Benchmarking Working Group M. Bustos
Internet-Draft IXIA
Expires: May 1, 2004 T. Van Herck
Cisco Systems, Inc.
M. Kaeo
Merike, Inc.
November 2003
Terminology for Benchmarking IPSec Devices
draft-ietf-bmwg-ipsec-term-02
Status of this Memo
This document is an Internet-Draft and is in full conformance with
all provisions of Section 10 of RFC2026.
Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering
Task Force (IETF), its areas, and its working groups. Note that other
groups may also distribute working documents as Internet-Drafts.
Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months
and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any
time. It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference
material or to cite them other than as "work in progress."
The list of current Internet-Drafts can be accessed at http://
www.ietf.org/ietf/1id-abstracts.txt.
The list of Internet-Draft Shadow Directories can be accessed at
http://www.ietf.org/shadow.html.
This Internet-Draft will expire on May 1, 2004.
Copyright Notice
Copyright (C) The Internet Society (2003). All Rights Reserved.
Abstract
This purpose of this document is to define terminology specific to
measuring the performance of IPsec devices. It builds upon the
tenets set forth in RFC 1242, RFC 2544, RFC 2285 and other IETF
Benchmarking Methodology Working Group (BMWG) documents used for
benchmarking routers and switches. This document seeks to extend
these efforts specific to the IPsec paradigm. The BMWG produces two
major classes of documents: Benchmarking Terminology documents and
Benchmarking Methodology documents. The Terminology documents present
the benchmarks and other related terms. The Methodology documents
Bustos, et al. Expires May 1, 2004 [Page 1]
Internet-Draft Terminology for Benchmarking IPSec Devices November 2003
define the procedures required to collect the benchmarks cited in the
corresponding Terminology documents.
Table of Contents
1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
2. IPsec Fundamentals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
2.1 IPsec Operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
2.1.1 Security Associations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
2.1.2 Key Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
3. Document Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
4. Definition Format . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
5. Key Words to Reflect Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
6. Existing Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
7. Term Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
7.1 Tunnel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
7.1.1 Configured Tunnel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
7.1.2 Established Tunnel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
7.1.3 Active Tunnel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
7.1.4 Terminated Tunnel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
7.2 IPsec . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
7.3 IPsec Device . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
7.3.1 Initiator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
7.3.2 Responder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
7.3.3 IPsec Client . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
7.3.4 IPsec Server . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
7.4 ISAKMP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
7.5 IKE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
7.6 Security Association (SA) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
7.7 IKE Phase 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
7.7.1 Phase 1 Main Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
7.7.2 Phase 1 Aggressive Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
7.8 IKE Phase 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
7.8.1 Phase 2 Quick Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
7.8.2 IPsec Tunnel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
7.9 Iterated Tunnels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
7.9.1 Nested Tunnels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
7.9.2 Transport Adjacency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
7.10 Transform protocols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
7.10.1 Authentication Protocols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
7.10.2 Encryption Protocols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
7.11 IPSec Protocols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
7.11.1 Authentication Header (AH) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
7.11.2 Encapsulated Security Payload (ESP) . . . . . . . . . . . 26
7.12 Selectors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
7.13 NAT Traversal (NAT-T) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
7.14 IP Compression . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
7.15 Security Context . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
Bustos, et al. Expires May 1, 2004 [Page 2]
Internet-Draft Terminology for Benchmarking IPSec Devices November 2003
8. Performance Metrics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
8.1 Tunnels Per Second (TPS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
8.2 Tunnel Rekeys Per Seconds (TRPS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
8.3 Tunnel Attempts Per Second (TAPS) . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
9. Test Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
9.1 Framesizes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
9.1.1 Layer3 clear framesize . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
9.1.2 Layer3 encrypted framesize . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
9.1.3 Layer2 clear framesize . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
9.1.4 Layer2 encrypted framesize . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
9.2 Internet Mix Traffic (IMIX) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
9.3 Throughput . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
9.3.1 IPsec Tunnel Throughput . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
9.3.2 IPsec Encryption Throughput . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
9.3.3 IPsec Decryption Throughput . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
9.4 Latency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
9.4.1 Tunnel Latency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
9.4.2 IPsec Tunnel Encryption Latency . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
9.4.3 IPsec Tunnel Decryption Latency . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
9.4.4 Time To First Packet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
9.5 Frame Loss Rate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
9.5.1 Tunnel Frame Loss Rate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
9.5.2 IPsec Tunnel Encryption Frame Loss Rate . . . . . . . . . 42
9.5.3 IPsec Tunnel Decryption Frame Loss Rate . . . . . . . . . 43
9.6 Back-to-back Frames . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
9.6.1 Tunnel Back-to-back Frames . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
9.6.2 Encryption Back-to-back Frames . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
9.6.3 Decryption Back-to-back Frames . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
9.7 Maximum Number of Tunnels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
9.7.1 Maximum Configured Tunnels (MCT) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
9.7.2 Maximum Active Tunnels (MAT) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
9.8 Tunnel Setup Rate Behavior . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
9.8.1 Tunnel Setup Rate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
9.8.2 IKE Setup Rate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
9.8.3 IPsec Setup Rate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
9.9 Tunnel Rekey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
9.9.1 Phase 1 Rekey Rate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
9.9.2 Phase 2 Rekey Rate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
9.10 Tunnel Failover Time (TFT) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
10. IKE DOS Resilience Rate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
11. Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
12. Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
13. Contributors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
Authors' Addresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
Intellectual Property and Copyright Statements . . . . . . 55
Bustos, et al. Expires May 1, 2004 [Page 3]
Internet-Draft Terminology for Benchmarking IPSec Devices November 2003
1. Introduction
Despite the need to secure communications over a public medium there
is no standard method of performance measurement nor a standard in
the terminology used to develop such hardware/software solutions.
This results in varied implementations which challenge
interoperability and direct performance comparisons. Standarized
IPsec terminology and performance test methodologies will enable
users to decide if the IPsec device they select will withstand
relatively heavy loads of secured traffic.
To appropriately define the parameters and scope of this
document,this section will give a brief overview of the IPsec
standard:
2. IPsec Fundamentals
IPsec is a framework of open standards that provides data
confidentiality, data integrity, and data authenticity between
participating peers. IPsec provides these security services at the IP
layer. IPsec uses IKE to handle negotiation of protocols and
algorithms based on local policy, and to generate the encryption and
authentication keys to be used. IPsec can be used to protect one or
more data flows between a pair of hosts, between a pair of security
gateways, or between a security gateway and a host. The IPsec
protocol suite set of standards is documented in RFC's 2401 through
2412 and RFC 2451. The reader is assumed to be familiar with these
documents. Some Internet Drafts supersede these RFC's and will be
taken into consideration.
IPsec itself defines the following:
Authentication Header (AH): A security protocol, defined in
[RFC2402], which provides data authentication and optional
anti-replay services. AH ensures the integrity and data origin
authentication of the IP datagram as well as the invariant fields in
the outer IP header.
Encapsulating Security Payload (ESP): A security protocol, defined in
[RFC2406], which provides confidentiality, data origin
authentication, connectionless integrity, an anti-replay service and
limited traffic flow confidentiality. The set of services provided
depends on options selected at the time of Security Association (SA)
establishment and on the location of the implementation in a network
topology. ESP authenticates only headers and data after the IP
header.
Internet Key Exchange (IKE): A hybrid protocol which implements
Bustos, et al. Expires May 1, 2004 [Page 4]
Internet-Draft Terminology for Benchmarking IPSec Devices November 2003
Oakley and SKEME key exchanges inside the ISAKMP framework. While IKE
can be used with other protocols, its initial implementation is with
the IPsec protocol. IKE provides authentication of the IPsec peers,
negotiates IPsec security associations, and establishes IPsec keys.
The AH and ESP protocols each support two modes of operation:
transport mode and tunnel mode. In transport mode, two hosts provide
protection primarily for upper-layer protocols. The cryptographic
endpoints (where the encryption and decryption take place) are the
source and destination of the data packet. In IPv4, a transport mode
security protocol header appears immediately after the IP header and
before any higher-layer protocols (such as TCP or UDP).
In the case of AH in transport mode, all upper-layer information is
protected, and all fields in the IPv4 header excluding the fields
typically are modified in transit. The fields of the IPv4 header that
are not included are, therefore, set to 0 before applying the
authentication algorithm. These fields are as follows:
* TOS
* TTL
* Header Checksum
* Offset
* Flags
In the case of ESP in transport mode, security services are provide
only for the higher-layer protocols, not for the IP header. A tunnel
is a vehicle for encapsulating packets inside a protocol that is
understood at the entry and exit points of a given network. These
entry and exit points are defined as tunnel interfaces.
Tunnel mode can be supported by data packet endpoints as well as by
intermediate security gateways. In tunnel mode, there is an "outer"
IP header that specifies the IPsec processing destination, plus an
"inner" IP header that specifies the ultimate destination for the
packet. The source address in the outer IP header is the initiating
cryptographic endpoint; the source address in the inner header is the
true source address of the packet. The security protocol header
appears after the outer IP header and before the inner IP header.
If AH is employed in tunnel mode, portions of the outer IP header are
given protection (those same fields as for transport mode, described
earlier in this section), as well as all of the tunneled IP packet
(that is, all of the inner IP header is protected as are the
higher-layer protocols). If ESP is employed, the protection is
afforded only to the tunneled packet, not to the outer header.
Bustos, et al. Expires May 1, 2004 [Page 5]
Internet-Draft Terminology for Benchmarking IPSec Devices November 2003
2.1 IPsec Operation
2.1.1 Security Associations
The concept of a Security Association (SA) is fundamental to IPsec.
An SA is a relationship between two or more entities that describes
how the entities will use security services to communicate securely.
The SA includes: an encryption algorithm, an authentication algorithm
and a shared session key.
Because an SA is unidirectional, two SAs (one in each direction) are
required to secure typical, bidirectional communication between two
entities. The security services associated with an SA can be used for
AH or ESP, but not for both. If both AH and ESP protection is applied
to a traffic stream, two (or more) SAs are created for each direction
to protect the traffic stream.
The SA is uniquely identified by the security parameter index (SPI)
[RFC2406]. When a system sends a packet that requires IPsec
protection, it looks up the SA in its database and applies the
specified processing and security protocol (AH/ESP), inserting the
SPI from the SA into the IPsec header. When the IPsec peer receives
the packet, it looks up the SA in its database by destination
address, protocol, and SPI and then processes the packet as required.
2.1.2 Key Management
IPsec uses cryptographic keys for authentication/integrity and
encryption services. Both manual and automatic distribution of keys
is supported. IKE is specified as the public-key-based approach for
automatic key management.
IKE authenticates each peer involved in IPsec, negotiates the
security policy, and handles the exchange of session keys. IKE is a
hybrid protocol, combining parts of the following protocols to
negotiate and derive keying material for SAs in a secure and
authenticated manner:
1. ISAKMP (Internet Security Association and Key Management
Protocol), which provides a framework for authentication and key
exchange but does not define them. ISAKMP is designed to be key
exchange independent; it is designed to support many different
key exchanges.
2. Oakley, which describes a series of key exchanges, called modes,
and details the services provided by each (for example, perfect
forward secrecy for keys, identity protection, and
authentication). [RFC2412]
Bustos, et al. Expires May 1, 2004 [Page 6]
Internet-Draft Terminology for Benchmarking IPSec Devices November 2003
3. [SKEME] (Secure Key Exchange Mechanism for Internet), which
describes a versatile key exchange technique that provides
anonymity, reputability, and quick key refreshment.
IKE creates an authenticated, secure tunnel between two entities and
then negotiates the security association for IPsec. This is performed
in two phases.
In Phase 1, the two unidirectional SA's establish a secure,
authenticated channel with which to communicate. Phase 1 has two
distinct modes; Main Mode and Aggressive Mode. Main Mode for Phase 1
provides identity protection. When identity protection is not needed,
Aggressive Mode can be used. The completion of Phase 1 an IKE SA is
established.
The following attributes are used by IKE and are negotiated as part
of the IKE SA:
o Encryption algorithm.
o Hash algorithm.
o Authentication method (digital signature, public-key encryption,
or pre-shared key).
o Diffie-Hellman group information.
After the attributes are negotiated, both parties must be
authenticated to each other. IKE supports multiple authentication
methods. At this time, the following mechanisms are generally
implemented:
o Preshared keys. The same key is pre-installed on each host. IKE
peers authenticate each other by computing and sending a keyed
hash of data that includes the preshared key. If the receiving
peer can independently create the same hash using its preshared
key, it knows that both parties must share the same secret, and
thus the other party is authenticated.
o Public key cryptography. Each party generates a pseudo-random
number (a nonce) and encrypts it and its ID using the other
party's public key. The ability for each party to compute a keyed
hash containing the other peer's nonce and ID, decrypted with the
local private key, authenticates the parties to each other. This
method does not provide nonrepudiation; either side of the
exchange could plausibly deny that it took part in the exchange.
o Digital signature. Each device digitally signs a set of data and
Bustos, et al. Expires May 1, 2004 [Page 7]
Internet-Draft Terminology for Benchmarking IPSec Devices November 2003
sends it to the other party. This method is similar to the
public-key cryptography approach except that it provides
nonrepudiation.
Note that both digital signature and public-key cryptography require
the use of digital certificates to validate the public/private key
mapping. IKE allows the certificate to be accessed independently or
by having the two devices explicitly exchange certificates as part of
IKE. Both parties must have a shared session key to encrypt the IKE
tunnel. The Diffie-Hellman protocol is used to agree on a common
session key.
In Phase 2 of the process, IPsec SAs are negotiated on behalf of
services such as IPsec AH or ESP. IPsec uses a different shared key
than does IKE. The IPsec shared key can be derived by using
Diffie-Hellman again or by refreshing the shared secret derived from
the original Diffie-Hellman exchange that generated the IKE SA by
hashing it with nonces. After this step is complete, the IPsec SAs
are established. Now the data traffic can be exchanged with the
negotiated IPsec parameters. The completion of Phase 2 is called an
IPsec SA.
3. Document Scope
The primary focus of this document is to establish useful performance
testing terminology for IPsec devices that support IKEv1. We want to
constrain the terminology specified in this document to meet the
requirements of the Methodology for Benchmarking IPSec Devices
documented test methodologies. The testing will be constrained to
devices acting as IPsec gateways and will pertain to both IPsec
tunnel and transport mode.
Any testing involving interoperability and/or conformance issues,
L2TP, GRE, 2547 (MPLS VPNs), multicast, and anything that does not
specifically relate to the establishment and tearing down of IPsec
tunnels is specifically out of scope. It is assumed that all relevant
networking parameters that facilitate in the running of these tests
are pre-configured (this includes at a minimum ARP caches and routing
tables). This document will encompass updates to AH, ESP and NAT
Traversal.
4. Definition Format
The definition format utilized by this document is described in
[RFC1242], Section 2.
Term to be defined.
Bustos, et al. Expires May 1, 2004 [Page 8]
Internet-Draft Terminology for Benchmarking IPSec Devices November 2003
Definition:
The specific definition for the term.
Discussion:
A brief discussion of the term, its application, or other
information that would build understanding.
Issues:
List of issues or conditions that affect this term. This field can
present items the may impact the term's related methodology or
otherwise restrict its measurement procedures.
[Measurement units:]
Units used to record measurements of this term. This field is
mandatory where applicable. This field is optional in this
document.
[See Also:]
List of other terms that are relevant to the discussion of this
term. This field is optional in this document.
5. Key Words to Reflect Requirements
The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
"SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this
document are to be interpreted as described in RFC 2119. RFC 2119
defines the use of these key words to help make the intent of
standards track documents as clear as possible. While this document
uses these keywords, this document is not a standards track document.
6. Existing Definitions
It is recommended that readers consult [RFC1242], [RFC2544] and
[RFC2285] before making use of this document. These and other IETF
Benchmarking Methodology Working Group (BMWG) router and switch
documents contain several existing terms relevant to benchmarking the
performance of IPsec devices. The conceptual framework established in
these earlier RFCs will be evident in this document.
This document also draws on existing terminology defined in other
BMWG documents. Examples include, but are not limited to:
Bustos, et al. Expires May 1, 2004 [Page 9]
Internet-Draft Terminology for Benchmarking IPSec Devices November 2003
Throughput [RFC 1242, section 3.17]
Latency [RFC 1242, section 3.8]
Frame Loss Rate [RFC 1242, section 3.6]
Forwarding Rates [RFC 2285, section 3.6]
Loads [RFC 2285, section 3.5]
Note: "DUT/SUT" refers to a metric that may be applicable to a DUT
(Device Under Test) or an SUT (System Under Test).
7. Term Definitions
7.1 Tunnel
The term "tunnel" is often used in a variety of contexts. To avoid
any discrepancies, in this document we define the following
distinctions between the word "tunnel":
"IKE Tunnel": (ISAKMP/IKE SA, IKE Phase 1 SA, Phase 1 SA) One simplex
Phase 1 IKE SA, which is sometimes is also referred to as ISAKMP or
IKE SA, IKE Phase 1 SA, or Phase 1 SA. An IKE Tunnel between IPSec
devices facilitates a mechanism for secure negotiation of Phase 1
properties and 2 SA's needed for protected data transport.
"IPsec SA": (IPsec SA, IKE Phase 2 SA) One simplex IKE Phase 2 SA,
which is also referred to as an IPsec SA or IKE Phase 2 SA.
"IPsec Tunnel": In the case of simplex communication, a single phase
2 SA. In the more likely case where bidirectional communication is
needed it is a pair of Phase 2 SA's, one for each direction. Unless
stated otherwise, bidirectional communication is always assumed. The
IPSec Tunnel will protect the data traffic flowing between IPSec
devices.
"Tunnel": The combination of one IKE Tunnel and one IPsec Tunnel i.e.
a single Phase 1 SA and a pair of Phase 2 SA's (for bidirectional
communication).
7.1.1 Configured Tunnel
Definition:
A tunnel that is present in the IPSec device's configuration but
does not have any SA's in the SADB.
Discussion:
Bustos, et al. Expires May 1, 2004 [Page 10]
Internet-Draft Terminology for Benchmarking IPSec Devices November 2003
Several steps are required before a Tunnel can be used to actually
trasport data. The very first step would be to configure the
tunnel in the IPsec device. In that way packet classification can
make a decision if it is required to start negotiating SA's. At
this time there are no SA's associated with the Tunnel.
Issues:
N/A
See Also:
Tunnel, Established Tunnel, Active Tunnel, Terminated Tunnel
7.1.2 Established Tunnel
Definition:
A Tunnel that has completed Phase 1 and Phase 2 SA negotiations
but is otherwise idle.
Discussion:
A second step needed to ensure that a Tunnel can transport data is
the Phase 1 and Phase 2 negotiation phase. After the packet
classification process has asserted that a packet requires
security services, the negotation is started to obtain both Phase
1 and Phase 2 SA's. After this is completed the tunnel is called
'Established'. Note that at this time there is still no traffic
flowing through the Tunnel.
Issues:
In the case of manually keyed tunnels, there is no distinction
between a Configured Tunnel or an Established Tunnel since there
is no negotiation required with these type of Tunnels and the
Tunnel is Established at time of Configuration since all keying
information is known at that point.
See Also:
Tunnel, Configured Tunnel, Active Tunnel, Terminated Tunnel
7.1.3 Active Tunnel
Bustos, et al. Expires May 1, 2004 [Page 11]
Internet-Draft Terminology for Benchmarking IPSec Devices November 2003
Definition:
A tunnel that has completed Phase 1 and Phase 2 SA negotiations
and is transmitting data.
Discussion:
When a Tunnel is Established it is ready to transport data
traffic, and we call the tunnel 'Active'.
Issues:
N/A
See Also:
Tunnel, Configured Tunnel, Established Tunnel, Terminated Tunnel
7.1.4 Terminated Tunnel
Definition:
A tunnel that has relinquished all it's SA's and is not
transmitting data anymore.
Discussion:
At the point where it is no longer required to provide security
services between IPsec devices, first the Phase 2 SA's are
released after which the Phase 1 SA is deleted and the Tunnel is
no longer. After all resources (SA's) are (in most cases
volountary released) the Tunnel returns to a 'Configured' state.
Issues:
Note that manually keyed tunnels never can be in a Terminated
state. The only way to prevent data forwarding over a manually
keyed tunnel is to deconfigure the Tunnel.
See Also:
Tunnel, Configured Tunnel, Established Tunnel, Active Tunnel
7.2 IPsec
Bustos, et al. Expires May 1, 2004 [Page 12]
Internet-Draft Terminology for Benchmarking IPSec Devices November 2003
Definition:
IPsec or IP Security protocol suite which comprises a set of
standards used to provide security services at the IP layer.
Discussion:
IPsec is a large framework of protocols that offer authentication,
authenticity and encryption services to the IP and/or upper layer
protocols. The major components of the protocol suite are IKE,
used for key exchanges, and IPsec protocols such as AH and ESP,
which use the exchanged keys to protect payload traffic.
Issues:
N/A
See Also:
IPsec Device, IKE, ISAKMP, ESP, AH
7.3 IPsec Device
Definition:
Any implementation that has the ability to process data flows
according to the IPsec protocol suite specifications.
Discussion:
Implementations can be grouped by 'external' properties (e.g.
software vs. hardware implementations) but more important is the
subtle differences that implementations may have with relation to
the IPsec Protocol Suite. Not all implementations will cover all
RFC's that encompass the IPsec Protocol Suite, but the majority
will support a large subset of features described in the suite,
nor will all implementations utilize all of the cryptographic
functions listed in the RFCs.
In that context, any implementation, that supports basic IP layer
security services as described in the IPsec protocol suite shall
be called an IPsec Device.
Issues:
Bustos, et al. Expires May 1, 2004 [Page 13]
Internet-Draft Terminology for Benchmarking IPSec Devices November 2003
Due to the fragmented nature of the IPsec Protocol Suite RFC's, it
is possible that IPsec implementations will not be able to
interoperate. Therefore it is important to know which features and
options are implemented in the IPsec Device.
See Also:
IPsec
7.3.1 Initiator
Definition:
IPsec devices which start the negotiation of IKE Phase 1 or IKE
Phase 2 tunnels.
Discussion:
When a traffic flow is offered at an IPSec device and it is
determined that the flow must be protected, but there is no tunnel
yet, it is the responsibility of the IPsec device to start a
negotiation process. This process will establish an IKE Phase 1 SA
and one or more IKE phase 2 SA's, eventually resulting in secured
data transport. The device that takes the action to start this
negotiation process will be called an Initiator. Note that an IKE
Phase 1 initiator, does not necessarily become an IKE Phase 2
initiator.
Issues:
IPsec devices/implementations can always be both an initiator as
well as a responder. The distinction is useful from a test
perspective.
See Also:
Responder, IKE, IPsec
7.3.2 Responder
Definition:
IPsec devices which reply to the incoming initiators IKE Phase 1
or Phase 2 tunnel requests and process these messages in order to
establish a tunnel.
Bustos, et al. Expires May 1, 2004 [Page 14]
Internet-Draft Terminology for Benchmarking IPSec Devices November 2003
Discussion:
When an initiator attempts to establish SAs with another IPsec
device, this peer will need to evaluate the proposals made by the
initiator and either accept or deny them. In the former case, the
traffic flow will be decrypted according to the negotiated
parameters. Such a device will be called a Responder.
Issues:
IPsec devices/implementations can usually be both an initiator as
well as a responder. The distinction is useful from a test
perspective.
See Also:
Initiator, IKE
7.3.3 IPsec Client
Definition:
IPsec Devices that will only act as an Initiator.
Discussion:
In some situations it is not needed or prefered to have an IPsec
device respond to an inbound tunnel request. In the case of e.g.
road warriors or home office scenarios the only property needed
from the IPsec device is the ability to securely connect to a
remote private network. The IPsec Client will set up one or more
Tunnels to an IPSec Server on the network that needs to be
accessed and to provide the required security services. IPsec
clients are generally used to connect remote users in a secure
fashion over the Internet to a private network.
Issues:
N/A
See Also:
IPsec device, IPsec Server, Initiator, Responder
Bustos, et al. Expires May 1, 2004 [Page 15]
Internet-Draft Terminology for Benchmarking IPSec Devices November 2003
7.3.4 IPsec Server
Definition:
IPSec Devices that can both act as an Initiator as well as a
Responder.
Discussion:
IPSec Servers are mostly positioned at private network edges and
provide several functions :
Responds to tunnel setup request from IPSec Clients.
Responds to tunnel setup request from other IPSec devices/
Initiators.
Initiate tunnels to other IPSec servers inside or outside the
private network.
Issues:
IPsec Servers are also sometimes referred to as 'concentrators'.
See Also:
IPsec Device, IPsec Client, Initiator, Responder
7.4 ISAKMP
Definition:
The Internet Security Association and Key Management Protocol,
which provides a framework for authentication and key exchange but
does not define them. ISAKMP is designed to be key exchange
independent; it is designed to support many different key
exchanges. ISAKMP is defined in [RFC2407].
Discussion:
Though ISAKMP is only a framework for the IPsec standard key
management protocol, it is often misused and interchanged with the
term 'IKE', which is an implementation of ISAKMP. The term ISAKMP
SA is used by some vendors while others use IKE SA. Both refer to
IKE Phase 1 SA.
Bustos, et al. Expires May 1, 2004 [Page 16]
Internet-Draft Terminology for Benchmarking IPSec Devices November 2003
Issues:
N/A
See Also:
IKE
7.5 IKE
Definition:
A hybrid protocol, defined in [RFC2409], from the following 3
protocols:
* ISAKMP (Internet Security Association and Key Management
Protocol), which provides a framework for authentication and
key exchange but does not define them. ISAKMP is designed to be
key exchange independent; it is designed to support many
different key exchanges.
* Oakley, which describes a series of key exchanges, called
modes, and details the services provided by each (for example,
perfect forward secrecy for keys, identity protection, and
authentication). [RFC2412]
* [SKEME] (Secure Key Exchange Mechanism for Internet), which
describes a versatile key exchange technique that provides
anonymity, reputability, and quick key refreshment.
Discussion:
Note that IKE is an optional protocol within the IPsec framework
and that tunnels also can be manually keyed resulting in hardwired
SA's as configured by the administrator.
Issues:
During the first IPsec deployment experiences, ambiguities were
found in the IKEv1 specification, which lead to interoperability
problems. To resolve these issues, IKEv1 is being updated by
IKEv2.
See Also:
Bustos, et al. Expires May 1, 2004 [Page 17]
Internet-Draft Terminology for Benchmarking IPSec Devices November 2003
ISAKMP, IPsec
7.6 Security Association (SA)
Definition:
A simplex (unidirectional) logical connection, created for
security purposes. All traffic traversing an SA is provided the
same security processing. In IPsec, an SA is an Internet layer
abstraction implemented through the use of AH or ESP. [RFC2401]
Discussion:
A set of policy and key(s) used to protect information. It is a
negotiation agreement between two IPsec devices, specifically the
Initiator and Responder.
Issues:
N/A
See Also:
Initiator, Responder
7.7 IKE Phase 1
Definition:
The shared policy and key(s) used by negotiating peers to set up a
secure authenticated "control channel" for further IKE
communications.
Discussion:
Note that IKE is an optional protocol within the IPsec framework
and keys can also be manually configured.
Issues:
In other documents can be referenced as ISAKMP SA or IKE SA.
See Also:
Bustos, et al. Expires May 1, 2004 [Page 18]
Internet-Draft Terminology for Benchmarking IPSec Devices November 2003
IKE, ISAKMP
7.7.1 Phase 1 Main Mode
Definition:
Main Mode is an instantiation of the ISAKMP Identity Protect
Exchange, defined in [RFC2409]. Upon successful completion it
results in the establishment of an IKE Phase 1 SA.
Discussion:
IKE Main Mode use 3 distinct message pairs, for a total of 6
messages. The first two messages negotiate policy; the next two
represent Diffie-Hellman public values and ancillary data (e.g.
nonces); and the last two messages authenticate the Diffie-Hellman
Exchange. The authentication method negotiated as part of the
initial IKE Phase 1 influence the composition of the payloads but
not their purpose.
Issues:
N/A
See Also:
ISAKMP, IKE, IKE Phase 1, Phase 1 Aggressive Mode
7.7.2 Phase 1 Aggressive Mode
Definition:
Aggressive Mode is an instantiation of the ISAKMP Aggressive
Exchange, defined in [RFC2409]. Upon successful completion it
results in the establishment of an IKE Phase 1 SA.
Discussion:
IKE Aggressive Mode uses 3 messages. The first two messages
negotiate policy, exchange Diffie-Hellman public values and
ancillary data necessary for the exchange, and identities. In
addition the second message authenticates the Responder. The third
message authenticates the Initiator and provides proof of
participation in the exchange.
Bustos, et al. Expires May 1, 2004 [Page 19]
Internet-Draft Terminology for Benchmarking IPSec Devices November 2003
Issues:
For IKEv1 the standard specifies that all implementations use both
main and agressive mode, however, it is common to use only main
mode.
See Also:
ISAKMP, IKE, IKE Phase 1, Phase 1 Main Mode
7.8 IKE Phase 2
Definition:
Protocol which upon successful completion establishes the shared
keys used by negotiating peers to set up a secure "data channel"
for IPsec.
Discussion:
The main purpose of Phase 2 is to produce the key for the IPsec
tunnel. Phase 2 is also used to regenerate the key being used for
IPsec (called "rekeying"), as well as for exchanging informational
messages.
Issues:
In other documents also referenced as IPsec SA.
See Also:
IKE Phase 1, ISAKMP, IKE
7.8.1 Phase 2 Quick Mode
Definition:
A SA negotiation and an exchange of nonces that provide replay
protection.
Discussion:
Quick Mode is not a complete exchange itself (it is bound to a
phase 1 exchange), but is used as part of the SA negotiation
process (phase 2) to derive keying material and negotiate shared
policy for non-ISAKMP SA's. The ISAKMP SA protects the information
Bustos, et al. Expires May 1, 2004 [Page 20]
Internet-Draft Terminology for Benchmarking IPSec Devices November 2003
exchanged along with Quick Mode, i.e. all payloads except the
ISAKMP header are encrypted. Also, an optional Key Exchange
payload can be exchanged to allow for an additional Diffie-Hellman
exchange, PFS and exponentiation per Quick Mode.
Issues:
N/A
See Also:
ISAKMP, IKE, IKE Phase 2
7.8.2 IPsec Tunnel
Definition:
A bidirectional IPsec SA which is set up as part of IKE phase 2.
It creates the secure data exchange channel.
Discussion:
Manually keyed IPsec tunnels differ from tunnels that are
negotiated by IKE in that there is no setup time for them, which
would have an effect on tunnel setup rate. For this reason some
metrics will be eliminated from the test methodology matrix,
specific to manually keyed IPsec tunnels, i.e. Phase 1 Setup Rate.
Issues:
N/A
See Also:
IPsec, IKE, IKE Phase 2
7.9 Iterated Tunnels
Iterated Tunnels are a bundle of transport and/or tunnel mode SA's.
The bundles are divided into two major groups :
7.9.1 Nested Tunnels
Definition:
Bustos, et al. Expires May 1, 2004 [Page 21]
Internet-Draft Terminology for Benchmarking IPSec Devices November 2003
An SA bundle consisting of two or more 'tunnel mode' SA's.
Discussion:
The process of nesting tunnels can theoretically be repeated
multiple times (for example, tunnels can be many levels deep), but
for all practical purposes, most implementations limit the level
of nesting. Nested tunnels can use a mix of AH and ESP
encapsulated traffic.
[GW1] --- [GW2] ---- [IP CLOUD] ---- [GW3] --- [GW4]
| | | |
| | | |
| +----{SA1 (ESP tunnel)}----+ |
| |
+--------------{SA2 (AH tunnel)}---------------+
In the IP Cloud a packet would have a format like this :
[IP{2,3}][ESP][IP{1,4}][AH][IP][PAYLOAD][ESP TRAILER][ESP AUTH]
Nested tunnels can be deployed to provide additional security on
already secured traffic. A typical example of this would be that
the inner gateways (GW2 and GW3) are securing traffic between two
branch offices and the outer gateways (GW1 & GW4) add an
additional layer of security between departments within those
branch offices.
Issues:
N/A
See Also:
Transport Adjacency, IPsec Tunnel
7.9.2 Transport Adjacency
Definition:
An SA bundle consisting of two or more transport mode SA's.
Discussion:
Bustos, et al. Expires May 1, 2004 [Page 22]
Internet-Draft Terminology for Benchmarking IPSec Devices November 2003
Transport adjacency is a form of tunnel nesting. In this case two
or more transport mode IPsec tunnels are set side by side to
enhance applied security properties.
Transport adjacency can be used with a mix of AH and ESP tunnels
although some combinations are not preferred. If AH and ESP are
mixed, the ESP tunnel should always encapsulate the AH tunnel. The
reverse combination is a valid combination but doesn't make
cryptographical sense.
[GW1] --- [GW2] ---- [IP CLOUD] ---- [GW3] --- [GW4]
| | | |
| | | |
| +------{SA1 (ESP transport)}--------+ |
| |
+-------------{SA2 (AH transport)}--------------+
In the IP Cloud a packet would have a format like this :
[IP][ESP][AH][PAYLOAD][ESP TRAILER][ESP AUTH]
Issues:
This is rarely used.
See Also:
Nested Tunnels, IPsec Tunnel
7.10 Transform protocols
Definition:
Encryption and authentication algorithms that provide
cryptograhical services to the IPsec Protocols.
Discussion:
Some algorithms run significantly slower than others. For example,
TripleDES encryption is one third as fast as DES encryption.
Issues:
N/A
Bustos, et al. Expires May 1, 2004 [Page 23]
Internet-Draft Terminology for Benchmarking IPSec Devices November 2003
See Also:
Authentication protocols, Encryption protocols
7.10.1 Authentication Protocols
Definition:
Algorithms which provide data integrity and data source
authentication.
Discussion:
Authentication protocols provide no confidentiality. Commonly used
authentication algorithms/protocols are:
* MD5-HMAC
* SHA-HMAC
* AES-HMAC
Issues:
SHA-HMAC is thought to be more secure than MD5-HMAC and is often
used. AES-HMAC is still fairly new and not in common use yet.
See Also:
Transform protocols, Encryption protocols
7.10.2 Encryption Protocols
Definition:
Algorithms which provide data confidentiality.
Discussion:
Encryption protocols provide no authentication. Commonly used
encryption algorithms/protocols are:
* NULL encryption
* DES-CBC
* 3DES-CBC
* AES-CBC
Bustos, et al. Expires May 1, 2004 [Page 24]
Internet-Draft Terminology for Benchmarking IPSec Devices November 2003
Issues:
Null option is a valid encryption mechanism although it reverts to
use of IPsec back to message authenticity but only for upper layer
protocols, and is commonly used.
DES has been officially deprecated by NIST, though it is still
mandated RFC and is still commonly implemented and used due to
it's speed advantage over 3DES.
See Also:
Transform protocols, Authentication protocols
7.11 IPSec Protocols
Definition:
A suite of protocols which provide a framework of open standards
that provides data confidentiality, data integrity, and data
authenticity between participating peers at the IP layer. The
IPsec protocol suite set of standards is documented in RFC's 2401
through 2412 and RFC 2451.
Discussion:
The IPsec Protocol suite is modular and forward compatible. The
protocols that comprise the IPsec protocol suite can be replaced
with new versions of those protocols as the older versions become
obsolete. For example, IKEv2 will soon replace IKEv1.
Issues:
N/A
See Also:
AH, ESP
7.11.1 Authentication Header (AH)
Definition:
Provides authentication and data integrity (including replay
protection) security services [RFC2402].
Bustos, et al. Expires May 1, 2004 [Page 25]
Internet-Draft Terminology for Benchmarking IPSec Devices November 2003
Discussion:
The AH protocol supports both modes of operation; tunnel mode and
transport mode. If AH is employed in tunnel mode, portions of the
outer IP header are given protection, as well as all of the
tunneled IP packet (that is, all of the inner IP header is
protected as are the higher-layer protocols). In the case of AH in
transport mode, all upper-layer information is protected, and all
fields in the IPv4 header excluding the fields typically are
modified in transit.
Original IPv4 packet :
[IP ORIG][L4 HDR][PAYLOAD]
In transport mode :
[IP ORIG][AH][L4 HDR][PAYLOAD]
In tunnel mode :
[IP NEW][AH][IP ORIG][L4 HDR][PAYLOAD]
Issues:
AH is rarely used/implemented.
See Also:
Transform protocols, IPsec protocols, Encapsulated Security
Payload
7.11.2 Encapsulated Security Payload (ESP)
Definition:
Provides three essential components needed for secure data
exchange: authentication, integrity (including replay protection)
and confidentiality [RFC2406].
Discussion:
The ESP protocol supports both modes of operation; tunnel mode and
transport mode. If ESP is employed in tunnel mode, the protection
is afforded only to the tunneled packet, not to the outer header
In the case of ESP in transport mode, security services are
provided only for the higher-layer protocols, not for the IP
header.
Bustos, et al. Expires May 1, 2004 [Page 26]
Internet-Draft Terminology for Benchmarking IPSec Devices November 2003
Original IPv4 packet :
[IP ORIG][L4 HDR][PAYLOAD]
In transport mode :
[IP ORIG][ESP][L4 HDR][PAYLOAD][ESP TRAILER][ESP AUTH]
In tunnel mode :
[IP NEW][ESP][IP ORIG][L4 HDR][PAYLOAD][ESP TRAILER][ESP AUTH]
Issues:
N/A
See Also:
Transform protocols, IPsec protocols, Authentication Header
7.12 Selectors
Definition:
A criteria used by a classification mechanism required to classify
traffic flows when IPsec is used to protect traffic between
networks which are proxied between two or more participating
peers. After classification, a decision can be made if the traffic
needs to be encrypted/decrypted and how this should be done.
Selectors classify specific IP packets that require IPsec
processing. Selectors also define those packets that must be
discarded or passed along without modification. These are flexible
objects that can match on source and destination addresses, range
of IP addresses, wildcard addresses, different protocols, and
different port numbers (like FTP) within a protocol.
Discussion:
The selectors are a set of fields that will be extracted from the
network and transport layer headers that provide the ability to
classify the traffic flow and later associate it with an SA.
Issues:
Both sides must agree exactly on both the networks being
protected, and they both must agree on how to describe the
networks (range, subnet, addresses). This is a common point of
non-interoperability.
Bustos, et al. Expires May 1, 2004 [Page 27]
Internet-Draft Terminology for Benchmarking IPSec Devices November 2003
7.13 NAT Traversal (NAT-T)
Definition:
The capability to support IPsec functionality in the presence of
NAT devices.
Discussion:
NAT-Traversal requires some modifications to IKE. Specifically, in
phase 1, it requires detecting if the other end supports
NAT-Traversal, and detecting if there are one or more NAT
instances along the path from host to host. In IKE Quick Mode,
there is a need to negotiate the use of UDP encapsulated IPsec
packets.
NAT-T also describes how to transmit the original source and
destination addresses to the other end if needed. The original
source and destination addresses are used in transport mode to
incrementally update the TCP/IP checksums so that they will match
after the NAT transform (The NAT cannot do this, because the TCP/
IP checksum is inside the UDP encapsulated IPsec packet).
Issues:
N/A
See Also:
IKE
7.14 IP Compression
Definition:
A mechanism as defined in [RFC2393] that reduces the size of the
payload that needs to be encrypted.
Discussion:
IP payload compression is a protocol to reduce the size of IP
datagrams. This protocol will increase the overall communication
performance between a pair of communicating hosts/gateways
("nodes") by compressing the datagrams, provided the nodes have
sufficient computation power, through either CPU capacity or a
compression coprocessor, and the communication is over slow or
congested links.
Bustos, et al. Expires May 1, 2004 [Page 28]
Internet-Draft Terminology for Benchmarking IPSec Devices November 2003
IP payload compression is especially useful when encryption is
applied to IP datagrams. Encrypting the IP datagram causes the
data to be random in nature, rendering compression at lower
protocol layers (e.g., PPP Compression Control Protocol [RFC1962])
ineffective. If both compression and encryption are required,
compression must be applied before encryption.
Issues:
N/A
7.15 Security Context
Definition:
A security context is a collection of security parameters that
describe the characteristics of the path that a tunnel will take,
all of the tunnel parameters and the effects it has on the
underlying protected traffic. Security Context encompasses
protocol suite and security policy(ies).
Discussion:
In order to fairly compare multiple IPsec devices it is imperative
that an accurate overview is given of all security parameters that
were used to establish tunnels and to secure the traffic between
protected networks. Security Context is not a metric; it is
included to accurately reflect the test environment variables when
reporting the methodology results. To avoid listing too much
information when reporting metrics, we have divided the security
context into an IKE context and an IPsec context.
When merely discussing the behavior of traffic flows through IPsec
devices, an IPsec context MUST be provided. In other cases the
scope of a discussion or report may focus on a more broad set of
behavioral characteristics of the IPsec device, the both and IPsec
and an IKE context MUST be provided.
The IPsec context MUST consist of the following elements:
* Number of IPsec tunnels
* IPsec tunnels per IKE tunnel (IKE/IPsec tunnel ratio)
* IPsec protocol
* IPsec mode (tunnel or transport)
Bustos, et al. Expires May 1, 2004 [Page 29]
Internet-Draft Terminology for Benchmarking IPSec Devices November 2003
* Authentication protocol used by IPsec
* Encryption protocol used by IPsec (if applicable)
* IPsec SA lifetime (traffic and time based)
The IPsec Context MAY also list:
* Selectors
* Fragmentation handling
The IKE Context MUST consist of the following elements:
* Number of IKE tunnels.
* Authentication protocol used by IKE
* Encryption protocol used by IKE
* Key exchange mechanism (pre-shared key, certificate authority,
etc ...)
* Key size (if applicable)
* Diffie-Hellman group
* IKE SA lifetime (time based)
* Keepalive, heartbeat or DPD values [DPD]
* IP Compression [RFC2393]
* PFS Diffie-Hellman group
The IKE context MAY also list:
* Phase 1 mode (main or aggressive)
* Available bandwidth and latency to Certificate Authority server
(if applicable)
Issues:
A Security Context will be an important element in describing the
environment where protected traffic is traveling through.
Bustos, et al. Expires May 1, 2004 [Page 30]
Internet-Draft Terminology for Benchmarking IPSec Devices November 2003
See Also:
IPsec Protocols, Transform Protocols, IKE Phase 1, IKE phase 2,
Selectors, IPsec Tunnel
8. Performance Metrics
8.1 Tunnels Per Second (TPS)
Definition:
Tunnels Per Second; the measurement unit for the Tunnel Setup Rate
tests. The rate that tunnels are established per second.
Discussion:
According to rfc 2401 two tunnels cannot be established between
the same gateways with the same selectors. This is to prevent
overlapping tunnels. If overlapping tunnels are attempted, the
error will take longer than if the tunnel setup was successful.
For this reason, a unique pair of selector sets are required for
TPS testing.
Issues:
A unique pair of selector sets are required for TPS testing.
See Also:
Tunnel Setup Rate Behavior; Tunnel Setup Rate, IKE Setup Rate,
IPsec Setup Rate
8.2 Tunnel Rekeys Per Seconds (TRPS)
Definition:
A metric that quantifies the number of tunnel rekey's per seconds
a DUT can correctly process.
Discussion:
This metric will be will be primary used with Tunnel Rekey
behavior tests.
Bustos, et al. Expires May 1, 2004 [Page 31]
Internet-Draft Terminology for Benchmarking IPSec Devices November 2003
TRPS will provide a metric used to see system behavior under
stressful conditions where large volumes of tunnels are being
rekeyed at the same time or in a short timespan.
Issues:
N/A
See Also:
Tunnel Rekey; Phase 1 Rekey Rate, Phase 2 Rekey Rate
8.3 Tunnel Attempts Per Second (TAPS)
Definition:
A metric that quantifies the number of valid or invalid tunnel
(both Phase 1 or Phase 2) establishment requests per second.
Discussion:
This metric can be used to measure IKE DOS Resilience behavior
test.
TAPS provides an important metric to validate the stability of a
platform, if stressed with valid (large number of IPsec tunnel
establishments per seconds or TPS) or invalid (IKE DOS attacks of
any style) tunnel establishment requests.
Issues:
If the TAPS increases, the TPS usually decreases, due to burdening
of the DUT with the DOS attack traffic.
9. Test Definitions
9.1 Framesizes
9.1.1 Layer3 clear framesize
Definition:
The total size of the unencrypted L3 PDU.
Bustos, et al. Expires May 1, 2004 [Page 32]
Internet-Draft Terminology for Benchmarking IPSec Devices November 2003
Discussion:
In relation to IPsec this is the size of the IP header and itÂ’s
payload. It SHALL NOT include any encapsulations that MAY be
applied before the PDU is processed for encryption.
For example: 46 bytes PDU = 20 bytes IP header + 26 bytes payload.
Measurement Units:
Bytes
Issues:
N/A
See Also:
Layer3 Encrypted Framesize, Layer2 Clear Framesize, Layer2
Encrypted Framesize.
9.1.2 Layer3 encrypted framesize
Definition:
The total size of the encrypted L3 PDU.
Discussion:
The size of the IP packet and itÂ’s payload after encapsulations
MAY be applied and the PDU is being processed by the transform.
For example, after a tunnel mode ESP 3DES/SHA1 transform has been
applied an unencrypted or clear layer3 framesize of 46 bytes
Becomes 96 bytes:
20 bytes outer IP header (tunnel mode)
4 bytes SPI (ESP header)
4 bytes Sequence (ESP Header)
8 bytes IV (IOS ESP-3DES)
46 bytes payload
0 bytes pad (ESP-3DES 64 bit)
1 byte Pad length (ESP Trailer)
1 byte Next Header (ESP Trailer)
12 bytes ESP-HMAC SHA1 96 digest
Bustos, et al. Expires May 1, 2004 [Page 33]
Internet-Draft Terminology for Benchmarking IPSec Devices November 2003
Measurement Units:
Bytes
Issues:
N/A
See Also:
Layer3 Clear Framesize, Layer2 Clear Framesize, Layer2 Encrypted
Framesize.
9.1.3 Layer2 clear framesize
Definition:
The total size of the unencrypted L2 PDU.
Discussion:
This is the Layer 3 clear framesize plus all the layer2 overhead.
In the case of Ethernet this would be 18 bytes.
For example, a 46 byte Layer3 clear framesize packet would become
64 Bytes after Ethernet Layer2 overhead is added:
6 bytes destination mac address
6 bytes source mac address
2 bytes length/type field
46 bytes layer3 (IP) payload
4 bytes FCS
Measurement Units:
Bytes
Issues:
If it is not mentioned explicitly what kind of framesize is used,
the layer2 clear framesize will be the default.
See Also:
Layer3 clear framesize, Layer2 encrypted framesize, Layer2
encrypted framesize.
Bustos, et al. Expires May 1, 2004 [Page 34]
Internet-Draft Terminology for Benchmarking IPSec Devices November 2003
9.1.4 Layer2 encrypted framesize
Definition:
The total size of the encrypted L2 PDU.
Discussion:
This is the Layer 3 encrypted framesize plus all the layer2
overhead. In the case of Ethernet this would be 18 bytes.
For example, a 96 byte Layer3 encrypted framesize packet would
become 114 bytes after Ethernet Layer2 overhead is added:
6 bytes destination mac address
6 bytes source mac address
2 bytes length/type field
96 bytes layer3 (IPsec) payload
4 bytes FCS
Measurement Units:
Bytes
Issues:
N/A
See Also:
Layer3 Clear Framesize, Layer3 Encrypted Framesize, Layer2 Clear
Framesize
9.2 Internet Mix Traffic (IMIX)
Definition:
A traffic pattern consisting of a preset mixture of framesizes
used to emulate real-world traffic scenarios in a testing
environment.
Discussion:
IMIX traffic patterns can be used to measure different forwarding
behaviors of the IPsec device with pseudo live traffic.
Bustos, et al. Expires May 1, 2004 [Page 35]
Internet-Draft Terminology for Benchmarking IPSec Devices November 2003
Several facilities have collected and reported traffic
distribution by monitoring live Internet links. The study
concluded that in a simulation environment, a small mix of packets
in a preset ratio can resemble to a certain degree the live
traffic that was monitored during the study. One of the mixes is
called (simple) and consists of 7 parts 64 byte packets, 4 parts
570 byte packets and 1 1518 byte packet.
Issues:
The ratio of frame sizes sent and traffic distribution to be
determined by the test methodology.
9.3 Throughput
9.3.1 IPsec Tunnel Throughput
Definition:
The forwarding rate through an IKE/IPsec tunnel at which none of
the offered frames are dropped by the device under test.
Discussion:
The IPsec Tunnel Throughput is almost identically defined as
Throughput in [RFC1242], section 3.17. The only difference is that
the throughput is measured with a traffic flow getting encrypted
and decrypted by an IPsec device. The Tunnel Throughput is an
end-to-end measurement and is intended to characterize end-user
forwarding behavior.
The metric can be represented in two variants depending on where
measurement is taken in the SUT. One can look at throughput from a
cleartext point of view i.e. find the forwarding rate where
clearpackets no longer get dropped. This forwarding rate can be
recalculated with an encrypted framesize to represent the
encryption forwarding rate. The latter is the preferred method of
representation.
Measurement Units:
Packets per seconds (pps), Mbps
Issues:
Bustos, et al. Expires May 1, 2004 [Page 36]
Internet-Draft Terminology for Benchmarking IPSec Devices November 2003
N/A
See Also:
IPsec Encryption Throughput, IPsec Decryption Throughput
9.3.2 IPsec Encryption Throughput
Definition:
The maximum encryption rate through an IPsec tunnel at which none
of the offered cleartext frames are dropped by the device under
test.
Discussion:
Since encryption throughput is not necessarily equal to the
decryption throughput, both of the forwarding rates must be
measured independently. The independent forwarding rates have to
measured with the help of an IPsec aware test device that can
originate and terminate IPsec and IKE tunnels. As defined in
[RFC1242], measurements should be taken with an assortment of
frame sizes.
Measurement Units:
Packets per seconds (pps), Mbps
Issues:
N/A
See Also:
IPsec Tunnel Throughput, IPsec Decryption Throughput
9.3.3 IPsec Decryption Throughput
Definition:
The maximum decryption rate through an IPsec tunnel at which none
of the offered encrypted frames are dropped by the device under
test.
Bustos, et al. Expires May 1, 2004 [Page 37]
Internet-Draft Terminology for Benchmarking IPSec Devices November 2003
Discussion:
Since encryption throughput is not necessarily equal to the
decryption throughput, both of the forwarding rates must be
measured independently.
The independent forwarding rates have to be measured with the help
of an IPsec aware test device that can originate and terminate
IPsec and IKE tunnels. As defined in [RFC1242], measurements
should be taken with an assortment of frame sizes.
Measurement Units:
Packets per seconds (pps), Mbps
Issues:
Recommended test frame sizes will be addressed in future
methodology document.
See Also:
IPsec Tunnel Throughput, IPsec Encryption Throughput
9.4 Latency
9.4.1 Tunnel Latency
Definition:
Tunnel Latency is the delay introduced when sending traffic
through an established IPsec tunnel between two interconnected
IPsec devices.
Discussion:
The Tunnel Latency is the time interval starting when the end of
the first bit of the cleartext frame reaches the input interface
of the encrypting router, and ending when the start of the first
bit of the cleartext frame is seen on the output interface of the
decrypting router.
Measurement Units:
Time units with enough precision to reflect latency measurement.
Bustos, et al. Expires May 1, 2004 [Page 38]
Internet-Draft Terminology for Benchmarking IPSec Devices November 2003
Issues:
N/A
See Also:
IPsec Tunnel Encryption Latency, IPsec Tunnel Decryption Latency
9.4.2 IPsec Tunnel Encryption Latency
Definition:
The IPsec Tunnel Encryption Latency is the time interval starting
when the end of the first bit of the cleartext frame reaches the
input interface, through an IPsec tunnel, and ending when the
start of the first bit of the encrypted output frame is seen on
the output interface.
Discussion:
IPsec Tunnel Encryption latency is the latency introduced when
encrypting traffic through an IPsec tunnel.
Like encryption/decryption throughput, it is not always the case
that encryption latency equals the decryption latency. Therefore a
distinction between the two has to be made in order to get a more
accurate view of where the latency is the most pronounced.
The independent encryption/decryption latencies have to be
measured with the help of an IPsec aware test device that can
originate and terminate IPsec and IKE tunnels. As defined in
[RFC1242], measurements should be taken with an assortment of
frame sizes.
Measurement Units:
Time units with enough precision to reflect latency measurement.
Issues:
N/A
See Also:
IPsec Tunnel Decryption Latency
Bustos, et al. Expires May 1, 2004 [Page 39]
Internet-Draft Terminology for Benchmarking IPSec Devices November 2003
9.4.3 IPsec Tunnel Decryption Latency
Definition:
The IPsec Tunnel decryption Latency is the time interval starting
when the end of the first bit of the encrypted frame reaches the
input interface, through an IPsec tunnel, and ending when the
start of the first bit of the decrypted output frame is seen on
the output interface.
Discussion:
IPsec Tunnel decryption latency is the latency introduced when
decrypting traffic through an IPsec tunnel. Like encryption/
decryption throughput, it is not always the case that encryption
latency equals the decryption latency. Therefore a distinction
between the two has to be made in order to get a more accurate
view of where the latency is the most pronounced.
The independent encryption/decryption latencies have to be
measured with the help of an IPsec aware test device that can
originate and terminate IPsec and IKE tunnels. As defined in
[RFC1242], measurements should be taken with an assortment of
frame sizes.
Measurement Units:
Time units with enough precision to reflect latency measurement.
Issues:
N/A
See Also:
IPsec Tunnel Encryption Latency
9.4.4 Time To First Packet
Definition:
The Time To First Packet (TTFP) is the time required process an
cleartext packet when no tunnel is present.
Discussion:
Bustos, et al. Expires May 1, 2004 [Page 40]
Internet-Draft Terminology for Benchmarking IPSec Devices November 2003
The TTFP addresses the issue of responsiveness of an IPsec device
by looking how long it take to transmit a packet over a not yet
established tunnel path. The TTFP MUST include the time to set up
the tunnel, triggered by the traffic flow (both phase 1 and phase
2 setup times are included) and the time it takes to encrypt and
decrypt the packet on a corresponding peer.
It must be noted that it is highly unlikely that the first packet
of the traffic flow will be the packet that will be used to
measure the TTFP. There MAY be several protocol layers in the
stack before the tunnel is formed and the traffic is forwarded,
hence several packets COULD be lost during negotiation, for
example, ARP and/or IKE.
Measurement Units:
Time units with enough precision to reflect a TTFP measurement.
Issues:
N/A
9.5 Frame Loss Rate
9.5.1 Tunnel Frame Loss Rate
Definition:
Percentage of cleartext frames that should have been forwarded
through an IPsec tunnel under steady state (constant) load but
were dropped.
Discussion:
DUT's will always have an inherent forwarding limitation. This
will be more pronounced when IPsec is employed on the DUT. The
instant that a Tunnel is established and offered traffic that will
flow through that tunnel at a constant rate, the possibility
exists that either the offerred traffic rate at the tunnel is too
high to be transported. This traffic may not be successful through
the IPsec tunnel and not all cleartext packets will traverse an
established tunnel between two interconnected IPsec devices. In
that case, some percentage of the traffic will be dropped. This
drop percentage is called the Tunnel Frame Loss Rate.
Bustos, et al. Expires May 1, 2004 [Page 41]
Internet-Draft Terminology for Benchmarking IPSec Devices November 2003
Measurement Units:
Percent (%)
Issues:
N/A
See Also:
IPsec Tunnel Encryption Frame Loss Rate, IPsec Tunnel Decryption
Frame Loss Rate
9.5.2 IPsec Tunnel Encryption Frame Loss Rate
Definition:
Percentage of cleartext frames that should have been encrypted
through an IPsec tunnel under steady state (constant) load but
were dropped.
Discussion:
DUT's will always have an inherent forwarding limitation. This
will be more pronounced when IPsec is employed on the DUT. The
moment that a Tunnel is established and traffic is offered at a
given rate that will flow through that tunnel, there is a
possibility that the offered traffic rate at the tunnel is too
high to be transported through the IPsec tunnel and not all
cleartext packets will get encrypted. In that case, some
percentage of the cleartext traffic will be dropped. This drop
percentage is called the IPsec Tunnel Encryption Frame Loss Rate.
Measurement Units:
Percent (%)
Issues:
N/A
See Also:
IPsec Tunnel Decryption Frame Loss Rate
Bustos, et al. Expires May 1, 2004 [Page 42]
Internet-Draft Terminology for Benchmarking IPSec Devices November 2003
9.5.3 IPsec Tunnel Decryption Frame Loss Rate
Definition:
Percentage of encrypted frames that should have been decrypted
through an IPsec tunnel under steady state (constant) load but
were dropped.
Discussion:
A DUT will also have an inherent forwarding limitation when
decrypting packets. When established tunnel encrypted traffic is
offered at a costant load, there might be a possibility that the
IPsec Device that needs to decrypt the traffic will not be able to
perfom this action on all of the packets due to limitations of the
decryption performance. The percentage of encrypted frames that
would get dropped under these conditions is called the IPsec
Tunnel Decryption Frame Loss Rate.
Measurement Units:
Percent (%)
Issues:
N/A
See Also:
IPsec Tunnel Encryption Frame Loss Rate
9.6 Back-to-back Frames
9.6.1 Tunnel Back-to-back Frames
Definition:
A burst of cleartext frames, offered at a constant load that can
be sent through an IPsec tunnel without losing a single frame.
Discussion:
Tunnel back-to-back frames is the measure of the maximum burst
size of cleartext frames that can be sent through an established
tunnel between two interconnected IPsec devices.
Bustos, et al. Expires May 1, 2004 [Page 43]
Internet-Draft Terminology for Benchmarking IPSec Devices November 2003
Measurement Units:
Number of N-octet frames in burst.
Issues:
Recommended test frame sizes will be addressed in future
methodology document.
See Also:
Encryption Back-to-back frames, Decryption Back-to-back frames
9.6.2 Encryption Back-to-back Frames
Definition:
A burst of cleartext frames, offered at a constant load that can
be sent through an IPsec tunnel without losing a single encrypted
frame.
Discussion:
Encryption back-to-back frames is the measure of the maximum burst
size that a device can handle for encrypting traffic that it
receives as plaintext. Since it is not necessarily the case that
the maximum burst size a DUT can handle for encryption is equal to
the maximum burst size a DUT can handle for decryption, both of
these capabilities must be measured independently. The encryption
back-to-back frame measurement has to be measured with the help of
an IPsec aware test device that can decrypt the traffic to
determine the validity of the encrypted frames.
Measurement Units:
Number of N-octet frames in burst.
Issues:
Recommended test frame sizes will be addressed in future
methodology document.
See Also:
Decryption Back-to-back frames
Bustos, et al. Expires May 1, 2004 [Page 44]
Internet-Draft Terminology for Benchmarking IPSec Devices November 2003
9.6.3 Decryption Back-to-back Frames
Definition:
The number of encrypted frames, offered at a constant load, that
can be sent through an IPsec tunnel without losing a single
cleartext frame.
Discussion:
Decryption back-to-back frames is the measure of the maximum burst
size that a device can handle for decrypting traffic that it
receives as encrypted traffic. Since it is not necessarily the
case that the maximum burst size a DUT can handle for decryption
is equal to the maximum burst size a DUT can handle for
encryption, both of these capabilities must be measured
independently. The decryption back-to-back frame measurement has
to be measured with the help of an IPsec aware test device that
can determine the validity of the decrypted frames.
Measurement Units:
Number of N-octet frames in burst.
Issues:
Recommended test frame sizes will be addressed in future
methodology document.
See Also:
Encryption back-to-back frames
9.7 Maximum Number of Tunnels
9.7.1 Maximum Configured Tunnels (MCT)
Definition:
Maximum number of tunnels that can be configured on an IPsec
device.
Discussion:
Every implementation will have a limitation on the number of
tunnels that can be configured. Most implementation will allow an
operator to configure more tunnels then actually can be
Bustos, et al. Expires May 1, 2004 [Page 45]
Internet-Draft Terminology for Benchmarking IPSec Devices November 2003
established.
Measurement Units:
Tunnels
See Also:
Configured Tunnel
9.7.2 Maximum Active Tunnels (MAT)
Definition:
Maximum number of active tunnels that can be maintained on an
IPsec device.
Discussion:
Although a number of tunnels may be configured on the IPsec
device, this will not automatically mean that all of these tunnels
can be established and can pass traffic. Each of the tunnels that
need to pass traffic have to be active tunnels.
Measurement Units:
Tunnels
See Also:
Active Tunnel
9.8 Tunnel Setup Rate Behavior
9.8.1 Tunnel Setup Rate
Definition:
The maximum number of tunnels (1 IKE SA + 2 IPsec SAs) per second
that an IPsec device can successfully establish.
Discussion:
The tunnel setup rate SHOULD be measured at varying number of
tunnels on the DUT. Several factors may influence Tunnel Setup
Rate, such as: TAPS rate, Background Load on crypto link (clear
Bustos, et al. Expires May 1, 2004 [Page 46]
Internet-Draft Terminology for Benchmarking IPSec Devices November 2003
traffic), Already established tunnels, Authentication method:
pre-shared keys, RSA-encryption, RSA-signature, DSS Key sizes used
(when using RSA/DSS)
Measurement Units:
Tunnels Per Second (TPS)
Issues:
N/A
See Also:
IKE Setup Rate, IPsec Setup Rate
9.8.2 IKE Setup Rate
Definition:
The maximum number of IKE tunnels per second that an IPsec device
can be observed to successfully establish.
Discussion:
The tunnel setup rate SHOULD be measured at varying number of
tunnels on the DUT.
Measurement Units:
Tunnels Per Second (TPS)
Issues:
N/A
See Also:
Tunnel Setup Rate, IPsec Setup Rate
9.8.3 IPsec Setup Rate
Definition:
Bustos, et al. Expires May 1, 2004 [Page 47]
Internet-Draft Terminology for Benchmarking IPSec Devices November 2003
The maximum number of IPsec tunnels per second that a IPsec device
can be observed to successfully establish.
Discussion:
The tunnel setup rate SHOULD be measured at varying number of
tunnels on the DUT.
Measurement Units:
Tunnels Per Second (TPS)
Issues:
N/A
See Also:
Tunnel Rekey
9.9 Tunnel Rekey
9.9.1 Phase 1 Rekey Rate
Definition:
The interval necessary for a particular Phase 1 to re-establish
after the previous Phase 1 lifetime (hard or soft) has expired.
Discussion:
Although many implementations will usually derive new keying
material before the old keys expire, there may still be a period
of time where frames get dropped before the phase 1 and subsequent
phase 2 tunnels are successfully (re)established. To measure the
phase 1 rekey rate, the measurement will require an IPsec aware
test device to act as a responder when negotiating the new phase 1
key.
Measurement Units:
Time units with enough precision to reflect rekey rate
measurement.
Issues:
Bustos, et al. Expires May 1, 2004 [Page 48]
Internet-Draft Terminology for Benchmarking IPSec Devices November 2003
N/A
See Also:
Phase 2 Rekey Rate
9.9.2 Phase 2 Rekey Rate
Definition:
The interval necessary for a particular Phase 2 to re-establish
after the previous Phase 2 lifetime (hard or soft) has expired.
Discussion:
The test methodology report must specify if PFS is enabled in
reported security context.
Measurement Units:
Time units with enough precision to reflect rekey rate
measurement.
Issues:
N/A
See Also:
Phase 1 Rekey Rate
9.10 Tunnel Failover Time (TFT)
Definition:
Time required to recover all tunnels on a stanby IPsec device,
after a catastrophic failure occurs on the active IPsec device.
Discussion:
Recovery time required to re-establish all tunnels and reroute all
traffic on a standby node or other failsafe system after a failure
has occurred. Failure can include but are not limited to a
catastrophic IPsec Device failure, a encryption engine failure,
link outage. The recovery time is delta between the point of
failure and the time the first packet is seen on the last restored
Bustos, et al. Expires May 1, 2004 [Page 49]
Internet-Draft Terminology for Benchmarking IPSec Devices November 2003
tunnel on the backup device.
Measurement Units:
Time units with enough precision to reflect Tunnel Failover Time.
Issues:
N/A
10. IKE DOS Resilience Rate
Definition:
The IKE Denial Of Service (DOS) Resilience Rate provides a rate of
invalid or mismatching IKE tunnels setup attempts at which it is
no longer possible to set up a valid IKE tunnel.
Discussion:
The IKE DOS Resilience Rate will provide a metric to how robust
and hardened an IPsec device is against malicious attempts to set
up a tunnel.
IKE DOS attacks can pose themselves in various forms and do not
necessarily have to have a malicious background. It is sufficient
to make a typographical error in a shared secret in an IPsec
aggregation device to be susceptible to a large number of IKE
attempts that need to be turned down. Due to the intense
computational nature of an IKE exchange every single IKE tunnel
attempt that has to be denied will take a non-negligible time an a
CPU in the IPsec device.
Depending on how many of these messages have to be processed, a
system might end up in a state that it is only doing key exchanges
and burdening the CPU for any other processes that might be
running in the IPsec device. At this point it will be no longer
possible to process a valid IKE tunnel setup request and thus IKE
DOS is in effect.
Measurement Units:
Tunnel Attempts Per Seconds (TAPS)
Issues:
Bustos, et al. Expires May 1, 2004 [Page 50]
Internet-Draft Terminology for Benchmarking IPSec Devices November 2003
N/A
11. Security Considerations
As this document is solely for the purpose of providing test
benchmarking terminology and describes neither a protocol nor a
protocol's implementation; there are no security considerations
associated with this document.
12. Acknowledgements
The authors would like to acknowledge the following individual for
their help and participation of the compilation and editing of this
document: Debby Stopp, Ixia.
13. Contributors
The authors would like to acknowledge the following individual for
their significant help, guidance, and contributions to this document:
Paul Hoffman, VPNC, Sunil Kalidindi, Ixia, Brian Talbert, MCI.
Normative References
[RFC1242] Bradner, S., "Benchmarking terminology for network
interconnection devices", RFC 1242, July 1991.
[RFC2119] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, March 1997.
[RFC2285] Mandeville, R., "Benchmarking Terminology for LAN
Switching Devices", RFC 2285, February 1998.
[RFC2393] Shacham, A., Monsour, R., Pereira, R. and M. Thomas, "IP
Payload Compression Protocol (IPComp)", RFC 2393, December
1998.
[RFC2401] Kent, S. and R. Atkinson, "Security Architecture for the
Internet Protocol", RFC 2401, November 1998.
[RFC2402] Kent, S. and R. Atkinson, "IP Authentication Header", RFC
2402, November 1998.
[RFC2403] Madson, C. and R. Glenn, "The Use of HMAC-MD5-96 within
ESP and AH", RFC 2403, November 1998.
[RFC2404] Madson, C. and R. Glenn, "The Use of HMAC-SHA-1-96 within
ESP and AH", RFC 2404, November 1998.
Bustos, et al. Expires May 1, 2004 [Page 51]
Internet-Draft Terminology for Benchmarking IPSec Devices November 2003
[RFC2405] Madson, C. and N. Doraswamy, "The ESP DES-CBC Cipher
Algorithm With Explicit IV", RFC 2405, November 1998.
[RFC2406] Kent, S. and R. Atkinson, "IP Encapsulating Security
Payload (ESP)", RFC 2406, November 1998.
[RFC2407] Piper, D., "The Internet IP Security Domain of
Interpretation for ISAKMP", RFC 2407, November 1998.
[RFC2408] Maughan, D., Schneider, M. and M. Schertler, "Internet
Security Association and Key Management Protocol
(ISAKMP)", RFC 2408, November 1998.
[RFC2409] Harkins, D. and D. Carrel, "The Internet Key Exchange
(IKE)", RFC 2409, November 1998.
[RFC2410] Glenn, R. and S. Kent, "The NULL Encryption Algorithm and
Its Use With IPsec", RFC 2410, November 1998.
[RFC2411] Thayer, R., Doraswamy, N. and R. Glenn, "IP Security
Document Roadmap", RFC 2411, November 1998.
[RFC2412] Orman, H., "The OAKLEY Key Determination Protocol", RFC
2412, November 1998.
[RFC2451] Pereira, R. and R. Adams, "The ESP CBC-Mode Cipher
Algorithms", RFC 2451, November 1998.
[RFC2544] Bradner, S. and J. McQuaid, "Benchmarking Methodology for
Network Interconnect Devices", RFC 2544, March 1999.
[RFC2547] Rosen, E. and Y. Rekhter, "BGP/MPLS VPNs", RFC 2547, March
1999.
[I-D.ietf-ipsec-ikev2]
Kaufman, C., "Internet Key Exchange (IKEv2) Protocol",
draft-ietf-ipsec-ikev2-11 (work in progress), October
2003.
[I-D.ietf-ipsec-nat-t-ike]
Kivinen, T., "Negotiation of NAT-Traversal in the IKE",
draft-ietf-ipsec-nat-t-ike-07 (work in progress),
September 2003.
[I-D.ietf-ipsec-udp-encaps]
Huttunen, A., "UDP Encapsulation of IPsec Packets",
draft-ietf-ipsec-udp-encaps-06 (work in progress), January
2003.
Bustos, et al. Expires May 1, 2004 [Page 52]
Internet-Draft Terminology for Benchmarking IPSec Devices November 2003
[I-D.ietf-ipsec-nat-reqts]
Aboba, B. and W. Dixon, "IPsec-NAT Compatibility
Requirements", draft-ietf-ipsec-nat-reqts-06 (work in
progress), October 2003.
[I-D.ietf-ipsec-properties]
Krywaniuk, A., "Security Properties of the IPsec Protocol
Suite", draft-ietf-ipsec-properties-02 (work in progress),
July 2002.
[FIPS.186-1.1998]
National Institute of Standards and Technology, "Digital
Signature Standard", FIPS PUB 186-1, December 1998,
<http://csrc.nist.gov/fips/fips1861.pdf>.
Informative References
[Designing Network Security]
Kaeo, M., "Designing Network Security", ISBN: 1578700434,
Published: May 07, 1999; Copyright: 1999, 1999.
[SKEME] Krawczyk, H., "SKEME: A Versatile Secure Key Exchange
Mechanism for Internet", from IEEE Proceedings of the
1996 Symposium on Network and Distributed Systems
Security, URI http://www.research.ibm.com/security/
skeme.ps, 1996.
[DPD] "DPD draft-ietf-ipsec-dpd-02", , URI http://www.ietf.org/
internet-drafts/draft-ietf-ipsec-dpd-02.txt.
Authors' Addresses
Michele Bustos
IXIA
26601 W. Agoura Rd.
Calabasas, CA 91302
US
Phone: +1 (818)444-3244
EMail: mbustos@ixiacom.com
Bustos, et al. Expires May 1, 2004 [Page 53]
Internet-Draft Terminology for Benchmarking IPSec Devices November 2003
Tim Van Herck
Cisco Systems, Inc.
170 West Tasman Drive
San Jose, CA 95134-1706
US
Phone: +1 (408)527-2461
EMail: herckt@cisco.com
Merike Kaeo
Merike, Inc.
123 Ross Street
Santa Cruz, CA 95060
US
Phone: +1 (831)818-4864
EMail: kaeo@merike.com
Bustos, et al. Expires May 1, 2004 [Page 54]
Internet-Draft Terminology for Benchmarking IPSec Devices November 2003
Intellectual Property Statement
The IETF takes no position regarding the validity or scope of any
intellectual property or other rights that might be claimed to
pertain to the implementation or use of the technology described in
this document or the extent to which any license under such rights
might or might not be available; neither does it represent that it
has made any effort to identify any such rights. Information on the
IETF's procedures with respect to rights in standards-track and
standards-related documentation can be found in BCP-11. Copies of
claims of rights made available for publication and any assurances of
licenses to be made available, or the result of an attempt made to
obtain a general license or permission for the use of such
proprietary rights by implementors or users of this specification can
be obtained from the IETF Secretariat.
The IETF invites any interested party to bring to its attention any
copyrights, patents or patent applications, or other proprietary
rights which may cover technology that may be required to practice
this standard. Please address the information to the IETF Executive
Director.
Full Copyright Statement
Copyright (C) The Internet Society (2003). All Rights Reserved.
This document and translations of it may be copied and furnished to
others, and derivative works that comment on or otherwise explain it
or assist in its implementation may be prepared, copied, published
and distributed, in whole or in part, without restriction of any
kind, provided that the above copyright notice and this paragraph are
included on all such copies and derivative works. However, this
document itself may not be modified in any way, such as by removing
the copyright notice or references to the Internet Society or other
Internet organizations, except as needed for the purpose of
developing Internet standards in which case the procedures for
copyrights defined in the Internet Standards process must be
followed, or as required to translate it into languages other than
English.
The limited permissions granted above are perpetual and will not be
revoked by the Internet Society or its successors or assignees.
This document and the information contained herein is provided on an
"AS IS" basis and THE INTERNET SOCIETY AND THE INTERNET ENGINEERING
TASK FORCE DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING
BUT NOT LIMITED TO ANY WARRANTY THAT THE USE OF THE INFORMATION
Bustos, et al. Expires May 1, 2004 [Page 55]
Internet-Draft Terminology for Benchmarking IPSec Devices November 2003
HEREIN WILL NOT INFRINGE ANY RIGHTS OR ANY IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF
MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.
Acknowledgment
Funding for the RFC Editor function is currently provided by the
Internet Society.
Bustos, et al. Expires May 1, 2004 [Page 56]
