Networking Working Group                                JP. Vasseur, Ed.
Internet-Draft                                        Cisco Systems, Inc
Proposed Status: Informational                                Y. Ikejiri
Expires: August 12, 2006                  NTT Communications Corporation
                                                                R. Zhang
                                                              BT Infonet
                                                        February 8, 2006


     Reoptimization of Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS) Traffic
        Engineering (TE) loosely routed Label Switch Path (LSP)

                draft-ietf-ccamp-loose-path-reopt-02.txt

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Copyright Notice

   Copyright (C) The Internet Society (2006).

Abstract

   This document defines a mechanism for the reoptimization of loosely
   routed MPLS and GMPLS (Generalized Multiprotocol Label Switching)
   Traffic Engineering (TE) LSPs signaled with RSVP-TE.  This document
   proposes a mechanism that allows a TE LSP head-end LSR to trigger a



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   new path re-evaluation on every hop having a next hop defined as a
   loose or abstract hop and a mid-point LSR to signal to the head-end
   LSR that a better path exists (compared to the current path in use)
   or that the TE LSP must be reoptimized because of some maintenance
   required on the TE LSP path.  The proposed mechanism applies to the
   cases of intra and inter-domain (IGP area or Autonomous System)
   packet and non-packet TE LSPs following a loosely routed path.

Requirements Language

   The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
   "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this
   document are to be interpreted as described in RFC 2119 [RFC2119].


Table of Contents

   1.  Terminology  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  3
   2.  Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  3
   3.  Establishment of a loosely routed TE LSP . . . . . . . . . . .  4
   4.  Reoptimization of a loosely routed TE LSP path . . . . . . . .  6
   5.  Signalling extensions  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  6
     5.1.  Path re-evaluation request . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  7
     5.2.  New error value sub-codes  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  7
   6.  Mode of operation  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  7
     6.1.  Head-end reoptimization control  . . . . . . . . . . . . .  7
     6.2.  Reoptimization triggers  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  8
     6.3.  Head-end request versus mid-point explicit
           notification functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  8
       6.3.1.  Head-end request function  . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  8
       6.3.2.  Mid-point explicit notification  . . . . . . . . . . .  9
       6.3.3.  ERO caching  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
   7.  Applicability and Interoperability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
   8.  IANA Considerations  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
   9.  Security Considerations  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
   10. Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
   11. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
     11.1. Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
     11.2. Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
   Authors' Addresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
   Intellectual Property and Copyright Statements . . . . . . . . . . 14










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1.  Terminology

   Terminology used in this document

   ABR: Area Border Router.

   ERO: Explicit Route Object.

   LSR: Label Switch Router.

   TE LSP: Traffic Engineering Label Switched Path.

   TE LSP head-end: head/source of the TE LSP.

   TE LSP tail-end: tail/destination of the TE LSP.

   IGP Area: OSPF Area or IS-IS level.

   Intra-area TE LSP: TE LSP whose path does not transit across areas.

   Inter-area TE LSP: A TE LSP whose path transits across at least two
   different IGP areas.

   Inter-AS MPLS TE LSP: A TE LSP whose path transits across at least
   two different ASs or sub-ASs (BGP confederations).


2.  Introduction

   This document defines a mechanism for the reoptimization of loosely
   routed MPLS and GMPLS (Generalized Multiprotocol Label Switching)
   Traffic Engineering LSPs signaled with RSVP-TE (see [RFC3209] and
   [RFC3473]).  A loosely routed LSP is defined as one that does not
   contain a full explicit route identifying each LSR along the path of
   the LSP at the time it is signaled by the ingress LSR.  Such an LSP
   is signaled with no ERO, with an ERO that contains at least one loose
   hop, or with an ERO that contains an abstract node that is not a
   simple abstract node (that is, an abstract node that identifies more
   than one LSR).

   The Traffic Engineering Working Group (TE WG) has specified a set of
   requirements for inter-area and inter-AS MPLS Traffic Engineering
   (see [RFC4105] and [RFC4216]).  Both requirements documents specify
   the need for some mechanism providing an option for the head-end to
   control the reoptimization process should a more optimal path exist
   in a downstream domain (IGP area or Autonomous System).  This
   document defines a solution to meet this requirement and proposes two
   mechanisms:



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   (1) The first mechanism allows a head-end LSR to trigger a new path
   re-evaluation on every hop having a next hop defined as a loose hop
   or abstract node and get a notification from the mid-point on whether
   a better path exists.

   (2) The second mechanism allows a mid-point LSR to explicitly signal
   to the head-end LSR that either a better path exists to reach a
   loose/abstract hop (compared to the current path in use) or that the
   TE LSP must be reoptimized because of some maintenance required along
   the TE LSP path.  In this case, the notification is sent by the mid-
   point LSR without being polled by the head-end LSR.

   A better path is defined as a lower cost path, where the cost is
   determined by the metric used to compute the path.


3.  Establishment of a loosely routed TE LSP

   The aim of this section is purely to remind the mechanisms involved
   in the establishment of a loosely routed TE LSP (in line with
   [RFC3209]) and does not introduce any new protocol extensions or
   mechanisms.

   In the context of this document, a loosely routed LSP is defined as
   one that does not contain a full explicit route identifying each LSR
   along the path of the LSP at the time it is signaled by the ingress
   LSR.  Such an LSP is signaled with no ERO, with an ERO that contains
   at least one loose hop, or with an ERO that contains an abstract node
   that is not a simple abstract node (that is, an abstract node that
   identifies more than one LSR).  As specified in [RFC3209], loose hops
   are listed in the ERO object of the RSVP Path message with the L flag
   of the IPv4 or the IPv6 prefix sub-object set.

   Each LSR along the path whose next hop is specified as a loose hop or
   a non-specific abstract node triggers a path computation (also
   referred to as an ERO expansion), before forwarding the RSVP Path
   message downstream.  The computed path may either be partial (up to
   the next loose hop) or complete (set of strict hops up to the TE LSP
   destination).

   Note that the examples in the rest of this document are provided in
   the context of MPLS inter-area TE but the proposed mechanism equally
   applies to loosely routed paths within a single routing domain and
   across multiple Autonomous Systems.  The examples below are provided
   with OSPF as the IGP but the described set of mechanisms similarly
   apply to IS-IS.





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   An example of an explicit loosely routed TE LSP signaling.


   <---area 1--><-area 0--><-area 2->

    R1---R2----R3---R6    R8---R10
     |          |    |   / | \  |
     |          |    |  /  |  \ |
     |          |    | /   |   \|
    R4---------R5---R7----R9---R11


   Assumptions

   - R3, R5, R8 and R9 are ABRs

   - The path of an inter-area TE LSP T1 from R1 (head-end LSR) to R11
   (tail-end LSR) is defined on R1 as the following loosely routed path:
   R1-R3(loose)-R8(loose)-R11(loose).  R3, R8 and R11 are defined as
   loose hops.

   Step 1: R1 determines that the next hop (R3) is a loose hop (not
   directly connected to R1) and then performs an ERO expansion
   operation to reach the next loose hops R3.  The new ERO becomes:
   R2(S)-R3(S)-R8(L)-R11(L) where: S: Strict hop (L=0) L: Loose hop
   (L=1)

   The R1-R2-R3 path satisfies T1's set of constraints.

   Step 2: the RSVP Path message is then forwarded by R1 following the
   path specified in the ERO object and reaches R3 with the following
   content: R8(L)-R11(L).

   Step 3: R3 determines that the next hop (R8) is a loose hop (not
   directly connected to R3) and then performs an ERO expansion
   operation to reach the next loose hops R8.  The new ERO becomes:
   R6(S)-R7(S)-R8(S)-R11(L).

   Note: in this example, the assumption is made that the path is
   computed on a per loose hop basis, also referred to a partial route
   computation.  Note that other path computation techniques may result
   in complete paths (set of strict hops up to the final destination).

   Step 4: the same procedure is repeated by R8 to reach T1's
   destination (R11).






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4.  Reoptimization of a loosely routed TE LSP path

   Once a loosely routed explicit TE LSP is set up, it is maintained
   through normal RSVP procedures.  During TE LSP life time, a more
   optimal path might appear between an LSR and its next loose hop (for
   the sake of illustration, suppose in the example above that a link
   between R6 and R8 is added or restored that provides a preferable
   path between R3 and R8 (R3-R6-R8) than the existing R3-R6-R7-R8
   path).  Since a preferable (e.g. shorter) path might not be visible
   from the head-end LSR by means of the IGP if the head-end LSR does
   not belong to the head-end IGP area, the head-end cannot make use of
   this shorter path (and reroute the LSP using a make-before-break
   technique as described in [RFC3209]) when appropriate.  Hence, a new
   mechanisms specified in this document is required to detect the
   existence of such a preferable path and to notify the head-end LSR
   accordingly.

   This document defines a mechanism that allows:

   - A head-end LSR to trigger on every LSR whose next hop is a loose
   hop or an abstract node the re-evaluation of the current path in
   order to detect a potentially more optimal path,

   - A mid-point LSR whose next hop is a loose-hop or an abstract node
   to signal (using a new Error value sub-code carried in a RSVP PERR
   message) to the head-end LSR that a more preferable path exists (a
   path with a lower cost, where the cost definition is determined by
   some metric).

   Once the existence of such a preferable path has been notified to the
   head-end LSR, the head-end LSR can decide (depending on the TE LSP
   characteristics) whether to perform a TE LSP graceful reoptimization
   such as the "make-before-break" procedure.

   There is another scenario whereby notifying the head-end LSR of the
   existence of a better path is desirable: if the current path is about
   the fail due to some (link or node) required maintenance.

   This mechanism allows the head-end LSR to reoptimize a TE LSP making
   use of the non disruptive make-before-break procedure if and only if
   a preferable path exists and if such a reoptimization is desired.


5.  Signalling extensions

   A new flag in the SESSION ATTRIBUTE object and new Error value sub-
   codes in the ERROR SPEC object are proposed in this document (to be
   assigned by IANA).



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5.1.  Path re-evaluation request

   The following new flag of the SESSION_ATTRIBUTE object (C-Type 1 and
   7) is defined (suggested value to be confirmed by IANA):

   Path re-evaluation request: 0x20

   This flag indicates that a path re-evaluation (of the current path in
   use) is requested.  Note that this does not trigger any LSP Reroute
   but instead just signals the request to evaluate whether a preferable
   path exists.

   Note: in case of link bundling for instance, although the resulting
   ERO might be identical, this might give the opportunity for a mid-
   point LSR to locally select another link within a bundle, although
   strictly speaking, the ERO has not changed.

5.2.  New error value sub-codes

   As defined in [RFC3209], the ERROR-CODE 25 in ERROR-SPEC object
   corresponds to a Notify Error.

   This document adds three new error value sub-codes (suggested values
   to be confirmed by IANA):

   6 Preferable path exists

   7 Local link maintenance required

   8 Local node maintenance required

   The details about the local maintenance required modes are detailed
   in section 6.3.2.


6.  Mode of operation

6.1.  Head-end reoptimization control

   The notification process of a preferable path (shorter path or new
   path due to some maintenance required on the current path) is by
   nature de-correlated from the reoptimization operation.  In other
   words, the location where a potentially preferable path is discovered
   does not have to be where the TE LSP is actually reoptimized.  This
   document applies to the context of a head-end reoptimization.






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6.2.  Reoptimization triggers

   There are several possible reoptimization triggers.  For example,
   such reoptimization triggers are:

   - Timer-based: a reoptimization is triggered (process evaluating
   whether a more optimal path can be found) when a configurable timer
   expires,

   - Event-driven: a reoptimization is triggered when a particular
   network event occurs (such as a "Link-UP" event),

   - Operator-driven: a reoptimization is manually triggered by the
   Operator.

   It is RECOMMENDED for an implementation supporting the extensions
   proposed in this document to support the aforementioned modes as path
   re-evaluation triggers.

6.3.  Head-end request versus mid-point explicit notification functions

   This document defines two functions:

   1) "Head-end requesting function": the request for a new path
   evaluation of a loosely routed TE LSP is requested by the head-end
   LSR.

   2) "Mid-point explicit notification function": a mid-point LSR having
   determined that a preferable path (than the current path is use)
   exists or having the need to perform a link/node local maintenance
   explicitly notifies the head-end LSR that will in turn decide whether
   to perform a reoptimization.

6.3.1.  Head-end request function

   When a timer-based reoptimization is triggered on the head-end LSR or
   the operator manually requests a reoptimization, the head-end LSR
   immediately sends an RSVP Path message with the "Path re-evaluation
   request" bit of the SESSION-ATTRIBUTE object set.  This bit is then
   cleared in subsequent RSVP path messages sent downstream.  In order
   to handle the case of a lost Path message, the solution consists of
   relying on the reliable messaging mechanism described in [RFC2961].

   Upon receiving a Path message with the "Path re-evaluation request"
   bit set, every LSR for which the next abstract node contained in the
   ERO is defined as a loose hop/abstract node performs the following
   set of actions:




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   A path re-evaluation is triggered and the newly computed path is
   compared to the existing path:

   - If a preferable path can be found, the LSR performing the path re-
   evaluation MUST immediately send an RSVP PErr to the head-end LSR
   (Error code 25 (Notify), Error sub-code=6 (better path exists)).  At
   this point, the LSR MAY decide to not propagate such bit in
   subsequent RSVP Path messages sent downstream for the re-evaluated TE
   LSP: this mode is the RECOMMENDED mode for the reasons described
   below.

   The sending of an RSVP PERR Notify message "Preferable path exists"
   to the head-end LSR will notify the head-end LSR of the existence of
   a preferable path (e.g in a downstream area/AS or in another location
   within a single domain).  Hence, triggering additional path re-
   evaluations on downstream nodes is unnecessary.  The only motivation
   to forward subsequent RSVP Path messages with the "Path re-evaluation
   request" bit of the SESSION-ATTRIBUTE object set would be to trigger
   path re-evaluation on downstream nodes that could in turn cache some
   potentially better paths downstream with the objective to reduce the
   signaling setup delay, should a reoptimization be performed by the
   head-end LSR.

   - If no preferable path can be found, the recommended mode is for an
   LSR to relay the request (by setting the "Path re-evaluation" bit of
   the SESSION-ATTRIBUTE object in RSVP path message sent downstream).

   Note that, by preferable path, we mean a path having a lower cost.

   If the RSVP Path message with the "Path re-evaluation request" bit
   set is lost, then the next request will be sent when the next
   reoptimization trigger will occur on the head-end LSR.  The solution
   to handle RSVP reliable messaging has been defined in [RFC2961].

   The network administrator may decide to establish some local policy
   specifying to ignore such request or to consider those requests not
   more frequently than a certain rate.

   The proposed mechanism does not make any assumption of the path
   computation method performed by the ERO expansion process.

6.3.2.  Mid-point explicit notification

   By contrast with the head-end request function, in this case, a mid-
   point LSR whose next hop is a loose hop or an abstract node can
   locally trigger a path re-evaluation when a configurable timer
   expires, some specific events occur (e.g. link-up event for example)
   or the user explicitly requests it.  If a preferable path is found



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   compared to the path in use, the LSR sends an RSVP PERR to the head-
   end LSR (Error code 25 (Notify), Error sub-code=6 ("preferable path
   exists").

   There are other circumstances whereby any mid-point LSR MAY send an
   RSVP PERR message with the objective for the TE LSP to be rerouted by
   its head-end LSR: when a link or a node will go down for local
   maintenance reasons.  In this case, the LSR where a local maintenance
   must be performed is responsible for sending an RSVP PERR message
   with Error code 25 and Error sub-code=7 or 8 depending on the
   affected network element (link or node).  Then the first upstream
   node having performed the ERO expansion MUST perform the following
   set of actions:

   - The link (sub-code=7) or the node (sub-code=8) MUST be locally
   registered for further reference (the TE database must be updated)

   - The RSVP PERR message MUST be immediately forwarded upstream to the
   head-end LSR.  Note that in the case of TE LSP spanning multiple
   administrative domains, it may be desirable for the boundary LSR to
   modify the RSVP PERR message and insert its own address for
   confidentiality reason.

   Upon receiving an RSVP PERR message with Error code 25 and Error sub-
   code 7 or 8, the Head-end LSR SHOULD perform a TE LSP reoptimization.

   Note that the two functions (head-end and mid-point driven) are not
   exclusive from each other: both the timer and event-driven
   reoptimization triggers can be implemented on the head-end and/or any
   mid-point LSR with potentially different timer values for the timer
   driven reoptimization case.

   A head-end LSR MAY decide upon receiving an explicit mid-point
   notification to delay its next path re-evaluation request.

6.3.3.  ERO caching

   Once a mid-point LSR has determined that a preferable path exists
   (after a reoptimization request has been received by the head-end LSR
   or the reoptimization timer on the mid-point has expired), the more
   optimal path MAY be cached on the mid-point LSR for a limited amount
   of time to avoid having to recompute a path once the head-LSR
   performs a make-before-break.  This mode is optional.  A default
   value for the caching timer of 5 seconds is suggested.


7.  Applicability and Interoperability




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   The procedures described in this document are entirely optional
   within an MPLS or GMPLS network.  Implementations that do not support
   the procedures described in this document will interoperate
   seamlessly with those that do.  Further, an implementation that does
   not support the procedures described in this document will not be
   impacted or implicated by a neighboring implementation that does
   implement the procedures.

   An ingress implementation that chooses not to support the procedures
   described in this document may still achieve re-optimization by
   periodically issuing a speculative make-before-break replacement of
   an LSP without trying to discovery whether a more optimal path is
   available in a downstream domain.  Such a procedure would not be in
   conflict with any mechanisms not already documented in [RFC3209] and
   [RFC3473].

   An LSR not supporting the "Path re-evaluation request" bit of the
   SESSION-ATTRIBUTE object SHALL forward it unmodified.

   A head-end LSR not supporting an RSVP PERR with Error code 25 message
   and Error sub-code = 6, 7 or 8 MUST just silently ignore such RSVP
   PERR message.


8.  IANA Considerations

   IANA will assign a new flag named "Path re-evaluation request" in the
   SESSION-ATTRIBUTE object (C-Type 1 and 7) specified in [RFC3209].
   Suggested value is (to be confirmed by IANA) 0x20.

   IANA will also assign three new error sub-code values for the RSVP
   PERR Notify message (Error code=25).  Suggested values are (to be
   confirmed by IANA):

   6 Preferable path exists

   7 Local link maintenance required

   8 Local node maintenance required


9.  Security Considerations

   This document defines a mechanism for a mid-point LSR to notify the
   head-end LSR of this existence of a preferable path or the need to
   reroute the TE LSP for maintenance purposes.  Hence, in case of a TE
   LSP spanning multiple administrative domains, it may be desirable for
   a boundary LSR to modify the RSVP PERR message (Code 25, Error sub-



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   code=6,7 or 8) so as to preserve confidentiality across domains.
   Furthermore, a head-end LSR may decide to ignore explicit
   notification coming from a mid-point residing in another domain.
   Similarly, an LSR may decide to ignore (or accept but up to a pre-
   defined rate) path re-evaluation requests originated by a head-end
   LSR of another domain.


10.  Acknowledgements

   The authors would like to thank Carol Iturralde, Miya Kohno, Francois
   Le Faucheur, Philip Matthews, Jim Gibson, Jean-Louis Le Roux, Kenji
   Kumaki, Anca Zafir, Dimitri Papadimitriou for their useful comments.
   A special thank to Adrian Farrel for his very valuable inputs.


11.  References

11.1.  Normative References

   [RFC2119]  Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
              Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, March 1997.

   [RFC2961]  Berger, L., Gan, D., Swallow, G., Pan, P., Tommasi, F.,
              and S. Molendini, "RSVP Refresh Overhead Reduction
              Extensions", RFC 2961, April 2001.

   [RFC3209]  Awduche, D., Berger, L., Gan, D., Li, T., Srinivasan, V.,
              and G. Swallow, "RSVP-TE: Extensions to RSVP for LSP
              Tunnels", RFC 3209, December 2001.

   [RFC3473]  Berger, L., "Generalized Multi-Protocol Label Switching
              (GMPLS) Signaling Resource ReserVation Protocol-Traffic
              Engineering (RSVP-TE) Extensions", RFC 3473, January 2003.

11.2.  Informative References

   [RFC4105]  Le Roux, J., Vasseur, J., and J. Boyle, "Requirements for
              Inter-Area MPLS Traffic Engineering", RFC 4105, June 2005.

   [RFC4216]  Zhang, R. and J. Vasseur, "MPLS Inter-Autonomous System
              (AS) Traffic Engineering (TE) Requirements", RFC 4216,
              November 2005.








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Authors' Addresses

   JP Vasseur (editor)
   Cisco Systems, Inc
   1414 Massachusetts Avenue
   Boxborough, MA  01719
   USA

   Email: jpv@cisco.com


   Yuichi Ikejiri
   NTT Communications Corporation
   1-1-6, Uchisaiwai-cho, Chiyoda-ku
   Tokyo,   100-8019
   Japan

   Email: : y.ikejiri@ntt.com


   Raymond Zhang
   BT Infonet
   2160 E. Grand Ave.
   El Segundo, CA  90025
   USA

   Email: raymond_zhang@bt.infonet.com
























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Intellectual Property Statement

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Vasseur, et al.          Expires August 12, 2006               [Page 14]