Behave WG T. Savolainen
Internet-Draft Nokia
Intended status: Standards Track J. Korhonen
Expires: July 28, 2012 Nokia Siemens Networks
D. Wing
Cisco Systems
January 25, 2012
Discovery of a Network-Specific NAT64 Prefix using a Well-Known Name
draft-ietf-behave-nat64-discovery-heuristic-05.txt
Abstract
This document describes a method for detecting presence of DNS64 and
for learning IPv6 prefix used for protocol translation on an access
network without explicit support from the access network. The method
depends on existence of a well-known IPv4-only domain name
"ipv4only.arpa". The information learned enables applications and
hosts to perform local IPv6 address synthesis and on dual-stack
accesses avoid traversal through NAT64.
Status of this Memo
This Internet-Draft is submitted in full conformance with the
provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79.
Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering
Task Force (IETF). Note that other groups may also distribute
working documents as Internet-Drafts. The list of current Internet-
Drafts is at http://datatracker.ietf.org/drafts/current/.
Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months
and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any
time. It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference
material or to cite them other than as "work in progress."
This Internet-Draft will expire on July 28, 2012.
Copyright Notice
Copyright (c) 2012 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the
document authors. All rights reserved.
This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal
Provisions Relating to IETF Documents
(http://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of
publication of this document. Please review these documents
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carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect
to this document. Code Components extracted from this document must
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described in the Simplified BSD License.
Table of Contents
1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
2. Requirements and Terminology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
2.1. Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
2.2. Terminology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
3. Host behavior . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
3.1. Learning NAT64 prefix securely by using DNSSEC . . . . . . 5
3.1.1. Requirements for the network . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
3.1.2. Host behavior . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
3.2. Connectivity check . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
3.2.1. No connectivity checks against ipv4only.arpa . . . . . 8
3.3. Alternative domain names . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
4. Operational considerations for hosting the IPv4-only
well-known name . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
5. DNS(64) entity considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
6. Exit strategy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
7. Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
8. IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
8.1. About the IPv4 address for the well-known name . . . . . . 10
9. Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
10. Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Appendix A. Example of DNS record configuration . . . . . . . . . 11
Authors' Addresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
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1. Introduction
As part of the transition to IPv6 NAT64 [RFC6146] and DNS64 [RFC6147]
technologies will be utilized by some access networks to provide IPv4
connectivity for IPv6-only hosts. The DNS64 utilizes IPv6 address
synthesis to create local IPv6 presentations of peers having only
IPv4 addresses, hence allowing DNS-using IPv6-only hosts to
communicate with IPv4-only peers.
However, DNS64 cannot serve applications not using DNS, such as those
receiving IPv4 address literals as referrals. Such applications
could nevertheless be able to work through NAT64, provided they are
able to create locally valid IPv6 presentations of peers' IPv4
addresses.
Additionally, DNS64 is not able to do IPv6 address synthesis for
hosts running validating DNSSEC enabled resolvers, but instead the
synthesis must be done by the hosts themselves. In order to perform
IPv6 synthesis hosts have to learn the IPv6 prefix(es) used on the
access network for protocol translation.
This document describes a best effort method for applications and
hosts to learn the information required to perform local IPv6 address
synthesis. An example application is a browser encountering IPv4
address literals in an IPv6-only access network. Another example is
a host running validating security aware DNS resolver in an IPv6-only
access network.
The knowledge of IPv6 address synthesis taking place may also be
useful if DNS64 and NAT64 are present in dual-stack enabled access
networks. In such cases hosts may choose to prefer IPv4 in order to
avoid traversal through protocol translators.
It is important to notice that use of this approach will not result
in as robust and good behaving system as an all-IPv6 system would be.
Hence it is highly RECOMMENDED to upgrade to IPv6 and utilize the
described method only as a short-term solution.
2. Requirements and Terminology
2.1. Requirements
The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
"SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this
document are to be interpreted as described in [RFC2119].
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2.2. Terminology
Well-Known IPv4-only Name (WKN): a fully qualified domain name,
"ipv4only.arpa", well-known to have only A record.
Well-Known IPv4 Address: an IPv4 address that is well-known and
mapped to the well-known name.
3. Host behavior
A host requiring information about presence of NAT64 and the IPv6
prefix used for protocol translation SHALL send a DNS query for AAAA
records of a well-known IPv4-only fully qualified domain name:
"ipv4only.arpa". The host MAY also need to perform DNS query for the
A record of the well-known name in order to learn what is the IPv4
address of the well-known name. The host may perform this check in
both IPv6-only and dual-stack access networks.
When sending AAAA query for the well-known name a host MUST set
"Checking Disabled (CD)" bit to zero, as otherwise the DNS64 will not
perform IPv6 address synthesis hence does not reveal the IPv6
prefix(es) used for protocol translation.
A DNS reply with one or more non-empty AAAA records indicates that
the access network is utilizing IPv6 address synthesis. A host MUST
look through all of the received AAAA records to collect all
available prefixes. The prefixes may include Well-Known Prefix 64:
ff9b::/96 [RFC6052] or one or more Network-Specific Prefixes. In the
case of NSPs the host SHALL search for the IPv4 address of the well-
known name inside of the received IPv6 addresses to determine the
used address format.
An IPv4 address of the well-known name should be found inside
synthetic IPv6 address at some of the locations described in
[RFC6052]. If the searched IPv4 address is not found on any of the
standard locations the network must be using different formatting.
Developers may over time learn on IPv6 translated address formats
that are extensions or alternatives to the standard formats.
Developers MAY at that point add additional steps to the described
discovery procedures. The additional steps are outside the scope of
the present document.
The host should ensure a 32-bit IPv4 address value is present only
once in an IPv6 address. In case another instance of the value is
found inside the IPv6, the host shall repeat the search with another
IPv4 address, if possible.
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In the case only one IPv6 prefix was present in the DNS response: a
host shall use that IPv6 prefix for both local synthesis and for
detecting synthesis done by the DNS64 entity on the network.
In the case multiple IPv6 prefixes were present in the DNS response:
a host SHOULD use all received prefixes when determining whether
other received IPv6 addresses are synthetic. However, for selecting
prefix for the local IPv6 address synthesis host MUST use the
following prioritization order, of which purpose is to avoid use of
prefixes containing suffixes reserved for the future [RFC6052]:
1. Use NSP having /96 prefix
2. Use WKP prefix
3. Use longest available NSP prefix
In the case of NXDOMAIN response or an empty AAAA reply: the DNS64 is
not available on the access network, network filtered the well-known
query on purpose, or something went wrong in the DNS resolution. All
unsuccessful cases result in unavailability of a host to perform
local IPv6 address synthesis. The host MAY periodically resend AAAA
query to check if DNS64 has become available or possibly temporary
problem cleared. The host MAY perform A query for the well-known
name to learn whether the NAT64 prefix discovery framework is
available at all (see section 6 about Exit Strategy). The host MAY
also continue monitoring DNS replies with IPv6 addresses constructed
from WKP, in which case the host MAY use the WKP as if it were
learned during the query for well-known name.
To save Internet's resources, if possible, a host should perform
NAT64 discovery only when needed (e.g. when local synthesis is
required, cached reply timeouts, new network interface is started,
and so forth. Furthermore, the host SHOULD cache the replies it
receives and honor TTLs.
3.1. Learning NAT64 prefix securely by using DNSSEC
If a node is using untrusted channel between itself and DNS64, or
DNS64 entity itself is untrusted, it is possible for an attacker to
influence node's NAT64 prefix detection procedures. This may result
in denial-of-service, redirection, man-in-the-middle, or other
attacks. To protect against these attacks the node may use DNSSEC,
or communicate with trusted DNS64 over trusted channel.
Significantly, DNSSEC must be configured by the NAT64 operator for
the DNSSEC approach to work.
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3.1.1. Requirements for the network
To support DNSSEC capable nodes to perform NAT64 prefix learning
securely, the operator of the NAT64 device MUST perform the following
configurations. In the case of multiple IPv6 prefixes being used in
a network, e.g. for load-balancing purposes, it is for network
administrators to decide whether a single NAT64's fully qualified
domain name maps to multiple prefixes, or whether there will be
dedicated FQDN per IPv6 prefix.
1. Have one or more fully qualified domain names for the NAT64
translators (NAT64 FQDN).
2. Each NAT64 FQDN MUST have one or more DNS AAAA resource records
with each IPv6 address consisting of NAT64 prefix and 0's for the
elements after the actual NAT64 prefix. Also, for the
connectivity test each NAT64 FQDN MUST have one or more DNS A
resource records with IPv4 address(es) of NAT64 Internet facing
interfaces.
3. Each NAT64 prefix MUST HAVE PTR record that points to
corresponding NAT64 FQDN.
4. Sign the NAT64 FQDNs' AAAA and A records with DNSSEC.
5. Have access network's authoritative nameservers to respond to DNS
queries for the NAT64 FQDNs only when the queries have been
originated from the network domain the NAT64 is serving. If the
NAT64's AAAA records are made resolvable throughout the Internet,
a possible misuse vector of the NAT64 prefixes and NAT64 FQDNs in
other networks is enabled: an attacker in other access network
may lure a host on that network to think it is configuring NAT64
prefix in secure manner, while in reality it is not as the node
would be configuring NAT64 prefix in a network where the NAT64
prefix should not be used.
3.1.2. Host behavior
A DNSSEC capable node MUST use the following procedure to confirm the
learned NAT64 prefix is legitimate:
1. Heuristically find out a NAT64 prefix candidate by making AAAA
query for the "ipv4only.arpa" by following the procedure in
Section 3. This will return one or more AAAA resource records.
For each of those AAAA resource records host wishes to use
securely, the host performs the following steps.
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2. Send DNS PTR query for the IPv6 address of the translator (for
"ipv6.arpa"), using the prefix from the step 1 and 0 for the
elements after the prefix length. This will return the NAT64
FQDN.
3. Send DNS AAAA query for the NAT64 FQDN.
4. Verify the DNS AAAA response matches the address obtained in step
1. It is possible that the NAT64 FQDN maps to multiple AAAA
records, in which case the node has to check if any of the
responses matches to the address obtained in step 1. The node
must ignore other responses and not to use those for local IPv6
address synthesis.
5. Perform DNSSEC validation of the DNS AAAA response.
After the node has successfully performed the above five steps, the
node can consider NAT64 prefix securely learned.
3.2. Connectivity check
After learning a NAT64 prefix, it can be useful to determine if that
learned prefix is functional. It could be non-functional for a
variety of reasons -- the heuristic failed to work as expected, the
IPv6 path to the NAT64 is down, the NAT64 is down, or the IPv4 path
beyond the NAT64 is down.
There are two general approaches to determine if the learned prefix
is functional. The first approach is to perform a separate
connectivity check. The second approach is to attempt to use the
learned prefix for normal traffic. Each approach has some trade-offs
(e.g., additional network traffic or possible user-noticable delay),
and implementations should carefully weigh which approach is
appropriate for their application and the network.
The host MAY perform separate connectivity check by sending an ICMPv6
Echo Request to IPv6 address synthesized by combining discovered
NAT64 prefix with an IPv4 address of the server used for the
connectivity check. This will test the IPv6 path to the NAT64 and
the NAT64's operation. It will not test the IPv4 path beyond the
NAT64.
To perform connectivity check, the host does a PTR query of the
NAT64's IPv6 prefix which returns a hostname. The host then does an
A query of that hostname, which returns one or more A resource
records, which are the IPv4-facing IP addresses of that NAT64. The
host chooses the first one of these addresses and sends an ICMPv6
Echo Request to that address. If no response is received, the host
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sends another ICMPv6 Echo Request, a second later. If still no
response is received, it sends a third ICMPv6 Echo Request 3 seconds
later. As the NAT64 will respond to ICMP Echo Requests sent to any
of its IPv4 addresses, there is no purpose in attempting to send ICMP
Echo Requests to the other IPv4 addresses. If an ICMPv6 Echo
Response is received, the host knows the IPv6 path to the NAT64 and
the NAT64 is functioning normally. If, after the three transmissions
of the ICMPv6 Echo Request, no response is received, the host knows
this NAT64 prefix is not functioning, and MAY choose a different
NAT64 (if a different NAT64 is available) or choose to alert the
user.
Alternatively, or additionally, the host MAY use implementation
specific server other than the NAT64 for the connectivity check.
This implementation specific server can be used as fallback server if
the NAT64 does not respond or does not have A record.
To help hosts' connectivity checks NAT64 operators are RECOMMENDED to
maintain DNS AAAA and A records for the NAT64 FQDN as is described in
Section 3.1.1 step 1, independently of possible DNSSEC support.
3.2.1. No connectivity checks against ipv4only.arpa
Clients MUST NOT send a connectivity check to the address returned in
the ipv4only.arpa query. This is because, by design, no server will
be operated on the Internet at that address as such. Similarly,
network operators MUST NOT operate a server on that address. The
reason this address isn't used for connectivity checks is that
operators who neglect to operate a connectivity check server will
allow that traffic towards the Internet where it will be dropped and
cause a false negative connectivity check with the client (that is,
the NAT64 is working fine, but the connectivity check fails because a
server is not operating at ipv4-only.arpa on the Internet and a
server is not operated by the NAT64 operator). Instead, for the
connectivity check, an additional DNS resource record is looked up
(specifically, the A record associated with the NAT64's hostname) and
used for the connectivity check. This ensures that packets don't
unnecessarily leak to the Internet and reduces the chance of a false
negative connectivity check.
3.3. Alternative domain names
Some applications, operating systems, devices, or networks may find
it advantageous to operate their own DNS infrastructure to perform a
function similar to ipv4-only.arpa, but using a different resource
record. The primary advantage is to ensure availability of the DNS
infrastructure and ensure the proper configuration of the DNS record
itself. DNS For example, a company named Example might have their
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application query ipv4-only.example.com. Other than the different
DNS resource record being queried, the rest of the operations are
anticipated to be identical to the steps described in this document.
4. Operational considerations for hosting the IPv4-only well-known name
The authoritative name server for the well-known name shall have DNS
record TTL set to a long value in order to improve effectiveness of
DNS caching and robustness of the discovery procedure in general.
The exact value depends on availability time for the used public IPv4
address, but should not be longer than one year.
The domain serving the well-known name must be signed with DNSSEC.
See also Security Considerations section.
It is expected that volumes for well-known name related queries are
roughly SOMETHING, TBD. The infrastructure required to serve well-
known name is SOMETHING, TBD.
5. DNS(64) entity considerations
DNS(64) servers MUST NOT interfere or perform special procedures for
the queries related to the well-known name until the time has arrived
for the exit strategy to be deployed.
6. Exit strategy
A day will come when this tool is no longer needed. At that point
best suited techniques for implementing exit strategy will be
documented. In the global scope the exit strategy may include
sending NXDOMAIN replies by the authoritative name server of the
well-known name with a very long TTL.
A client implementation receiving NXDOMAIN response for the A query
of the well-known name means SHOULD consider this tool as temporarily
disabled.
7. Security Considerations
The security considerations follow closely those of RFC6147
[RFC6147]. If an attacker manages to change the NAT64 prefix host
discovers, the traffic generated by the host will be delivered to
altered destination. This can result in either a denial-of-service
(DoS) attack (if the resulting IPv6 addresses are not assigned to any
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device), a flooding attack (if the resulting IPv6 addresses are
assigned to devices that do not wish to receive the traffic), or an
eavesdropping attack (in case the altered NSP is routed through the
attacker).
The zone serving the well-known name has to be protected with DNSSEC,
as otherwise it will be too attractive target for attackers who wish
to alter hosts' NSP prefix discovery procedures.
A host SHOULD implement validating DNSSEC resolver for validating the
A response of the well-known name query. A host without validating
DNSSEC resolver SHOULD request validation to be performed by the used
recursive DNS server.
For the secure NAT64 prefix discovery the access network SHOULD sign
the NAT64 translator's fully qualified domain name, and make that DNS
resolvable only from the network domain NAT64 is serving. Otherwise
the NAT64 prefix may be used for attacks in other access networks. A
host SHOULD use the algorithm described in Section 3.1 in order to
securely learn the NAT64 prefix.
8. IANA Considerations
According to procedures described in RFC3172 this document requests
IANA and IAB to reserve a second level domain from the .ARPA zone for
the well-known domain name. The well-known domain name could be, for
example, "ipv4only.arpa".
The well-known name also needs to map to one but preferably to two
different public IPv4 addresses.
8.1. About the IPv4 address for the well-known name
The IPv4 address for the well-known name, if possible, should be
chosen so that it is unlikely to appear more than once within an IPv6
address and also as easy as possible to find from within the
synthetic IPv6 address. An address not listed in the Section 3 of
[RFC5735] is required as otherwise DNS64 entity may not perform AAAA
record synthesis. The address does not have to be routable or
allocated to any node, as no communications are initiated to the IPv4
address.
Allocating two IPv4 addresses would improve the heuristics in cases
where the primary IPv4 address' bit pattern appears more than once in
the synthetic IPv6 address (NSP prefix contains the same bit pattern
as the IPv4 address).
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If no well-known IPv4 address is statically allocated for this
method, the heuristic requires sending additional A query to learn
the IPv4 address that is sought inside the received IPv6 address.
Without knowing IPv4 address it is impossible to determine address
format used by DNS64.
9. Acknowledgements
Authors would like to thank Andrew Sullivan, Washam Fan, Cameron
Byrne, Zhenqiang Li, Dave Thaler, Peter Koch, and Christian Huitema
for significant improvement ideas and comments.
10. Normative References
[RFC2119] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, March 1997.
[RFC5735] Cotton, M. and L. Vegoda, "Special Use IPv4 Addresses",
BCP 153, RFC 5735, January 2010.
[RFC6052] Bao, C., Huitema, C., Bagnulo, M., Boucadair, M., and X.
Li, "IPv6 Addressing of IPv4/IPv6 Translators", RFC 6052,
October 2010.
[RFC6146] Bagnulo, M., Matthews, P., and I. van Beijnum, "Stateful
NAT64: Network Address and Protocol Translation from IPv6
Clients to IPv4 Servers", RFC 6146, April 2011.
[RFC6147] Bagnulo, M., Sullivan, A., Matthews, P., and I. van
Beijnum, "DNS64: DNS Extensions for Network Address
Translation from IPv6 Clients to IPv4 Servers", RFC 6147,
April 2011.
Appendix A. Example of DNS record configuration
The following BIND-style examples illustrate how A and AAAA records
could be configured by NAT64 operator.
The examples use NAT64 prefix of 2001:db8::/96 and example.com
domain.
The PTR record for reverse queries (Section 3.1.1 bullet 3):
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$ORIGIN 0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.8.b.d.0.1.0.0.2.IP6.ARPA.
@ IN SOA ns1.example.com. hostmaster.example.com. (
2003080800 12h 15m 3w 2h)
IN NS ns.example.com.
IN PTR nat64.example.com.
If the example.com does not use DNSSEC, the following configuration
file could be used. Please note the nat64.example.com has both AAAA
record with the NAT64 prefix and A record for the connectivity check
(Section 3.1.1 bullet 2).
example.com. IN SOA ns.example.com. hostmaster.example.com. (
2002050501 ; serial
100 ; refresh (1 minute 40 seconds)
200 ; retry (3 minutes 20 seconds)
604800 ; expire (1 week)
100 ; minimum (1 minute 40 seconds)
)
example.com. IN NS ns.example.com.
nat64.example.com.
IN AAAA 2001:db8:0:0:0:0:0 nat64.example.com.
IN A 192.0.2.1
If the example.com does use DNSSEC, the following configuration file
could be used for A and AAAA records:
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example.com. IN SOA ns.example.com. hostmaster.example.com. (
2002050501 ; serial
100 ; refresh (1 minute 40 seconds)
200 ; retry (3 minutes 20 seconds)
604800 ; expire (1 week)
100 ; minimum (1 minute 40 seconds)
)
example.com. IN RRSIG SOA 5 2 100 20090803071330 (
20090704071330 17000 example.com.
TVgWsNQvsFmeNHAeccGi7+UI7KwcE9TXPuSvmV9yyJwo
4FvHkxVC1H+98EtrmbR4c/XcdUzdfgn+q+lBqNsnbAit
xFERwPxzxbX0+yeCdHbBjHe7OuOc2Gc+CH6SbT2lKwVi
iEx3ySqqNoVScoUyhRdnPV2A1LV0yd9GtG9mI4w= )
example.com. IN NS ns.example.com.
example.com. IN RRSIG NS 5 2 100 20090803071330 (
20090704071330 17000 example.com.
Xuw7saDDi6+5Z7SmtC7FC2npPOiE8F9qMR87eA0egG0I
B+xFx7pIogoVIDpOd1h3jqYivhblpCoDSBQb2oMbVy3B
SX5cF0r7Iu/xKP8XrV4DjNiugpa+NnhEIaRqG5uoPFbX
4cYT51yNq70I5mJvvajJu7UjmdHl26ZlnK33xps= )
nat64.example.com.
IN AAAA 2001:db8:0:0:0:0:0 nat64.example.com.
IN RRSIG SOA 5 2 100 20090803071330 (
20090704071330 17000 example.net.
TVgWsNQvsFmeNHAeccGi7+UI7KwcE9TXPuSvmV9yyJwo
4FvHkxVC1H+98EtrmbR4c/XcdUzdfgn+q+lBqNsnbAit
xFERwPxzxbX0+yeCdHbBjHe7OuOc2Gc+CH6SbT2lKwVi
iEx3ySqqNoVScoUyhRdnPV2A1LV0yd9GtG9mI4w= )
nat64.example.com.
IN A 192.0.2.1
Authors' Addresses
Teemu Savolainen
Nokia
Hermiankatu 12 D
FI-33720 Tampere
Finland
Email: teemu.savolainen@nokia.com
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Jouni Korhonen
Nokia Siemens Networks
Linnoitustie 6
FI-02600 Espoo
Finland
Email: jouni.nospam@gmail.com
Dan Wing
Cisco Systems
170 West Tasman Drive
San Jose, California 95134
USA
Email: dwing@cisco.com
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