Network Working Group
   INTERNET-DRAFT
   Expires in: October 2005
                                                   Scott Poretsky
                                                   Quarry Technologies

                                                   Shankar Rao
                                                   Qwest Communications

                                                   February 2005

            Methodology for Accelerated Stress Benchmarking
                <draft-ietf-bmwg-acc-bench-meth-02.txt>

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   ABSTRACT
   Routers in an operational network are simultaneously configured with
   multiple protocols and security policies while forwarding traffic and
   being managed.  To accurately benchmark a router for deployment it is
   necessary that the router be tested in these simultaneous
   operational conditions, which is known as Stress Testing.  This
   document provides the Methodology for performing Stress Benchmarking
   of networking devices.  Descriptions of Test Topology, Benchmarks and
   Reporting Format are provided in addition to procedures for
   conducting various test cases.  The methodology is to be used with
   the companion terminology document [4].


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   Table of Contents
     1. Introduction ............................................... 2
     2. Existing definitions ....................................... 3
     3. Test Setup.................................................. 3
     3.1 Test Topologies............................................ 3
     3.2 Test Considerations........................................ 3
     3.3 Reporting Format........................................... 4
     3.3.1 Configuration Sets....................................... 5
     3.3.2 Instability Conditions................................... 6
     3.3.3 Benchmarks............................................... 6
     4. Test Cases.................................................. 7
     4.1 Failed Primary EBGP Peer................................... 7
     4.2 Establish New EBGP Peer.................................... 8
     4.3 BGP Route Explosion........................................ 8
     4.4 BGP Policy Configuration................................... 9
     4.5 Persistent BGP Flapping.................................... 9
     4.6 BGP Route Flap Dampening...................................10
     4.7 Nested Convergence Events..................................11
     4.8 Restart Under Load.........................................12
     4.9 Destination Control Processor..............................12
     4.10 Destination Control Processor with Rate-Limiting..........13
     4.11 Destination Interfaces....................................13
     4.12 DoS Attack................................................14
     5. Security Considerations.....................................14
     6. Normative References........................................14
     7. Normative References........................................15
     8. Author's Address............................................15

   1. Introduction
   Router testing benchmarks have consistently been made in a
   monolithic fashion wherein a single protocol or behavior is
   measured in an isolated environment.  It is important to know the
   limits for a networking device's behavior for each protocol in isolation,
   however this does not produce a reliable benchmark of the device's
   behavior in an operational network.

   Routers in an operational network are simultaneously configured with
   multiple protocols and security policies while forwarding traffic
   and being managed.  To accurately benchmark a router for deployment
   it is necessary to test that router in operational conditions by
   simultaneously configuring and scaling network protocols and security
   policies, forwarding traffic, and managing the device.  It is helpful
   to accelerate these network operational conditions with Instability
   Conditions [4] so that the networking devices are stress tested.

   This document provides the Methodology for performing Stress
   Benchmarking of networking devices.  Descriptions of Test Topology,
   Benchmarks and Reporting Format are provided in addition to
   procedures for conducting various test cases.  The methodology is
   to be used with the companion terminology document [4].



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   Stress Testing of networking devices provides the following benefits:
        1. Evaluation of multiple protocols enabled simultaneously as
        configured in deployed networks
        2. Evaluation of System and Software Stability
        3. Evaluation of Manageability under stressful conditions
        4. Identification of Buffer Overflow conditions
        5. Identification of Software Coding bugs such as:
                a. Memory Leaks
                b. Suboptimal CPU Utilization
                c. Coding Logic

   These benefits produce significant advantages for network operations:
        1.  Increased stability of routers and protocols
        2.  Hardened routers to DoS attacks
        3.  Verified manageability under stress
        4.  Planning router resources for growth and scale

   2.  Existing definitions
   The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
   "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this
   document are to be interpreted as described in BCP 14, RFC 2119
   [Br97].  RFC 2119 defines the use of these key words to help make the
   intent of standards track documents as clear as possible.  While this
   document uses these keywords, this document is not a standards track
   document.

   Terms related to Accelerated Stress Benchmarking are defined in [4].

   3. Test Setup
   3.1 Test Topologies
   Figure 1 shows the physical configuration to be used for the
   methodologies provided in this document.  The number of interfaces
   between the tester and DUT will scale depending upon the number of
   control protocol sessions and traffic forwarding interfaces.  A
   separate device may be required to externally manage the device in
   the case that the test equipment does not support such
   functionality.  Figure 2 shows the logical configuration for the
   stress test methodologies.  Each plane may be emulated by single or
   multiple test equipment.

   3.2 Test Considerations
   The Accelerated Stress Benchmarking test can be applied in
   service provider test environments to benchmark DUTs under
   stress in an environment that is reflective of an operational
   network.  A particular Configuration Set is defined and the
   DUT is benchmarked using this configuration set and the
   Instability Conditions.  Varying Configuration Sets and/or
   Instability Conditions applied in an iterative fashion can
   provide an accurate characterization of the DUT
   to help determine future network deployments.


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                                 ___________
                                |   DUT     |
                             ___|Management |
                            |   |           |
                            |    -----------
                           \/
                      ___________
                     |           |
                     |    DUT    |
                |--->|           |<---|
         xN     |     -----------     |    xN
     interfaces |                     | interfaces
                |     ___________     |
                |    |           |    |
                |--->|   Tester  |<---|
                     |           |
                      -----------

                Figure 1. Physical Configuration



         ___________             ___________
        |  Control  |           | Management|
        |   Plane   |___     ___|   Plane   |
        |           |   |   |   |           |
         -----------    |   |    -----------
                       \/  \/                  ___________
                      ___________             | Security  |
                     |           |<-----------|   Plane   |
                     |    DUT    |            |           |
                |--->|           |<---|        -----------
                |     -----------     |
                |                     |
                |     ___________     |
                |    |   Data    |    |
                |--->|   Plane   |<---|
                     |           |
                      -----------

                Figure 2. Logical Configuration


   3.3 Reporting Format

   Each methodology requires reporting of information for test
   repeatability when benchmarking the same or different devices.
   The information that are the Configuration Sets, Instability
   Conditions, and Benchmarks, as defined in [4].  Example
   reporting formats for each are provided below.



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   3.3.1 Configuration Sets
   Example Routing Protocol Configuration Set-
           PARAMETER                            UNITS
           BGP                                  Enabled/Disabled
           Number of EBGP Peers                 Peers
           Number of IBGP Peers                 Peers
           Number of BGP Route Instances        Routes
           Number of BGP Installed Routes       Routes

           MBGP                                 Enabled/Disabled
           Number of MBGP Route Instances       Routes
           Number of MBGP Installed Routes      Routes


           IGP                                  Enabled/Disabled
           IGP-TE                               Enabled/Disabled
           Number of IGP Adjacencies            Adjacencies
           Number of IGP Routes                 Routes
           Number of Nodes per Area             Nodes


   Example MPLS Protocol Configuration Set-
           PARAMETER                            UNITS
           MPLS-TE
           Number of Ingress Tunnels            Tunnels
           Number of Mid-Point Tunnels  Tunnels
           Number of Egress Tunnels             Tunnels

           LDP
           Number of Sessions                   Sessions
           Number of FECs                       FECs


   Example Multicast Protocol Configuration Set-
           PARAMETER                            UNITS
           PIM-SM                               Enabled/Disabled
           RP                                   Enabled/Disabled
           Number of Multicast Groups           Groups
           MSDP                                 Enabled/Disabled

   Example Data Plane Configuration Set-
           PARAMETER                            UNITS
           Traffic Forwarding                   Enabled/Disabled
           Aggregate Offered Load               bps (or pps)
           Number of Ingress Interfaces         number
           Number of Egress Interfaces          number

           TRAFFIC PROFILE
           Packet Size(s)               bytes
           Packet Rate(interface)       array of packets per second
           Number of Flows              number
           Encapsulation(flow)          array of encapsulation type

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   Management Configuration Set-
        PARAMETER                               UNITS
        SNMP GET Rate                           SNMP Gets/minute
        Logging                                 Enabled/Disabled
        Protocol Debug                          Enabled/Disabled
        Telnet Rate                             Sessions/Hour
        FTP Rate                                Sessions/Hour
        Concurrent Telnet Sessions              Sessions
        Concurrent FTP Session                  Sessions
        Packet Statistics Collector             Enabled/Disabled
        Statistics Sampling Rate                X:1 packets

   Security Configuration Set -
        PARAMETER                               UNITS
        Packet Filters                          Enabled/Disabled
        Number of Filters For-Me                number
        Number of Filter Rules For-Me           number
        Number of Traffic Filters               number
        Number of Traffic Filter Rules          number
        SSH                                     Enabled/Disabled
        Number of simultaneous SSH sessions     number
        RADIUS                                  Enabled/Disabled
        TACACS                                  Enabled/Disabled

   3.3.2 Instability Conditions
        PARAMETER                               UNITS
        Interface Shutdown Cycling Rate         interfaces per minute
        BGP Session Flap Rate                   sessions per minute
        BGP Route Flap Rate                     routes per minutes
        IGP Route Flap Rate                     routes per minutes
        LSP Reroute Rate                        LSP per minute
        Overloaded Links                        number
        Amount Links Overloaded                 % of bandwidth
        FTP Rate                                Mb/minute
        IPsec Session Loss                      sessions per minute
        Filter Policy Changes                   policies per hour
        SSH Session Restart                     SSH sessions per hour
        Telnet Session Restart                  Telnet session per hour

   3.3.3 Benchmarks
        PARAMETER                               UNITS     PHASE
        Stable Aggregate Forwarding Rate        pps       Startup
        Stable Latency                          seconds   Startup
        Stable Session Count                    sessions  Startup
        Unstable Aggregate Forwarding Rate      pps       Instability
        Degraded Aggregate Forwarding Rate      pps       Instability
        Ave. Degraded Aggregate Forwarding Rate pps       Instability
        Unstable Latency                        seconds   Instability
        Unstable Uncontrolled Sessions Lost     sessions  Instability
        Recovered Aggregate Forwarding Rate     pps       Recovery
        Recovered Latency                       seconds   Recovery
        Recovery Time                           seconds   Recovery
        Recovered Uncontrolled Sessions Lost    sessions  Recovery

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   It is RECOMMENDED that Aggregate Forwarding Rates, Latencies, and
   Session Losses be measured at one-second intervals.  These same
   benchmarks can also be used as Variability Benchmarks reported as
   the differences between the Benchmarks for multiple iterations
   with the same DUT.  For the purpose of the Variability Benchmarks,
   A more complete characterization of the DUT would be to apply
   multiple test iterations for the same Configuration Sets and
   Instability Conditions, measure the Variability Benchmarks, and
   then vary the Configuration Set and/or Instability Conditions.



   4. Test Cases

   4.1 Failed Primary EBGP Peer

        Objective
        The purpose of this test is to benchmark the performance
        of the DUT during stress conditions when losing an EBGP
        Peer from which most FIB routes have been learned.

        Procedure
        1. Report Configuration Set
        2. Begin Startup Conditions with the DUT
        3. Establish Configuration Sets with the DUT
        4. Report benchmarks (for stability)
        5. Apply Instability Conditions
        6. Remove link to EBGP peer with most FIB routes.  This SHOULD
           be achieved by losing physical layer connectivity with
           a local fiber pull.  Loss of the peering session SHOULD
           cause the DUT to withdraw 100,000 or greater routes.
        7. Report benchmarks (for instability)
        8. Stop applying all Instability Conditions
        9. Report benchmarks (for recovery)
        10. Optional - Change Configuration Set and/or Instability
           Conditions for next iteration

        Results
        It is expected that there will be significant packet loss
        until the DUT converges from the lost EBGP link.  Other DUT
        operation should be stable without session loss or sustained
        packet loss.  Recovery time should not be infinite.











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   4.2 Establish New EBGP Peer

        Objective
        The purpose of this test is to benchmark the performance
        of the DUT during stress conditions when establishing a
        new EBGP Peer from which routes are learned.

        Procedure
        1. Report Configuration Set
        2. Begin Startup Conditions with the DUT
        3. Establish Configuration Sets with the DUT
        4. Report benchmarks (for stability)
        5. Apply Instability Conditions
        6. Configure a new EBGP peering session at DUT and peering router.
           Physical and Data Link Layer connectivity SHOULD already exist
           to perform this step.  Establishment of the peering session
           MUST result in the DUT learning 100,000 or greater routes from
           the BGP peer and advertising 100,000 or greater routes to
           the BGP peer
        7. Report benchmarks (for instability)
        8. Stop applying all Instability Conditions
        9. Report benchmarks (for recovery)
        10. Optional - Change Configuration Set and/or Instability
           Conditions for next iteration

        Results
        It is expected that there will be zero packet loss as the DUT
        learns the new routes.  Other DUT operation should be stable
        without session loss or sustained packet loss.

   4.3 BGP Route Explosion

        Objective
        The purpose of this test is to benchmark the performance
        of the DUT during stress conditions when there is BGP Route
        Explosion experienced in the network.

        Procedure
        1. Report Configuration Set
        2. Begin Startup Conditions with the DUT
        3. Establish Configuration Sets with the DUT
        4. Report benchmarks (for stability)
        5. Apply Instability Conditions
        6. Advertise 1M BGP routes to the DUT from a single EBGP
           neighbor.
        7. Report benchmarks (for instability)
        8. Stop applying all Instability Conditions, including BGP route
           advertisement.
        9. Report benchmarks (for recovery)
        10. Optional - Change Configuration Set and/or Instability
           Conditions for next iteration


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        Results
        It is expected that there will be no additional packet loss from
        the advertisement of routes from the BGP neighbor.  Other
        DUT operation should be stable without session loss.

   4.4 BGP Policy Configuration

        Objective
        The purpose of this test is to benchmark the performance
        of the DUT during stress conditions when there is continuous
        reconfiguration of BGP Policy at the DUT.

        Procedure
        1. Report Configuration Set
        2. Begin Startup Conditions with the DUT
        3. Establish Configuration Sets with the DUT
        4. Report benchmarks (for stability)
        5. Apply Instability Conditions
        6. Configure BGP Policy on the DUT for each established neighbor.
           The BGP Policy SHOULD filter 25% of the routes learned from
           that neighbor.  Note that the specific policy configuration
           to achieve the filtering may be device specific.
        7. Every 30 minutes remove the BGP Policy configuration and then
           configure it gain so that it is reapplied.
        8. Report benchmarks (for instability)
        9. Stop applying all Instability Conditions, including Policy
           changes
        10. Report benchmarks (for recovery)
        11. Optional - Change Configuration Set and/or Instability
           Conditions for next iteration

        Results
        It is expected that there will be no packet loss resulting from
        the continuous configuration and removal of BGP Policy for BGP
        neighbors.  Other DUT operation should be stable without session
        loss.

   4.5 Persistent BGP Flapping

        Objective
        The purpose of this test is to benchmark the performance
        of the DUT during stress conditions when flapping BGP Peering
        sessions for an infinite period.

        Procedure
        1. Report Configuration Set
        2. Begin Startup Conditions with the DUT
        3. Establish Configuration Sets with the DUT
        4. Report benchmarks (for stability)
        5. Apply Instability Conditions



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        6. Repeatedly flap an IBGP and an EBGP peering session.
           This SHOULD be achieved by losing physical layer connectivity
           via a local interface shutdown/no shutdown every 180 seconds with
           a delay of 10 seconds between the shut and no shut.
           The loss of the EBGP peering session MUST cause the DUT to withdraw
           100,000 or greater routes that are re-learned when the session
           re-establishes.   Route Flap Dampening SHOULD NOT be enabled.
        7. Report benchmarks (for instability)
        8. Stop applying all Instability Conditions, including flapping
        9. Report benchmarks (for recovery)
        10. Optional - Change Configuration Set and/or Instability
            Conditions for next iteration

        Results
        It is expected that there will be significant packet loss
        from repeated Convergence Events.  Other DUT operation should be
        stable without session loss.  Recovery time should not be infinite.

     4.6 BGP Route Flap Dampening

        Objective
        The purpose of this test is to benchmark the performance
        of the DUT during stress conditions when flapping BGP Peering
        sessions for an infinite period and route flap dampening is
        enabled.

        Procedure
        1. Report Configuration Set
        2. Configure Route Flap Dampening on the DUT with DEFAULT parameter
           values.
        3. Begin Startup Conditions with the DUT
        4. Establish Configuration Sets with the DUT
        5. Report benchmarks (for stability)
        6. Apply Instability Conditions
        7. Repeatedly flap an IBGP and an EBGP peering session.
           This SHOULD be achieved by losing physical layer connectivity
           via a local interface shutdown/no shutdown every 180 seconds with
           a delay of 10 seconds between the shut and no shut.
           The loss of the EBGP peering session MUST cause the DUT to withdraw
           100,000 or greater routes that are re-learned when the session
           re-establishes.
        8. Report benchmarks (for instability)
        9. Stop applying all Instability Conditions
        10. Report benchmarks (for recovery)
        11. Optional - Change Route Flap Dampening parameter values
        12. Optional - Change Configuration Set and/or Instability
            Conditions for next iteration





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        Results
        It is expected that there will be significant packet loss
        from repeated Convergence Events and flap dampening.  Other DUT operation
        should be stable without session loss.  Recovery time should not be infinite.

     4.7 Nested Convergence Events [5]

        Objective
        The purpose of this test is to benchmark the performance
        of the DUT during stress conditions when flapping BGP Peering
        sessions causes Nested Convergence Events.

        Procedure
        1. Report Configuration Set
        2. Begin Startup Conditions with the DUT
        3. Establish Configuration Sets with the DUT
        4. Report benchmarks (for stability)
        5. Apply Instability Conditions
        6. Repeatedly flap an IBGP and an EBGP peering session.
           This SHOULD be achieved by losing physical layer connectivity
           via a local interface shutdown/no shutdown every 10 seconds with
           a delay of 1 second between the shut and no shut.
           The loss of the EBGP peering session MUST cause the DUT to withdraw
           100,000 or greater routes that are re-learned when the session
           re-establishes.   Route Flap Dampening SHOULD NOT be enabled.
        7. Report benchmarks (for instability)
        8. Stop applying all Instability Conditions, including flapping
        9. Report benchmarks (for recovery)
        10. Optional - Change Configuration Set and/or Instability
            Conditions for next iteration

        Results
        It is expected that there will be significant packet loss
        from Nested Convergence Events.  New Other DUT operation should be
        stable without session loss.  Recovery time should not be infinite.
















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     4.8 Restart Under Load

        Objective
        The purpose of this test is to benchmark the performance of the DUT
        during restart when stress conditions are applied.

        Procedure
        1. Report Configuration Set
        2. Begin Startup Conditions with the DUT
        3. Establish Configuration Sets with the DUT
        4. Report benchmarks (for stability)
        5. Restart DUT. This marks the beginning on the recovery period.
        6. Report benchmarks (for recovery)
        7. Optional - Change Configuration Set and/or Instability
           Conditions for next iteration
        NOTE 1: Restart via the DUT's  Command Line Interface rather than
                power cycle is typically more stressful than power cycle
                since hardware can maintain state.
        NOTE 2: Instability Conditions are not applied for this test case.

        Results
        DUT should re-establish all control protocol sessions and have
        a Recovery Time [4] that is not infinite.

     4.9 Destination Control Processor

        Objective
        The purpose of this test is to benchmark the performance
        of the DUT during stress conditions when traffic is destined for
        the Control Processor of the DUT.

        Procedure
        1. Report Configuration Set
        2. Begin Startup Conditions with the DUT
        3. Start Configuration Sets with the DUT, except Data Plane
           Configuration Set
        4. Report benchmarks (for stability)
        5. Apply Instability Conditions
        6. Send offered load at maximum forwarding rate of DUT interfaces
           to all DUT interfaces.  Traffic MUST be configured so that the
           offered load has a destination address that is the DUT's central
           control processor
        7. Report benchmarks (for instability)
        8. Stop applying all Instability Conditions, including data traffic
        9. Report benchmarks (for recovery)
        10. Optional - Change Configuration Set and/or Instability
            Conditions for next iteration

        Results
        Results will vary with specific vendor implementations.
        It is possible that significant session loss is observed.


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     4.10 Destination Control Processor with Rate-Limiting

        Objective
        The purpose of this test is to benchmark the performance
        of the DUT during stress conditions when traffic is destined for
        the Control processor of the DUT.

        Procedure
        1. Report Configuration Set
        2. Apply policy filter to rate-limit traffic arriving at the Central
           Processor to be only 1% of the offered load.
        3. Begin Startup Conditions with the DUT
        4. Start Configuration Sets with the DUT, except Data Plane
           Configuration Set
        5. Report benchmarks (for stability)
        6. Apply Instability Conditions
        7. Send offered load at maximum forwarding rate of DUT interfaces
           to all DUT interfaces.  Traffic MUST be configured so that the
           offered load has a destination address that is the DUT's central
           control processor
        8. Report benchmarks (for instability)
        9. Stop applying all Instability Conditions, including data traffic
        10. Report benchmarks (for recovery)
        11. Optional - Change Configuration Set and/or Instability
            Conditions for next iteration

        Results
        Results will vary with specific vendor implementations.  There should be
        no session loss observed.

     4.11 Destination Interfaces
        Objective
        The purpose of this test is to benchmark the performance
        of the DUT during stress conditions when traffic is destined for
        the interfaces of the DUT.

        Procedure
        1. Report Configuration Set
        2. Begin Startup Conditions with the DUT
        3. Start Configuration Sets with the DUT, except Data Plane
           Configuration Set
        4. Report benchmarks (for stability)
        5. Apply Instability Conditions
        6. Send offered load at maximum forwarding rate of DUT interfaces
           to all DUT interfaces.  Traffic MUST be configured so that the
           offered load has destination addresses of the interfaces receiving
           traffic.
        7. Report benchmarks (for instability)
        8. Stop applying all Instability Conditions, including data traffic
        9. Report benchmarks (for recovery)
        10. Optional - Change Configuration Set and/or Instability
            Conditions for next iteration

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        Results
        Results will vary with specific vendor implementations.
        There should be no session loss observed.

     4.12 DoS Attack

        Objective
        The purpose of this test is to benchmark the performance of the
        DUT during stress conditions while experiencing a DoS attack.

        Procedure
        1. Report Configuration Set
        2. Begin Startup Conditions with the DUT
        3. Establish Configuration Sets with the DUT
        4. Report benchmarks (for stability)
        5. Apply Instability Conditions
        6. Initiate DoS Attack against DUT.  It is RECOMMENDED that
           the SYN Flood attack be used for the DoS attack.
        7. Report benchmarks (for instability)
        8. Stop applying all Instability Conditions
        9. Report benchmarks (for recovery)
        10. Optional - Change Configuration Set and/or Instability
           Conditions for next iteration

        Results
        DUT should be able to defend against DoS attack without additional
        packet loss or session loss.

   5. Security Considerations
        Documents of this type do not directly affect the security of
        the Internet or of corporate networks as long as benchmarking
        is not performed on devices or systems connected to operating
        networks.

   6. Normative References

      [1]   Bradner, S., Editor, "Benchmarking Terminology for Network
            Interconnection Devices", RFC 1242, February 1991.

      [2]   Mandeville, R., "Benchmarking Terminology for LAN Switching
            Devices", RFC 2285, June 1998.

      [3]   Bradner, S. and McQuaid, J., "Benchmarking Methodology for
            Network Interconnect Devices", RFC 2544, March 1999.

      [4]   Poretsky, S. and Rao, S., "Terminology for Accelerated
            Stress Benchmarking", draft-ietf-bmwg-acc-bench-term-05,
            work in progress, February 2005.

      [5]   Poretsky, S., "Benchmarking Terminology for IGP Data Plane
            Route Convergence", draft-ietf-bmwg-igp-dataplane-conv-term-05,
            work in progress, February 2005.

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   7. Informative References

      [RFC3871]  RFC 3871 "Operational Security Requirements for Large
            Internet Service Provider (ISP) IP Network Infrastructure.
            G. Jones, Ed.. IETF, September 2004.

      [NANOG25]   "Core Router Evaluation for Higher Availability", Scott
            Poretsky, NANOG 25, June 8, 2002, Toronto, CA.

      [IEEECQR]   "Router Stress Testing to Validate Readiness for Network
            Deployment", Scott Poretsky, IEEE CQR 2003.

      [CONVMETH]   Poretsky, S., "Benchmarking Methodology for IGP Data Plane
            Route Convergence", draft-ietf-bmwg-igp-dataplane-conv-meth-05,
            work in progress, February 2005.



   8. Author's Address

        Scott Poretsky
        Quarry Technologies
        8 New England Executive Park
        Burlington, MA 01803
        USA

        Phone: + 1 781 395 5090
        EMail: sporetsky@quarrytech.com

        Shankar Rao
        950 17th Street
        Suite 1900
        Qwest Communications
        Denver, CO 80210
        USA
        Phone: + 1 303 437 6643
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Poretsky and Rao                                                        [Page 15]


INTERNET-DRAFT Methodology for Accelerated Stress Benchmarking  February 2005


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Poretsky and Rao                                                        [Page 16]