INTERNET-DRAFT                                                J. Lazzaro
June 22, 2004                                               J. Wawrzynek
Expires: December 22, 2004                                   UC Berkeley


                  An Implementation Guide for RTP MIDI

              <draft-ietf-avt-rtp-midi-guidelines-05.txt>


Status of this Memo

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patent or other IPR claims of which I am aware have been disclosed,
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RFC 3668.

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of RFC 3667 (BCP 78).

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This Internet-Draft will expire on December 22, 2004.

Copyright Notice

Copyright (C) The Internet Society (2004).  All Rights Reserved.











Lazzaro/Wawrzynek                                               [Page 1]


INTERNET-DRAFT                                              22 June 2004


                                Abstract

     This memo offers non-normative implementation guidance for the RTP
     MIDI payload format.  The memo presents its advice in the context
     of a network musical performance application.  In this application
     two musicians, located in different physical locations, interact
     over a network to perform as they would if located in the same
     room.  Underlying the performances are RTP MIDI sessions over
     unicast UDP.  Algorithms for sending and receiving recovery
     journals (the resiliency structure for the payload format) are
     described in detail.  Although the memo focuses on network musical
     performance, the presented implementation advice is relevant to
     other RTP MIDI applications.






































Lazzaro/Wawrzynek                                               [Page 2]


INTERNET-DRAFT                                              22 June 2004


                           Table of Contents


1. Introduction  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   3
2. Starting the Session  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   4
3. Session Management: Session Housekeeping  . . . . . . . . . . . .   6
4. Sending Streams: General Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . .   7
     4.1 Queuing and Coding Incoming MIDI Data . . . . . . . . . . .  11
     4.2 Sending Packets with Empty MIDI Lists . . . . . . . . . . .  12
     4.3 Congestion Control and Bandwidth Management . . . . . . . .  14
5. Sending Streams: The Recovery Journal . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  14
     5.1 Initializing the RJSS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  15
     5.2 Traversing the RJSS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  19
     5.3 Updating the RJSS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  19
     5.4 Trimming the RJSS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  20
     5.5 Implementation Notes  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  21
6. Receiving Streams: General Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . .  21
     6.1 The NMP Receiver Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  22
     6.2 High-Jitter Networks, Local Area Networks . . . . . . . . .  24
7. Receiving Streams: The Recovery Journal . . . . . . . . . . . . .  25
     7.1 Chapter W: MIDI Pitch Wheel (0xE) . . . . . . . . . . . . .  30
     7.2 Chapter N: MIDI NoteOn (0x8) and NoteOff (0x9)  . . . . . .  30
     7.3 Chapter C: MIDI Control Change (0xB)  . . . . . . . . . . .  32
     7.4 Chapter P: MIDI Program Change (0xC)  . . . . . . . . . . .  34
A. Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  35
B. Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  35
C. References  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  35
     C.1 Normative References  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  35
     C.2 Informative References  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  35
D. Authors' Addresses  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  36
E. Intellectual Property Rights Statement  . . . . . . . . . . . . .  36
F. Full Copyright Statement  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  37
G. Change Log  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  38


1.  Introduction

[1] normatively defines a payload format for the MIDI command language
[4], for use with the Audio/Visual Profile (AVP, [3]) of the Real Time
Protocol (RTP, [2]).

However, [1] does not define algorithms for sending and receiving MIDI
streams.  Implementors are free to use any sending or receiving
algorithm that conforms to the normative text in [1] [2] [3] [4].

In this memo, we offer implementation guidance on sending and receiving
MIDI RTP streams.  Unlike [1], this memo is not normative.




Lazzaro/Wawrzynek                                               [Page 3]


INTERNET-DRAFT                                              22 June 2004


RTP is a mature protocol, and excellent RTP reference materials are
available [12].  This memo aims to complement the existing literature,
by focusing on issues that are specific to the MIDI payload format.

The memo focuses on one application: two-party network musical
performance over wide-area networks.  As defined in [8], a network
musical performance occurs when a group of musicians, located at
different physical locations, interact over a network to perform as they
would if located in the same room.

Underlying the performances are RTP MIDI sessions over unicast UDP
transport.  Resiliency is provided by the recovery journal system [1].
The application also uses the Real Time Control Protocol (RTCP, [2]).

Sections 2-3 of this memo describe session startup and maintenance.
Sections 4-5 cover sending MIDI streams, and Sections 6-7 cover
receiving MIDI streams.


2.  Starting the Session

In this section, we describe how the application starts a two-player
session.  We assume that the two parties have agreed on a session
configuration, embodied by a pair of Session Description Protocol (SDP,
[5]) session descriptions.

One session description (Figure 1) defines how the first party wishes to
receive its stream.  The other session description (Figure 2) defines
how the second party wishes to receive its stream.

The session description in Figure 1 codes that the first party intends
to receive a MIDI stream on IP4 number 192.0.2.94 (coded in the c= line)
at UDP port 16112 (coded in the m= line).  Implicit in the SDP m= line
syntax [5] is that the first party also intends to receive an RTCP
stream on 192.0.2.94 at UDP port 16113 (16112 + 1).  The receiver
expects that the PTYPE field of each RTP header in the received stream
will be set to 96 (coded in the m= line).

Likewise, the session description in Figure 2 codes that the second
party intends to receive a MIDI stream on IP4 number 192.0.2.105 at UDP
port 5004, and intends to receive an RTCP stream on 192.0.2.105 at UDP
port 5005 (5004 + 1).  The second party expects that the PTYPE RTP
header field of received stream will be set to 101.








Lazzaro/Wawrzynek                                               [Page 4]


INTERNET-DRAFT                                              22 June 2004


v=0
o=first 2520644554 2838152170 IN IP4 first.example.net
s=Example
t=0 0
c=IN IP4 192.0.2.94
m=audio 16112 RTP/AVP 96
a=rtpmap:96 mpeg4-generic/44100
a=fmtp:96 streamtype=5; mode=rtp-midi; config=""; profile-level-id=12;
ch_default=CNPW; ch_unused=ADEFMQTVX; ch_unused=C120-127; tsmode=buffer;
linerate=320000; octpos=last; mperiod=44; guardtime=44100;
render=synthetic; rinit="audio/asc"; url="http://example.net/sa.asc";
cid="xjflsoeiurvpa09itnvlduihgnvet98pa3w9utnuighbuk"
a=ptime:0
a=maxptime:0

(The a=fmtp line has been wrapped to fit the page to accommodate
 memo formatting restrictions; it comprises a single line in SDP)

         Figure 1 -- Session description for first participant.


v=0
o=second 2520644554 2838152170 IN IP4 second.example.net
s=Example
t=0 0
c=IN IP4 192.0.2.105
m=audio 5004 RTP/AVP 101
a=rtpmap:101 mpeg4-generic/44100
a=fmtp:101 streamtype=5; mode=rtp-midi; config=""; profile-level-id=12;
ch_default=CNPW; ch_unused=ADEFMQTVX; ch_unused=C120-127; tsmode=buffer;
linerate=320000;octpos=last;mperiod=44; guardtime=44100;
render=synthetic; rinit="audio/asc"; url="http://example.net/sa.asc";
cid="xjflsoeiurvpa09itnvlduihgnvet98pa3w9utnuighbuk"
a=ptime:0
a=maxptime:0

(The a=fmtp line has been wrapped to fit the page to accommodate
 memo formatting restrictions; it comprises a single line in SDP)

        Figure 2 -- Session description for second participant.


The session descriptions use the mpeg4-generic MIME type (coded in the
a=rtpmap line) to specify the use of the MPEG 4 Structured Audio
renderer [6].  The session descriptions also use MIME and attribute
parameters to customize the stream (Appendix C of [1]).  The parameter
set and the assigned parameter values are identical for both parties,
yielding identical rendering environments for the two client hosts.



Lazzaro/Wawrzynek                                               [Page 5]


INTERNET-DRAFT                                              22 June 2004


We now show example code that implements the actions the parties take
during the session.  The code is written in C, and uses the sockets API
and other POSIX systems calls.  We show code for the first party (the
second party takes a symmetric set of actions).

Figure 3 shows how the first party initializes a pair of socket
descriptors (rtp_fd and rtcp_fd) to send and receive UDP packets.  After
the code in Figure 3 runs, the first party may check for new RTP or RTCP
packets by calling recv() on rtp_fd or rtcp_fd.

By default, a recv() call on these socket descriptors blocks until a
packet arrives.  Figure 4 shows how configure these sockets as non-
blocking, so that recv() calls may be done in time-critical code without
fear of I/O blocking.  Figure 5 shows how to use recv() to check a non-
blocking socket for new packets.

The first party also uses rtp_fd and rtcp_fd to send RTP and RTCP
packets to the second party.  In Figure 6, we show how to initialize
socket structures that address the second party.  In Figure 7, we show
how to use one of these structures in a sendto() call to send an RTP
packet to the second party.

Note that the code shown in Figures 3-7 assumes a clear network path
between the participants.  The code may not work if firewalls or Network
Address Translation (NAT) devices are present in the network path.


3.  Session Management: Session Housekeeping

After the two-party interactive session is set up, the parties begin to
send and receive RTP packets.  In Sections 4-7, we discuss RTP MIDI
sending and receiving algorithms.  In this section, we describe session
"housekeeping" tasks that the participants also perform.

One housekeeping task is the maintenance of the 32-bit SSRC value that
uniquely identifies each party.  Section 8 of [2] describes SSRC issues
in detail.  Another housekeeping task is the sending and receiving of
RTCP.  Section 6 of [2] describes RTCP in detail.

Another housekeeping task concerns security.  As detailed in Appendix G
of [1], per-packet authentication is strongly recommended for use with
MIDI streams, because the acceptance of rogue packets may lead to the
execution of arbitrary MIDI commands.








Lazzaro/Wawrzynek                                               [Page 6]


INTERNET-DRAFT                                              22 June 2004


A final housekeeping task concerns the termination of the session.  In
our two-party example, the session terminates upon the exit of one of
the participants.  A clean termination may require active effort by a
receiver, as a MIDI stream stopped at an arbitrary point may cause stuck
notes and other indefinite artifacts in the MIDI renderer.

The exit of a party may be signalled in several ways.  Session
management tools may offer a reliable signal for termination (such as
the SIP BYE method [9]).  The (unreliable) RTCP BYE packet [2] may also
signal the exit of a party.  Receivers may also sense the lack of RTCP
activity and timeout a party, or may use transport methods to detect an
exit.


4.  Sending Streams: General Considerations

In this section, we discuss sender implementation issues.

The sender is a real-time data-driven entity.  On an on-going basis, the
sender checks to see if the local player has generated new MIDI data.
At any time, the sender may transmit a new RTP packet to the remote
player, for the reasons described below:

  1. New MIDI data has been generated by the local player, and the
     sender decides it is time to issue a packet coding the data.

  2. The local player has not generated new MIDI data, but the
     sender decides too much time has elapsed since the last
     RTP packet transmission.  The sender transmits a packet in
     order to relay updated header and recovery journal data.

In both cases, the sender generates a packet that consists of an RTP
header, a MIDI command section, and a recovery journal.  In the first
case, the MIDI list of the MIDI command section codes the new MIDI data.
In the second case, the MIDI list is empty.
















Lazzaro/Wawrzynek                                               [Page 7]


INTERNET-DRAFT                                              22 June 2004


#include <sys/types.h>
#include <sys/socket.h>
#include <netinet/in.h>

  int rtp_fd, rtcp_fd;       /* socket descriptors */
  struct sockaddr_in addr;   /* for bind address   */

  /*********************************/
  /* create the socket descriptors */
  /*********************************/

  if ((rtp_fd = socket(AF_INET, SOCK_DGRAM, 0)) < 0)
    ERROR_RETURN("Couldn't create Internet RTP socket");

  if ((rtcp_fd = socket(AF_INET, SOCK_DGRAM, 0)) < 0)
    ERROR_RETURN("Couldn't create Internet RTCP socket");


  /**********************************/
  /* bind the RTP socket descriptor */
  /**********************************/

  memset(&(addr.sin_zero), 0, 8);
  addr.sin_family = AF_INET;
  addr.sin_addr.s_addr = htonl(INADDR_ANY);
  addr.sin_port = htons(16112); /* port 16112, from SDP */

  if (bind(rtp_fd, (struct sockaddr *)&addr,
        sizeof(struct sockaddr)) < 0)
     ERROR_RETURN("Couldn't bind Internet RTP socket");


  /***********************************/
  /* bind the RTCP socket descriptor */
  /***********************************/

  memset(&(addr.sin_zero), 0, 8);
  addr.sin_family = AF_INET;
  addr.sin_addr.s_addr = htonl(INADDR_ANY);
  addr.sin_port = htons(16113); /* port 16113, from SDP */

  if (bind(rtcp_fd, (struct sockaddr *)&addr,
        sizeof(struct sockaddr)) < 0)
      ERROR_RETURN("Couldn't bind Internet RTCP socket");


        Figure 3 -- Setup code for listening for RTP/RTCP packets.




Lazzaro/Wawrzynek                                               [Page 8]


INTERNET-DRAFT                                              22 June 2004


#include <unistd.h>
#include <fcntl.h>

int one = 1;

  /*******************************************************/
  /* set non-blocking status, shield spurious ICMP errno */
  /*******************************************************/

  if (fcntl(rtp_fd, F_SETFL, O_NONBLOCK))
    ERROR_RETURN("Couldn't unblock Internet RTP socket");

  if (fcntl(rtcp_fd, F_SETFL, O_NONBLOCK))
    ERROR_RETURN("Couldn't unblock Internet RTCP socket");

  if (setsockopt(rtp_fd,  SOL_SOCKET, SO_BSDCOMPAT,
              &one, sizeof(one)))
    ERROR_RETURN("Couldn't shield RTP socket");

  if (setsockopt(rtcp_fd,  SOL_SOCKET, SO_BSDCOMPAT,
              &one, sizeof(one)))
    ERROR_RETURN("Couldn't shield RTCP socket");


    Figure 4 -- Code to set socket descriptors to be non-blocking.


#include <errno.h>
#define UDPMAXSIZE 1472     /* based on Ethernet MTU of 1500 */

unsigned char packet[UDPMAXSIZE+1];
int len;


 while ((len = recv(rtp_fd, packet, UDPMAXSIZE + 1, 0)) > 0)
  {
    /* process packet[], be cautious if (len == UDPMAXSIZE + 1) */
  }

 if ((len == 0) || (errno != EAGAIN))
  {
    /* while() may have exited in an unexpected way */
  }


        Figure 5 -- Code to check rtp_fd for new RTP packets.





Lazzaro/Wawrzynek                                               [Page 9]


INTERNET-DRAFT                                              22 June 2004


#include <arpa/inet.h>
#include <netinet/in.h>

struct sockaddr_in * rtp_addr;      /* RTP destination IP/port  */
struct sockaddr_in * rtcp_addr;     /* RTCP destination IP/port */


  /* set RTP address, as coded in Figure 2's SDP */

  rtp_addr = calloc(1, sizeof(struct sockaddr_in));
  rtp_addr->sin_family = AF_INET;
  rtp_addr->sin_port = htons(5004);
  rtp_addr->sin_addr.s_addr = inet_addr("192.0.2.105");

  /* set RTCP address, as coded in Figure 2's SDP */

  rtcp_addr = calloc(1, sizeof(struct sockaddr_in));
  rtcp_addr->sin_family = AF_INET;
  rtcp_addr->sin_port = htons(5005);   /* 5004 + 1 */
  rtcp_addr->sin_addr.s_addr = rtp_addr->sin_addr.s_addr;


    Figure 6 -- Initializing destination addresses for RTP and RTCP.


unsigned char packet[UDPMAXSIZE];  /* RTP packet to send   */
int size;                          /* length of RTP packet */


  /* first fill packet[] and set size ... then: */

  if (sendto(rtp_fd, packet, size, 0, rtp_addr,
          sizeof(struct sockaddr))  == -1)
    {
      /*
       * try again later if errno == EAGAIN or EINTR
       *
       * other errno values --> an operational error
       */
    }


           Figure 7 -- Using sendto() to send an RTP packet.








Lazzaro/Wawrzynek                                              [Page 10]


INTERNET-DRAFT                                              22 June 2004


Figure 8 shows the 5 steps a sender takes to issue a packet.  This
algorithm corresponds to the code fragment for sending RTP packets shown
in Figure 7 of Section 2.  Steps 1, 2, and 3 occur before the sendto()
call in the code fragment.  Step 4 corresponds to the sendto() call
itself.  Step 5 may occur once Step 3 completes.


 Algorithm for Sending a Packet:

  1. Generate the RTP header for the new packet.  See Section 2.1
     of [1] for details.

  2. Generate the MIDI command section for the new packet.  See
     Section 3 of [1] for details.

  3. Generate the recovery journal for the new packet.  We discuss
     this process in Section 5.2.  The generation algorithm examines
     the Recovery Journal Sending Structure (RJSS), a stateful
     coding of a history of the stream.

  4. Send the new packet to the receiver.

  5. Update the RJSS to include the data coded in the MIDI command
     section of the packet sent in step 4.  We discuss the update
     procedure in Section 5.3.


         Figure 8 -- A 5 step algorithm for sending a packet.


In the sections that follow, we discuss specific sender implementation
issues in detail.

4.1 Queuing and Coding Incoming MIDI Data

Simple senders transmit a new packet as soon as the local player
generates a complete MIDI command.  The system described in [8] uses
this algorithm.  This algorithm minimizes the sender queuing latency, as
the sender never delays the transmission of a new MIDI command.

In a relative sense, this algorithm uses bandwidth inefficiently, as it
does not amortize the overhead of a packet over several commands.  This
inefficiency may be acceptable for sparse MIDI streams (see Appendix A.4
of [8]).  More sophisticated sending algorithms [10] improve efficiency
by coding small groups of commands into a single packet, at the expense
of increasing the sender queuing latency.





Lazzaro/Wawrzynek                                              [Page 11]


INTERNET-DRAFT                                              22 June 2004


Senders assign a timestamp value to each command issued by the local
player (Appendix C.2 of [1]).  Senders may code the timestamp value of
the first MIDI list command in two ways.  The most efficient method is
to set the RTP timestamp of the packet to the timestamp value of the
first command.  In this method, the Z bit of the MIDI command section
header (Figure 2 of [1]) is set to 0, and the RTP timestamps increment
at a non-uniform rate.

However, in some applications, senders may wish to generate a stream
whose RTP timestamps increment at a uniform rate.  To do so, senders may
use the Delta Time MIDI list field to code a timestamp for the first
command in the list.  In this case, the Z bit of the MIDI command
section header is set to 1.

Senders should strive to maintain a constant relationship between the
RTP packet timestamp and the packet sending time: if two packets have
RTP timestamps that differ by 1 second, the second packet should be sent
1 second after the first packet.  To the receiver, variance in this
relationship is indistinguishable from network jitter.  Latency issues
are discussed in detail in Section 6.

Senders may alter the running status coding of the first command in the
MIDI list, in order to comply with the coding rules defined in Section
3.2 of [1].  The P header bit (Figure 2 of [1]) codes this alteration of
the source command stream.

4.2 Sending Packets with Empty MIDI Lists

During a session, musicians might refrain from generating MIDI data for
extended periods of time (seconds or even minutes).  If an RTP stream
followed the dynamics of a silent MIDI source, and stopped sending RTP
packets, system behavior might be degraded in the following ways:

  o  The receiver's model of network performance may fall out
     of date.

  o  Network middleboxes (such as Network Address Translators)
     may "time-out" the silent stream and drop the port and IP
     association state.

  o  If the session does not use RTCP, receivers may misinterpret
     the silent stream as a dropped network connection.

Senders avoid these problems by sending "keep-alive" RTP packets during
periods of network inactivity.  Keep-alive packets have empty MIDI
lists.





Lazzaro/Wawrzynek                                              [Page 12]


INTERNET-DRAFT                                              22 June 2004


Session participants may specify the frequency of keep-alive packets
during session configuration with the MIME parameter "guardtime"
(Appendix C.3.2 of [1]).  The session descriptions shown in Figures 1-2
use guardtime to specify a keep-alive sending interval of 1 second.

Senders may also send empty packets to improve the performance of the
recovery journal system.  As we describe in Section 6, the recovery
process begins when a receiver detects a break in the RTP sequence
number pattern of the stream.  The receiver uses the recovery journal of
the break packet to guide corrective rendering actions, such as ending
stuck notes and updating out-of-date controller values.

Consider the situation where the local player produces a MIDI NoteOff
command (which the sender promptly transmits in a packet), but then 5
seconds pass before the player produces another MIDI command (which the
sender transmits in a second packet).  If the packet coding the NoteOff
is lost, the receiver is not be aware of the packet loss incident for 5
seconds, and the rendered MIDI performance contains a note that sounds
for 5 seconds too long.

To handle this situation, senders may transmit empty packets to "guard"
the stream during silent sections.  The guard packet algorithm defined
in Section 7.3 of [8], as applied to the situation described above,
sends a guard packet after 100 ms of player inactivity, and sends a
second guard packet 100 ms later.  Subsequent guard packets are sent
with an exponential backoff, with a limiting period of 1 second (set by
the "guardtime" parameter in Figures 1-2).  The algorithm terminates
once MIDI activity resumes, or once RTCP receiver reports indicate that
the receiver is up to date.

The perceptual quality of guard packet sending algorithms is a quality
of implementation issue for RTP MIDI applications.  Sophisticated
implementations may tailor the guard packet sending rate to the nature
of the MIDI commands recently sent in the stream, to minimize the
perceptual impact of moderate packet loss.

As an example of this sort of specialization, the guard packet algorithm
described in [8] protects against the transient artifacts that occur
when NoteOn commands are lost.  The algorithm sends a guard packet 1 ms
after every packet whose MIDI list contains a NoteOn command.  The Y bit
in Chapter N note logs (Appendix A.6 of [1]) supports this use of guard
packets.

Congestion control and bandwidth management are key issues in guard
packet algorithms.  We discuss these issues in the next section.






Lazzaro/Wawrzynek                                              [Page 13]


INTERNET-DRAFT                                              22 June 2004


4.3 Congestion Control and Bandwidth Management

The congestion control section of [1] discusses the importance of
congestion control for RTP MIDI streams, and references the normative
text in [2] and [3] that concerns congestion control.  To comply the
requirements described in those normative documents, RTP MIDI senders
may use several methods to control the sending rate:

  o As described in Section 4.1, senders may pack several MIDI
    commands into a single packet, thereby reducing stream bandwidth
    (at the expense of increasing sender queuing latency).

  o Guard packet algorithms (Section 4.2) may be designed in
    a parametric way, so that the tradeoff between artifact
    reduction and stream bandwidth may be tuned dynamically.

  o The recovery journal size may be reduced, by adapting the
    techniques described in Section 5 of this memo.  Note that
    in all cases, the recovery journal sender must conform to
    the normative text in Section 4 of [1].

  o The incoming MIDI stream may be modified, to reduce the
    number of MIDI commands without significantly altering the
    performance.  Lossy "MIDI filtering" algorithms are well
    developed in the MIDI community, and may be directly applied
    to RTP MIDI rate management.

RTP MIDI senders incorporate these rate control methods into feedback
systems to implement congestion control and bandwidth management.
Sections 10 and 6.4.4 of [2] and Section 2 in [3] describe feedback
systems for congestion control in RTP/AVP, and Section 6 of [5]
describes bandwidth management in media sessions.


5.  Sending Streams: The Recovery Journal

In this section, we describe how senders implement the recovery journal
system.  The implementation we describe uses the default "closed-loop"
recovery journal semantics (Appendix C.1.2.2 of [1]).

We begin by describing the Recovery Journal Sending Structure (RJSS).
Senders use the RJSS to generate the recovery journal section for RTP
MIDI packets.

The RJSS is a hierarchical representation of the checkpoint history of
the stream.  The checkpoint history holds the MIDI commands that are at
risk to packet loss (Appendix A.1 of [1] precisely defines the
checkpoint history).  The layout of the RJSS mirrors the hierarchical



Lazzaro/Wawrzynek                                              [Page 14]


INTERNET-DRAFT                                              22 June 2004


structure of the recovery journal bitfields.

Figure 9 shows a RJSS implementation for a simple sender.  The leaf
level of the RJSS hierarchy (the jsend_chapter structures) corresponds
to channel chapters (Appendices A.2-9 in [1]).  The second level of the
hierarchy (jsend_channel) corresponds to the channel journal header
(Figure 9 in [1]).  The top level of the hierarchy (jsend_journal)
corresponds to the recovery journal header (Figure 8 in [1]).

Each level in the RJSS may code several items:

  1. The current contents of the recovery journal bitfield for
     the level (jheader[], cheader[], and the chapter bitfields).

  2. A seqnum variable.  Seqnum codes the extended RTP sequence
     number of the most recent packet that added information to the
     checkpoint history, at the level or at any level below it.

  3. Ancillary variables used by the sending algorithm.

A seqnum variable is set to zero if the checkpoint history contains no
information at the level or at any level below it.  This coding scheme
assumes that the first sequence number of a stream is normalized to 1,
and limits the total number of stream packets to 2^32 - 1.

The "ch_default" and "ch_unused" parameters in Figures 1-2 define the
subset of MIDI commands supported by the sender (see Appendix C.1.3 of
[1] for details).  The sender transmits most voice commands, but does
not transmit system commands.  The sender assumes the MIDI source uses
note commands in the typical way, and does not use the Chapter E note
resiliency tools (Appendix A.7 of [1]).  The sender does not support
Control Change commands for controller numbers with All Notes Off
(123-127), All Sound Off (120), and Reset All Controllers (121)
semantics.

We chose this subset of MIDI commands to simplify the example.  In
particular, the command restrictions ensure that all commands are
active, all note commands are N-active, and all Control Change commands
are C-active (see Appendix A.1 of [1] for definitions of active, N-
active, and C-active).

In the sections that follow, we describe the tasks a sender performs to
manage the recovery journal system.

5.1 Initializing the RJSS

At the start of a stream, the sender initializes the RJSS.   All seqnum
variables are set to zero, including all elements of note_seqnum[] and



Lazzaro/Wawrzynek                                              [Page 15]


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control_seqnum[].

The sender initializes jheader[] to form a recovery journal header that
codes an empty journal.  The S bit of the header is set to 1, and the A,
Y, R, and TOTCHAN header fields are set to zero.  The checkpoint packet
sequence number field is set to the sequence number of the upcoming
first RTP packet (per Appendix A.1 of [1]).












































Lazzaro/Wawrzynek                                              [Page 16]


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  typedef unsigned char  uint8;      /* must be 1 octet  */
  typedef unsigned short uint16;     /* must be 2 octet  */
  typedef unsigned long  uint32;     /* must be 4 octets */

  /***********************************************************/
  /* leaf level of hierarchy: Chapter W, Appendix A.5 of [1] */
  /***********************************************************/

  typedef struct jsend_chapterw {  /* Pitch Wheel (0xE) */

   uint8  chapterw[2]; /* bitfield (Figure A.5.1, [1])   */
   uint32 seqnum;      /* extended sequence number, or 0 */

  } jsend_chapterw;

  /***********************************************************/
  /* leaf level of hierarchy: Chapter N, Appendix A.6 of [1] */
  /***********************************************************/

  typedef struct jsend_chaptern { /* Note commands (0x8, 0x9) */

   uint8  chaptern[272];  /* bitfield (Figure A.6.1, [1])   */
   uint16 size;           /* actual size of chaptern[]      */
   uint32 seqnum;         /* extended sequence number, or 0 */

   uint32 note_seqnum[128];  /* most recent note seqnum, or 0 */
   uint32 note_tstamp[128];  /* NoteOn execution timestamp    */
   uint8  note_state[128];   /* NoteOn velocity, 0 -> NoteOff */

  } jsend_chaptern;

  /***********************************************************/
  /* leaf level of hierarchy: Chapter C, Appendix A.3 of [1] */
  /***********************************************************/

  typedef struct jsend_chapterc {     /* Control Change (0xB) */

   uint8  chapterc[257];    /* bitfield (Figure A.3.1, [1])   */
   uint16 size;             /* actual size of chapterc[]      */
   uint32 seqnum;           /* extended sequence number, or 0 */

   uint8  control_state[128];     /* per-number control state */
   uint32 control_seqnum[128];    /* most recent seqnum, or 0 */

  } jsend_chapterc;


      Figure 9 -- Recovery Journal Sending Structure (part 1)



Lazzaro/Wawrzynek                                              [Page 17]


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  /***********************************************************/
  /* leaf level of hierarchy: Chapter P, Appendix A.2 of [1] */
  /***********************************************************/

  typedef struct jsend_chapterp { /* MIDI Program Change (0xC) */

   uint8  chapterp[3]; /* bitfield (Figure A.2.1, [1])   */
   uint32 seqnum;      /* extended sequence number, or 0 */

  } jsend_chapterp;

  /***************************************************/
  /* second-level of hierarchy, for channel journals */
  /***************************************************/

  typedef struct jsend_channel {

   uint8  cheader[3]; /* header bitfield (Figure 9, [1]) */
   uint32 seqnum;     /* extended sequence number, or 0  */

   jsend_chapterp chapterp;           /* chapter P info  */
   jsend_chapterc chapterc;           /* chapter C info  */
   jsend_chapterw chapterw;           /* chapter W info  */
   jsend_chaptern chaptern;           /* chapter N info  */

  } jsend_channel;

  /*******************************************************/
  /* top level of hierarchy, for recovery journal header */
  /*******************************************************/

   typedef struct jsend_journal {

   uint8 jheader[3]; /* header bitfield (Figure 8, [1])  */
                     /* Note: Empty journal has a header */

   uint32 seqnum;    /* extended sequence number, or 0   */
                     /* seqnum = 0 codes empty journal   */

   jsend_channel channels[16];  /* channel journal state */
                                /* index is MIDI channel */

   } jsend_journal;



    Figure 9 (continued) -- Recovery Journal Sending Structure




Lazzaro/Wawrzynek                                              [Page 18]


INTERNET-DRAFT                                              22 June 2004


In jsend_chaptern, elements of note_tstamp[] and note_state[] are set to
zero.  In jsend_chapterc, control_state[] is initialized to the default
value for each controller number, in the format of the chosen tool type
(as defined in Appendix A.3 in [1]).

5.2 Traversing the RJSS

Whenever an RTP packet is created (Step 3 in the algorithm defined in
Figure 8), the sender traverses the RJSS to create the recovery journal
for the packet.  The traversal begins at the top level of the RJSS.  The
sender copies jheader[] into the packet, and then sets the S bit of
jheader[] to 1.

The traversal continues depth-first, visiting every jsend_channel whose
seqnum variable is non-zero.  The sender copies the cheader[] array into
the packet, and then sets the S bit of cheader[] to 1.  After each
cheader[] copy, the sender visits each leaf-level chapter, in order of
its appearance in the chapter journal Table of Contents (first P, then
C, then W, then N, as shown in Figure 9 of [1]).

If a chapter has a non-zero seqnum, the sender copies the chapter
bitfield array into the packet, and then sets the S bit of the RJSS
array to 1.  For chaptern[], the B bit is also set to 1.  For the
variable-length chapters (chaptern[] and chapterc[]), the sender checks
the size variable to determine the bitfield length.

Before copying chaptern[], the sender updates the Y bit of each note log
to code the onset of the associated NoteOn command (Figure A.6.3 in
[1]).  To determine the Y bit value, the sender checks the note_tstamp[]
array for note timing information.

5.3 Updating the RJSS

After an RTP packet is sent, the sender updates the RJSS to refresh the
checkpoint history (Step 5 in the sending algorithm defined in Figure
8).  For each command in the MIDI list of the sent packet, the sender
performs the update procedure we now describe.

The update procedure begins at the leaf level.  The sender generates a
new bitfield array for the chapter associated with the MIDI command,
using the chapter-specific semantics defined in Appendix A of [1].  For
the fixed-length chapterp[] or chapterw[], the sender operates directly
on the bitfields.








Lazzaro/Wawrzynek                                              [Page 19]


INTERNET-DRAFT                                              22 June 2004


For the variable-length chaptern[] or chapterc[], the sender uses a two-
step update algorithm:

  1. The sender updates the state arrays for the command note number
     (Chapter N) or controller number (Chapter C).  These arrays, in
     jsend_chaptern or jsend_chapterc in Figure 9, code the packet
     extended sequence number (note_seqnum[] and control_seqnum[]),
     the command execution timestamp (note_tstamp[]), and information
     from the command data field (note_state[] or control_state[]).

  2. The sender generates the chaptern[] or chapterc[] bitfields, by
     looping through the state arrays.  If the note_seqnum[] or
     control_seqnum[] value for an array index is non-zero, the
     sender examines the associated note_state[] or control_state[]
     array element, and codes data from the element into the bitfield.
     After the looping completes, the sender sets the chapter size
     variable to code the final bitfield length.

In addition, the sender clears the S bit of the chapterp[], chapterw[],
or chapterc[] bitfield.  For chaptern[], the sender clears the S bit or
the B bit of the bitfield, as described in Appendix A.6 of [1].

Next, the sender refreshes the upper levels of the RJSS hierarchy.  At
the second-level, the sender updates the cheader[] bitfield of the
channel associated with the command.  The sender sets the S bit of
cheader[] to 0.  If the new command forced the addition of a new chapter
or channel journal, the sender may also update other cheader[] fields.
At the top-level, the sender updates the top-level jheader[] bitfield in
a similar manner.

Finally, the sender updates the seqnum variables associated with the
changed bitfield arrays.  The sender sets the seqnum variables to the
extended sequence number of the packet.

5.4 Trimming the RJSS

At regular intervals, receivers send RTCP receiver reports to the sender
(as described in Section 6.4.2 of [2]).  These reports include the
extended highest sequence number received (EHSNR) field.  This field
codes the highest sequence number that the receiver has observed from
the sender, extended to disambiguate sequence number rollover.

When the sender receives an RTCP receiver report, it runs the RJSS
trimming algorithm.  The trimming algorithm uses the EHSNR to trim away
parts of the RJSS, and thus reduce the size of recovery journals sent in
subsequent RTP packets.  The algorithm conforms to the closed-loop
sending policy defined in Appendix C.1.2.2 of [1].




Lazzaro/Wawrzynek                                              [Page 20]


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The trimming algorithm relies on the following observation: if the EHSNR
indicates that a packet with sequence number K has been received, MIDI
commands sent in packets with sequence numbers J <= K may be removed
from the RJSS without violating the closed-loop policy.

To begin the trimming algorithm, the sender extracts the EHSNR field
from the receiver report, and adjusts the EHSNR to reflect the sequence
number extension prefix of the sender.  Then, the sender compares the
adjusted EHSNR value with seqnum fields at each level of the RJSS,
starting at the top level.

Levels whose seqnum is less than or equal to the adjusted EHSNR are
trimmed, by setting the seqnum to zero.  If necessary, the jheader[] and
cheader[] arrays above the trimmed level are adjusted to match the new
journal layout.  The checkpoint packet sequence number field of
jheader[] is updated to match the EHSNR.

At the leaf level, the sender trims the size of the variable-length
chaptern[] and chapterc[] bitfields.  The sender loops through the
note_seqnum[] or control_seqnum[] array, and clears elements whose value
is less than or equal to the adjusted EHSNR.  The sender then creates a
new chaptern[] or chapterc[] bitfield, and updates the LENGTH field of
the associated cheader[] bitfield.

Note that the trimming algorithm does not add information to the
checkpoint history.  As a consequence, the trimming algorithm does not
clear the S bit (and for chaptern[], the B bit) of any recovery journal
bitfield.  As a second consequence, the trimming algorithm does not set
RJSS seqnum variables to the EHSNR value.

5.5 Implementation Notes

For pedagogical purposes, the recovery journal sender we describe has
been simplified in several ways.  In practice, an implementation would
use enhanced versions of the traversing, updating, and trimming
algorithms presented in Sections 5.2-4.

In particular, the Chapter N and Chapter C algorithms would use more
sophisticated RJSS data structures, in order to avoid looping through
all 128 note or controller numbers.


6.  Receiving Streams: General Considerations

In this section, we discuss receiver implementation issues.

To begin, we imagine that an ideal network carries the RTP stream.
Packets are never lost or reordered, and the end-to-end latency is



Lazzaro/Wawrzynek                                              [Page 21]


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constant.  In addition, we assume that all commands coded in the MIDI
list of a packet share the same timestamp (an assumption coded by the
"ptime" and "maxptime" values in Figures 1-2; see Appendix C.3.1 of [1]
for details).

Under these conditions, a simple algorithm may be used to render a high-
quality performance.  Upon the receipt of an RTP packet, the receiver
immediately executes the commands coded in the MIDI command section of
the payload.  Commands are executed in order of their appearance in the
MIDI list.  The command timestamps are ignored.

Unfortunately, this simple algorithm breaks down once we relax our
assumptions about the network and the MIDI list:

  1. If we permit lost and reordered packets to occur in the
     network, the algorithm may produce unrecoverable rendering
     artifacts, violating the mandate defined in Section 4 of [1].

  2. If we permit the network to exhibit variable latency, the
     algorithm modulates the network jitter onto rendered MIDI
     command stream.

  3. If we permit a MIDI list to code commands with different
     timestamps, the algorithm adds temporal jitter to the
     rendered performance, as it ignores MIDI list timestamps.

In this section, we discuss interactive receiver design techniques under
these relaxed assumptions.  Section 6.1 describes a receiver design for
high-performance Wide Area Networks (WANs), and Section 6.2 discusses
design issues for other types of networks.

6.1 The NMP Receiver Design

The Network Musical Performance (NMP) system [8] is an interactive
performance application that uses an early version of the RTP MIDI
payload format.  NMP is designed for use between universities within the
State of California, using the high-performance CalREN2 network.

In the NMP system, network artifacts may affect how a musician hears the
performances of remote players.  However, the network does not affect
how a musician hears his own performance.

Several aspects of CalREN2 network behavior (as measured in 2001
timeframe, as documented in [8]) guided the NMP system design:

  o  The median symmetric latency (1/2 the round-trip time)
     of packets sent between network sites is comparable to the
     acoustic latency between two musicians located in the same



Lazzaro/Wawrzynek                                              [Page 22]


INTERNET-DRAFT                                              22 June 2004


     room.  For example, the latency between Berkeley and Stanford
     is 2.1 ms, corresponding to an acoustic distance of 2.4 feet
     (0.72 meters).  These campuses are 40 miles (64 km) apart.
     Preserving the benefits of the underlying network latency
     at the application level was a key NMP design goal.

  o  For most times of day, the nominal temporal jitter is
     quite short.  For Berkeley-Stanford, the standard deviation
     of the round-trip time was under 200 microseconds.

  o  For most times of day, a few percent (0-4%) of the packets
     sent arrive significantly late (> 40 ms), probably due
     to a queuing transient somewhere in the network path.
     More rarely (< 0.1%), a packet is lost during the transient.

  o  At predictable times during the day (before lunchtime,
     at the end of the workday, etc), network performance
     deteriorates (10-20% late packets) in a manner that makes
     the network unsuitable for low-latency interactive use.

  o  CalREN2 has deeply over-provisioned bandwidth, relative to
     MIDI bandwidth usage.

The NMP sender freely uses network bandwidth to improve the performance
experience.  As soon as a musician generates a MIDI command, an RTP
packet coding the command is sent to the other players.  This sending
algorithm reduces latency at the cost of bandwidth.  In addition, guard
packets (described in Section 4.2) are sent at frequent intervals, to
minimize the impact of packet loss.

The NMP receiver maintains a model of the stream, and uses this model as
the basis of its resiliency system.  Upon the receipt of a packet, the
receiver predicts the RTP sequence number and the RTP timestamp (with
error bars) of the packet.  Under normal network conditions, about 95%
of received packets fit the predictions [8].  In this common case, the
receiver immediately executes the MIDI command coded in the packet.
Note that the NMP receiver does not use a playout buffer; the design is
optimized for lowest latency at the expense of command jitter.

Occasionally, an incoming packet fits the sequence number prediction,
but falls outside the timestamp prediction error bars (see Appendix B of
[8] for timestamp model details).  In most cases, the receiver still
executes the command coded in the packet.  However, the receiver
discards NoteOn commands with non-zero velocity.  By discarding late
commands that sound notes, the receiver prevents "straggler notes" from
disturbing a performance.  By executing all other late commands, the
receiver quiets "soft stuck notes" immediately, and updates the state of
the MIDI system.



Lazzaro/Wawrzynek                                              [Page 23]


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More rarely, an incoming packet does not fit the sequence number
prediction.   The receiver keeps track of the highest sequence number
received in the stream, and predicts that an incoming packet will have a
sequence number one greater than this value.  If the sequence number of
an incoming packet is greater than the prediction, a packet loss has
occurred.  If the sequence number of the received packet is less than
the prediction, the packet has been received out of order.  All sequence
number calculations are modulo 2^16, and use standard methods (described
in [2]) to avoid tracking errors during rollover.

If a packet loss has occurred, the receiver examines the journal section
of the received packet, and uses it to gracefully recover from the loss
episode.  We describe this recovery procedure in Section 7 of this memo.
The recovery process may result in the execution of one or more MIDI
commands.  After executing the recovery commands, the receiver processes
the MIDI command encoded in the packet, using the timestamp model test
described above.

If a packet is received out of order, the receiver ignores the packet.
The receiver takes this action because a packet received out of order is
always preceded by a packet that signalled a loss event.  This loss
event triggered the recovery process, which may have executed recovery
commands.  The MIDI command coded in the out-of-order packet might, if
executed, duplicate these recovery commands, and this duplication might
endanger the integrity of the stream.  Thus, ignoring the out-of-order
packet is the safe approach.

6.2 High-Jitter Networks, Local Area Networks

The NMP receiver targets a network with a particular set of
characteristics: low nominal jitter, low packet loss, and occasional
outlier packets that arrive very late.  In this section, we consider how
networks with different characteristics impact receiver design.

Networks with significant nominal jitter cannot use the buffer-free
receiver design described in Section 6.1.  For example, the NMP system
performs poorly for musicians that use dial-up modem connections,
because the buffer-free receiver design modulates modem jitter onto the
performances.  Receivers designed for high-jitter networks should use a
substantial playout buffer.  References [10] and [11] describe how to
use playout buffers in latency-critical applications.

Receivers intended for use on Local Area Networks (LANs) face a
different set of issues.  A dedicated LAN fabric built with modern
hardware is in many ways a predictable environment.  The network
problems addressed by the NMP receiver design (packet loss and outlier
late packets) might only occur under extreme network overload
conditions.



Lazzaro/Wawrzynek                                              [Page 24]


INTERNET-DRAFT                                              22 June 2004


Systems designed for this environment may choose to configure streams
without the recovery journal system (Appendix C.1.1 of [1]).  Receivers
may also wish to forego, or simplify, the detection of outlier late
packets.  Receivers should monitor the RTP sequence numbers of incoming
packets, to detect network unreliability.

However, in some respects, LAN applications may be more demanding than
WAN applications.  In LAN applications, musicians may be receiving
performance feedback from audio that is rendered from the stream.  The
tolerance a musician has for latency and jitter in this context may be
quite low.

To reduce the perceived jitter, receivers may use a small playout buffer
(in the range of 100us to 2ms).  The buffer does add a small amount of
latency to the system, that may be annoying to some players.  Receiver
designs should include buffer tuning parameters, to let musicians adjust
the tradeoff between latency and jitter.


7.  Receiving Streams: The Recovery Journal

In this section, we describe the recovery algorithm used by the NMP
receiver [8].  In most ways, the recovery techniques we describe are
generally applicable to interactive receiver design.  However, a few
aspects of the design are specialized for the NMP system:

  o The recovery algorithm covers a subset of the MIDI command
    set.  MIDI Systems (0xF), Poly Aftertouch (0xA), and Channel
    Aftertouch (0xD) commands are not protected, and Control
    Change (0xB) commands protection is simplified.  Note commands
    for a particular note number are assumed to follow the typical
    NoteOn->NoteOff->NoteOn->NoteOff pattern.  The ch_default and
    ch_unused parameters in Figures 1-2 specify this coverage.

  o The NMP system does not use a playout buffer.  Therefore, the
    recovery algorithm does not address interactions with a
    playout buffer.

At a high level, the receiver algorithm works as follows.  Upon the
detection of a packet loss, the receiver examines the recovery journal
of the packet that ends the loss event.  If necessary, the receiver
executes one or more MIDI commands to recover from the loss.

To prepare for recovery, a receiver maintains a data structure, the
Recovery Journal Receiver Structure (RJRS).  The RJRS codes information
about the MIDI commands the receiver executes (both incoming stream
commands and self-generated recovery commands).  At the start of the
stream, the RJRS is initialized to code that no commands have been



Lazzaro/Wawrzynek                                              [Page 25]


INTERNET-DRAFT                                              22 June 2004


executed.   Immediately after executing a MIDI command, the receiver
updates the RJRS with information about the command.

We now describe the recovery algorithm in detail.  We begin with two
definitions that classify loss events.  These definitions assume that
the packet that ends the loss event has RTP sequence number I.

  o Single-packet loss.  A single-packet loss occurs if the last
    packet received before the loss event (excluding out-of-order
    packets) has the sequence number I-2 (modulo 2^16).

  o Multi-packet loss.  A multi-packet loss occurs if the last
    packet received before the loss event (excluding out-of-order
    packets) has a sequence number less than I-2 (modulo 2^16).

Upon the detection of a packet loss, the recovery algorithm examines the
recovery journal header (Figure 8 of [1]) to check for special cases:

  o If the header field A is 0, the recovery journal has no channel
    journals, and so no action is taken.

  o If a single-packet loss has occurred, and the header S bit is
    1, the lost packet has a MIDI command section with an empty
    MIDI list.  No action is taken.

If these checks fail, the algorithm parses the recovery journal body.
For each channel journal (Figure 9 in [1]) in the recovery journal, the
receiver compares the data in each chapter journal (Appendix A of [1])
to the RJRS data for the chapter.  If the data are inconsistent, the
algorithm infers that MIDI command(s) related to the chapter journal
have been lost.  The recovery algorithm executes MIDI commands to repair
this loss, and updates the RJRS to reflect the repair.

For single-packet losses, the receiver skips channel and chapter
journals whose S bits are set to 1.  For multi-packet losses, the
receiver parses each channel and chapter journal and checks for
inconsistency.

In the sections that follow, we describe the recovery steps that are
specific to each chapter journal.  We cover 4 chapter journal types: P
(Program Change, 0xC), C (Control Change, 0xB), W (Pitch Wheel, 0xE),
and N (Note, 0x8 and 0x9).  Chapters are parsed in the order of their
appearance in the channel journal (P, then W, then N, then C).

The sections below reference the C implementation of the RJRS shown in
Figure 10.  This structure is hierarchical, reflecting the recovery
journal architecture.  At the leaf level, specialized data structures
(jrec_chapterw, jrec_chaptern, jrec_chapterc, and jrec_chapterp) code



Lazzaro/Wawrzynek                                              [Page 26]


INTERNET-DRAFT                                              22 June 2004


state variables for a single chapter journal type.  A mid-level
structure (jrec_channel) represents a single MIDI channel, and a top-
level structure (jrec_stream) represents the entire MIDI stream.
















































Lazzaro/Wawrzynek                                              [Page 27]


INTERNET-DRAFT                                              22 June 2004


  typedef unsigned char  uint8;       /* must be 1 octet  */
  typedef unsigned short uint16;      /* must be 2 octets */
  typedef unsigned long  uint32;      /* must be 4 octets */


  /***********************************************************/
  /* leaf level of hierarchy: Chapter W, Appendix A.5 of [1] */
  /***********************************************************/

  typedef struct jrec_chapterw {   /* MIDI Pitch Wheel (0xE) */

   uint16 val;           /* most recent 14-bit wheel value   */

  } jrec_chapterw;


  /***********************************************************/
  /* leaf level of hierarchy: Chapter N, Appendix A.6 of [1] */
  /***********************************************************/

  typedef struct jrec_chaptern { /* Note commands (0x8, 0x9) */

   /* arrays of length 128 --> one for each MIDI Note number */

   uint32 time[128];    /* exec time of most recent NoteOn */
   uint32 extseq[128];  /* extended seqnum for that NoteOn */
   uint8  vel[128];     /* NoteOn velocity (0 for NoteOff) */

  } jrec_chaptern;


  /***********************************************************/
  /* leaf level of hierarchy: Chapter C, Appendix A.3 of [1] */
  /***********************************************************/

  typedef struct jrec_chapterc {     /* Control Change (0xB) */

   /* array of length 128 --> one for each controller number */

   uint8 value[128];   /* Chapter C value tool state */
   uint8 count[128];   /* Chapter C count tool state */
   uint8 toggle[128];  /* Chapter C toggle tool state */

  } jrec_chapterc;



     Figure 10 -- Recovery Journal Receiving Structure (part 1)



Lazzaro/Wawrzynek                                              [Page 28]


INTERNET-DRAFT                                              22 June 2004


  /***********************************************************/
  /* leaf level of hierarchy: Chapter P, Appendix A.2 of [1] */
  /***********************************************************/

  typedef struct jrec_chapterp { /* MIDI Program Change (0xC) */

   uint8 prognum;       /* most recent 7-bit program value  */
   uint8 prognum_qual;  /* 1 once first 0xC command arrives */

   uint8 bank_msb;     /* most recent Bank Select MSB value */
   uint8 bank_msb_qual;   /* 1 once first 0xBn 0x00 arrives */

   uint8 bank_lsb;     /* most recent Bank Select LSB value */
   uint8 bank_lsb_qual;   /* 1 once first 0xBn 0x20 arrives */

  } jrec_chapterp;



  /***************************************************/
  /* second-level of hierarchy, for MIDI channels    */
  /***************************************************/

  typedef struct jrec_channel {

   jrec_chapterp chapterp;  /* Program Change (0xC) info  */
   jrec_chapterc chapterc;  /* Control Change (0xB) info  */
   jrec_chapterw chapterw;  /* Pitch Wheel (0xE) info  */
   jrec_chaptern chaptern;  /* Note (0x8, 0x9) info  */

  } jrec_channel;



  /***********************************************/
  /* top level of hierarchy, for the MIDI stream */
  /***********************************************/

   typedef struct jrec_stream {

   jrec_channel channels[16];  /* index is MIDI channel */

   } jrec_stream;




    Figure 10 (continued) -- Recovery Journal Receiving Structure



Lazzaro/Wawrzynek                                              [Page 29]


INTERNET-DRAFT                                              22 June 2004


7.1 Chapter W: MIDI Pitch Wheel (0xE)

Chapter W of the recovery journal protects against the loss of MIDI
Pitch Wheel (0xE) commands.  A common use of the Pitch Wheel command is
to transmit the current position of a rotary "pitch wheel" controller
placed on the side of MIDI piano controllers.  Players use the pitch
wheel to dynamically alter the pitch of all depressed keys.

The NMP receiver maintains the jrec_chapterw structure (Figure 10) for
each voice channel in jrec_stream, to code pitch wheel state
information.  In jrec_chapterw, val holds the 14-bit data value of the
most recent Pitch Wheel command that has arrived on a channel.  At the
start of the stream, val is initialized to the default pitch wheel value
(0x2000).

At the end of a loss event, a receiver may find a Chapter W (Appendix
A.5 in [1]) bitfield in a channel journal.  This chapter codes the
14-bit data value of the most recent MIDI Pitch Wheel command in the
checkpoint history.  If the Chapter W and jrec_chapterw pitch wheel
values do not match, one or more commands have been lost.

To recover from this loss, the NMP receiver immediately executes a MIDI
Pitch Wheel command on the channel, using the data value coded in the
recovery journal.  The receiver then updates the jrec_chapterw variables
to reflect the executed command.

7.2 Chapter N: MIDI NoteOn (0x8) and NoteOff (0x9)

Chapter N of the recovery journal protects against the loss of MIDI
NoteOn (0x9) and NoteOff (0x8) commands.  If a NoteOn command is lost, a
note is skipped.  If a NoteOff command is lost, a note may sound
indefinitely.  Recall that NoteOn commands with a velocity value of 0
have the semantics of NoteOff commands.

The recovery algorithms in this section only work for MIDI sources that
produce NoteOn->NoteOff->NoteOn->NoteOff patterns for a note number.
Piano keyboard and drum pad controllers produce these patterns.  MIDI
sources that use NoteOn->NoteOn->NoteOff->NoteOff patterns for legato
repeated notes, such as guitar and wind controllers, require more
sophisticated recovery strategies.  Chapter E (not used in this example)
supports recovery algorithms for atypical note command patterns (see
Appendix A.7 of [1] for details).

The NMP receiver maintains a jrec_chaptern structure (Figure 10) for
each voice channel in jrec_stream, to code note-related state
information.  State is kept for each of the 128 note numbers on a
channel, using three arrays of length 128 (vel[], seq[], and time[]).
The arrays are initialized to zero at the start of a stream.



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The vel[n] array element holds information about the most recent note
command for note number n.  If this command is a NoteOn command, vel[n]
holds the velocity data for the command.  If this command is a NoteOff
command, vel[n] is set to 0.

The time[n] and extseq[n] array elements code information about the most
recently executed NoteOn command.  The time[n] element holds the
execution time of the command, referenced to the local timebase of the
receiver.  The extseq[n] element holds the RTP extended sequence number
of the packet associated with the command.  For incoming stream
commands, extseq[n] codes the packet of the associated MIDI list.  For
commands executed to perform loss recovery, extseq[n] codes the packet
of the associated recovery journal.

The Chapter N recovery journal bitfield (Figure A.6.1 in [1]) consists
of two data structures: a bit array coding recently-sent NoteOff
commands that are vulnerable to packet loss, and a note log list coding
recently-sent NoteOn commands that are vulnerable to packet loss.

At the end of a loss event, Chapter N recovery processing begins with
the NoteOff bit array.  For each set bit in the array, the receiver
checks the corresponding vel[n] element in jrec_chaptern.  If vel[n] is
non-zero, a NoteOff command, or a NoteOff->NoteOn->NoteOff command
sequence, has been lost.  To recover from this loss, the receiver
immediately executes a NoteOff command for the note number on the
channel, and sets vel[n] to 0.

The receiver then parses the note log list, using the S bit to skip over
"safe" logs in the single-packet loss case.  For each at-risk note log,
the receiver checks the corresponding vel[n] element.

If vel[n] is zero, a NoteOn command, or a NoteOn->NoteOff->NoteOn
command sequence, has been lost.  The receiver may execute the most
recent lost NoteOn (to play the note) or may take no action (to skip the
note), based on criteria we describe at the end of this section.
Whether the note is played or skipped, the receiver updates the vel[n],
time[n], and extseq[n] elements as if the NoteOn executed.

If vel[n] is non-zero, the receiver performs several checks to test if a
NoteOff->NoteOn sequence has been lost.

  o If vel[n] does not match the note log velocity, the note log
    must code a different NoteOn command, and thus a NoteOff->NoteOn
    sequence has been lost.

  o If extseq[n] is less than the (extended) checkpoint packet
    sequence numbed coded in the recovery journal header (Figure 8
    of [1]), the vel[n] NoteOn command is not in the checkpoint



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    history, and thus a NoteOff->NoteOn sequence has been lost.

  o If the Y bit is set to 1, the NoteOn is musically "simultaneous"
    with the RTP timestamp of the packet.  If time[n] codes a time
    value that is clearly not recent, a NoteOff->NoteOn sequence has
    been lost.

If these tests indicate a lost NoteOff->NoteOn sequence, the receiver
immediately executes a NoteOff command.   The receiver decides if the
most graceful action is to play or to skip the lost NoteOn, using the
criteria we describe at the end of this section.  Whether or not the
receiver issues a NoteOn command, the vel[n], time[n], and extseq[n]
arrays are updated as if it did.

Note that the tests above do not catch all lost NoteOff->NoteOn
commands.  If a fast NoteOn->NoteOff->NoteOn sequence occurs on a note
number, with identical velocity values for both NoteOn commands, a lost
NoteOff->NoteOn does not result in the recovery algorithm generating a
NoteOff command.  Instead, the first NoteOn continues to sound, to be
terminated by the future NoteOff command.   In practice, this (rare)
outcome is not musically objectionable.

Finally, we discuss how the receiver decides whether to play or to skip
a lost NoteOn command.  The note log Y bit is set if the NoteOn is
"simultaneous" with the RTP timestamp of the packet holding the note
log.  If Y is 0, the receiver does not execute a NoteOn command.  If Y
is 1, and if the packet has not arrived late, the receiver immediately
executes a NoteOn command for the note number, using the velocity coded
in the note log.

7.3 Chapter C: MIDI Control Change (0xB)

Chapter C (Appendix A.3 in [1]) protects against the loss of MIDI
Control Change commands.   A Control Change command alters the 7-bit
value of one of the 128 MIDI controllers.

Chapter C offers three tools for protecting a Control Change command:
the value tool (for graded controllers such as sliders) the toggle tool
(for on/off switches) and the count tool (for momentary-contact
switches).  Senders choose a tool to encode recovery information for a
controller, and encode the tool type along with the data in the journal
(Figures A.3.2 and A.3.3 in [1]).

A few uses of Control Change commands are not solely protected by
Chapter C.  The protection of controllers 0 and 32 (Bank Select MSB and
Bank Select LSB) is shared between Chapter C and Chapter P (Section
7.4).




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Chapter M (Appendix A.4 of [1]) also protects the Control Change
command.  However, the NMP system does not use this chapter, because
MPEG 4 Structured Audio [6] does not use the controllers protected by
this chapter.

The Chapter C bitfield consists of a list of controller logs.  Each log
codes the controller number, the tool type, and the state value for the
tool.

The NMP receiver maintains the jrec_chapterc structure (Figure 10) for
each voice channel in jrec_stream, to code Control Change state
information.  The value[] array holds the most recent data values for
each controller number.  At the start of the stream, value[] is
initialized to the default controller data values specified in [6].

The count[] and toggle[] arrays hold the count tool and toggle tool
state values.  At the start of a stream, these arrays are initialized to
zero.  Whenever a Control Command executes, the receiver updates the
count[] and toggle[] state values, using the algorithms defined in
Appendix A.3 of [1].

At the end of a loss event, the receiver parses the Chapter C controller
log list, using the S bit to skip over "safe" logs in the single-packet
loss case.  For each at-risk controller number n, the receiver
determines the tool type in use (value, toggle, or count), and compares
the data in the log to the associated jrec_chapterc array element
(value[n], toggle[n], or count[n]).  If the data do not match, one or
more Control Change commands have been lost.

The method the receiver uses to recover from this loss depends on the
tool type and the controller number.  For graded controllers protected
by the value tool, the receiver executes a Control Change command using
the new data value.

For the toggle and count tools, the recovery action is more complex.
For example, the Damper Pedal (Sustain) controller (number 64) is
typically used as a sustain pedal for piano-like sounds, and is
typically coded using the toggle tool.  If Damper Pedal (Sustain)
Control Change command(s) are lost, the receiver takes different actions
depending on the starting and ending state of the lost sequence, to
ensure "ringing" piano notes are "damped" to silence.

After recovering from the loss, the receiver updates the value[],
toggle[], and count[] arrays to reflect the Chapter C data and the
executed commands.






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7.4 Chapter P: MIDI Program Change (0xC)

Chapter P of the recovery journal protects against the loss of MIDI
Program Change (0xC) commands.

The 7-bit data value of the Program Change command selects one of 128
possible timbres for the channel.  To increase the number of possible
timbres, Control Change (0xB) commands may be issued prior to the
Program Change command, to select a "program bank".  The Bank Select MSB
(number 0) and Bank Select LSB (number 32) controllers specify the
14-bit bank number that subsequent Program Change commands reference.

The NMP receiver maintains the jrec_chapterp structure (Figure 10) for
each voice channel in jrec_stream, to code Program Change state
information.

The prognum variable of jrec_chapterp holds the data value for the most
recent Program Change command that has arrived on the stream.  The
bank_msb and bank_lsb variables of jrec_chapterp code the Bank Select
MSB and Bank Select LSB controller data values that were in effect when
that Program Change command arrived.  The prognum_qual, bank_msb_qual
and bank_lsb_qual variables are initialized to 0, and are set to 1 to
qualify the associated data values.

Chapter P fields code the data value for the most recent Program Change
command, and the MSB and LSB bank values in effect for that command.

At the end of a loss event, the receiver checks Chapter P to see if the
recovery journal fields match the data stored in jrec_chapterp.  If
these checks fail, one or more Program Change commands have been lost.

To recover from this loss, the receiver takes the following steps.  If
the B bit in Chapter P is set (Figure A.2.1 in [1]), Control Change bank
command(s) have preceded the Program Change command.  The receiver
compares the bank data coded by Chapter P with the current bank data for
the channel (coded in jrec_channelc).

If the bank data do not agree, the receiver issues Control Change
command(s) to align the stream with Chapter P.  The receiver then
updates jrec_channelp and jrec_channelc variables to reflect the
executed command(s).  Finally, the receiver issues a Program Change
command that reflects the data in Chapter P, and updates the prognum and
qual_prognum fields in jrec_channelp.

Note that this method relies on Chapter P recovery to precede Chapter C
recovery during channel journal processing.  This ordering ensures that
lost Bank Select Control Change commands that occur after a lost Program
Change command in a stream are handled correctly.



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A.  Acknowledgments

This memo was written in conjunction with [1], and the Acknowledgments
section of [1] also applies to this memo.


B.  Security Considerations

General security considerations for RTP MIDI are discussed in detail in
Appendix G of [1].


C.  References

C.1 Normative References

[1] Lazzaro, J., and J. Wawrzynek.  "RTP Payload Format for MIDI",
work in progress, draft-ietf-avt-rtp-midi-format-05.txt.

[2] Schulzrinne, H., Casner, S., Frederick, R., and V. Jacobson.
"RTP: A transport protocol for real-time applications", RFC 3550, July
2003.

[3] Schulzrinne, H., and S. Casner.  "RTP Profile for Audio and Video
Conferences with Minimal Control", RFC 3551, July 2003.

[4] MIDI Manufacturers Association.  "The Complete MIDI 1.0 Detailed
Specification", 1996.

[5] Handley, M., Jacobson, V., and C. Perkins.  "SDP: Session
Description Protocol", draft-ietf-mmusic-sdp-new-18.txt.

[6] International Standards Organization.  "ISO/IEC 14496 MPEG-4",
Part 3 (Audio), Subpart 5 (Structured Audio), 2001.

[7] van der Meer, J., Mackie, D., Swaminathan, V., Singer, D., and
P. Gentric.  "RTP Payload Format for Transport of MPEG-4 Elementary
Streams", RFC 3640, November 2003.

C.2 Informative References

[8] Lazzaro, J. and J. Wawrzynek.  "A Case for Network Musical
Performance", 11th International Workshop on Network and Operating
Systems Support for Digital Audio and Video (NOSSDAV 2001) June 25-26,
2001, Port Jefferson, New York.

[9] Rosenberg, J, Schulzrinne, H., Camarillo, G., Johnston, A.,
Peterson, J., Sparks, R., Handley, M., and E. Schooler.  "SIP: Session



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Initiation Protocol", RFC 3261, June 2002.

[10] Fober, D., Orlarey, Y. and S. Letz.  "Real Time Musical Events
Streaming over Internet", Proceedings of the International Conference
on WEB Delivering of Music 2001, pages 147-154.

[11] Chafe C., Wilson S., Leistikow R., Chisholm D., and G. Scavone.
"A simplified approach to high quality music and sound over IP",
COST-G6 Conference on Digital Audio Effects (DAFx-00), Verona, Italy,
December 2000.

[12] Perkins, C.  "RTP: Audio and Video for the Internet",
Addison-Wesley, ISBN 0-672-32249-8, 2003.


D.  Authors' Addresses

John Lazzaro (corresponding author)
UC Berkeley
CS Division
315 Soda Hall
Berkeley CA 94720-1776
Email: lazzaro@cs.berkeley.edu

John Wawrzynek
UC Berkeley
CS Division
631 Soda Hall
Berkeley CA 94720-1776
Email: johnw@cs.berkeley.edu


E.  Intellectual Property Rights Statement

The IETF takes no position regarding the validity or scope of any
Intellectual Property Rights or other rights that might be claimed to
pertain to the implementation or use of the technology described in this
document or the extent to which any license under such rights might or
might not be available; nor does it represent that it has made any
independent effort to identify any such rights.  Information on the
procedures with respect to rights in RFC documents can be found in BCP
78 and BCP 79.

Copies of IPR disclosures made to the IETF Secretariat and any
assurances of licenses to be made available, or the result of an attempt
made to obtain a general license or permission for the use of such
proprietary rights by implementers or users of this specification can be
obtained from the IETF on-line IPR repository at



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http://www.ietf.org/ipr.

The IETF invites any interested party to bring to its attention any
copyrights, patents or patent applications, or other proprietary rights
that may cover technology that may be required to implement this
standard.  Please address the information to the IETF at ietf-
ipr@ietf.org.


F.  Full Copyright Statement

Copyright (C) The Internet Society (2004).  This document is subject to
the rights, licenses and restrictions contained in BCP 78, and except as
set forth therein, the authors retain all their rights.

This document and the information contained herein are provided
on an "AS IS" basis and THE CONTRIBUTOR, THE ORGANIZATION HE/SHE
REPRESENTS OR IS SPONSORED BY (IF ANY), THE INTERNET SOCIETY AND
THE INTERNET ENGINEERING TASK FORCE DISCLAIM ALL WARRANTIES,
EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO ANY WARRANTY THAT
THE USE OF THE INFORMATION HEREIN WILL NOT INFRINGE ANY RIGHTS OR
ANY IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A
PARTICULAR PURPOSE.

Acknowledgement

Funding for the RFC Editor function is currently provided by the
Internet Society.























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G.  Change Log

[Note to RFC Editors: this Appendix, and its Table of Contents listing,
should be removed from the final version of the memo]

Changes from -04.txt address specific requests made by Colin Perkins, as
posted to avt@ietf.org.  His requests were addressed to the
format-04.txt, but many of his points also apply to the guide-04.txt I-
D.  Each request relevant to guide-04.txt is listed below, along with a
pointer to the -05.txt change that addresses it.

---

[Colin] The IETF IPR rules have changed since these drafts were
submitted.  Could you please update the copyright and IPR boilerplate
according to RFCs 3667 and 3668?

[Reply] The "Status of this Memo" section, the Intellectual Property
Rights Statement (Appendix E) and the Full Copyright Statement (Appendix
F) have been updated to reflect RFC 3667 and RF 3668.

---

[Colin] The SDP examples include spaces between the "a=rtpmap:" and
"a=fmtp:" keywords and their parameters.  White space is not permitted
here, and the examples need to be updated to reflect this.  Note also
that all MIME parameters should be specified on a single "a=fmtp:" line,
rather than on multiple lines.

[Reply] All examples have been changed to reflect these rules.  Also,
please look over the first paragraphs of Appendix D; I re-formulated the
ABNF fmtp syntax to match the rules, and added text that spelled out the
ABNF in plain English.

---

[Colin] The text refers to "fmtp parameters" throughout.  The usual term
is "MIME parameters".

[Reply] Fixed.

---

[Colin] "Congestion Control" discussions should reference the discussion
in the RTP specification and (for example) the A/V profile.

[Reply] See updated Section 4.2.




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---

[Colin] Appendix C defines a number of MIME parameters, which affect the
operation of the system.  It's not clear which parameters are mandatory
to implement, which are optional, and which features are required for
all implementations or optional.  Could you consider adding a table to
summarize this?  I'm a little concerned that there'll be
interoperability issues due to the large number of parameters and
options, unless the draft is very clear on what is intended.

[Reply] A few small editorial changes to Section 2 were added, as a
byproduct of the interoperability changes to the format document.

---

[Colin] Finally, please read http://www.ietf.org/ID-Checklist.html and
check that all the issues noted are addressed in the drafts.

[Reply] Done.  The idnits checker seems to have problems doing a
pattern-match on the IPR Disclosures, I manually checked them and they
appear to be OK.  The idnits checker also seems to not see the Security
Considerations Section (which is there as well, a one-line pointer to
the normative I-D Security Considerations Section).




























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