tone accuracy of between 0.5 and 1.5%.
The Recommendation suggests a frequency tolerance of 1%.
4.2 Examples of Common Telephone Tone Signals
As an aid to the implementor, Table 7 summarizes some common tones.
The rows labeled "ITU ..." refer to the general recommendation of
Recommendation E.180 [18]. Note that there are no specific guidelines
for these tones. In the table, the symbol "+" indicates addition of
the tones, without modulation, while "*" indicates amplitude
modulation. The meaning of some of the tones is described in Section
3.12 or Section 3.11 (for V.21).
4.3 Use of RTP Header Fields
Timestamp: The RTP timestamp reflects the measurement point for
the current packet. The event duration described in Section
4.4 extends forwards from that time.
4.4 Payload Format
Based on the characteristics described above, this document defines
an RTP payload format called "tone" that can represent tones
consisting of one or more frequencies. (The corresponding MIME type
is "audio/tone".) The default timestamp rate is 8,000 Hz, but other
rates may be defined. Note that the timestamp rate does not affect
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Tone name frequency on period off period
______________________________________________________
CNG 1100 0.5 3.0
V.25 CT 1300 0.5 2.0
CED 2100 3.3 --
ANS 2100 3.3 --
ANSam 2100*15 3.3 --
V.21 "0" bit, ch. 1 1180 0.00333
V.21 "1" bit, ch. 1 980 0.00333
V.21 "0" bit, ch. 2 1850 0.00333
V.21_"1"_bit,_ch._2________1650____0.00333____________
ITU dial tone 425 -- --
U.S. dial tone 350+440 -- --
______________________________________________________
ITU ringing tone 425 0.67--1.5 3--5
U.S._ringing_tone_______440+480________2.0_________4.0
ITU busy tone 425
U.S. busy tone 480+620 0.5 0.5
______________________________________________________
ITU congestion tone 425
U.S. congestion tone 480+620 0.25 0.25
Table 7: Examples of telephony tones
the interpretation of the frequency, just the durations.
In accordance with current practice, this payload format does not
have a static payload type number, but uses a RTP payload type number
established dynamically and out-of-band.
It is shown in Fig. 3.
The payload contains the following fields:
modulation: The modulation frequency, in Hz. The field is a 9-
bit unsigned integer, allowing modulation frequencies up to
511 Hz. If there is no modulation, this field has a value
of zero.
T: If the "T" bit is set (one), the modulation frequency is to
be divided by three. Otherwise, the modulation frequency is
taken as is.
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0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| modulation |T| volume | duration |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
|R R R R| frequency |R R R R| frequency |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
|R R R R| frequency |R R R R| frequency |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
......
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
|R R R R| frequency |R R R R| frequency |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
Figure 3: Payload format for tones
This bit allows frequencies accurate to 1/3 Hz, since
modulation frequencies such as 16 2/3 Hz are in
practical use.
volume: The power level of the tone, expressed in dBm0 after
dropping the sign, with range from 0 to -63 dBm0. (Note: A
preferred level range for digital tone generators is -8
dBm0 to -3 dBm0.)
duration: The duration of the tone, measured in timestamp units.
The tone begins at the instant identified by the RTP
timestamp and lasts for the duration value.
The definition of duration corresponds to that for
sample-based codecs, where the timestamp represents
the sampling point for the first sample.
frequency: The frequencies of the tones to be added, measured in
Hz and represented as a 12-bit unsigned integer. The field
size is sufficient to represent frequencies up to 4095 Hz,
which exceeds the range of telephone systems. A value of
zero indicates silence. A single tone can contain any
number of frequencies.
R: This field is reserved for future use. The sender MUST set it
to zero, the receiver MUST ignore it.
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4.5 Reliability
This payload format uses the reliability mechanism described in
Section 3.7.
5 Combining Tones and Named Events
The payload formats in Sections 3 and 4 can be combined into a single
payload using the method specified in RFC 2198. Fig. 4 shows an
example. In that example, the RTP packet combines two "tone" and one
"telephone-event" payloads. The payload types are chosen arbitrarily
as 97 and 98, respectively, with a sample rate of 8000 Hz. Here, the
redundancy format has the dynamic payload type 96.
The packet represents a snapshot of U.S. ringing tone, 1.5 seconds
(12,000 timestamp units) into the second "on" part of the 2.0/4.0
second cadence, i.e., a total of 7.5 seconds (60,000 timestamp units)
into the ring cycle. The 440 + 480 Hz tone of this second cadence
started at RTP timestamp 48,000. Four seconds of silence preceded it,
but since RFC 2198 only has a fourteen-bit offset, only 2.05 seconds
(16383 timestamp units) can be represented. Even though the tone
sequence is not complete, the sender was able to determine that this
is indeed ringback, and thus includes the corresponding named event.
6 MIME Registration
6.1 audio/telephone-event
MIME media type name: audio
MIME subtype name: telephone-event
Required parameters: none.
Optional parameters: The "events" parameter lists the events
supported by the implementation. Events are listed as one
or more comma-separated elements. Each element can either
be a single integer or two integers separated by a hyphen.
No white space is allowed in the argument. The integers
designate the event numbers supported by the
implementation. All implementations MUST support events 0 |
through 15, so that the parameter can be omitted if the |
implementation only supports these events.
The "rate" parameter describes the sampling rate, in Hertz.
The number is written as a floating point number or as an
integer. If omitted, the default value is 8000 Hz.
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0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| V |P|X| CC |M| PT | sequence number |
| 2 |0|0| 0 |0| 96 | 31 |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| timestamp |
| 48000 |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| synchronization source (SSRC) identifier |
| 0x5234a8 |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
|F| block PT | timestamp offset | block length |
|1| 98 | 16383 | 4 |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
|F| block PT | timestamp offset | block length |
|1| 97 | 16383 | 8 |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
|F| Block PT |
|0| 97 |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| event=ring |0|0| volume=0 | duration=28383 |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| modulation=0 |0| volume=63 | duration=16383 |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
|0 0 0 0| frequency=0 |0 0 0 0| frequency=0 |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| modulation=0 |0| volume=5 | duration=12000 |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
|0 0 0 0| frequency=440 |0 0 0 0| frequency=480 |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
Figure 4: Combining tones and events in a single RTP packet
Encoding considerations: This type is only defined for transfer
via RTP [1].
Security considerations: See the "Security Considerations"
(Section 7) section in this document.
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Interoperability considerations: none
Published specification: This document.
Applications which use this media: The telephone-event audio
subtype supports the transport of events occuring in
telephone systems over the Internet.
Additional information:
1. Magic number(s): N/A
2. File extension(s): N/A
3. Macintosh file type code: N/A
6.2 audio/tone
MIME media type name: audio
MIME subtype name: tone
Required parameters: none
Optional parameters: The "rate" parameter describes the sampling
rate, in Hertz. The number is written as a floating point
number or as an integer. If omitted, the default value is
8000 Hz.
Encoding considerations: This type is only defined for transfer
via RTP [1].
Security considerations: See the "Security Considerations"
(Section 7) section in this document.
Interoperability considerations: none
Published specification: This document.
Applications which use this media: The tone audio subtype
supports the transport of pure composite tones, for example
those commonly used in the current telephone system to
signal call progress.
Additional information:
1. Magic number(s): N/A
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2. File extension(s): N/A
3. Macintosh file type code: N/A
7 Security Considerations
RTP packets using the payload format defined in this specification
are subject to the security considerations discussed in the RTP
specification (RFC 1889 [1]), and any appropriate RTP profile (for
example RFC 1890 [19]).This implies that confidentiality of the media
streams is achieved by encryption. Because the data compression used
with this payload format is applied end-to-end, encryption may be
performed after compression so there is no conflict between the two
operations.
This payload type does not exhibit any significant non-uniformity in
the receiver side computational complexity for packet processing to
cause a potential denial-of-service threat.
In older networks employing in-band signaling and lacking appropriate
tone filters, the tones in Section 3.14 may be used to commit toll
fraud.
Additional security considerations are described in RFC 2198 [5].
8 IANA Considerations
This document defines two new RTP payload formats, named telephone-
event and tone, and associated Internet media (MIME) types,
audio/telephone-event and audio/tone.
Within the audio/telephone-event type, additional events MUST be
registered with IANA. Registrations are subject to approval by the
current chair of the IETF audio/video transport working group, or by
an expert designated by the transport area director if the AVT group
has closed.
The meaning of new events MUST be documented either as an RFC or an
equivalent standards document produced by another standardization
body, such as ITU-T.
9 Changes Since RFC 2833
o RFC 2833 had assigned only two code points to the three MF
signals S1, S2 and S3. S3 has been moved to code point 174.
o The test tone descriptions were confusing; now, there are just
two test tone entries, for the 2010 Hz and 1780 Hz tone.
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o MFC R2 forward and backward tones were added to the trunk
event list.
o Added the "trunk unavailable" event (Rajesh Kumar).
o Clarified that the duration timestamp is unsigned and that
events exceeding the maximum duration expressible in the
duration field should be split into several events, i.e., with
a new start time.
o Distinguished states from events. States are sent with an
estimated duration, and can be superseded if the state changes
before the duration has expired. A special duration value of 0
indicates an infinite duration.
10 Acknowledgements
The suggestions of the Megaco working group are gratefully
acknowledged. Detailed advice and comments were provided by Fred
Burg, Steve Casner, Fatih Erdin, Bill Foster, Mike Fox, Gunnar
Hellstrom, Rajesh Kumar, Terry Lyons, Steve Magnell, Kai Miao, Vern
Paxson, Colin Perkins and Todd Sherer.
11 Authors
Henning Schulzrinne
Dept. of Computer Science
Columbia University
1214 Amsterdam Avenue
New York, NY 10027
USA
electronic mail: schulzrinne@cs.columbia.edu
Scott Petrack
eDial
USA
electronic mail: scott.petrack@edial.com
12 Bibliography
[1] H. Schulzrinne, S. Casner, R. Frederick, and V. Jacobson, "RTP: a
transport protocol for real-time applications," RFC 1889, Internet
Engineering Task Force, Jan. 1996.
[2] S. Bradner, "Key words for use in RFCs to indicate requirement
levels," RFC 2119, Internet Engineering Task Force, Mar. 1997.
[3] International Telecommunication Union, "Procedures for starting
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sessions of data transmission over the public switched telephone
network," Recommendation V.8, Telecommunication Standardization
Sector of ITU, Geneva, Switzerland, Feb. 1998.
[4] R. Kocen and T. Hatala, "Voice over frame relay implementation
agreement," Implementation Agreement FRF.11, Frame Relay Forum,
Foster City, California, Jan. 1997.
[5] C. Perkins, I. Kouvelas, O. Hodson, V. Hardman, M. Handley, J. C.
Bolot, A. Vega-Garcia, and S. Fosse-Parisis, "RTP payload for
redundant audio data," RFC 2198, Internet Engineering Task Force,
Sept. 1997.
[6] International Telecommunication Union, "Multifrequency push-
button signal reception," Recommendation Q.24, Telecommunication
Standardization Sector of ITU, Geneva, Switzerland, 1988.
[7] M. Handley and V. Jacobson, "SDP: session description protocol,"
RFC 2327, Internet Engineering Task Force, Apr. 1998.
[8] International Telecommunication Union, "Automatic answering
equipment and general procedures for automatic calling equipment on
the general switched telephone network including procedures for
disabling of echo control devices for both manually and automatically
established calls," Recommendation V.25, Telecommunication
Standardization Sector of ITU, Geneva, Switzerland, Oct. 1996.
[9] International Telecommunication Union, "Procedures for document
facsimile transmission in the general switched telephone network,"
Recommendation T.30, Telecommunication Standardization Sector of ITU,
Geneva, Switzerland, July 1996.
[10] International Telecommunication Union, "Echo cancellers,"
Recommendation G.165, Telecommunication Standardization Sector of
ITU, Geneva, Switzerland, Mar. 1993.
[11] International Telecommunication Union, "A modem operating at
data signalling rates of up to 33 600 bit/s for use on the general
switched telephone network and on leased point-to-point 2-wire
telephone-type circuits," Recommendation V.34, Telecommunication
Standardization Sector of ITU, Geneva, Switzerland, Feb. 1998.
[12] International Telecommunication Union, "Procedures for the
identification and selection of common modes of operation between
data circuit-terminating equipments (DCEs) and between data terminal
equipments (DTEs) over the public switched telephone network and on
leased point-to-point telephone-type circuits," Recommendation
V.8bis, Telecommunication Standardization Sector of ITU, Geneva,
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Switzerland, Sept. 1998.
[13] International Telecommunication Union, "Application of tones and
recorded announcements in telephone services," Recommendation E.182,
Telecommunication Standardization Sector of ITU, Geneva, Switzerland,
Mar. 1998.
[14] Bellcore, "Functional criteria for digital loop carrier
systems," Technical Requirement TR-NWT-000057, Telcordia (formerly
Bellcore), Morristown, New Jersey, Jan. 1993.
[15] J. G. van Bosse, Signaling in Telecommunications Networks.
Telecommunications and Signal Processing, New York, New York: Wiley,
1998.
[16] International Telecommunication Union, "AAL type 2 service
specific convergence sublayer for trunking," Recommendation I.366.2,
Telecommunication Standardization Sector of ITU, Geneva, Switzerland,
Feb. 1999.
[17] International Telecommunication Union, "Various tones used in
national networks," Recommendation Supplement 2 to Recommendation
E.180, Telecommunication Standardization Sector of ITU, Geneva,
Switzerland, Jan. 1994.
[18] International Telecommunication Union, "Technical
characteristics of tones for telephone service," Recommendation
Supplement 2 to Recommendation E.180, Telecommunication
Standardization Sector of ITU, Geneva, Switzerland, Jan. 1994.
[19] H. Schulzrinne, "RTP profile for audio and video conferences
with minimal control," RFC 1890, Internet Engineering Task Force,
Jan. 1996.
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