Internet Engineering Task Force AVT WG Internet Draft Schulzrinne/Petrack draft-ietf-avt-tones-04.txt Columbia U./MetaTel December 9, 1999 Expires: May 2000 RTP Payload for DTMF Digits, Telephony Tones and Telephony Signals STATUS OF THIS MEMO This document is an Internet-Draft and is in full conformance with all provisions of Section 10 of RFC2026. Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF), its areas, and its working groups. Note that other groups may also distribute working documents as Internet- Drafts. Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any time. It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference material or to cite them other than as "work in progress". The list of current Internet-Drafts can be accessed at http://www.ietf.org/ietf/1id-abstracts.txt The list of Internet-Draft Shadow Directories can be accessed at http://www.ietf.org/shadow.html. Abstract This memo describes how to carry dual-tone multifrequency (DTMF) signaling, other tone signals and telephony events in RTP packets. 1 Introduction This memo defines two payload formats, one for carrying dual-tone multifrequency (DTMF) digits, other line and trunk signals (Section 3), and a second one for general multi-frequency tones in RTP [1] packets (Section 4). Separate RTP payload formats are desirable since low-rate voice codecs cannot be guaranteed to reproduce these tone signals accurately enough for automatic recognition. Defining a separate payload formats also permits higher redundancy while maintaining a low bit rate. The payload formats described here may be useful in at least three applications: DTMF handling for gateways and end sytems, as well as "RTP trunks". In the first application, the Internet telephony gateway detects DTMF on the incoming circuits and sends the RTP Schulzrinne/Petrack [Page 1]
Internet Draft Tones December 9, 1999 payload described here instead of regular audio packets. The gateway likely has the necessary digital signal processors and algorithms, as it often needs to detect DTMF, e.g., for two-stage dialing. Having the gateway detect tones relieves the receiving Internet end system from having to do this work and also avoids that low bit-rate codecs like G.723.1 render DTMF tones unintelligible. Secondly, an Internet end system such as an "Internet phone" can emulate DTMF functionality without concerning itself with generating precise tone pairs and without imposing the burden of tone recognition on the receiver. In the "RTP trunk" application, RTP is used to replace a normal circuit-switched trunk between two nodes. This is particularly of interest in a telephone network that is still mostly circuit- switched. In this case, each end of the RTP trunk encodes audio channels into the appropriate encoding, such as G.723.1 or G.729. However, this encoding process destroys in-band signaling information which is carried using the least-significant bit ("robbed bit signaling") and may also interfere with in-band signaling tones, such as the MF digit tones. In addition, tone properties such as the phase reversals in the ANSam tone, will not survive speech coding. Thus, the gateway needs to remove the in-band signaling information from the bit stream. It can now either carry it out-of-band in a signaling transport mechanism yet to be defined, or it can use the mechanism described in this memorandum. (If the two trunk end points are within reach of the same media gateway controller, the media gateway controller can also handle the signaling.) Carrying it in-band may simplify the time synchronization between audio packets and the tone or signal information. This is particularly relevant where duration and timing matter, as in the carriage of DTMF signals. 1.1 Terminology In this document, the key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT", "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" are to be interpreted as described in RFC 2119 [2] and indicate requirement levels for compliant implementations. 2 Events vs. Tones A gateway has two options for handling DTMF digits and events. First, it can simply measure the frequency components of the voice band signals and transmit this information to the RTP receiver (Section 4). In this mode, the gateway makes no attempt to discern the meaning of the tones, but simply distinguishes tones from speech signals. All tone signals in use in the PSTN and meant for human consumption are sequences of simple combinations of sine waves, either added or modulated. (There is at least one tone, the ANSam tone [3] used for Schulzrinne/Petrack [Page 2]
Internet Draft Tones December 9, 1999 indicating data transmission over voice lines, that makes use of periodic phase reversals.) As a second option, a gateway can recognize the tones and translate them into a name, such as ringing or busy tone. The receiver then produces a tone signal or other indication appropriate to the signal. Generally, since the recognition of signals often depends on their on/off pattern or the sequence of several tones, this recognition can take several seconds. On the other hand, the gateway may have access to the actual signaling information that generates the tones and thus can generate the RTP packet immediately, without the detour through acoustic signals. In the phone network, tones are generated at different places, depending on the switching technology and the nature of the tone. This determines, for example, whether a person making a call to a foreign country hears her local tones she is familiar with or the tones as used in the country called. For analog lines, dial tone is always generated by the local switch. ISDN terminals may generate dial tone locally and then send a Q.931 SETUP message containing the dialed digits. If the terminal just sends a SETUP message without any Called Party digits, then the switch does digit collection, provided by the terminal as KEYPAD messages, and provides dial tone over the B-channel. The terminal can either use the audio signal on the B-channel or can use the Q.931 messages to trigger locally generated dial tone. Ringing tone (also called ringback tone) is generated by the local switch at the callee, with a one-way voice path opened up as soon as the callee's phone rings. (This reduces the chance of clipping of the called party's response just after answer. It also permits pre-answer announcements or in-band call-progress-indications to reach the caller before or in lieu of ringing tone.) Congestion tone and special information tones can be generated by any of the switches along the way, and may be generated by the caller's switch based on ISUP messages received. Busy tone is generated by the caller's switch, triggered by the appropriate ISUP message, for analog instruments, or the ISDN terminal. Gateways which send signalling events via RTP MAY send both named signals (Section 3) and the tone representation (Section 4) as a single RTP session, using the redundancy mechanism defined in Section 3.7 to interleave the two representations. It is generally a good idea to send both, since it allows the receiver to choose the appropriate rendering. If a gateway cannot present a tone representation, it SHOULD send the Schulzrinne/Petrack [Page 3]
Internet Draft Tones December 9, 1999 audio tones as regular RTP audio packets (e.g., as payload format PCMU), in addition to the named signals. 3 RTP Payload Format for Named Telephone Events 3.1 Introduction The payload format for named telephone events described below is suitable for both gateway and end-to-end scenarios. In the gateway scenario, an Internet telephony gateway connecting a packet voice network to the PSTN recreates the DTMF tones or other telephony events and injects them into the PSTN. Since, for example, DTMF digit recognition takes several tens of milliseconds, the first few milliseconds of a digit will arrive as regular audio packets. Thus, careful time and power (volume) alignment between the audio samples and the events is needed to avoid generating spurious digits at the receiver. DTMF digits and named telephone events are carried as part of the audio stream, and MUST use the same sequence number and time-stamp base as the regular audio channel to simplify the generation of audio waveforms at a gateway. The default clock frequency is 8,000 Hz, but the clock frequency can be redefined when assigning the dynamic payload type. The payload format described here achieves a higher redundancy even in the case of sustained packet loss than the method proposed for the Voice over Frame Relay Implementation Agreement [4]. If an end system is directly connected to the Internet and does not need to generate tone signals again, time alignment and power levels are not relevant. These systems rely on PSTN gateways or Internet end systems to generate DTMF events and do not perform their own audio waveform analysis. An example of such a system is an Internet interactive voice-response (IVR) system. In circumstances where exact timing alignment between the audio stream and the DTMF digits or other events is not important and data is sent unicast, such as the IVR example mentioned earlier, it may be preferable to use a reliable control protocol rather than RTP packets. In those circumstances, this payload format would not be used. 3.2 Simultaneous Generation of Audio and Events A source MAY send events and coded audio packets for the same time instants, using events as the redundant encoding for the audio stream, or it MAY block outgoing audio while event tones are active Schulzrinne/Petrack [Page 4]
Internet Draft Tones December 9, 1999 and only send named events as both the primary and redundant encodings. Note that a period covered by an encoded tone may overlap in time with a period of audio encoded by other means. This is likely to occur at the onset of a tone and is necessary to avoid possible errors in the interpretation of the reproduced tone at the remote end. Implementations supporting this payload format must be prepared to handle the overlap. It is RECOMMENDED that gateways only render the encoded tone since the audio may contain spurious tones introduced by the audio compression algorithm. However, it is anticipated that these extra tones in general should not interfere with recognition at the far end. 3.3 Event Types This payload format is used for five different types of signals: o DTMF tones (Section 3.10); o fax-related tones (Section 3.11); o standard subscriber line tones (Section 3.12); o for country-specific subscriber line tones (Section 3.13) and; o for trunk events (Section 3.14). A compliant implementation MUST support the events listed in Table 1. If it uses some other, out-of-band mechanism for signaling line conditions, it does not have to implement the other events. In some cases, an implementation may simply ignore certain events, such as fax tones, that do not make sense in a particular environment. Section 3.9 specifies how an implementation can use the SDP "fmtp" parameter within an SDP description to indicate its inability to understand a particular event or range of events. Depending on the available user interfaces, an implementation MAY render all tones in Table 5 the same or, preferably, use the tones conveyed by the concurrent "tone" payload or other RTP audio payload. Alternatively, it could provide a textual representation. Note that end systems that emulate telephones only need to support the events described in Sections 3.10 and 3.12, while systems that receive trunk signaling need to implement those in Sections 3.10, 3.11, 3.12 and 3.14, since MF trunks also carry most of the "line" signals. Systems that do not support fax or modem functionality do Schulzrinne/Petrack [Page 5]
Internet Draft Tones December 9, 1999 not need to render fax-related events described in Section 3.11. The RTP payload format is designated as "telephone-event", the MIME type as "audio/telephone-event". The default timestamp rate is 8000 Hz, but other rates may be defined. In accordance with current practice, this payload format does not have a static payload type number, but uses a RTP payload type number established dynamically and out-of-band. 3.4 Use of RTP Header Fields Timestamp: The RTP timestamp reflects the measurement point for the current packet. The event duration described in Section 3.5 extends forwards from that time. The receiver calculates jitter for RTCP receiver reports based on all packets with a given timestamp. Note: The jitter value should primarily be used as a means for comparing the reception quality between two users or two time-periods, not as an absolute measure. Marker bit: The RTP marker bit indicates the beginning of a new event. 3.5 Payload Format The payload format is shown in Fig. 1. 0 1 2 3 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ | event |E|R| volume | duration | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ Figure 1: Payload Format for Named Events events: The events are encoded as shown in Sections 3.10 through 3.14. volume: For DTMF digits and other events representable as tones, this field describes the power level of the tone, expressed in dBm0 after dropping the sign. Power levels range from 0 to -63 dBm0. The range of valid DTMF is from 0 to -36 dBm0 (must accept); lower than -55 dBm0 must be rejected (TR- Schulzrinne/Petrack [Page 6]
Internet Draft Tones December 9, 1999 TSY-000181, ITU-T Q.24A). Thus, larger values denote lower volume. This value is defined only for DTMF digits. For other events, it is set to zero by the sender and is ignored by the receiver. duration: Duration of this digit, in timestamp units. Thus, the event began at the instant identified by the RTP timestamp and has so far lasted as long as indicated by this parameter. The event may or may not have ended. For a sampling rate of 8000 Hz, this field is sufficient to express event durations of up to approximately 8 seconds. E: If set to a value of one, the "end" bit indicates that this packet contains the end of the event. Thus, the duration parameter above measures the complete duration of the event. A sender MAY delay setting the end bit until retransmitting the last packet for a tone, rather than on its first transmission. This avoids having to wait to detect whether the tone has indeed ended. Receiver implementations MAY use different algorithms to create tones, including the two described here. In the first, the receiver simply places a tone of the given duration in the audio playout buffer at the location indicated by the timestamp. As additional packets are received that extend the same tone, the waveform in the playout buffer is extended accordingly. (Care has to be taken if audio is mixed, i.e., summed, in the playout buffer rather than simply copied.) Thus, if a packet in a tone lasting longer than the packet interarrival time gets lost and the playout delay is short, a gap in the tone may occur. Alternatively, the receiver can start a tone and play it until it receives a packet with the "E" bit set, the next tone, distinguished by a different timestamp value or a given time period elapses. This is more robust against packet loss, but may extend the tone if all retransmissions of the last packet in an event are lost. Limiting the time period of extending the tone is necessary to avoid that a tone "gets stuck". Regardless of the algorithm used, the tone SHOULD NOT be extended by more than three packet interarrival times. A slight extension of tone durations and shortening of pauses is generally harmless. Schulzrinne/Petrack [Page 7]
Internet Draft Tones December 9, 1999 R: This field is reserved for future use. The sender MUST set it to zero, the receiver MUST ignore it. 3.6 Sending Event Packets An audio source SHOULD start transmitting event packets as soon as it recognizes an event and every 50 ms thereafter or the packet interval for the audio codec used for this session, if known. (The sender does not need to maintain precise time intervals between event packets in order to maintain precise inter-event times, since the timing information is contained in the timestamp.) Q.24 [5], Table A-1, indicates that all administrations surveyed use a minimum signal duration of 40 ms, with signaling velocity (tone and pause) of no less than 93 ms. If an event continues for more than one period, the source generating the events should send a new event packet with the RTP timestamp value corresponding to the beginning of the event and the duration of the event increased correspondingly. (The RTP sequence number is incremented by one for each packet.) If there has been no new event in the last interval, the event SHOULD be retransmitted three times or until the next event is recognized. This ensures that the duration of the event can be recognized correctly even if the last packet for an event is lost. DTMF digits and events are sent incrementally to avoid having the receiver wait for the completion of the event. Since some tones are two seconds long, this would incur a substantial delay. The transmitter does not know if event length is important and thus needs to transmit immediately and incrementally. If the receiver application does not care about event length, the incremental transmission mechanism avoids delay. Some applications, such as gateways into the PSTN, care about both delays and event duration. 3.7 Reliability During an event, the RTP event payload format provides incremental updates on the event. The error resiliency depends on the playout delay at the receiver. For example, for a playout delay of 120 ms and a packet gap of 50 ms, two packets in a row can get lost without causing a gap in the tones generated at the receiver. The audio redundancy mechanism described in RFC 2198 [6] MAY be used to recover from packet loss across events. The effective data rate is r times 64 bits (32 bits for the redundancy header and 32 bits for Schulzrinne/Petrack [Page 8]
Internet Draft Tones December 9, 1999 the telephone-event payload) every 50 ms or r times 1280 bits/second, where r is the number of redundant events carried in each packet. The value of r is an implementation trade-off, with a value of 5 suggested. The timestamp offset in this redundancy scheme has 14 bits, so that it allows a single packet to "cover" 2.048 seconds of telephone events at a sampling rate of 8000 Hz. Including the starting time of previous events allows precise reconstruction of the tone sequence at a gateway. The scheme is resilient to consecutive packet losses spanning this interval of 2.048 seconds or r digits, whichever is less. Note that for previous digits, only an average loudness can be represented. An encoder MAY treat the event payload as a highly-compressed version of the current audio frame. In that mode, each RTP packet during an even would contain the current audio codec rendition (say, G.723.1 or G.729) of this digit as well as the representation described in Section 3.5, plus any previous events seen earlier. This approach allows dumb gateways that do not understand this format to function. See also the discussion in Section 1. 3.8 Example A typical RTP packet, where the user is just dialing the last digit of the DTMF sequence "911". The first digit was 200 ms long (1600 timestamp units) and started at time 0, the second digit lasted 250 ms (2000 timestamp units) and started at time 800 ms (6400 timestamp units), the third digit was pressed at time 1.4 s (11,200 timestamp units) and the packet shown was sent at 1.45 s (11,600 timestamp units). The frame duration is 50 ms. To make the parts recognizable, the figure below ignores byte alignment. Timestamp and sequence number are assumed to have been zero at the beginning of the first digit. In this example, the dynamic payload types 96 and 97 have been assigned for the redundancy mechanism and the telephone event payload, respectively. 0 1 2 3 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ |V=2|P|X| CC |M| PT | sequence number | | 2 |0|0| 0 |0| 96 | 28 | Schulzrinne/Petrack [Page 9]
Internet Draft Tones December 9, 1999 +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ | timestamp | | 11200 | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ | synchronization source (SSRC) identifier | | 0x5234a8 | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ |F| block PT | timestamp offset | block length | |1| 97 | 11200 | 4 | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ |F| block PT | timestamp offset | block length | |1| 97 | 11200 - 6400 = 4800 | 4 | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ |F| Block PT | |0| 97 | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ | digit |E R| volume | duration | | 9 |1 0| 7 | 1600 | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ | digit |E R| volume | duration | | 1 |1 0| 10 | 2000 | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ | digit |E R| volume | duration | | 1 |0 0| 20 | 400 | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ 3.9 Indication of Receiver Capabilities using SDP Receivers MAY indicate which named events they can handle, for example, by using the Session Description Protocol (RFC 2327 [7]). The payload formats use the following fmtp format to list the event values that they can receive: a=fmtp:<format> <list of values> The list of values consists of comma-separated elements, which can be either a single decimal number or two decimal numbers separated by a hyphen (dash), where the second number is larger than the first. No whitespace is allowed between numbers or hyphens. The list does not have to be sorted. For example, if the payload format uses the payload type number 100, and the implementation can handle the common DTMF tones (events 0 Schulzrinne/Petrack [Page 10]
Internet Draft Tones December 9, 1999 through 11) and the dial and ringing tones, it would include the following description in its SDP message: a=fmtp:100 0-11,66,70 The corresponding MIME parameter is "events", so that the following sample media type definition corresponds to the SDP example above: audio/telephone-event;events="0-11,66,67";rate="8000" 3.10 DTMF Events Tables 1 summarizes the DTMF-related named events within the telephone-event payload format. Event encoding (decimal) _________________________ 0--9 0--9 * 10 # 11 A--D 12--15 Flash 16 Table 1: DTMF named events 3.11 Data Modem and Fax Events Table 3.11 summarizes the events and tones that can appear on a subscriber line serving a fax machine or modem. The tones are described below, with additional detail in Table 7. ANS: This 2100 +/- 15 Hz tone is used to disable echo suppression for data transmission [8,9]. For fax machines, Recommendation T.30 [9] refers to this tone as called terminal identification (CED) answer tone. /ANS: This is the same signal as ANS, except that it reverses phase at an interval of 450 +/- 25 ms. It disables both echo cancellers and echo suppressors. (In the ITU Recommendation, this signal is rendered as ANS with a bar Schulzrinne/Petrack [Page 11]
Internet Draft Tones December 9, 1999 on top.) ANSam: The modified answer tone (ANSam) [3] is a sinewave signal at 2100 +/- 1 Hz with phase reversals at an interval of 450 +/- 25 ms, amplitude-modulated by a sinewave at 15 +/- 0.1 Hz. This tone [10,8] is sent by modems [11] and faxes to disable echo suppressors. /ANSam: This is the same signal as ANSam, except that it reverses phase at an interval of 450 +/- 25 ms. It disables both echo cancellers and echo suppressors. (In the ITU Recommendation, this signal is rendered as ANSam with a bar on top.) CNG: After dialing the called fax machine's telephone number (and before it answers), the calling Group III fax machine (optionally) begins sending a CalliNG tone (CNG) consisting of an interrupted tone of 1100 Hz. [9] CRd: Capabilities Request (CRd) [12] is a dual-tone signal with tones at tones at 1375 Hz and 2002 Hz for 400 ms for the initiating side and 1529 Hz and 2225 Hz for the responding side, followed by a single tone at 1900 Hz for 100 ms. "This signal requests the remote station transition from telephony mode to an information transfer mode and requests the transmission of a capabilities list message by the remote station. In particular, CRd is sent by the initiating station during the course of a call, or by the calling station at call establishment in response to a CRe or MRe." CRe: Capabilities Request (CRe) [12] is a dual-tone signal with tones at tones at 1375 Hz and 2002 Hz for 400 ms, followed by a single tone at 400 Hz for 100 ms. "This signal requests the remote station transition from telephony mode to an information transfer mode and requests the transmission of a capabilities list message by the remote station. In particular, CRe is sent by an automatic answering station at call establishment." CT: "The calling tone [8] consists of a series of interrupted bursts of binary 1 signal or 1300 Hz, on for a duration of not less than 0.5 s and not more than 0.7 s and off for a duration of not less than 1.5 s and not more than 2.0 s." Modems not starting with the V.8 call initiation tone often use this tone. ESi: Escape Signal (ESi) [12] is a dual-tone signal with tones Schulzrinne/Petrack [Page 12]
Internet Draft Tones December 9, 1999 at 1375 Hz and 2002 Hz for 400 ms, followed by a single tone at 980 Hz for 100 ms. "This signal requests the remote station transition from telephony mode to an information transfer mode. signal ESi is sent by the initiating station." ESr: Escape Signal (ESr) [12] is a dual-tone signal with tones at 1529 Hz and 2225 Hz for 400 ms, followed by a single tone at 1650 Hz for 100 ms. Same as ESi, but sent by the responding station. MRd: Mode Request (MRd) [12] is a dual-tone signals with tones at 1375 Hz and 2002 Hz for 400 ms for the initiating side and 1529 Hz and 2225 Hz for the responding side, followed by a single tone at 1150 Hz for 100 ms. "This signal requests the remote station transition from telephony mode to an information transfer mode and requests the transmission of a mode select message by the remote station. In particular, signal MRd is sent by the initiating station during the course of a call, or by the calling station at call establishment in response to an MRe." [12] MRe: Mode Request (MRe) [12] is a dual-tone signal with tones at 1375 Hz and 2002 Hz for 400 ms, followed by a single tone at 650 Hz for 100 ms. "This signal requests the remote station transition from telephony mode to an information transfer mode and requests the transmission of a mode select message by the remote station. In particular, signal MRe is sent by an automatic answering station at call establishment." [12] V.21: V.21 describes a 300 b/s full-duplex modem that employs frequency shift keying (FSK). It is used by Group 3 fax machines to exchange T.30 information. The calling transmits on channel 1 and receives on channel 2; the answering modem transmits on channel 2 and receives on channel 1. Each bit value has a distinct tone, so that V.21 signaling comprises a total of four distinct tones. In summary, procedures in Table 2 are used. 3.12 Line Events Table 4 summarizes the events and tones that can appear on a subscriber line. Schulzrinne/Petrack [Page 13]
Internet Draft Tones December 9, 1999 Procedure indications ________________________________________________________ V.25 and V.8 ANS, ANS, ... V.25, echo canceller disabled ANS, /ANS, ANS, /ANS V.8 ANSam, ANSam, ... V.8, echo canceller disabled ANSam, /ANSam, ANSam, ... Table 2: Use of ANS, ANSam and /ANSam in V.x recommendations Event____________________encoding_(decimal) Answer tone (ANS) 32 /ANS 33 ANSam 34 /ANSam 35 Calling tone (CNG) 36 V.21 channel 1, "0" bit 37 V.21 channel 1, "1" bit 38 V.21 channel 2, "0" bit 39 V.21 channel 2, "1" bit 40 CRd 41 CRe 42 ESi 43 ESr 44 MRd 45 MRe 46 CT 47 Table 3: Data and fax named events ITU Recommendation E.182 [13] defines when certain tones should be used. It defines the following standard tones that are heard by the caller: Dial tone: The exchange is ready to receive address information. PABX internal dial tone: The PABX is ready to receive address information. Special dial tone: Same as dial tone, but the caller's line is subject to a specific condition, such as call diversion or a voice mail is available (e.g., "stutter dial tone"). Second dial tone: The network has accepted the address information, but additional information is required. Schulzrinne/Petrack [Page 14]
Internet Draft Tones December 9, 1999 Ring: This named signal event causes the recipient to generate an alerting signal ("ring"). The actual tone or other indication used to render this named event is left up to the receiver. (This differs from the ringing tone, below, heard by the caller Ringing tone: The call has been placed to the callee and a calling signal (ringing) is being transmitted to the callee. This tone is also called "ringback". Special ringing tone: A special service, such as call forwarding or call waiting, is active at the called number. Busy tone: The called telephone number is busy. Congestion tone: Facilities necessary for the call are temporarily unavailable. Calling card service tone: The calling card service tone consists of 60 ms of the sum of 941 Hz and 1477 Hz tones (DTMF '#'), followed by 940 ms of 350 Hz and 440 Hz (U.S. dial tone), decaying exponentially with a time constant of 200 ms. Special information tone: The callee cannot be reached, but the reason is neither "busy" nor "congestion". This tone should be used before all call failure announcements, for the benefit of automatic equipment. Comfort tone: The call is being processed. This tone may be used during long post-dial delays, e.g., in international connections. Hold tone: The caller has been placed on hold. Replaced by Greensleeves Record tone: The caller has been connected to an automatic answering device and is requested to begin speaking. Caller waiting tone: The called station is busy, but has call waiting service. Pay tone: The caller, at a payphone, is reminded to deposit additional coins. Positive indication tone: The supplementary service has been activated. Schulzrinne/Petrack [Page 15]
Internet Draft Tones December 9, 1999 Negative indication tone: The supplementary service could not be Off-hook warning tone: The caller has left the instrument off- hook for an extended period of time. activated. The following tones can be heard be either calling or called party during a conversation: Call waiting tone: Another party wants to reach the subscriber. Warning tone: The call is being recorded. This tone is not required in all jurisdictions. Intrusion tone: The call is being monitored, e.g., by an operator. (Use by law enforcement authorities is optional.) CPE alerting signal: A tone used to alert a device to an arriving in-band FSK data transmission. A CPE alerting signal is a combined 2130 and 2750 Hz tone, both with tolerances of 0.5% and a duration of 80 to. 80 ms. The CPE alerting signal is used with ADSI services and Call Waiting ID services [14]. The following tones are heard by operators: Payphone recognition tone: The person making the call or being called is using a payphone (and thus it is ill-advised to allow collect calls to such a person). 3.13 Extended Line Events Table 5 summarizes country-specific events and tones that can appear on a subscriber line. 3.14 Trunk Events Table 6 summarizes the events and tones that can appear on a trunk. Note that trunk can also carry line events (Section 3.12), as MF signaling does not include backward signals [15]. ABCD transitional: 4-bit signaling used by digital trunks. For N-state signaling, the first N values are used. The T1 ESF (extended super frame format) allows 2, 4, and 16 state signalling bit options. These signalling bits are Schulzrinne/Petrack [Page 16]
Internet Draft Tones December 9, 1999 Event encoding (decimal) _____________________________________________ Off Hook 64 On Hook 65 Dial tone 66 PABX internal dial tone 67 Special dial tone 68 Second dial tone 69 Ringing tone 70 Special ringing tone 71 Busy tone 72 Congestion tone 73 Special information tone 74 Comfort tone 75 Hold tone 76 Record tone 77 Caller waiting tone 78 Call waiting tone 79 Pay tone 80 Positive indication tone 81 Negative indication tone 82 Warning tone 83 Intrusion tone 84 Calling card service tone 85 Payphone recognition tone 86 CPE alerting signal (CAS) 87 Off-hook warning tone 88 Ring 89 Table 4: E.182 line events named A, B, C, and D. Signalling information is sent as robbed bits in frames 6, 12, 18, and 24 when using ESF T1 framing. A D4 superframe only transmits 4-state signalling with A and B bits. On the CEPT E1 frame, all signalling is carried in timeslot 16, and two channels of 16-state (ABCD) signalling are sent per frame. Since this information is a state rather than a changing signal, implementations SHOULD use the following triple- redundancy mechanism, similar to the one specified in ITU-T Rec. I.366.2 [16], Annex L. At the time of a transition, the same ABCD information is sent 3 times at an interval of 5 ms. If another transition occurs during this time, then this continues. After a period of no change, the ABCD information is sent every 5 seconds. Schulzrinne/Petrack [Page 17]
Internet Draft Tones December 9, 1999 Event encoding (decimal) ___________________________________________________ Acceptance tone 96 Confirmation tone 97 Dial tone, recall 98 End of three party service tone 99 Facilities tone 100 Line lockout tone 101 Number unobtainable tone 102 Offering tone 103 Permanent signal tone 104 Preemption tone 105 Queue tone 106 Refusal tone 107 Route tone 108 Valid tone 109 Waiting tone 110 Warning tone (end of period) 111 Warning Tone (PIP tone) 112 Table 5: Country-specific Line events Wink: A brief transition, typically 120-290 ms, from on-hook (unseized) to off-hook (seized) and back to onhook, used by the incoming exchange to signal that the call address signaling can proceed. Incoming seizure: Incoming indication of call attempt (off- hook). Return seizure: Seizure by answering exchange, in response to outgoing seizure. [NOTE: Not clear why the difference here, but not for Unseize. Should probably be just Seizure.] Unseize circuit: Transition of circuit from off-hook to on-hook at the end of a call. Wink off: A brief transition, typically 100-350 ms, from off- hook (seized) to on-hook (unseized) and back to off-hook (seized). Used in operator services trunks. Continuity tone send: A tone of 2010 Hz. Continuity tone detect: A tone of 2010 Hz. Continuity test send: A tone of 1780 Hz is sent by the calling exchange. If received by the called exchange, it returns a Schulzrinne/Petrack [Page 18]
Internet Draft Tones December 9, 1999 Event encoding (decimal) __________________________________________________ MF 0... 9 128... 137 MF K0 or KP (start-of-pulsing) 138 MF K1 139 MF K2 140 MF S0 to ST (end-of-pulsing) 141 MF S1... S3 142... 143 ABCD signaling (see below) 144... 159 Wink 160 Wink off 161 Incoming seizure 162 Return seizure 163 Unseize circuit 164 Continuity test 165 Default continuity tone 166 Continuity tone (single tone) 167 Continuity test send 168 Continuity verified 170 Loopback 171 Old milliwatt tone (1000 Hz) 172 New milliwatt tone (1004 Hz) 173 Table 6: Trunk events "continuity verified" tone. Continuity verified: A tone of 2010 Hz. This is a response tone, used in dual-tone procedures. 4 RTP Payload Format for Telephony Tones 4.1 Introduction As an alternative to describing tones and events by name, as described in Section 3, it is sometimes preferable to describe them by their waveform properties. In particular, recognition is faster than for naming signals since it does not depend on recognizing durations or pauses. There is no single international standard for telephone tones such as dial tone, ringing (ringback), busy, congestion ("fast-busy"), special announcement tones or some of the other special tones, such as payphone recognition, call waiting or record tone. However, across all countries, these tones share a number of characteristics [17]: Schulzrinne/Petrack [Page 19]
Internet Draft Tones December 9, 1999 o Telephony tones consist of either a single tone, the addition of two or three tones or the modulation of two tones. (Almost all tones use two frequencies; only the Hungarian "special dial tone" has three.) Tones that are mixed have the same amplitude and do not decay. o Tones for telephony events are in the range of 25 (ringing tone in Angola) to 1800 Hz. CED is the highest used tone at 2100 Hz. The telephone frequency range is limited to 3,400 Hz. o Modulation frequencies range between 15 (ANSam tone) to 480 Hz (Jamaica). Non-integer frequencies are used only for frequencies of 16 2/3 and 33 1/3 Hz. (These fractional frequencies appear to be derived from older AC power grid frequencies.) o Tones that are not continuous have durations of less than four seconds. o ITU Recommendation E.180 [18] notes that different telephone companies require a tone accuracy of between 0.5 and 1.5%. The Recommendation suggests a frequency tolerance of 1%. 4.2 Examples of Common Telephone Tone Signals As an aid to the implementor, Table 7 summarizes some common tones. The rows labeled "ITU ..." refer to the general recommendation of Recommendation E.180 [18]. Note that there are no specific guidelines for these tones. In the table, the symbol "+" indicates addition of the tones, without modulation, while "*" indicates amplitude modulation. The meaning of some of the tones is described in Section 3.12 or Section 3.11 (for V.21). 4.3 Use of RTP Header Fields Timestamp: The RTP timestamp reflects the measurement point for the current packet. The event duration described in Section 3.5 extends forwards from that time. 4.4 Payload Format Based on the characteristics described above, this document defines an RTP payload format called "tone" that can represent tones consisting of one or more frequencies. (The corresponding MIME type is "audio/tone".) The default timestamp rate is 8,000 Hz, but other rates may be defined. Note that the timestamp rate does not affect the interpretation of the frequency, just the durations. Schulzrinne/Petrack [Page 20]
Internet Draft Tones December 9, 1999 Tone name frequency on period off period ______________________________________________________ CNG 1100 0.5 3.0 V.25 CT 1300 0.5 2.0 CED 2100 3.3 -- ANS 2100 3.3 -- ANSam 2100*15 3.3 -- V.21 "0" bit, ch. 1 1180 0.033 V.21 "1" bit, ch. 1 980 0.033 V.21 "0" bit, ch. 2 1850 0.033 V.21_"1"_bit,_ch._2________1650______0.033____________ ITU dial tone 425 -- -- U.S. dial tone 350+440 -- -- ______________________________________________________ ITU ringing tone 425 0.67--1.5 3--5 U.S._ringing_tone_______440+480________2.0_________4.0 ITU busy tone 425 U.S. busy tone 480+620 0.5 0.5 ______________________________________________________ ITU congestion tone 425 U.S. congestion tone 480+620 0.25 0.25 Table 7: Examples of telephony tones In accordance with current practice, this payload format does not have a static payload type number, but uses a RTP payload type number established dynamically and out-of-band. It is shown in Fig. 2. The payload contains the following fields: modulation: The modulation frequency, in Hz. The field is a 9- bit unsigned integer, allowing modulation frequencies up to 511 Hz. If there is no modulation, this field has a value of zero. T: If the "T" bit is set (one), the modulation frequency is to be divided by three. Otherwise, the modulation frequency is taken as is. This bit allows frequencies accurate to 1/3 Hz, since modulation frequencies such as 16 2/3 Hz are in practical use. Schulzrinne/Petrack [Page 21]
Internet Draft Tones December 9, 1999 0 1 2 3 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ | modulation |T| volume | duration | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ |R R R R| frequency |R R R R| frequency | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ |R R R R| frequency |R R R R| frequency | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ ...... +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ |R R R R| frequency |R R R R| frequency | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ Figure 2: Payload format for tones volume: The power level of the tone, expressed in dBm0 after dropping the sign, with range from 0 to -63 dBm0. (Note: A preferred level range for digital tone generators is -8 dBm0 to -3 dBm0.) duration: The duration of the tone, measured in timestamp units. The tone begins at the instant identified by the RTP timestamp and lasts for the duration value. The definition of duration corresponds to that for sample-based codecs, where the timestamp represents the sampling point for the first sample. frequency: The frequencies of the tones to be added, measured in Hz and represented as a 12-bit unsigned integer. The field size is sufficient to represent frequencies up to 4095 Hz, which exceeds the range of telephone systems. A value of zero indicates silence. A single tone can contain any number of frequencies. R: This field is reserved for future use. The sender MUST set it to zero, the receiver MUST ignore it. 4.5 Reliability This payload format uses the reliability mechanism described in Schulzrinne/Petrack [Page 22]
Internet Draft Tones December 9, 1999 Section 3.7. 5 Combining Tones and Named Events The payload formats in Sections 3 and 4 can be combined into a single payload using the method specified in RFC 2198. Fig. 3 shows an example. In that example, the RTP packet combines two "tone" and one "telephone-event" payloads. The payload types are chosen arbitrarily as 97 and 98, respectively, with a sample rate of 8000 Hz. Here, the redundancy format has the dynamic payload type 96. The packet represents a snapshot of U.S. ringing tone, 1.5 seconds (12,000 timestamp units) into the second "on" part of the 2.0/4.0 second cadence, i.e., a total of 7.5 seconds (60,000 timestamp units) into the ring cycle. The 440 + 480 Hz tone of this second cadence started at RTP timestamp 48,000. Four seconds of silence preceded it, but since RFC 2198 only has a fourteen-bit offset, only 2.05 seconds (16383 timestamp units) can be represented. Even though the tone sequence is not complete, the sender was able to determine that this is indeed ringback, and thus includes the corresponding named event. 6 MIME Registration 6.1 audio/telephone-event MIME media type name: audio MIME subtype name: telephone-event Required parameters: none. Optional parameters: The "events" parameter lists the events supported by the implementation. Events are listed as one or more comma-separated elements. Each element can either be a single integer or two integers separated by a hyphen. No white space is allowed in the argument. The integers designate the event numbers supported by the implementation. The "rate" parameter describes the sampling rate, in Hertz. The number is written as a floating point number or as an integer. If omitted, the default value is 8000 Hz. Encoding considerations: This type is only defined for transfer via RTP [1]. Security considerations: See the "Security Considerations" Schulzrinne/Petrack [Page 23]
Internet Draft Tones December 9, 1999 0 1 2 3 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ | V |P|X| CC |M| PT | sequence number | | 2 |0|0| 0 |0| 96 | 31 | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ | timestamp | | 48000 | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ | synchronization source (SSRC) identifier | | 0x5234a8 | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ |F| block PT | timestamp offset | block length | |1| 98 | 16383 | 4 | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ |F| block PT | timestamp offset | block length | |1| 97 | 16383 | 8 | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ |F| Block PT | |0| 97 | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ | event=ring |0|0| volume=0 | duration=28383 | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ | modulation=0 |0| volume=63 | duration=16383 | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ |0 0 0 0| frequency=0 |0 0 0 0| frequency=0 | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ | modulation=0 |0| volume=5 | duration=12000 | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ |0 0 0 0| frequency=440 |0 0 0 0| frequency=480 | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ Figure 3: Combining tones and events in a single RTP packet (Section 7) section in this document. Interoperability considerations: none Published specification: This document. Schulzrinne/Petrack [Page 24]
Internet Draft Tones December 9, 1999 Applications which use this media: The telephone-event audio subtype supports the transport of events occuring in telephone systems over the Internet. Additional information: 1. Magic number(s): N/A 2. File extension(s): N/A 3. Macintosh file type code: N/A 6.2 audio/tone MIME media type name: audio MIME subtype name: tone Required parameters: none Optional parameters: The "rate" parameter describes the sampling rate, in Hertz. The number is written as a floating point number or as an integer. If omitted, the default value is 8000 Hz. Encoding considerations: This type is only defined for transfer via RTP [1]. Security considerations: See the "Security Considerations" (Section 7) section in this document. Interoperability considerations: none Published specification: This document. Applications which use this media: The tone audio subtype supports the transport of pure composite tones, for example those commonly used in the current telephone system to signal call progress. Additional information: 1. Magic number(s): N/A 2. File extension(s): N/A 3. Macintosh file type code: N/A Schulzrinne/Petrack [Page 25]
Internet Draft Tones December 9, 1999 7 Security Considerations RTP packets using the payload format defined in this specification are subject to the security considerations discussed in the RTP specification (RFC 1889 [1]), and any appropriate RTP profile (for example RFC 1890 [19]).This implies that confidentiality of the media streams is achieved by encryption. Because the data compression used with this payload format is applied end-to-end, encryption may be performed after compression so there is no conflict between the two operations. This payload type does not exhibit any significant non-uniformity in the receiver side computational complexity for packet processing to cause a potential denial-of-service threat. 8 IANA Considerations This document defines two new RTP payload formats, named telephone- event and tone, and associated Internet media (MIME) types, audio/telephone-event and audio/tone. Within the audio/telephone-event type, additional events MUST be registered with IANA. Registrations are subject to approval by the current chair of the IETF audio/video transport working group, or by an expert designated by the transport area director if the AVT group has closed. The meaning of new events MUST be documented either as an RFC or an equivalent standards document produced by another standardization body, such as ITU-T. 9 Acknowledgements The suggestions of the Megaco working group are gratefully acknowledged. Detailed advice and comments were provided by Fred Burg, Steve Casner, Fatih Erdin, Bill Foster, Mike Fox, Gunnar Hellstrom, Terry Lyons, Colin Perkins and Steve Magnell. 10 Authors Henning Schulzrinne Dept. of Computer Science Columbia University 1214 Amsterdam Avenue New York, NY 10027 USA electronic mail: schulzrinne@cs.columbia.edu Schulzrinne/Petrack [Page 26]
Internet Draft Tones December 9, 1999 Scott Petrack MetaTel 45 Rumford Avenue Waltham, MA 02453 USA electronic mail: scott.petrack@metatel.com 11 Bibliography [1] H. Schulzrinne, S. Casner, R. Frederick, and V. Jacobson, "RTP: a transport protocol for real-time applications," Request for Comments (Proposed Standard) 1889, Internet Engineering Task Force, Jan. 1996. [2] S. Bradner, "Key words for use in RFCs to indicate requirement levels," Request for Comments (Best Current Practice) 2119, Internet Engineering Task Force, Mar. 1997. [3] International Telecommunication Union, "Procedures for starting sessions of data transmission over the public switched telephone network," Recommendation V.8, Telecommunication Standardization Sector of ITU, Geneva, Switzerland, Feb. 1998. [4] R. Kocen and T. Hatala, "Voice over frame relay implementation agreement," Implementation Agreement FRF.11, Frame Relay Forum, Foster City, California, Jan. 1997. [5] International Telecommunication Union, "Multifrequency push- button signal reception," Recommendation Q.24, Telecommunication Standardization Sector of ITU, Geneva, Switzerland, 1988. [6] C. Perkins, I. Kouvelas, O. Hodson, V. Hardman, M. Handley, J. C. Bolot, A. Vega-Garcia, and S. Fosse-Parisis, "RTP payload for redundant audio data," Request for Comments (Proposed Standard) 2198, Internet Engineering Task Force, Sept. 1997. [7] M. Handley and V. Jacobson, "SDP: session description protocol," Request for Comments (Proposed Standard) 2327, Internet Engineering Task Force, Apr. 1998. [8] International Telecommunication Union, "Automatic answering equipment and general procedures for automatic calling equipment on the general switched telephone network including procedures for disabling of echo control devices for both manually and automatically established calls," Recommendation V.25, Telecommunication Standardization Sector of ITU, Geneva, Switzerland, Oct. 1996. [9] International Telecommunication Union, "Procedures for document facsimile transmission in the general switched telephone network," Schulzrinne/Petrack [Page 27]
Internet Draft Tones December 9, 1999 Recommendation T.30, Telecommunication Standardization Sector of ITU, Geneva, Switzerland, July 1996. [10] International Telecommunication Union, "Echo cancellers," Recommendation G.165, Telecommunication Standardization Sector of ITU, Geneva, Switzerland, Mar. 1993. [11] International Telecommunication Union, "A modem operating at data signalling rates of up to 33 600 bit/s for use on the general switched telephone network and on leased point-to-point 2-wire telephone-type circuits," Recommendation V.34, Telecommunication Standardization Sector of ITU, Geneva, Switzerland, Feb. 1998. [12] International Telecommunication Union, "Procedures for the identification and selection of common modes of operation between data circuit-terminating equipments (dces) and between data terminal equipments (dtes) over the public switched telephone network and on leased point-to-point telephone-type circuits," Recommendation V.8bis, Telecommunication Standardization Sector of ITU, Geneva, Switzerland, Sept. 1998. [13] International Telecommunication Union, "Application of tones and recorded announcements in telephone services," Recommendation E.182, Telecommunication Standardization Sector of ITU, Geneva, Switzerland, Mar. 1998. [14] Bellcore, "Functional criteria for digital loop carrier systems," Technical Requirement TR-NWT-000057, Telcordia (formerly Bellcore), Morristown, New Jersey, Jan. 1993. [15] J. G. van Bosse, Signaling in Telecommunications Networks Telecommunications and Signal Processing, New York, New York: Wiley, 1998. [16] International Telecommunication Union, "AAL type 2 service specific convergence sublayer for trunking," Recommendation I.366.2, Telecommunication Standardization Sector of ITU, Geneva, Switzerland, Feb. 1999. [17] International Telecommunication Union, "Various tones used in national networks," Recommendation Supplement 2 to Recommendation E.180, Telecommunication Standardization Sector of ITU, Geneva, Switzerland, Jan. 1994. [18] International Telecommunication Union, "Technical characteristics of tones for telephone service," Recommendation Supplement 2 to Recommendation E.180, Telecommunication Standardization Sector of ITU, Geneva, Switzerland, Jan. 1994. Schulzrinne/Petrack [Page 28]
Internet Draft Tones December 9, 1999 [19] H. Schulzrinne, "RTP profile for audio and video conferences with minimal control," Request for Comments (Proposed Standard) 1890, Internet Engineering Task Force, Jan. 1996. Schulzrinne/Petrack [Page 29]
