Behavior Engineering for Hindrance I. van Beijnum
Avoidance IMDEA Networks
Internet-Draft November 4, 2010
Intended status: Standards Track
Expires: May 8, 2011
An FTP ALG for IPv6-to-IPv4 translation
draft-ietf-behave-ftp64-06
Abstract
The File Transfer Protocol (FTP) has a very long history, and despite
the fact that today, other options exist to perform file transfers,
FTP is still in common use. As such, it is important that in the
situation where some client computers only have IPv6 connectivity
while many servers are still IPv4-only and IPv6-to-IPv4 translators
are used to bridge that gap, FTP is made to work through these
translators as best it can.
FTP has an active and a passive mode, both as original commands that
are IPv4-specific, and as extended, IP version agnostic commands.
The only FTP mode that works without changes through an IPv6-to-IPv4
translator is extended passive. However, many existing FTP servers
do not support this mode, and some clients do not ask for it. This
document specifies a middlebox that may solve this mismatch.
Status of this Memo
This Internet-Draft is submitted in full conformance with the
provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79.
Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering
Task Force (IETF). Note that other groups may also distribute
working documents as Internet-Drafts. The list of current Internet-
Drafts is at http://datatracker.ietf.org/drafts/current/.
Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months
and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any
time. It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference
material or to cite them other than as "work in progress."
This Internet-Draft will expire on May 8, 2011.
Copyright Notice
Copyright (c) 2010 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the
document authors. All rights reserved.
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Table of Contents
1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
2. Notational Conventions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
3. Terminology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
4. ALG overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
5. Control channel translation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
6. EPSV to PASV translation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
7. EPRT to PORT translation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
7.1. Stateless EPRT translation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
7.2. Stateful EPRT translation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
8. Default port 20 translation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
9. Both PORT and PASV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
10. Default behavior . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
11. The ALGS command . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
12. Timeouts and translating to NOOP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
13. IANA considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
14. Security considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
15. Contributors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
16. Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
17. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
17.1. Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
17.2. Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Author's Address . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
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1. Introduction
[RFC0959] specifies two modes of operation for FTP: active mode, in
which the server connects back to the client and passive mode, where
the server opens a port for the client to connect to. Without
additional measures, active mode with a client-supplied port does not
work through NATs or firewalls. With active mode, the PORT command
has an IPv4 address as its argument, and in passive mode, the server
responds to the PASV command with an IPv4 address. This makes both
the passive and active modes as originally specified in [RFC0959]
incompatible with IPv6. These issues were solved in [RFC2428], which
introduces the EPSV (extended passive) command, where the server only
responds with a port number, and the EPRT (extended port) command,
which allows the client to supply either an IPv4 or an IPv6 address
(and a port) to the server.
A survey done in April of 2009 of 25 randomly picked and/or well-
known FTP sites reachable over IPv4 showed that only 12 of them
supported EPSV over IPv4. Additionally, only 2 of those 12 indicated
that they supported EPSV in response to the FEAT command introduced
in [RFC2389] that asks the server to list its supported features.
One supported EPSV but not FEAT. In 5 cases, issuing the EPSV
command to the server led to a significant delay, in 3 cases followed
by a control channel reset. All 25 servers were able to successfully
complete a transfer in traditional PASV passive mode as required by
[RFC1123]. More testing showed that the use of an address family
argument with the EPSV command is widely mis- or unimplemented in
servers. The additional tests with more servers showed that
approximately 65% of FTP servers support EPSV successfully and around
96% support PASV successfully. Clients were not extensively tested,
but previous experience from the author suggests that most clients
support PASV, with the notable exception of the command line client
included with Windows, which only supports active mode. This FTP
client uses the original PORT command when running over IPv4 and EPRT
when running over IPv6.
Although these issues can and should be addressed by modifying
clients and servers to support EPSV successfully (see
[I-D.liu-ftp64-extension]), such modifications may not appear widely
in a timely fashion. Also, network operators who may want to deploy
IPv6-to-IPv4 translation generally don't have control over client or
server implementations. As such, this document standardizes an FTP
Application Layer Gateway (ALG) that will allow unmodified IPv6 FTP
clients to interact with unmodified IPv4 FTP servers successfully
when using FTP for simple file transfers between a single client and
a single server.
Clients that want to engage in more complex behavior, such as server-
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to-server transfers, may make an FTP application layer gateway (ALG)
go into transparent mode by issuing AUTH or ALGS commands as
explained in Section 5.
The recommendations and specifications in this document apply to all
forms of IPv6-to-IPv4 translation, including stateless translation
such as [RFC2765] or [I-D.ietf-behave-v6v4-xlate] as well as stateful
translation such as [I-D.ietf-behave-v6v4-xlate-stateful].
2. Notational Conventions
The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
"SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this
document are to be interpreted as described in [RFC2119].
3. Terminology
Within the context of this document, the words "client" and "server"
refer to FTP client and server implementations, respectively. An FTP
server is understood to be an implementation of the FTP protocol
running on a server system with a stable address, waiting for clients
to connect and issue commands that eventually start data transfers.
Clients interact with servers using the FTP protocol, and store
(upload) files to, and retrieve (download) files from one or more
servers. This either happens interactively under control of a user,
or is done as an unattended background process. Most operating
systems provide a web browser that implements a basic FTP client, as
well as a command line client. Third-party FTP clients are also
widely available.
Other terminology is derived from the documents listed in the
references section. Note that this document cannot be fully
understood on its own; it depends on background and terminology
outlined in the references.
4. ALG overview
The most robust way to solve an IP version mismatch between FTP
clients and FTP servers would be by changing clients and servers
rather than using an IPv6-to-IPv4 translator for the data channel and
using an application layer gateway on the control channel. As such,
it is recommended to update FTP clients and servers as required for
IPv6-to-IPv4 translation support where possible, to allow proper
operation of the FTP protocol without the need for ALGs.
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On the other hand, network operators or even network administrators
within an organization often have little influence over the FTP
client and server implementations used over the network. For those
operators and administrators, deploying an ALG may be the only way to
provide a satisfactory customer experience. So, even though not the
preferred solution, this document standardizes the functionality of
such an ALG in order to promote consistent behavior between ALGs in
an effort to minimize their harmful effects.
Operators and administrators are encouraged to only deploy an FTP ALG
for IPv6-to-IPv4 translation when the FTP ALG is clearly needed. In
the presence of the ALG, EPSV commands that could be handled directly
by conforming servers are translated into PASV commands, introducing
additional complexity and reducing robustness. As such a "set and
forget" policy on ALGs is not recommended.
Note that the translation of EPSV through all translators and EPRT
through a stateless translator is relatively simple but supporting
translation of EPRT through a stateful translator is relatively
difficult, because in the latter case a translation mapping must be
set up for each data transfer using parameters that must be learned
from the client/server interaction over the control channel. This
needs to happen before the EPRT command can be translated into a PORT
command and passed on to the server. As such, an ALG used with a
stateful translator MUST support EPSV and MAY support EPRT. However,
an ALG used with a stateless translator SHOULD also support EPRT.
The ALG functionality is described as a function separate from the
IPv6-to-IPv4 translation function. However, in the case of EPRT
translation, the ALG and translator functions need to be tightly
coupled, so if EPRT translation is supported, it is assumed that the
ALG and IPv6-to-IPv4 translation functions are integrated within a
single device.
5. Control channel translation
The IPv6-to-IPv4 FTP ALG intercepts all TCP sessions towards port 21
for IPv6 destination addresses that map to IPv4 destinations
reachable through an IPv6-to-IPv4 translator. The FTP ALG implements
the Telnet protocol ([RFC0854]) used for control channel interactions
to the degree necessary to interpret commands and responses and re-
issue those commands and responses, modifying them as outlined below.
Telnet option negotiation attempts by either the client or the
server, except for those allowed by [RFC1123], MUST be rejected by
the FTP ALG without relaying those attempts. This avoids the
situation where the client and the server negotiate Telnet options
that are unimplemented by the FTP ALG.
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There are two ways to implement the control channel ALG:
1. The ALG terminates the IPv6 TCP session, sets up a new IPv4 TCP
session towards the IPv4 FTP server, and relays commands and
responses back and forth between the two sessions.
2. Packets that are part of the control channel are translated
individually.
As they ultimately provide the same result, either implementation
strategy, or any other that is functionally equivalent, can be used.
In the second case, an implementation MUST have the ability to track
and update TCP sequence numbers when translating packets as well as
the ability to break up packets into smaller packets after
translation, as the control channel translation could modify the
length of the payload portion of the packets in question. Also, FTP
commands/responses or Telnet negotiations could straddle packet
boundaries, so in order to be able to perform the ALG function, it
can prove necessary to reconstitute Telnet negotiations and FTP
commands and responses from multiple packets.
If the client issues the AUTH command, then the client is attempting
to negotiate [RFC2228] security mechanisms which are likely to be
incompatible with the FTP ALG function. In this situation, the FTP
ALG MUST switch to transparently forwarding all data on the control
channel in both directions until the end of the control channel
session. This requirement applies regardless of the response from
the server. In other words, it is the fact that the client attempts
the AUTH negotiation that requires the ALG to become transparent,
whether or not the attempt is successful. The transparency
requirement applies to the commands and responses flowing between the
client and the server. It is possible that commands or responses
that were sent through the ALG before the AUTH command was issued
were changed in length so TCP sequence numbers in packets entering
the ALG and packets exiting the ALG no longer match. In transparent
mode, the ALG MUST continue to adjust sequence numbers if it was
doing so before entering transparent mode as the result of the AUTH
command. The ALGS command (Section 11) can also be used to disable
the ALG functionality, but the control channel must then still be
monitored for subsequent ALGS commands that re-enable the ALG
functionality.
There have been FTP ALGs for the purpose of making active FTP work
through IPv4 NATs for a long time. Another type of ALG would be one
that imposes restrictions required by security policies. Multiple
ALGs of different types can be implemented as a single entity. If
such a multi-purpose ALG forbids the use of the AUTH command for
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policy reasons, the side effect of making the ALG stop performing the
translations described here, as well as other possible interventions
related to IPv6-to-IPv4 translation, MUST be retained even if the ALG
responds to the AUTH command with an error and does not propagate the
command to the server. This way, any time a client issues the AUTH
command, it knows that an ALG will be in transparent mode afterwards.
Implementers are further advised that unlike hosts behind an IPv4
NAT, IPv6 hosts using an IPv6-to-IPv4 translator will normally have
the ability to execute FTP over IPv6 without interference from the
IPv6-to-IPv4 translator or the ALG, so an IPv6-to-IPv4 translation
FTP ALG is not the best place to implement security policies.
[RFC2640] specifies the ability for clients and servers to negotiate
the language used text messages between the two of them. This will
typically involve the use of UTF-8 encoded characters outside the
7-bit ASCII range. Because client compatibility with RFC 2640 is
unknown, ALGs need adopt a conservative position in this regard.
This means that an ALG MUST NOT use any characters outside of the
7-bit ASCII range in the text that it generates. However, an ALG
MUST translate and/or forward commands and responses containing UTF-8
encoded text when those occur.
In the sections that follow, a number of well-known response numbers
are shown, along with the descriptive text that is associated with
that response number. However, this text is not part of the
specification of the response. As such, implementations MAY use the
response text shown or they MAY show a different response text for a
given response number. Requirements language only applies to the
response number.
6. EPSV to PASV translation
Although many IPv4 FTP servers support the EPSV command, some servers
react adversely to this command, and there is no reliable way to
detect in advance that this will happen. As such, an FTP ALG SHOULD
translate all occurrences of the EPSV command issued by the client to
the PASV command, and reformat a 227 response as a corresponding 229
response. However, an ALG MAY forego EPSV to PASV translation if it
has positive knowledge, either through administrative configuration
or learned dynamically, that EPSV will be successful without
translation to PASV.
For instance, if the client issues EPSV (or EPSV 2 to indicate IPv6
as the network protocol), this is translated to the PASV command. If
the server with address 192.0.2.31 then responds with:
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227 Entering Passive Mode (192,0,2,31,237,19)
The FTP ALG reformats this as:
229 Entering Extended Passive Mode (|||60691|)
The ALG SHOULD ignore the IPv4 address in the server's 227 response.
This is the behavior that is exhibited by most clients and is needed
to work with servers that include [RFC1918] addresses in their 227
responses. However, if the 227 response contains an IPv4 address
that does not match the destination of the control channel, the FTP
ALG MAY send a 425 response to the client instead of the 229
response, e.g.:
425 Can't open data connection
It is important that the response is in the 4xx range to indicate a
temporary condition.
If the client issues an EPSV command with a numeric argument other
than 2, the ALG MUST NOT pass the command on to the server, but
rather respond with a 522 error, e.g.:
522 Network protocol not supported
If the client issues EPSV ALL, the FTP ALG MUST NOT pass this command
to the server, but respond with a 504 error, e.g.:
504 Command not implemented for that parameter
This avoids the situation where an FTP server reacts adversely to
receiving a PASV command after the client used the EPSV ALL command
to indicate that it will only use EPSV during this session.
7. EPRT to PORT translation
Should the IPv6 client issue an EPRT command, the FTP ALG MAY
translate this EPRT command to a PORT command. The translation is
different depending on whether the translator is a stateless one-to-
one translator or a stateful one-to-many translator.
7.1. Stateless EPRT translation
If the address specified in the EPRT command is the IPv6 address used
by the client for the control channel session, then the FTP ALG
reformats the EPRT command into a PORT command with the IPv4 address
that maps to the client's IPv6 address. The port number MUST be
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preserved for compatibility with stateless translators. For
instance, if the client with IPv6 address 2001:db8:2::31 issues the
following EPRT command:
EPRT |2|2001:db8:2::31|5282|
Assuming the IPv4 address that goes with 2001:db8:2::31 is
192.0.2.31, the FTP ALG reformats this as:
PORT 192,0,2,31,20,162
If the address specified in the EPRT command is an IPv4 address or an
IPv6 address that is not the IPv6 address used by the client for the
control session, the ALG SHOULD NOT attempt any translation, but pass
along the command unchanged.
7.2. Stateful EPRT translation
If the address in the EPRT command is the IPv6 address used by the
client for the control channel, the stateful translator selects an
unused port number in combination with the IPv4 address used for the
control channel towards the FTP server, and sets up a mapping from
that transport address to the one specified by the client in the EPRT
command. The PORT command with the IPv4 address and port used on the
IPv4 side of the mapping is only issued towards the server once the
mapping is created. Initially, the mapping is such that either any
transport address or the FTP server's IPv4 address with any port
number is accepted as a source, but once the three-way handshake is
complete, the mapping SHOULD be narrowed to only match the negotiated
TCP session.
If the address specified in the EPRT command is an IPv4 address or an
IPv6 address that is not the IPv6 address used by the client for the
control session, the ALG SHOULD NOT attempt any translation, but pass
along the command unchanged.
If the client with IPv6 address 2001:db8:2::31 issues the EPRT
command:
EPRT |2|2001:db8:2::31|5282|
And the stateful translator uses the address 192.0.2.31 on its IPv4
interface, a mapping with destination address 192.0.2.31 and
destination port 60192 towards 2001:db8:2::31 port 5282 may be
created, after which the FTP ALG reformats the EPRT command as:
PORT 192,0,2,31,235,32
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8. Default port 20 translation
If the client does not issue an EPSV/PASV or EPRT/PORT command prior
to initiating a file transfer, it is invoking the default active FTP
behavior where the server sets up a TCP session towards the client.
In this situation, the source port number is the default FTP data
port (port 20) and the destination port is the port the client uses
as the source port for the control channel session.
In the case of a stateless translator, this does not pose any
problems. In the case of a stateful translator, the translator MAY
accept incoming connection requests from the server on the IPv4 side
if the transport addresses match that of an existing FTP control
channel session, with the exception that the control channel session
uses port 21 and the new session port 20. In this case, a mapping is
set up towards the same transport address on the IPv6 side that is
used for the matching FTP control channel session.
An ALG/translator MAY monitor the progress of FTP control channels
and only attempt to perform a mapping when an FTP client has started
a file transfer without issuing the EPSV, PASV, EPRT or PORT
commands.
9. Both PORT and PASV
[RFC0959] allows a client to issue both PORT and PASV to use non-
default ports on both sides of the connection. However, this is
incompatible with the notion that with PASV, the data connection is
made from the client to the server, while PORT reaffirms the default
behavior where the server connects to the client. As such, the
behavior of an ALG is undefined when a client issues both PASV and
PORT. Implementations SHOULD NOT try to detect the situation where
both PASV and PORT commands are issued prior to a command that
initiates a transfer, but rather, apply the same translation they
would have if there had not been a PASV command prior to a PORT
command or a PORT command prior to a PASV command.
10. Default behavior
Whenever the client issues a command which the ALG is not set up to
translate, either because the command is not specified in this
document, the command is not part of any FTP specification, the ALG
functionality is disabled administratively for the command in
question, or translation does not apply for any other reason, the
command MUST be passed on to the server without modification, and the
server response MUST be passed on to the client without modification.
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For example, if the client issues the PASV command, this command is
passed on to the server transparently, and the server's response to
the client.
11. The ALGS command
ALGs SHOULD support the new ALGS (ALG status) command that allows
clients to query and set the ALG's status. Note that this command
MUST NOT be implemented in FTP servers. If those recognize the
command, the best course of action would be to return a 202 response:
202 Command not implemented, superfluous at this site
However, as FTP servers don't implement the command, there is no
reason for them to specifically recognize this command, and returning
any 50x response that is normally returned when commands are not
recognized is appropriate. A client can use the ALGS command to
request the ALG's status and to enable and disable EPSV to PASV and,
if implemented, EPRT to PORT translation. There are three possible
arguments to the ALGS command:
ALGS STATUS64
The ALG is requested to return the EPSV and EPRT
translation status.
ALGS ENABLE64
The ALG is requested to enable translation.
ALGS DISABLE64
The ALG is requested to disable translation.
The ALG SHOULD enable or disable translation as requested. If EPRT
to PORT translation is supported, ALGS ENABLE64 enables it and ALGS
DISABLE64 disables it along with enabling or disabling EPSV to PASV
translation, respectively. If EPRT to PORT translation is not
supported, ALGS ENABLE64 only enables EPSV to PASV translation.
After an ALGS command with any of the three supported arguments, the
ALG returns a 216 response indicating the type of translation that
will be performed. There are four possible keywords that follow the
216 response code:
216 NONE
Neither EPSV nor EPRT translation is performed.
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216 EPSV
EPSV is translated to PASV, no EPRT translation is
performed.
216 EPRT
EPRT is translated to PORT, no EPSV translation is
performed.
216 EPSVEPRT
EPSV is translated to PASV, EPRT is translated to
PORT.
The translation type MAY be followed by a space and additional
descriptive text until end-of-line. Failure to set the requested
translation mode is not an error condition, and is thus indicated by
the keyword that shows the translation status of the ALG following
the 216 response, and not with an error code response.
If the ALGS command is not implemented, the command SHOULD be passed
on to the server without modification. If there is no argument to
the ALGS command, or the argument is not one of STATUS64, ENABLE64 or
DISABLE64 (or an argument specified by a supported newer document), a
504 or 502 error SHOULD be returned.
The Augmented Backus-Naur Form (ABNF) notation (see [RFC5234]) of the
ALGS command and its response are as follows:
algs-command = "ALGS" SP algs-token CRLF
algs-token = "STATUS64" / "ENABLE64" / "DISABLE64"
algs-response = (ok-response / error-response) CRLF
ok-response = "216" SP response-token [ freetext ]
response-token = "NONE" / "EPSV" / "EPRT" / "EPSVEPRT"
error-response = not-implemented / invalid-parameter
not-implemented = "502" [ freetext ]
invalid-parameter = "504" [ freetext ]
freetext = (SP *VCHAR)
12. Timeouts and translating to NOOP
Wherever possible, control channels SHOULD NOT time out while there
is an active data channel. A timeout of at least 30 seconds is
RECOMMENDED for data channel mappings created by the FTP ALG that are
waiting for initial packets.
Whenever a command from the client is not propagated to the server,
the FTP ALG instead issues a NOOP command in order to keep the
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keepalive state between the client and the server synchronized. The
response to the NOOP command MUST NOT be relayed back to the client.
An implementation MAY wait for the server to return the 200 response
to the NOOP command and translate that 200 response into the response
the ALG is required to return to the client. This way, the ALG never
has to create new packets to send to the client, but it can limit
itself to modifying packets transmitted by the server. If the server
responds with something other than 200 to the NOOP command, the ALG
SHOULD tear down the control channel session and log an error.
13. IANA considerations
IANA is requested to add to the FTP Commands and Extensions registry
the following entry:
Command Name
ALGS
FEAT Code
-N/A-
Description
FTP64 ALG status
Command Type
-N/A-
Conformance Requirements
o
Reference
RFC TBD Section 11
[TO BE REMOVED: This registration should take place at the following
location: http://www.iana.org/assignments/ftp-commands-extensions/
ftp-commands-extensions.xhtml]
14. Security considerations
In the majority of cases, FTP is used without further security
mechanisms. This allows an attacker with passive interception
capabilities to obtain the login credentials, and an attacker that
can modify packets to change the data transferred. However, FTP can
be used with TLS in order to solve these issues. IPv6-to-IPv4
translation and the FTP ALG do not impact the security issues in the
former case nor the use of TLS in the latter case. However, if FTP
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is used with TLS or another authentication mechanism, the ALG
function is not performed so only passive transfers from a server
that implements EPSV or a client that supports PASV will succeed.
For general FTP security considerations, see [RFC2577].
15. Contributors
Dan Wing, Kentaro Ebisawa, Remi Denis-Courmont, Mayuresh Bakshi,
Sarat Kamisetty, Reinaldo Penno, Alun Jones, Dave Thaler, Mohammed
Boucadair, Mikael Abrahamsson, Dapeng Liu, Michael Liu, Andrew
Sullivan, Anthony Bryan and Ed Jankiewicz contributed ideas and
comments. Dan Wing ran experiments with a large number of FTP
servers that were very illuminating; many of the choices underlying
this document are based on his results.
16. Acknowledgements
Iljitsch van Beijnum is partly funded by Trilogy, a research project
supported by the European Commission under its Seventh Framework
Program.
17. References
17.1. Normative References
[RFC0854] Postel, J. and J. Reynolds, "Telnet Protocol
Specification", STD 8, RFC 854, May 1983.
[RFC0959] Postel, J. and J. Reynolds, "File Transfer Protocol",
STD 9, RFC 959, October 1985.
[RFC1123] Braden, R., "Requirements for Internet Hosts - Application
and Support", STD 3, RFC 1123, October 1989.
[RFC2119] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, March 1997.
[RFC2228] Horowitz, M., "FTP Security Extensions", RFC 2228,
October 1997.
[RFC2428] Allman, M., Ostermann, S., and C. Metz, "FTP Extensions
for IPv6 and NATs", RFC 2428, September 1998.
[RFC5234] Crocker, D. and P. Overell, "Augmented BNF for Syntax
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Internet-Draft IPv6-to-IPv4 FTP November 2010
Specifications: ABNF", STD 68, RFC 5234, January 2008.
17.2. Informative References
[RFC1918] Rekhter, Y., Moskowitz, R., Karrenberg, D., Groot, G., and
E. Lear, "Address Allocation for Private Internets",
BCP 5, RFC 1918, February 1996.
[RFC2389] Hethmon, P. and R. Elz, "Feature negotiation mechanism for
the File Transfer Protocol", RFC 2389, August 1998.
[RFC2577] Allman, M. and S. Ostermann, "FTP Security
Considerations", RFC 2577, May 1999.
[RFC2640] Curtin, B., "Internationalization of the File Transfer
Protocol", RFC 2640, July 1999.
[RFC2765] Nordmark, E., "Stateless IP/ICMP Translation Algorithm
(SIIT)", RFC 2765, February 2000.
[I-D.ietf-behave-v6v4-xlate-stateful]
Bagnulo, M., Matthews, P., and I. Beijnum, "Stateful
NAT64: Network Address and Protocol Translation from IPv6
Clients to IPv4 Servers",
draft-ietf-behave-v6v4-xlate-stateful-12 (work in
progress), July 2010.
[I-D.ietf-behave-v6v4-xlate]
Li, X., Bao, C., and F. Baker, "IP/ICMP Translation
Algorithm", draft-ietf-behave-v6v4-xlate-05 (work in
progress), December 2009.
[I-D.liu-ftp64-extension]
Liu, D., Beijnum, I., and Z. Cao, "FTP extension for IPv4/
IPv6 transition", draft-liu-ftp64-extension-00 (work in
progress), October 2010.
[Bernstein]
Bernstein, D., "PASV security and PORT security", 2000,
<http://cr.yp.to/ftp/security.html>.
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Author's Address
Iljitsch van Beijnum
IMDEA Networks
Avda. del Mar Mediterraneo, 22
Leganes, Madrid 28918
Spain
Email: iljitsch@muada.com
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