COSE Working Group                                             J. Schaad
Internet-Draft                                            August Cellars
Intended status: Informational                         November 22, 2015
Expires: May 25, 2016


                      CBOR Encoded Message Syntax
                         draft-ietf-cose-msg-08

Abstract

   Concise Binary Object Representation (CBOR) is data format designed
   for small code size and small message size.  There is a need for the
   ability to have the basic security services defined for this data
   format.  This document specifies procesing for signatures, message
   authentication codes, and encryption using CBOR.  This document also
   specifies a represention for cryptographic keys using CBOR.

Contributing to this document

   The source for this draft is being maintained in GitHub.  Suggested
   changes should be submitted as pull requests at <https://github.com/
   cose-wg/cose-spec>.  Instructions are on that page as well.
   Editorial changes can be managed in GitHub, but any substantial
   issues need to be discussed on the COSE mailing list.

Status of This Memo

   This Internet-Draft is submitted in full conformance with the
   provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79.

   Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering
   Task Force (IETF).  Note that other groups may also distribute
   working documents as Internet-Drafts.  The list of current Internet-
   Drafts is at http://datatracker.ietf.org/drafts/current/.

   Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months
   and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any
   time.  It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference
   material or to cite them other than as "work in progress."

   This Internet-Draft will expire on May 25, 2016.

Copyright Notice

   Copyright (c) 2015 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the
   document authors.  All rights reserved.




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   This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal
   Provisions Relating to IETF Documents
   (http://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of
   publication of this document.  Please review these documents
   carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect
   to this document.  Code Components extracted from this document must
   include Simplified BSD License text as described in Section 4.e of
   the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as
   described in the Simplified BSD License.

Table of Contents

   1.  Introduction  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   4
     1.1.  Design changes from JOSE  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   5
     1.2.  Requirements Terminology  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   5
     1.3.  CBOR Grammar  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   6
     1.4.  CBOR Related Terminology  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   6
     1.5.  Document Terminology  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   7
   2.  Basic COSE Structure  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   7
   3.  Header Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   8
     3.1.  Common COSE Headers Parameters  . . . . . . . . . . . . .   9
   4.  Signing Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  13
     4.1.  Externally Supplied Data  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  14
     4.2.  Signing and Verification Process  . . . . . . . . . . . .  15
     4.3.  Computing Counter Signatures  . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  17
   5.  Encryption Objects  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  17
     5.1.  Enveloped COSE Structure  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  18
       5.1.1.  Recipient Algorithm Classes . . . . . . . . . . . . .  19
     5.2.  Encrypted COSE structure  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  20
     5.3.  Encryption Algorithm for AEAD algorithms  . . . . . . . .  20
     5.4.  Encryption algorithm for AE algorithms  . . . . . . . . .  21
   6.  MAC Objects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  22
     6.1.  How to compute a MAC  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  23
   7.  Key Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  24
     7.1.  COSE Key Common Parameters  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  25
   8.  Signature Algorithms  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  27
     8.1.  ECDSA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  28
       8.1.1.  Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  29
   9.  Message Authentication (MAC) Algorithms . . . . . . . . . . .  30
     9.1.  Hash-based Message Authentication Codes (HMAC)  . . . . .  30
       9.1.1.  Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  31
     9.2.  AES Message Authentication Code (AES-CBC-MAC) . . . . . .  31
       9.2.1.  Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  32
   10. Content Encryption Algorithms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  32
     10.1.  AES GCM  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  33
       10.1.1.  Security Considerations  . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  34
     10.2.  AES CCM  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  34
       10.2.1.  Security Considerations  . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  37



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     10.3.  ChaCha20 and Poly1305  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  37
       10.3.1.  Security Considerations  . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  38
   11. Key Derivation Functions (KDF)  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  38
     11.1.  HMAC-based Extract-and-Expand Key Derivation Function
            (HKDF) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  39
     11.2.  Context Information Structure  . . . . . . . . . . . . .  40
   12. Recipient Algorithm Classes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  45
     12.1.  Direct Encryption  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  45
       12.1.1.  Direct Key . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  45
       12.1.2.  Direct Key with KDF  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  46
     12.2.  Key Wrapping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  47
       12.2.1.  AES Key Wrapping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  48
     12.3.  Key Encryption . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  49
     12.4.  Direct Key Agreement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  49
       12.4.1.  ECDH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  50
     12.5.  Key Agreement with KDF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  53
       12.5.1.  ECDH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  54
   13. Keys  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  54
     13.1.  Elliptic Curve Keys  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  55
       13.1.1.  Double Coordinate Curves . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  55
     13.2.  Symmetric Keys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  56
   14. CBOR Encoder Restrictions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  57
   15. Application Profiling Considerations  . . . . . . . . . . . .  57
   16. IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  58
     16.1.  CBOR Tag assignment  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  58
     16.2.  COSE Header Parameter Registry . . . . . . . . . . . . .  58
     16.3.  COSE Header Algorithm Label Table  . . . . . . . . . . .  59
     16.4.  COSE Algorithm Registry  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  60
     16.5.  COSE Key Common Parameter Registry . . . . . . . . . . .  61
     16.6.  COSE Key Type Parameter Registry . . . . . . . . . . . .  61
     16.7.  COSE Elliptic Curve Registry . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  62
     16.8.  Media Type Registrations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  63
       16.8.1.  COSE Security Message  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  63
       16.8.2.  COSE Key media type  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  65
     16.9.  CoAP Content Format Registrations  . . . . . . . . . . .  66
   17. Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  67
   18. References  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  67
     18.1.  Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  67
     18.2.  Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  68
   Appendix A.  CDDL Grammar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  71
   Appendix B.  Three Levels of Recipient Information  . . . . . . .  71
   Appendix C.  Examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  73
     C.1.  Examples of MAC messages  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  74
       C.1.1.  Shared Secret Direct MAC  . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  74
       C.1.2.  ECDH Direct MAC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  75
       C.1.3.  Wrapped MAC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  76
       C.1.4.  Multi-recipient MAC message . . . . . . . . . . . . .  77
     C.2.  Examples of Encrypted Messages  . . . . . . . . . . . . .  78



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       C.2.1.  Direct ECDH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  79
       C.2.2.  Direct plus Key Derivation  . . . . . . . . . . . . .  79
       C.2.3.  Counter Signature on Encrypted Content  . . . . . . .  80
       C.2.4.  Encrypted Content w/ Implicit Recipient . . . . . . .  80
     C.3.  Examples of Signed Message  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  81
       C.3.1.  Single Signature  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  81
       C.3.2.  Multiple Signers  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  81
       C.3.3.  Counter Signature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  82
     C.4.  COSE Keys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  82
       C.4.1.  Public Keys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  82
       C.4.2.  Private Keys  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  84
   Appendix D.  Document Updates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  86
     D.1.  Version -06 to -08  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  86
     D.2.  Version -06 to -07  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  86
     D.3.  Version -05 to -06  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  86
     D.4.  Version -04 to -05  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  87
     D.5.  Version -03 to -04  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  87
     D.6.  Version -02 to -03  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  87
     D.7.  Version -02 to -03  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  87
     D.8.  Version -01 to -2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  88
     D.9.  Version -00 to -01  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  88
   Author's Address  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  89

1.  Introduction

   There has been an increased focus on the small, constrained devices
   that make up the Internet of Things (IOT).  One of the standards that
   has come out of this process is the Concise Binary Object
   Representation (CBOR).  CBOR extended the data model of the
   JavaScript Object Notation (JSON) by allowing for binary data among
   other changes.  CBOR is being adopted by several of the IETF working
   groups dealing with the IOT world as their encoding of data
   structures.  CBOR was designed specifically to be both small in terms
   of messages transport and implementation size as well having a schema
   free decoder.  A need exists to provide basic message security
   services for IOT and using CBOR as the message encoding format makes
   sense.

   The JOSE working group produced a set of documents
   [RFC7515][RFC7516][RFC7517][RFC7518] using JSON [RFC7159] that
   specified how to process encryption, signatures and message
   authentication (MAC) operations, and how to encode keys using JSON.
   This document does the same work for use with the CBOR [RFC7049]
   document format.  While there is a strong attempt to keep the flavor
   of the original JOSE documents, two considerations are taken into
   account:





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   o  CBOR has capabilities that are not present in JSON and should be
      used.  One example of this is the fact that CBOR has a method of
      encoding binary directly without first converting it into a base64
      encoded string.

   o  COSE is not a direct copy of the JOSE specification.  In the
      process of creating COSE, decisions that were made for JOSE were
      re-examined.  In many cases different results were decided on as
      the criteria were not always the same as for JOSE.

1.1.  Design changes from JOSE

   o  Define a top level message structure so that encrypted, signed and
      MACed messages can easily identified and still have a consistent
      view.

   o  Signed messages separate the concept of protected and unprotected
      parameters that are for the content and the signature.

   o  Recipient processing has been made more uniform.  A recipient
      structure is required for all recipients rather than only for
      some.

   o  MAC messages are separated from signed messages.

   o  MAC messages have the ability to use all recipient algorithms on
      the MAC authentication key.

   o  Use binary encodings for binary data rather than base64url
      encodings.

   o  Combine the authentication tag for encryption algorithms with the
      ciphertext.

   o  Remove the flattened mode of encoding.  Forcing the use of an
      array of recipients at all times forces the message size to be two
      bytes larger, but one gets a corresponding decrease in the
      implementation size that should compensate for this.  [CREF1]

1.2.  Requirements Terminology

   The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
   "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "NOT RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and
   "OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in
   [RFC2119].

   When the words appear in lower case, their natural language meaning
   is used.



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1.3.  CBOR Grammar

   There currently is no standard CBOR grammar available for use by
   specifications.  We therefore describe the CBOR structures in prose.
   There is a version of a CBOR grammar in the CBOR Data Definition
   Language (CDDL) [I-D.greevenbosch-appsawg-cbor-cddl].  An
   informational version of the CBOR grammar that reflects what is in
   the prose can be found in Appendix A.  Since CDDL has not be
   published as an RFC, this grammar may not work with the final version
   of CDDL when it is published.

   The document was developed by first working on the grammar and then
   developing the prose to go with it.  An artifact of this is that the
   prose was written using the primitive type strings defined by CDDL.
   In this specification, the following primitive types are used:

      bool - a boolean value (true: major type 7, value 21; false: major
      type 7, value 20).

      bstr - byte string (major type 2).

      int - an unsigned integer or a negative integer.

      nil - a null value (major type 7, value 22).

      nint - a negative integer (major type 1).

      tstr - a UTF-8 text string (major type 3).

      uint - an unsigned integer (major type 0).

   Text from here to start of next section to be removed

   NOTE: For the purposes of review, we are currently interlacing the
   CDDL grammar into the text of document.  This is being done for
   simplicity of comparison of the grammar against the prose.  The
   grammar will be removed to an appendix during WGLC.


   start = COSE_Untagged_Message / COSE_Tagged_Message /
           COSE_Key / COSE_KeySet / Internal_Types

1.4.  CBOR Related Terminology

   In JSON, maps are called objects and only have one kind of map key: a
   string.  In COSE, we use both strings and integers (both negative and
   unsigned integers) as map keys.  The integers are used for
   compactness of encoding and easy comparison.  (Generally, in this



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   document the value zero is going to be reserved and not used.)  Since
   the work "key" is mainly used in its other meaning, as a
   cryptographic key, we use the term "label" for this usage as a map
   keys.

   Text from here to start of next section to be removed


   label = int / tstr
   values = any

1.5.  Document Terminology

   In this document we use the following terminology: [CREF2]

   Byte is a synonym for octet.

   Key management is used as a term to describe how a key at level n is
   obtained from level n+1 in encrypted and MACed messages.  The term is
   also used to discuss key life cycle management, this document does
   not discuss key life cycle operations.

2.  Basic COSE Structure

   The COSE Message structure is designed so that there can be a large
   amount of common code when parsing and processing the different
   security messages.  All of the message structures are built on a CBOR
   array type.  The first three elements of the array contains the same
   basic information.

   1.  The set of protected header parameters wrapped in a bstr.

   2.  The set of unprotected header parameters as a map.

   3.  The content of the message.  The content is either the plain text
       or the encrypted text as appropriate.  (The content may be
       absent, but the location is still used.)

   Elements after this point are dependent on the specific message type.

   Identification of which message is present is done by one of two
   methods:

   o  The specific message type is known from the context in which it is
      placed.  This may be defined by a marker in the containing
      structure or by restrictions specified by the application
      protocol.




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   o  The message type is identified by a CBOR tag.  This document
      defines a CBOR tag for each of the message structures.

   Text from here to start of next section to be removed


   COSE_Untagged_Message = COSE_Sign /
       COSE_Enveloped /
       COSE_Encrypted /
       COSE_Mac

   COSE_Tagged_Message = COSE_Sign_Tagged /
       COSE_Enveloped_Tagged /
       COSE_Encrypted_Tagged /
       COSE_Mac_Tagged

3.  Header Parameters

   The structure of COSE has been designed to have two buckets of
   information that are not considered to be part of the payload itself,
   but are used for holding information about content, algorithms, keys,
   or evaluation hints for the processing of the layer.  These two
   buckets are available for use in all of the structures in this
   document except for keys.  While these buckets can be present, they
   may not all be usable in all instances.  For example, while the
   protected bucket is defined as part of recipient structures, most of
   the algorithms that are used for recipients do not provide the
   necessary functionality to provide the needed protection and thus the
   bucket should not be used.

   Both buckets are implemented as CBOR maps.  The map key is a 'label'
   (Section 1.4).  The value portion is dependent on the definition for
   the label.  Both maps use the same set of label/value pairs.  The
   integer and string values for labels has been divided into several
   sections with a standard range, a private range, and a range that is
   dependent on the algorithm selected.  The defined labels can be found
   in the 'COSE Header Parameters' IANA registry (Section 16.2).

   Two buckets are provided for each layer:

   protected:  Contains parameters about the current layer that are to
      be cryptographically protected.  This bucket MUST be empty if it
      is not going to be included in a cryptographic computation.  This
      bucket is encoded in the message as a binary object.  This value
      is obtained by CBOR encoding the protected map and wrapping it in
      a bstr object.  Senders SHOULD encode an empty protected map as a
      zero length binary object (it is shorter).  Recipients MUST accept
      both a zero length binary value and a zero length map encoded in



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      the binary value.  The wrapping allows for the encoding of the
      protected map to be transported with a greater chance that it will
      not be altered in transit.  (Badly behaved intermediates could
      decode and re-encode, but this will result in a failure to verify
      unless the re-encoded byte string is identical to the decoded byte
      string.)  This finesses the problem of all parties needing to be
      able to do a common canonical encoding.

   unprotected:  Contains parameters about the current layer that are
      not cryptographically protected.

   Only parameters that deal with the current layer are to be placed at
   that layer.  As an example of this, the parameter 'content type'
   describes the content of the message being carried in the message.
   As such, this parameter is placed only in the content layer and is
   not placed in the recipient or signature layers.  In principle, one
   should be able to process any given layer without reference to any
   other layer.  (The only data that should need to cross layers is the
   cryptographic key.)

   The buckets are present in all of the security objects defined in
   this document.  The fields in order are the 'protected' bucket (as a
   CBOR 'bstr' type) and then the 'unprotected' bucket (as a CBOR 'map'
   type).  The presence of both buckets is required.  The parameters
   that go into the buckets come from the IANA "COSE Header Parameters"
   (Section 16.2).  Some common parameters are defined in the next
   section, but a number of parameters are defined throughout this
   document.

   Text from here to start of next section to be removed [CREF3]

   header_map = {+ label => any }

   Headers = (
       protected : bstr,                  ; Contains a header_map
       unprotected : header_map
   )

3.1.  Common COSE Headers Parameters

   This section defines a set of common header parameters.  A summary of
   those parameters can be found in Table 1.  This table should be
   consulted to determine the value of label used as well as the type of
   the value.

   The set of header parameters defined in this section are:





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   alg  This parameter is used to indicate the algorithm used for the
      security processing.  This parameter MUST be present at each level
      of a signed, encrypted or authenticated message.  This parameter
      MUST be in the protected header bucket.  The value is taken from
      the 'COSE Algorithm Registry' (see Section 16.4).

   crit  This parameter is used to ensure that applications will take
      appropriate action based on the values found.  The parameter is
      used to indicate which protected header labels an application that
      is processing a message is required to understand.  When present,
      this parameter MUST be placed in the protected header bucket.


      *  Integer labels in the range of 0 to 10 SHOULD be omitted.

      *  Integer labels in the range -1 to -255 can be omitted as they
         are algorithm dependent.  If an application can correctly
         process an algorithm, it can be assumed that it will correctly
         process all of the parameters associated with that algorithm.
         (The algorithm range is -1 to -65536, it is assumed that the
         higher end will deal with more optional algorithm specific
         items.)

      The header parameter values indicated by 'crit' can be processed
      by either the security library code or by an application using a
      security library, the only requirement is that the parameter is
      processed.  If the 'crit' value list includes a value for which
      the parameter is not in the protected bucket, this is a fatal
      error in processing the message.

   content type  This parameter is used to indicate the content type of
      the data in the payload or ciphertext fields.  Integers are from
      the 'CoAP Content-Formats' IANA registry table.  [CREF4] Strings
      are from the IANA 'Media Types' registry.  Applications SHOULD
      provide this parameter if the content structure is potentially
      ambiguous.

   kid  This parameter one of the ways that can be used to find the key
      to be used.  The value of this parameter is matched against the
      'kid' member in a COSE_Key structure.  Applications MUST NOT
      assume that 'kid' values are unique.  There may be more than one
      key with the same 'kid' value, it may be required that all of the
      keys need to be checked to find the correct one.  The internal
      structure of 'kid' values is not defined and generally cannot be
      relied on by applications.  Key identifier values are hints about
      which key to use.  They are not directly a security critical
      field.  For this reason, they can be placed in the unprotected
      headers bucket.



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   Initialization Vector  This parameter holds the Initialization Vector
      (IV) value.  For some symmetric encryption algorithms this may be
      referred to as a nonce.  As the IV is authenticated by encryption
      process, it can be placed in the unprotected header bucket.

   Partial Initialization Vector  This parameter holds a part of the IV
      value.  When using the COSE_Encrypted structure, frequently a
      portion of the IV is part of the context associated with the key
      value.  This field is used to carry the portion of the IV that
      changes for each message.  As the IV is authenticated by the
      encryption process, it can be placed in the unprotected header
      bucket.

      Some applications may also use this value for doing replay
      protection.  When this is done, the value will normally be defined
      by the application to be increasing in value for every message.

   counter signature  This parameter holds a counter signature value.
      Counter signatures provide a method of having a second party sign
      some data.  The counter signature can occur as an unprotected
      attribute in any of the following structures: COSE_Sign,
      COSE_signature, COSE_Enveloped, COSE_recipient, COSE_Encrypted,
      COSE_mac.  These structures all have the same basic structure so
      that a consistent calculation of the counter signature can be
      computed.  Details on computing counter signatures are found in
      Section 4.3.

   creation time  This parameter provides the time the content was
      created.  For signatures and recipient structures, this would be
      the time that the signature or recipient key object was created.
      For content structures, this would be the time that the content
      was created.  The unsigned integer value is the number of seconds,
      excluding leap seconds; after midnight UTC, January 1, 1970.


















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   +----------+-------+---------------+----------------+---------------+
   | name     | label | value type    | value registry | description   |
   +----------+-------+---------------+----------------+---------------+
   | alg      | 1     | int / tstr    | COSE Algorithm | Integers are  |
   |          |       |               | Registry       | taken from    |
   |          |       |               |                | table --POINT |
   |          |       |               |                | TO REGISTRY-- |
   |          |       |               |                |               |
   | crit     | 2     | [+ label]     | COSE Header    | integer       |
   |          |       |               | Label Registry | values are    |
   |          |       |               |                | from  --      |
   |          |       |               |                | POINT TO      |
   |          |       |               |                | REGISTRY --   |
   |          |       |               |                |               |
   | content  | 3     | tstr / int    | CoAP Content-  | Value is      |
   | type     |       |               | Formats or     | either a      |
   |          |       |               | Media Types    | Media Type or |
   |          |       |               | registry       | an integer    |
   |          |       |               |                | from the CoAP |
   |          |       |               |                | Content       |
   |          |       |               |                | Format        |
   |          |       |               |                | registry      |
   |          |       |               |                |               |
   | kid      | 4     | bstr          |                | key           |
   |          |       |               |                | identifier    |
   |          |       |               |                |               |
   | IV       | 5     | bstr          |                | Full Initiali |
   |          |       |               |                | zation Vector |
   |          |       |               |                |               |
   | Partial  | 6     | uint          |                | Partial Initi |
   | IV       |       |               |                | alization     |
   |          |       |               |                | Vector        |
   |          |       |               |                |               |
   | counter  | 7     | COSE_signatur |                | CBOR encoded  |
   | signatur |       | e             |                | signature     |
   | e        |       |               |                | structure     |
   |          |       |               |                |               |
   | creation | *     | uint          |                | Time the      |
   | time     |       |               |                | content was   |
   |          |       |               |                | created       |
   +----------+-------+---------------+----------------+---------------+

                     Table 1: Common Header Parameters








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4.  Signing Structure

   The signature structure allows for one or more signatures to be
   applied to a message payload.  There are provisions for parameters
   about the content and parameters about the signature to be carried
   along with the signature itself.  These parameters may be
   authenticated by the signature, or just present.  Examples of
   parameters about the content would be the type of content, when the
   content was created, and who created the content.  [CREF5] Examples
   of parameters about the signature would be the algorithm and key used
   to create the signature, when the signature was created, and counter-
   signatures.

   When more than one signature is present, the successful validation of
   one signature associated with a given signer is usually treated as a
   successful signature by that signer.  However, there are some
   application environments where other rules are needed.  An
   application that employs a rule other than one valid signature for
   each signer must specify those rules.  Also, where simple matching of
   the signer identifier is not sufficient to determine whether the
   signatures were generated by the same signer, the application
   specification must describe how to determine which signatures were
   generated by the same signer.  Support of different communities of
   recipients is the primary reason that signers choose to include more
   than one signature.  For example, the COSE_Sign structure might
   include signatures generated with the RSA signature algorithm and
   with the Elliptic Curve Digital Signature Algorithm (ECDSA) signature
   algorithm.  This allows recipients to verify the signature associated
   with one algorithm or the other.  (The original source of this text
   is [RFC5652].)  More detailed information on multiple signature
   evaluation can be found in [RFC5752].

   A COSE Signing Message is divided into two parts.  The CBOR object
   that carries the body and information about the body is called the
   COSE_Sign structure.  The CBOR object that carries the signature and
   information about the signature is called the COSE_Signature
   structure.  Examples of COSE Signing Messages can be found in
   Appendix C.3.

   The COSE_Sign structure is a CBOR array.  The fields of the array in
   order are:

   protected  is described in Section 3.

   unprotected  is described in Section 3.

   payload  contains the serialized content to be signed.  If the
      payload is not present in the message, the application is required



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      to supply the payload separately.  The payload is wrapped in a
      bstr to ensure that it is transported without changes.  If the
      payload is transported separately, then a nil CBOR object is
      placed in this location and it is the responsibility of the
      application to ensure that it will be transported without changes.

   signatures  is an array of signatures.  Each signature is represented
      as a COSE_signature structure.

   The COSE_signature structure is a CBOR array.  The fields of the
   array in order are:

   protected  is described in Section 3.

   unprotected  is described in Section 3.

   signature  contains the computed signature value.  The type of the
      field is a bstr.

   Text from here to start of next section to be removed

   COSE_Sign_Tagged = #6.999(COSE_Sign) ; Replace 999 with TBD1

   COSE_Sign = [
       Headers,
       payload : bstr / nil,
       signatures : [+ COSE_signature]
   ]

   COSE_signature =  [
       Headers,
       signature : bstr
   ]

4.1.  Externally Supplied Data

   One of the features that we supply in the COSE document is the
   ability for applications to provide additional data to be
   authenticated as part of the security, but that is not carried as
   part of the COSE object.  The primary reason for supporting this can
   be seen by looking at the CoAP message structure [RFC7252] where the
   facility exists for options to be carried before the payload.
   [CREF6] An example of data that can be placed in this location would
   be transaction ids and nonces to check for replay protection.  If the
   data is in the options section, then it is available for routers to
   help in performing the replay detection and prevention.  However, it
   may also be desired to protect these values so that they cannot be




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   modified in transit.  This is the purpose of the externally supplied
   data field.

   This document describes the process for using a byte array of
   externally supplied authenticated data, however the method of
   constructing the byte array is a function of the application.
   Applications that use this feature need to define how the externally
   supplied authenticated data is to be constructed.  Such a
   construction needs to take into account the following issues:

   o  If multiple items are included, care needs to be taken that data
      cannot bleed between the items.  This is usually addressed by
      making fields fixed width and/or encoding the length of the field.
      Using options from CoAP [RFC7252] as an example, these fields use
      a TLV structure so they can be concatenated without any problems.

   o  If multiple items are included, a defined order for the items
      needs to be defined.  Using options from CoAP as an example, an
      application could state that the fields are to be ordered by the
      option number.

4.2.  Signing and Verification Process

   In order to create a signature, a consistent byte stream is needed in
   order to process.  This algorithm takes in the body information
   (COSE_Sign), the signer information (COSE_Signer), and the
   application data (External).  A CBOR array is used to construct the
   byte stream to be processed.  The fields of the array in order are:

   1.  The protected attributes from the body structure encoded in a
       bstr type.

   2.  The protected attributes from the signer structure encoded in a
       bstr type.

   3.  The protected attributes from the application encoded in a bstr
       type.  If this field is not supplied, it defaults to a zero
       length binary string.

   4.  The payload to be signed encoded in a bstr type.  The payload is
       placed here independent of how it is transported.

   How to compute a signature:

   1.  Create a CBOR array and populate it with the appropriate fields.
       For body_protected and sign_protected, if the map is empty, a
       bstr of length zero is used.




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   2.  If the application has supplied external additional authenticated
       data to be included in the computation, then it is placed in the
       third field.  If no data was supplied, then a zero length binary
       string is used.

   3.  Create the value ToBeSigned by encoding the Sig_structure to a
       byte string.

   4.  Call the signature creation algorithm passing in K (the key to
       sign with), alg (the algorithm to sign with) and ToBeSigned (the
       value to sign).

   5.  Place the resulting signature value in the 'signature' field of
       the map.

   How to verify a signature:

   1.  Create a Sig_structure object and populate it with the
       appropriate fields.  For body_protected and sign_protected, if
       the map is empty, a bstr of length zero is used.

   2.  If the application has supplied external additional authenticated
       data to be included in the computation, then it is placed in the
       third field.  If no data was supplied, then a zero length binary
       string is used.

   3.  Create the value ToBeSigned by encoding the Sig_structure to a
       byte string.

   4.  Call the signature verification algorithm passing in K (the key
       to verify with), alg (the algorithm used sign with), ToBeSigned
       (the value to sign), and sig (the signature to be verified).

   In addition to performing the signature verification, one must also
   perform the appropriate checks to ensure that the key is correctly
   paired with the signing identity and that the appropriate
   authorization is done.

   Text from here to start of next section to be removed

   The COSE structure used to create the byte stream to be signed uses
   the following CDDL grammar structure:









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   Sig_structure = [
       body_protected: bstr,
       sign_protected: bstr,
       external_aad: bstr,
       payload: bstr
   ]

4.3.  Computing Counter Signatures

   Counter signatures provide a method of having a different signature
   occur on some piece of content.  This is normally used to provide a
   signature on a signature allowing for a proof that a signature
   existed at a given time (i.e. a Timestamp).  In this document we
   allow for counter signatures to exist in a greater number of
   environments.  As an example, it is possible to place a counter
   signature in the unprotected attributes of a COSE_Enveloped object.
   This would allow for an intermediary to either verify that the
   encrypted byte stream has not been modified, without being able to
   decrypt it.  Or for the intermediary to assert that an encrypted byte
   stream either existed at a given time or passed through it in terms
   of routing (i.e. a proxy signature).

   An example of a proxy signature on a signature can be found in
   Appendix C.3.3.  An example of a proxy signature on an encryption
   object can be found in Appendix C.2.3.

   The creation and validation of counter signatures over the different
   items relies on the fact that the structure all of our objects have
   the same structure.  The elements are a set of protected attributes,
   a set of unprotected attributes and a body in that order.  This means
   that the Sig_structure can be used for in a uniform manner to get the
   byte stream for processing a signature.  If the counter signature is
   going to be computed over a COSE_Enveloped structure, the
   body_protected and payload items can be mapped into the Sig_structure
   in the same manner as from the COSE_Sign structure.

5.  Encryption Objects

   COSE supports two different encryption structures.  COSE_Enveloped is
   used when the key needs to be explicitly identified.  This structure
   supports the use of recipient structures to allow for random content
   encryption keys to be used.  COSE_Enveloped is used when a recipient
   structure is not needed because the key to be used is known
   implicitly.







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5.1.  Enveloped COSE Structure

   The enveloped structure allows for one or more recipients of a
   message.  There are provisions for parameters about the content and
   parameters about the recipient information to be carried in the
   message.  The parameters associated with the content can be
   authenticated by the content encryption algorithm.  The parameters
   associated with the recipient can be authenticated by the recipient
   algorithm (when the algorithm supports it).  Examples of parameters
   about the content are the type of the content, when the content was
   created, and the content encryption algorithm.  Examples of
   parameters about the recipient are the recipient's key identifier,
   the recipient encryption algorithm.  [CREF7]

   In COSE, the same techniques and structures are used for encrypting
   both the plain text and the keys used to protect the text.  This is
   different from the approach used by both [RFC5652] and [RFC7516]
   where different structures are used for the content layer and for the
   recipient layer.  Two structures are defined COSE_Enveloped to hold
   the encrypted content and COSE_recipient to hold the encrypted keys
   for recipients.  Examples of encrypted messages can be found in
   Appendix C.2.

   The COSE_Enveloped structure is a CBOR array.  The fields of the
   array in order are:

   protected  is described in Section 3.

   unprotected  is described in Section 3.

   ciphertext  contains the encrypted plain text encoded as a bstr.  If
      the ciphertext is to be transported independently of the control
      information about the encryption process (i.e. detached content)
      then the field is encoded as a null object.

   recipients  contains an array of recipient information structures.
      The type for the recipient information structure is a
      COSE_recipient.

   The COSE_recipient structure is a CBOR array.  The fields of the
   array in order are:

   protected  is described in Section 3.

   unprotected  is described in Section 3.






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   ciphertext  contains the encrypted key encoded as a bstr.  If there
      is not an encrypted key, then this field is encoded as a nil
      value.

   recipients  contains an array of recipient information structures.
      The type for the recipient information structure is a
      COSE_recipient.  If there are no recipient information structures,
      this element is absent.

   Text from here to start of next section to be removed


COSE_Enveloped_Tagged = #6.998(COSE_Enveloped)    ; Replace 998 with TBD32

COSE_Enveloped = [
    COSE_Enveloped_fields
    recipients: [+COSE_recipient]
]

COSE_Enveloped_fields = (
    Headers,
    ciphertext: bstr / nil,
)

COSE_recipient = [
    COSE_Enveloped_fields
    ? recipients: [+COSE_recipient]
]

5.1.1.  Recipient Algorithm Classes

   A typical encrypted message consists of an encrypted content and an
   encrypted CEK for one or more recipients.  The CEK is encrypted for
   each recipient, using a key specific to that recipient.  The details
   of this encryption depends on which class the recipient algorithm
   falls into.  Specific details on each of the classes can be found in
   Section 12.  A short summary of the five recipient algorithm classes
   is:

   direct:  The CEK is the same as the identified previously distributed
      symmetric key or derived from a previously distributed secret.  No
      CEK is transported in the message.

   symmetric key-encryption keys:  The CEK is encrypted using a
      previously distributed symmetric KEK.

   key agreement:  The recipient's public key and a sender's private key
      are used to generate a pairwise secret, a KDF is applied to derive



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      a key, and then the CEK is either the derived key or encrypted by
      the derived key.

   key transport:  The CEK is encrypted with the recipient's public key.

   passwords:  The CEK is encrypted in a KEK that is derived from a
      password.

5.2.  Encrypted COSE structure

   The encrypted structure does not have the ability to specify
   recipients of the message.  The structure assumes that the recipient
   of the object will already know the identity of the key to be used in
   order to decrypt the message.  If a key needs to be identified to the
   recipient, the enveloped structure ought to be used.

   The structure defined to hold an encrypted message is COSE_Encrypted.
   Examples of encrypted messages can be found in Appendix C.2.

   The CDDL grammar structure for the COSE_Encrypted type is:

COSE_Encrypted_Tagged = #6.997(COSE_Encrypted)     ; Replace 997 with TBD3

COSE_Encrypted = [
    COSE_Enveloped_fields
]

   The COSE_Enveloped structure is a CBOR array.  The fields of the
   array in order are:

   protected  is described in Section 3.

   unprotected  is described in Section 3.

   ciphertext  contains the encrypted plain text.  If the ciphertext is
      to be transported independently of the control information about
      the encryption process (i.e. detached content) then the field is
      encoded as a null value.

5.3.  Encryption Algorithm for AEAD algorithms

   The encryption algorithm for AEAD algorithms is fairly simple.  In
   order to get a consistent encoding of the data to be authenticated,
   the Enc_structure is used to have canonical form of the AAD.  The
   Enc_structure is a CBOR array.

   1.  Copy the protected header field from the message to be sent to
       the first location in the Enc_structure.



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   2.  If the application has supplied external additional authenticated
       data to be included in the computation, then it is placed in the
       second location ('external_aad' field) of the Enc_structure.  If
       no data was supplied, then a zero length binary value is used.
       (See Section 4.1 for application guidance on constructing this
       field.)

   3.  Encode the Enc_structure using a CBOR Canonical encoding
       Section 14 to get the AAD value.

   4.  Determine the encryption key.  This step is dependent on the
       class of recipient algorithm being used.  For:

       No Recipients:  The key to be used is determined by the algorithm
          and key at the current level.

       Direct and Direct Key Agreement:  The key is determined by the
          key and algorithm in the recipient structure.  The encryption
          algorithm and size of the key to be used are inputs into the
          KDF used for the recipient.  (For direct, the KDF can be
          thought of as the identity operation.)

       Other:  The key is randomly generated.

   5.  Call the encryption algorithm with K (the encryption key to use),
       P (the plain text) and AAD (the additional authenticated data).
       Place the returned cipher text into the 'ciphertext' field of the
       structure.

   6.  For recipients of the message, recursively perform the encryption
       algorithm for that recipient using the encryption key as the
       plain text.

   Text from here to start of next section to be removed

   Enc_structure = [
       protected: bstr,
       external_aad: bstr
   ]


5.4.  Encryption algorithm for AE algorithms

   1.  Verify that the 'protected' field is absent.

   2.  Verify that there was no external additional authenticated data
       supplied for this operation.




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   3.  Determine the encryption key.  This step is dependent on the
       class of recipient algorithm being used.  For:

       No Recipients:  The key to be used is determined by the algorithm
          and key at the current level.

       Direct and Direct Key Agreement:  The key is determined by the
          key and algorithm in the recipient structure.  The encryption
          algorithm and size of the key to be used are inputs into the
          KDF used for the recipient.  (For direct, the KDF can be
          thought of as the identity operation.)

       Other:  The key is randomly generated.

   4.  Call the encryption algorithm with K (the encryption key to use)
       and the P (the plain text).  Place the returned cipher text into
       the 'ciphertext' field of the structure.

   5.  For recipients of the message, recursively perform the encryption
       algorithm for that recipient using the encryption key as the
       plain text.

6.  MAC Objects

   In this section we describe the structure and methods to be used when
   doing MAC authentication in COSE.  This document allows for the use
   of all of the same classes of recipient algorithms as are allowed for
   encryption.

   When using MAC operations, there are two modes in which it can be
   used.  The first is just a check that the content has not been
   changed since the MAC was computed.  Any class of recipient algorithm
   can be used for this purpose.  The second mode is to both check that
   the content has not been changed since the MAC was computed, and to
   use the recipient algorithm to verify who sent it.  The classes of
   recipient algorithms that support this are those that use a pre-
   shared secret or do static-static key agreement (without the key wrap
   step).  In both of these cases, the entity hat created and sent the
   message MAC can be validated.  (The knowledge of sender assumes that
   there are only two parties involved and you did not send the message
   yourself.)

   The MAC message uses two structures, the COSE_Mac structure defined
   in this section for carrying the body and the COSE_recipient
   structure (Section 5.1) to hold the key used for the MAC computation.
   Examples of MAC messages can be found in Appendix C.1.





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   The COSE_Mac structure is a CBOR array.  The fields of the array in
   order are:

   protected  is described in Section 3.

   unprotected  is described in Section 3.

   payload  contains the serialized content to be MACed.  If the payload
      is not present in the message, the application is required to
      supply the payload separately.  The payload is wrapped in a bstr
      to ensure that it is transported without changes.  If the payload
      is transported separately, then a null CBOR object is placed in
      this location and it is the responsibility of the application to
      ensure that it will be transported without changes.

   tag  contains the MAC value.

   recipients  contains the recipient information.  See the description
      under COSE_Encryption for more info.

   Text from here to start of next section to be removed

 COSE_Mac_Tagged = #6.996(COSE_Mac)              ; Replace 996 with TBD4

 COSE_Mac = [
    Headers,
    payload: bstr / nil,
    tag: bstr,
    recipients: [+COSE_recipient]
 ]


6.1.  How to compute a MAC

   In order to get a consistent encoding of the data to be
   authenticated, the MAC_structure is used to have a canonical form.
   The MAC_structure is a CBOR array.

   The steps to compute a MAC are:

   1.  Create a MAC_structure and copy the protected and payload fields
       from the COSE_Mac structure.

   2.  If the application has supplied external authenticated data,
       encode it as a binary value and place in the MAC_structure.  If
       there is no external authenticated data, then use a zero length
       'bstr'.  (See Section 4.1 for application guidance on
       constructing this field.)



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   3.  Encode the MAC_structure using a canonical CBOR encoder.  The
       resulting bytes is the value to compute the MAC on.

   4.  Compute the MAC and place the result in the 'tag' field of the
       COSE_Mac structure.

   5.  Encrypt and encode the MAC key for each recipient of the message.

   Text from here to start of next section to be removed

   MAC_structure = [
        protected: bstr,
        external_aad: bstr,
        payload: bstr
   ]

7.  Key Structure

   A COSE Key structure is built on a CBOR map object.  The set of
   common parameters that can appear in a COSE Key can be found in the
   IANA registry 'COSE Key Common Parameter Registry' (Section 16.5).
   Additional parameters defined for specific key types can be found in
   the IANA registry 'COSE Key Type Parameters' (Section 16.6).

   A COSE Key Set uses a CBOR array object as its underlying type.  The
   values of the array elements are COSE Keys.  A Key Set MUST have at
   least one element in the array.

   The element "kty" is a required element in a COSE_Key map.

   Text from here to start of next section to be removed

   The CDDL grammar describing a COSE_Key and COSE_KeySet is: [CREF8]

   COSE_Key = {
       key_kty => tstr / int,
       ? key_ops => [+ (tstr / int) ],
       ? key_alg => tstr / int,
       ? key_kid => bstr,
       * label => values
   }

   COSE_KeySet = [+COSE_Key]








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7.1.  COSE Key Common Parameters

   This document defines a set of common parameters for a COSE Key
   object.  Table 2 provides a summary of the parameters defined in this
   section.  There are also a set of parameters that are defined for a
   specific key type.  Key type specific parameters can be found in
   Section 13.

   +---------+-------+-------------+-------------+---------------------+
   | name    | label | CBOR type   | registry    | description         |
   +---------+-------+-------------+-------------+---------------------+
   | kty     | 1     | tstr / int  | COSE        | Identification of   |
   |         |       |             | General     | the key type        |
   |         |       |             | Values      |                     |
   |         |       |             |             |                     |
   | key_ops | 4     | [*          |             | Restrict set of     |
   |         |       | (tstr/int)] |             | permissible         |
   |         |       |             |             | operations          |
   |         |       |             |             |                     |
   | alg     | 3     | tstr / int  | COSE        | Key usage           |
   |         |       |             | Algorithm   | restriction to this |
   |         |       |             | Values      | algorithm           |
   |         |       |             |             |                     |
   | kid     | 2     | bstr        |             | Key Identification  |
   |         |       |             |             | value - match to    |
   |         |       |             |             | kid in message      |
   |         |       |             |             |                     |
   | use     | *     | tstr        |             | deprecated - don't  |
   |         |       |             |             | use                 |
   +---------+-------+-------------+-------------+---------------------+

                          Table 2: Key Map Labels

   kty:  This parameter is used to identify the family of keys for this
      structure, and thus the set of key type specific parameters to be
      found.  The set of values defined in this document can be found in
      Table 18.  This parameter MUST be present in a key object.
      Implementations MUST verify that the key type is appropriate for
      the algorithm being processed.  The key type MUST be included as
      part of a trust decision process.

   alg:  This parameter is used to restrict the algorithms that are to
      be used with this key.  If this parameter is present in the key
      structure, the application MUST verify that this algorithm matches
      the algorithm for which the key is being used.  If the algorithms
      do not match, then this key object MUST NOT be used to perform the
      cryptographic operation.  Note that the same key can be in a
      different key structure with a different or no algorithm



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      specified, however this is considered to be a poor security
      practice.

   kid:  This parameter is used to give an identifier for a key.  The
      identifier is not structured and can be anything from a user
      provided string to a value computed on the public portion of the
      key.  This field is intended for matching against a 'kid'
      parameter in a message in order to filter down the set of keys
      that need to be checked.

   key_ops:  This parameter is defined to restrict the set of operations
      that a key is to be used for.  The value of the field is an array
      of values from Table 3.

   +---------+-------+-------------------------------------------------+
   | name    | value | description                                     |
   +---------+-------+-------------------------------------------------+
   | sign    | 1     | The key is used to create signatures.  Requires |
   |         |       | private key fields.                             |
   |         |       |                                                 |
   | verify  | 2     | The key is used for verification of signatures. |
   |         |       |                                                 |
   | encrypt | 3     | The key is used for key transport encryption.   |
   |         |       |                                                 |
   | decrypt | 4     | The key is used for key transport decryption.   |
   |         |       | Requires private key fields.                    |
   |         |       |                                                 |
   | wrap    | 5     | The key is used for key wrapping.               |
   | key     |       |                                                 |
   |         |       |                                                 |
   | unwrap  | 6     | The key is used for key unwrapping.  Requires   |
   | key     |       | private key fields.                             |
   |         |       |                                                 |
   | key     | 7     | The key is used for key agreement.              |
   | agree   |       |                                                 |
   +---------+-------+-------------------------------------------------+

                       Table 3: Key Operation Values

   Text from here to start of next section to be removed

   The following provides a CDDL fragment which duplicates the
   assignment labels from Table 2 and Table 3.








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  ;key_labels
  key_kty=1
  key_kid=2
  key_alg=3
  key_ops=4

  ;key_ops values
  key_ops_values = (key_ops_sign:1, key_ops_verify:2, key_ops_encrypt:3,
          key_ops_decrypt:4, key_ops_wrap:5, key_ops_unwrap:6,
          key_ops_agree:7)


8.  Signature Algorithms

   There are two basic signature algorithm structures that can be used.
   The first is the common signature with appendix.  In this structure,
   the message content is processed and a signature is produced, the
   signature is called the appendix.  This is the message structure used
   by our common algorithms such as ECDSA and RSASSA-PSS.  (In fact the
   SSA in RSASSA-PSS stands for Signature Scheme with Appendix.)  The
   basic structure becomes:


   signature = Sign(message content, key)

   valid = Verification(message content, key, signature)


   The second is a signature with message recovery.  (An example of such
   an algorithm is [PVSig].)  In this structure, the message content is
   processed, but part of it is included in the signature.  Moving bytes
   of the message content into the signature allows for an effectively
   smaller signature, the signature size is still potentially large, but
   the message content is shrunk.  This has implications for systems
   implementing these algorithms and for applications that use them.
   The first is that the message content is not fully available until
   after a signature has been validated.  Until that point the part of
   the message contained inside of the signature is unrecoverable.  The
   second is that the security analysis of the strength of the signature
   is very much based on the structure of the message content.  Messages
   which are highly predictable require additional randomness to be
   supplied as part of the signature process.  In the worst case, it
   becomes the same as doing a signature with appendix.  Thirdly, in the
   event that multiple signatures are applied to a message, all of the
   signature algorithms are going to be required to consume the same
   number of bytes of message content.





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   signature, message sent = Sign(message content, key)

   valid, message content = Verification(message sent, key, signature)


   At this time, only signatures with appendixes are defined for use
   with COSE, however considerable interest has been expressed in using
   a signature with message recovery algorithm due to the effective size
   reduction that is possible.  Implementations will need to keep this
   in mind for later possible integration.

8.1.  ECDSA

   ECDSA [DSS] defines a signature algorithm using ECC.

   The ECDSA signature algorithm is parameterized with a hash function
   (h).  In the event that the length of the hash function output is
   greater than the group of the key, the left-most bytes of the hash
   output are used.

   The algorithms defined in this document can be found in Table 4.

              +-------+-------+---------+------------------+
              | name  | value | hash    | description      |
              +-------+-------+---------+------------------+
              | ES256 | -7    | SHA-256 | ECDSA w/ SHA-256 |
              |       |       |         |                  |
              | ES384 | -8    | SHA-384 | ECDSA w/ SHA-384 |
              |       |       |         |                  |
              | ES512 | -9    | SHA-512 | ECDSA w/ SHA-512 |
              +-------+-------+---------+------------------+

                      Table 4: ECDSA Algorithm Values

   This document defines ECDSA to work only with the curves P-256, P-384
   and P-521.  This document requires that the curves be encoded using
   the 'EC2' key type.  Implementations need to check that the key type
   and curve are correct when creating and verifying a signature.  Other
   documents can defined it to work with other curves and points in the
   future.

   In order to promote interoperability, it is suggested that SHA-256 be
   used only with curve P-256, SHA-384 be used only with curve P-384 and
   SHA-512 be used with curve P-521.  This is aligned with the
   recommendation in Section 4 of [RFC5480].

   The signature algorithm results in a pair of integers (R, S).  These
   integers will be of the same order as length of the key used for the



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   signature process.  The signature is encoded by converting the
   integers into byte strings of the same length as the key size.  The
   length is rounded up to the nearest byte and is left padded with zero
   bits to get to the correct length.  The two integers are then
   concatenated together to form a byte string that is the resulting
   signature.

   Using the function defined in [RFC3447] the signature is:
   Signature = I2OSP(R, n) | I2OSP(S, n)
   where n = ceiling(key_length / 8)

8.1.1.  Security Considerations

   The security strength of the signature is no greater than the minimum
   of the security strength associated with the bit length of the key
   and the security strength of the hash function.

   System which have poor random number generation can leak their keys
   by signing two different messages with the same value 'k' (the per-
   message random value).  [RFC6979] provides a method to deal with this
   problem by making 'k' be deterministic based on the message content
   rather than randomly generated.  Applications that specify ECDSA
   should evaluate the ability to get good random number generation and
   require this when it is not possible.

   Note: Use of this technique a good idea even when good random number
   generation exists.  Doing so both reduces the possibility of having
   the same value of 'k' in two signature operations, but allows for
   reproducible signature values which helps testing.

   There are two substitution attacks that can theoretically be mounted
   against the ECDSA signature algorithm.

   o  Changing the curve used to validate the signature: If one changes
      the curve used to validate the signature, then potentially one
      could have a two messages with the same signature each computed
      under a different curve.  The only requirement on the new curve is
      that its order be the same as the old one and it be acceptable to
      the client.  An example would be to change from using the curve
      secp256r1 (aka P-256) to using secp256k1.  (Both are 256 bit
      curves.)  We current do not have any way to deal with this version
      of the attack except to restrict the overall set of curves that
      can be used.

   o  Change the hash function used to validate the signature: If one
      has either two different hash functions of the same length, or one
      can truncate a hash function down, then one could potentially find
      collisions between the hash functions rather than within a single



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      hash function.  (For example, truncating SHA-512 to 256 bits might
      collide with a SHA-256 bit hash value.)  This attack can be
      mitigated by including the signature algorithm identifier in the
      data to be signed.

9.  Message Authentication (MAC) Algorithms

   Message Authentication Codes (MACs) provide data authentication and
   integrity protection.  They provide either no or very limited data
   origination.  (One cannot, for example, be used to prove the identity
   of the sender to a third party.)

   MACs use the same basic structure as signature with appendix
   algorithms.  The message content is processed and an authentication
   code is produced.  The authentication code is frequently called a
   tag.  The basic structure becomes:


   tag = MAC_Create(message content, key)

   valid = MAC_Verify(message content, key, tag)


   MAC algorithms can be based on either a block cipher algorithm (i.e.
   AES-MAC) or a hash algorithm (i.e.  HMAC).  This document defines a
   MAC algorithm for each of these two constructions.

9.1.  Hash-based Message Authentication Codes (HMAC)

   The Hash-base Message Authentication Code algorithm (HMAC)
   [RFC2104][RFC4231] was designed to deal with length extension
   attacks.  The algorithm was also designed to allow for new hash
   algorithms to be directly plugged in without changes to the hash
   function.  The HMAC design process has been vindicated as, while the
   security of hash algorithms such as MD5 has decreased over time, the
   security of HMAC combined with MD5 has not yet been shown to be
   compromised [RFC6151].

   The HMAC algorithm is parameterized by an inner and outer padding, a
   hash function (h) and an authentication tag value length.  For this
   specification, the inner and outer padding are fixed to the values
   set in [RFC2104].  The length of the authentication tag corresponds
   to the difficulty of producing a forgery.  For use in constrained
   environments, we define a set of HMAC algorithms that are truncated.
   There are currently no known issues when truncating, however the
   security strength of the message tag is correspondingly reduced in
   strength.  When truncating, the left-most tag length bits are kept
   and transmitted.



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   The algorithm defined in this document can be found in Table 5.

   +-----------+-------+---------+--------+----------------------------+
   | name      | value | Hash    | Length | description                |
   +-----------+-------+---------+--------+----------------------------+
   | HMAC      | *     | SHA-256 | 64     | HMAC w/ SHA-256 truncated  |
   | 256/64    |       |         |        | to 64 bits                 |
   |           |       |         |        |                            |
   | HMAC      | 4     | SHA-256 | 256    | HMAC w/ SHA-256            |
   | 256/256   |       |         |        |                            |
   |           |       |         |        |                            |
   | HMAC      | 5     | SHA-384 | 384    | HMAC w/ SHA-384            |
   | 384/384   |       |         |        |                            |
   |           |       |         |        |                            |
   | HMAC      | 6     | SHA-512 | 512    | HMAC w/ SHA-512            |
   | 512/512   |       |         |        |                            |
   +-----------+-------+---------+--------+----------------------------+

                      Table 5: HMAC Algorithm Values

   Some recipient algorithms carry the key while others derive a key
   from secret data.  For those algorithms that carry the key (i.e.
   RSA-OAEP and AES-KeyWrap), the size of the HMAC key SHOULD be the
   same size as the underlying hash function.  For those algorithms that
   derive the key, the derived key MUST be the same size as the
   underlying hash function.

   If the key is obtained from a key structure, the key type MUST be
   'Symmetric'.  Implementations creating and validating MAC values MUST
   validate that the key type, key length, and algorithm are correct and
   appropriate for the entities involved.

9.1.1.  Security Considerations

   HMAC has proved to be resistant to attack even when used with
   weakening hash algorithms.  The current best method appears to be a
   brute force attack on the key.  This means that key size is going to
   be directly related to the security of an HMAC operation.

9.2.  AES Message Authentication Code (AES-CBC-MAC)

   AES-CBC-MAC is defined in [MAC].

   AES-CBC-MAC is parameterized by the key length, the authentication
   tag length and the IV used.  For all of these algorithms, the IV is
   fixed to all zeros.  We provide an array of algorithms for various
   key lengths and tag lengths.  The algorithms defined in this document
   are found in Table 6.



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   +-------------+-------+----------+----------+-----------------------+
   | name        | value | key      | tag      | description           |
   |             |       | length   | length   |                       |
   +-------------+-------+----------+----------+-----------------------+
   | AES-MAC     | *     | 128      | 64       | AES-MAC 128 bit key,  |
   | 128/64      |       |          |          | 64-bit tag            |
   |             |       |          |          |                       |
   | AES-MAC     | *     | 256      | 64       | AES-MAC 256 bit key,  |
   | 256/64      |       |          |          | 64-bit tag            |
   |             |       |          |          |                       |
   | AES-MAC     | *     | 128      | 128      | AES-MAC 128 bit key,  |
   | 128/128     |       |          |          | 128-bit tag           |
   |             |       |          |          |                       |
   | AES-MAC     | *     | 256      | 128      | AES-MAC 256 bit key,  |
   | 256/128     |       |          |          | 128-bit tag           |
   +-------------+-------+----------+----------+-----------------------+

                     Table 6: AES-MAC Algorithm Values

   Keys may be obtained either from a key structure or from a recipient
   structure.  If the key obtained from a key structure, the key type
   MUST be 'Symmetric'.  Implementations creating and validating MAC
   values MUST validate that the key type, key length and algorithm are
   correct and appropriate for the entities involved.

9.2.1.  Security Considerations

   A number of attacks exist against CBC-MAC that need to be considered.

   o  A single key must only be used for messages of a fixed and known
      length.  If this is not the case, an attacker will be able to
      generate a message with a valid tag given two message, tag pairs.
      This can be addressed by using different keys for different length
      messages.  (CMAC mode also addresses this issue.)

   o  If the same key is used for both encryption and authentication
      operations, using CBC modes an attacker can produce messages with
      a valid authentication code.

   o  If the IV can be modified, then messages can be forged.  This is
      addressed by fixing the IV to all zeros.

10.  Content Encryption Algorithms

   Content Encryption Algorithms provide data confidentiality for
   potentially large blocks of data using a symmetric key.  They provide
   integrity on the data that was encrypted, however they provide either
   no or very limited data origination.  (One cannot, for example, be



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   used to prove the identity of the sender to a third party.)  The
   ability to provide data origination is linked to how the symmetric
   key is obtained.

   We restrict the set of legal content encryption algorithms to those
   that support authentication both of the content and additional data.
   The encryption process will generate some type of authentication
   value, but that value may be either explicit or implicit in terms of
   the algorithm definition.  For simplicity sake, the authentication
   code will normally be defined as being appended to the cipher text
   stream.  The basic structure becomes:


   ciphertext = Encrypt(message content, key, additional data)

   valid, message content = Decrypt(cipher text, key, additional data)


   Most AEAD algorithms are logically defined as returning the message
   content only if the decryption is valid.  Many but not all
   implementations will follow this convention.  The message content
   MUST NOT be used if the decryption does not validate.

10.1.  AES GCM

   The GCM mode is a generic authenticated encryption block cipher mode
   defined in [AES-GCM].  The GCM mode is combined with the AES block
   encryption algorithm to define an AEAD cipher.

   The GCM mode is parameterized with by the size of the authentication
   tag and the size of the nonce.  This document fixes the size of the
   nonce at 96-bits.  The size of the authentication tag is limited to a
   small set of values.  For this document however, the size of the
   authentication tag is fixed at 128 bits.

   The set of algorithms defined in this document are in Table 7.

      +---------+-------+------------------------------------------+
      | name    | value | description                              |
      +---------+-------+------------------------------------------+
      | A128GCM | 1     | AES-GCM mode w/ 128-bit key, 128-bit tag |
      |         |       |                                          |
      | A192GCM | 2     | AES-GCM mode w/ 192-bit key, 128-bit tag |
      |         |       |                                          |
      | A256GCM | 3     | AES-GCM mode w/ 256-bit key, 128-bit tag |
      +---------+-------+------------------------------------------+

                   Table 7: Algorithm Value for AES-GCM



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   Keys may be obtained either from a key structure or from a recipient
   structure.  If the key obtained from a key structure, the key type
   MUST be 'Symmetric'.  Implementations encrypting and decrypting MUST
   validate that the key type, key length and algorithm are correct and
   appropriate for the entities involved.

10.1.1.  Security Considerations

   When using AES-CCM, the following restrictions MUST be enforced:

   o  The key and nonce pair MUST be unique for every message encrypted.

   o  The total amount of data encrypted MUST NOT exceed 2^39 - 256
      bits.  An explicit check is required only in environments where it
      is expected that it might be exceeded.

   Consideration was given to supporting smaller tag values, the
   constrained community would desire tag sizes in the 64-bit range.
   Doing show drastically changes both the maximum messages size
   (generally not an issue) and the number of times that a key can be
   used.  Given that CCM is the usual mode for constrained environments
   restricted modes are not supported.

10.2.  AES CCM

   Counter with CBC-MAC (CCM) is a generic authentication encryption
   block cipher mode defined in [RFC3610].  The CCM mode is combined
   with the AES block encryption algorithm to define a commonly used
   content encryption algorithm used in constrained devices.

   The CCM mode has two parameter choices.  The first choice is M, the
   size of the authentication field.  The choice of the value for M
   involves a trade-off between message expansion and the probably that
   an attacker can undetectably modify a message.  The second choice is
   L, the size of the length field.  This value requires a trade-off
   between the maximum message size and the size of the Nonce.

   It is unfortunate that the specification for CCM specified L and M as
   a count of bytes rather than a count of bits.  This leads to possible
   misunderstandings where AES-CCM-8 is frequently used to refer to a
   version of CCM mode where the size of the authentication is 64 bits
   and not 8 bits.  These values have traditionally been specified as
   bit counts rather than byte counts.  This document will follow the
   tradition of using bit counts so that it is easier to compare the
   different algorithms presented in this document.

   We define a matrix of algorithms in this document over the values of
   L and M.  Constrained devices are usually operating in situations



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   where they use short messages and want to avoid doing recipient
   specific cryptographic operations.  This favors smaller values of M
   and larger values of L.  Less constrained devices do will want to be
   able to user larger messages and are more willing to generate new
   keys for every operation.  This favors larger values of M and smaller
   values of L.  (The use of a large nonce means that random generation
   of both the key and the nonce will decrease the chances of repeating
   the pair on two different messages.)

   The following values are used for L:

   16 bits (2)  limits messages to 2^16 bytes (64 KiB) in length.  This
      sufficiently long for messages in the constrained world.  The
      nonce length is 13 bytes allowing for 2^(13*8) possible values of
      the nonce without repeating.

   64 bits (8)  limits messages to 2^64 bytes in length.  The nonce
      length is 7 bytes allowing for 2^56 possible values of the nonce
      without repeating.

   The following values are used for M:

   64 bits (8)  produces a 64-bit authentication tag.  This implies that
      there is a 1 in 2^64 chance that a modified message will
      authenticate.

   128 bits (16)  produces a 128-bit authentication tag.  This implies
      that there is a 1 in 2^128 chance that a modified message will
      authenticate.






















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   +--------------------+-------+----+-----+-----+---------------------+
   | name               | value | L  | M   | k   | description         |
   +--------------------+-------+----+-----+-----+---------------------+
   | AES-CCM-16-64-128  | 10    | 16 | 64  | 128 | AES-CCM mode        |
   |                    |       |    |     |     | 128-bit key, 64-bit |
   |                    |       |    |     |     | tag, 13-byte nonce  |
   |                    |       |    |     |     |                     |
   | AES-CCM-16-64-256  | 11    | 16 | 64  | 256 | AES-CCM mode        |
   |                    |       |    |     |     | 256-bit key, 64-bit |
   |                    |       |    |     |     | tag, 13-byte nonce  |
   |                    |       |    |     |     |                     |
   | AES-CCM-64-64-128  | 30    | 64 | 64  | 128 | AES-CCM mode        |
   |                    |       |    |     |     | 128-bit key, 64-bit |
   |                    |       |    |     |     | tag, 7-byte nonce   |
   |                    |       |    |     |     |                     |
   | AES-CCM-64-64-256  | 31    | 64 | 64  | 256 | AES-CCM mode        |
   |                    |       |    |     |     | 256-bit key, 64-bit |
   |                    |       |    |     |     | tag, 7-byte nonce   |
   |                    |       |    |     |     |                     |
   | AES-CCM-16-128-128 | 12    | 16 | 128 | 128 | AES-CCM mode        |
   |                    |       |    |     |     | 128-bit key,        |
   |                    |       |    |     |     | 128-bit tag,        |
   |                    |       |    |     |     | 13-byte nonce       |
   |                    |       |    |     |     |                     |
   | AES-CCM-16-128-256 | 13    | 16 | 128 | 256 | AES-CCM mode        |
   |                    |       |    |     |     | 256-bit key,        |
   |                    |       |    |     |     | 128-bit tag,        |
   |                    |       |    |     |     | 13-byte nonce       |
   |                    |       |    |     |     |                     |
   | AES-CCM-64-128-128 | 32    | 64 | 128 | 128 | AES-CCM mode        |
   |                    |       |    |     |     | 128-bit key,        |
   |                    |       |    |     |     | 128-bit tag, 7-byte |
   |                    |       |    |     |     | nonce               |
   |                    |       |    |     |     |                     |
   | AES-CCM-64-128-256 | 33    | 64 | 128 | 256 | AES-CCM mode        |
   |                    |       |    |     |     | 256-bit key,        |
   |                    |       |    |     |     | 128-bit tag, 7-byte |
   |                    |       |    |     |     | nonce               |
   +--------------------+-------+----+-----+-----+---------------------+

                   Table 8: Algorithm Values for AES-CCM

   Keys may be obtained either from a key structure or from a recipient
   structure.  If the key obtained from a key structure, the key type
   MUST be 'Symmetric'.  Implementations encrypting and decrypting MUST
   validate that the key type, key length and algorithm are correct and
   appropriate for the entities involved.




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10.2.1.  Security Considerations

   When using AES-CCM, the following restrictions MUST be enforced:

   o  The key and nonce pair MUST be unique for every message encrypted.

   o  The total number of times the AES block cipher is used MUST NOT
      exceed 2^61 operations.  This limitation is the sum of times the
      block cipher is used in computing the MAC value and in performing
      stream encryption operations.  An explicit check is required only
      in environments where it is expected that it might be exceeded.

   [RFC3610] additionally calls out one other consideration of note.  It
   is possible to do a pre-computation attack against the algorithm in
   cases where the portions encryption content is highly predictable.
   This reduces the security of the key size by half.  Ways to deal with
   this attack include adding a random portion to the nonce value and/or
   increasing the key size used.  Using a portion of the nonce for a
   random value will decrease the number of messages that a single key
   can be used for.  Increasing the key size may require more resources
   in the constrained device.  See sections 5 and 10 of [RFC3610] for
   more information.

10.3.  ChaCha20 and Poly1305

   ChaCha20 and Poly1305 combined together is a new AEAD mode that is
   defined in [RFC7539].  This is a new algorithm defined to be a cipher
   that is not AES and thus would not suffer from any future weaknesses
   found in AES.  These cryptographic functions are designed to be fast
   in software-only implementations.

   The ChaCha20/Poly1305 AEAD construction defined in [RFC7539] has no
   parameterization.  It takes a 256-bit key and a 96-bit nonce as well
   as the plain text and additional data as inputs and produces the
   cipher text as an option.  We define one algorithm identifier for
   this algorithm in Table 9.

   +-------------------+-------+---------------------------------------+
   | name              | value | description                           |
   +-------------------+-------+---------------------------------------+
   | ChaCha20/Poly1305 | 24    | ChaCha20/Poly1305 w/ 256-bit key,     |
   |                   |       | 128-bit tag                           |
   +-------------------+-------+---------------------------------------+

                   Table 9: Algorithm Value for AES-GCM

   Keys may be obtained either from a key structure or from a recipient
   structure.  If the key obtained from a key structure, the key type



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   MUST be 'Symmetric'.  Implementations encrypting and decrypting MUST
   validate that the key type, key length and algorithm are correct and
   appropriate for the entities involved.

10.3.1.  Security Considerations

   The pair of key, nonce MUST be unique for every invocation of the
   algorithm.  Nonce counters are considered to be an acceptable way of
   ensuring that they are unique.

11.  Key Derivation Functions (KDF)

   Key Derivation Functions (KDFs) are used to take some secret value
   and generate a different one.  The original secret values come in
   three basic flavors:

   o  Secrets that are uniformly random: This is the type of secret
      which is created by a good random number generator.

   o  Secrets that are not uniformly random: This is type of secret
      which is created by operations like key agreement.

   o  Secrets that are not random: This is the type of secret that
      people generate for things like passwords.

   General KDF functions work well with the first type of secret, can do
   reasonable well with the second type of secret and generally do
   poorly with the last type of secret.  None of the KDF functions in
   this section are designed to deal with the type of secrets that are
   used for passwords.  Functions like PBSE2 [RFC2898] need to be used
   for that type of secret.

   Many functions are going to handle the first two type of secrets
   differently.  The KDF function defined in Section 11.1 can use
   different underlying constructions if the secret is uniformly random
   than if the secret is not uniformly random.  This is reflected in the
   set of algorithms defined for HKDF.

   When using KDF functions, one component that is generally included is
   context information.  Context information is used to allow for
   different keying information to be derived from the same secret.  The
   use of context based keying material is considered to be a good
   security practice.  This document defines a single context structure
   and a single KDF function.







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11.1.  HMAC-based Extract-and-Expand Key Derivation Function (HKDF)

   The HKDF key derivation algorithm is defined in [RFC5869].

   The HKDF algorithm takes these inputs:

      secret - a shared value that is secret.  Secrets may be either
      previously shared or derived from operations like a DH key
      agreement.

      salt - an optional public value that is used to change the
      generation process.  If specified, the salt is carried using the
      'salt' algorithm parameter.  While [RFC5869] suggests that the
      length of the salt be the same as the length of the underlying
      hash value, any amount of salt will improve the security as
      different key values will be generated.  A parameter to carry the
      salt is defined in Table 11.  This parameter is protected by being
      included in the key computation and does not need to be separately
      authenticated.

      length - the number of bytes of output that need to be generated.

      context information - Information that describes the context in
      which the resulting value will be used.  Making this information
      specific to the context that the material is going to be used
      ensures that the resulting material will always be unique.  The
      context structure used is encoded into the algorithm identifier.

      PRF - The underlying pseudo-random function to be used in the HKDF
      algorithm.  The PRF is encoded into the HKDF algorithm selection.

   HKDF is defined to use HMAC as the underlying PRF.  However, it is
   possible to use other functions in the same construct to provide a
   different KDF function that may be more appropriate in the
   constrained world.  Specifically, one can use AES-CBC-MAC as the PRF
   for the expand step, but not for the extract step.  When using a good
   random shared secret of the correct length, the extract step can be
   skipped.  The extract cannot be skipped if the secret is not
   uniformly random, for example if it is the result of an ECDH key
   agreement step.

   The algorithms defined in this document are found in Table 10.









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   +-------------+-------------+----------+----------------------------+
   | name        | PRF         | Skip     | context                    |
   |             |             | extract  |                            |
   +-------------+-------------+----------+----------------------------+
   | HKDF        | HMAC with   | no       | HKDF using HMAC SHA-256 as |
   | SHA-256     | SHA-256     |          | the PRF                    |
   |             |             |          |                            |
   | HKDF        | HMAC with   | no       | HKDF using HMAC SHA-512 as |
   | SHA-512     | SHA-512     |          | the PRF                    |
   |             |             |          |                            |
   | HKDF AES-   | AES-CBC-128 | yes      | HKDF using AES-MAC as the  |
   | MAC-128     |             |          | PRF w/ 128-bit key         |
   |             |             |          |                            |
   | HKDF AES-   | AES-CBC-256 | yes      | HKDF using AES-MAC as the  |
   | MAC-256     |             |          | PRF w/ 256-bit key         |
   +-------------+-------------+----------+----------------------------+

                         Table 10: HKDF algorithms

                   +------+-------+------+-------------+
                   | name | label | type | description |
                   +------+-------+------+-------------+
                   | salt | -20   | bstr | Random salt |
                   +------+-------+------+-------------+

                    Table 11: HKDF Algorithm Parameters

11.2.  Context Information Structure

   The context information structure is used to ensure that the derived
   keying material is "bound" to the context of the transaction.  The
   context information structure used here is based on that defined in
   [SP800-56A].  By using CBOR for the encoding of the context
   information structure, we automatically get the same type and length
   separation of fields that is obtained by the use of ASN.1.  This
   means that there is no need to encode the lengths for the base
   elements as it is done by the encoding used in JOSE (Section 4.6.2 of
   [RFC7518]).  [CREF9]

   The context information structure refers to PartyU and PartyV as the
   two parties which are doing the key derivation.  Unless the
   application protocol defines differently, we assign PartyU to the
   entity that is creating the message and PartyV to the entity that is
   receiving the message.  By doing this association, different keys
   will be derived for each direction as the context information is
   different in each direction.





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   Application protocols are free to define the roles differently.  For
   example, they could assign the PartyU role to the entity that
   initiates the connection and allow directly sending multiple messages
   over the connection in both directions without changing the role
   information.  It is still reommended that different keys be derived
   in each direction to avoid reflection problems.

   The context structure is built from information that is known to both
   entities.  This information can be obtained from a variety of
   sources:

   o  Fields can be define by the application.  This is commonly used to
      assign names to parties.

   o  Fields can be defined by usage of the output.  Examples of this
      are the algorithm and key size that are being generated.

   o  Fields can be defined by parameters from the message.  We define a
      set of parameters in Table 12 which can be used to carry the
      values associated with the context structure.  Examples of this
      are identities and nonce values.  These parameters are designed to
      be placed in the unprotected bucket of the recipient structure.
      (They do not need to be in the protected bucket since they already
      are included in the cryptographic computation by virtue of being
      included in the context structure.)

   We define a CBOR object to hold the context information.  This object
   is referred to as CBOR_KDF_Context.  The object is based on a CBOR
   array type.  The fields in the array are:

   AlgorithmID  This field indicates the algorithm for which the key
      material will be used.  This field is required to be present and
      is a copy of the algorithm identifier in the message.  The field
      exists in the context information so that if the same environment
      is used for different algorithms, then completely different keys
      will be generated each of those algorithms.  (This practice means
      if algorithm A is broken and thus can is easier to find, the key
      derived for algorithm B will not be the same as the key for
      algorithm B.)

   PartyUInfo  This field holds information about party U.  The
      PartyUInfo is encoded as a CBOR structure.  The elements of
      PartyUInfo are encoded in the order presented, however if the
      element does not exist no element is placed in the array.  The
      elements of the PartyUInfo array are:

      identity  This contains the identity information for party U.  The
         identities can be assigned in one of two manners.  Firstly, a



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         protocol can assign identities based on roles.  For example,
         the roles of "client" and "server" may be assigned to different
         entities in the protocol.  Each entity would then use the
         correct label for the data they send or receive.  The second
         way is for a protocol to assign identities is to use a name
         based on a naming system (i.e.  DNS, X.509 names).
         We define an algorithm parameter 'PartyU identity' that can be
         used to carry identity information in the message.  However,
         identity information is often known as part of the protocol and
         can thus be inferred rather than made explicit.  If identity
         information is carried in the message, applications SHOULD have
         a way of validating the supplied identity information.  The
         identity information does not need to be specified and can be
         left as absent.

      nonce  This contains a one time nonce value.  The nonce can either
         be implicit from the protocol or carried as a value in the
         unprotected headers.
         We define an algorithm parameter 'PartyU nonce' that can be
         used to carry this value in the message However, the nonce
         value could be determined by the application and the value
         determined from elsewhere.
         This item is optional and can be absent.

      other  This contains other information that is defined by the
         protocol.
         This item is optional and can be absent.

   PartyVInfo  This field holds information about party V.  The
      PartyVInfo is encoded as a CBOR structure.  For store and forward
      environments, the party V information may be minimal or even
      absent.  The elements of PartyVInfo are encoded in the order
      presented, however if the element does not exist no element is
      placed in the array.  The elements of the PartyVInfo array are:

      identity  This contains the identity information for party V.  The
         identities can be assigned in one of two manners.  Firstly, a
         protocol can assign identities based on roles.  For example,
         the roles of "client" and "server" may be assigned to different
         entities in the protocol.  Each entity would then use the
         correct label for the data they send or receive.  The second
         way is for a protocol to assign identities is to use a name
         based on a naming system (i.e.  DNS, X.509 names).
         We define an algorithm parameter 'PartyU identity' that can be
         used to carry identity information in the message.  However,
         identity information is often known as part of the protocol and
         can thus be inferred rather than made explicit.  If identity
         information is carried in the message, applications SHOULD have



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         a way of validating the supplied identity information.  The
         identity information does not need to be specified and can be
         left as absent.

      nonce  This contains a one time nonce value.  The nonce can either
         be implicit from the protocol or carried as a value in the
         unprotected headers.
         We define an algorithm parameter 'PartyU nonce' that can be
         used to carry this value in the message However, the nonce
         value could be determined by the application and the value
         determined from elsewhere.
         This item is optional and can be absent.

      other  This contains other information that is defined by the
         protocol.
         This item is optional and can be absent.

   SuppPubInfo  This field contains public information that is mutually
      known to both parties.

      keyDataLength  This is set to the number of bits of the desired
         output value.  (This practice means if algorithm A can use two
         different key lengths, the key derived for longer key size will
         not contain the key for shorter key size as a prefix.)

      protected  This field contains the protected parameter field.

      other  The field other is for free form data defined by the
         application.  An example is that an application could defined
         two different strings to be placed here to generate different
         keys for a data stream vs a control stream.  This field is
         optional and will only be present if the application defines a
         structure for this information.  Applications that define this
         SHOULD use CBOR to encode the data so that types and lengths
         are correctly include.

   SuppPrivInfo  This field contains private information that is
      mutually known information.  An example of this information would
      be a pre-existing shared secret.  The field is optional and will
      only be present if the application defines a structure for this
      information.  Applications that define this SHOULD use CBOR to
      encode the data so that types and lengths are correctly included.









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   +---------------+-------+-----------+-------------------------------+
   | name          | label | type      | description                   |
   +---------------+-------+-----------+-------------------------------+
   | PartyU        | -21   | bstr      | Party U identity Information  |
   | identity      |       |           |                               |
   |               |       |           |                               |
   | PartyU nonce  | -22   | bstr /    | Party U provided nonce        |
   |               |       | int       |                               |
   |               |       |           |                               |
   | PartyU other  | -23   | bstr      | Party U other provided        |
   |               |       |           | information                   |
   |               |       |           |                               |
   | PartyV        | -24   | bstr      | Party V identity Information  |
   | identity      |       |           |                               |
   |               |       |           |                               |
   | PartyV nonce  | -25   | bstr /    | Party V provided nonce        |
   |               |       | int       |                               |
   |               |       |           |                               |
   | PartyV other  | -26   | bstr      | Party V other provided        |
   |               |       |           | information                   |
   +---------------+-------+-----------+-------------------------------+

                  Table 12: Context Algorithm Parameters

   Text from here to start of next section to be removed


   COSE_KDF_Context = [
       AlgorithmID : int / tstr,
       PartyUInfo : [
           ? nonce : bstr / int,
           ? identity : bstr,
           ? other : bstr,
       ],
       PartyVInfo : [
           ? nonce : bstr,
           ? identity : bstr / tstr,
           ? other : bstr
       ],
       SuppPubInfo : [
           keyDataLength : uint,
           protected : bstr,
           ? other : bstr
       ],
       ? SuppPrivInfo : bstr
   ]





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12.  Recipient Algorithm Classes

   Recipient algorithms can be defined into a number of different
   classes.  COSE has the ability to support many classes of recipient
   algorithms.  In this section, a number of classes are listed and then
   a set of algorithms are specified for each of the classes.  The names
   of the recipient algorithm classes used here are the same as are
   defined in [RFC7516].  Other specifications use different terms for
   the recipient algorithm classes or do not support some of our
   recipient algorithm classes.

12.1.  Direct Encryption

   The direct encryption class algorithms share a secret between the
   sender and the recipient that is used either directly or after
   manipulation as the content key.  When direct encryption mode is
   used, it MUST be the only mode used on the message.

   The COSE_Enveloped structure for the recipient is organized as
   follows:

   o  The 'protected' field MUST be a zero length item unless it is used
      in the computation of the content key.

   o  The 'alg' parameter MUST be present.

   o  A parameter identifying the shared secret SHOULD be present.

   o  The 'ciphertext' field MUST be a zero length item.

   o  The 'recipients' field MUST be absent.

12.1.1.  Direct Key

   This recipient algorithm is the simplest, the identified key is
   directly used as the key for the next layer down in the message.
   There are no algorithm parameters defined for this algorithm.  The
   algorithm identifier value is assigned in Table 13.

   When this algorithm is used, the protected field MUST be zero length.
   The key type MUST be 'Symmetric'.










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                  +--------+-------+-------------------+
                  | name   | value | description       |
                  +--------+-------+-------------------+
                  | direct | -6    | Direct use of CEK |
                  +--------+-------+-------------------+

                           Table 13: Direct Key

12.1.1.1.  Security Considerations

   This recipient algorithm has several potential problems that need to
   be considered:

   o  These keys need to have some method to be regularly updated over
      time.  All of the content encryption algorithms specified in this
      document have limits on how many times a key can be used without
      significant loss of security.

   o  These keys need to be dedicated to a single algorithm.  There have
      been a number of attacks developed over time when a single key is
      used for multiple different algorithms.  One example of this is
      the use of a single key both for CBC encryption mode and CBC-MAC
      authentication mode.

   o  Breaking one message means all messages are broken.  If an
      adversary succeeds in determining the key for a single message,
      then the key for all messages is also determined.

12.1.2.  Direct Key with KDF

   These recipient algorithms take a common shared secret between the
   two parties and applies the HKDF function (Section 11.1) using the
   context structure defined in Section 11.2 to transform the shared
   secret into the necessary key.  The 'protected' field can be of non-
   zero length.  The 'protected' field is copied into the
   SuppPubInfo.protected field of the context structure.  Either the
   'salt' parameter of HKDF or the partyU 'nonce' parameter of the
   context structure MUST be present.  The salt/nonce parameter can be
   generated either randomly or deterministically.  The requirement is
   that it be a unique value for the key pair in question.

   If the salt/nonce value is generated randomly, then it is suggested
   that the length of the random value be the same length as the hash
   function underlying HKDF.  While there is no way to guarantee that it
   will be unique, there is a high probability that it will be unique.
   If the salt/nonce value is generated deterministically, it can be
   guaranteed to be unique and thus there is no length requirement.




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   A new IV must be used if the same key is used in more than one
   message.  The IV can be modified in a predictable manner, a random
   manner or an unpredictable manner.  One unpredictable manner that can
   be used is to use the HKDF function to generate the IV.  If HKDF is
   used for generating the IV, the algorithm identifier is set to "IV-
   GENERATION".

   When these algorithms are used, the key type MUST be 'symmetric'.

   The set of algorithms defined in this document can be found in
   Table 14.

   +---------------------+-------+-------------+-----------------------+
   | name                | value | KDF         | description           |
   +---------------------+-------+-------------+-----------------------+
   | direct+HKDF-SHA-256 | *     | HKDF        | Shared secret w/ HKDF |
   |                     |       | SHA-256     | and SHA-256           |
   |                     |       |             |                       |
   | direct+HKDF-SHA-512 | *     | HKDF        | Shared secret w/ HKDF |
   |                     |       | SHA-512     | and SHA-512           |
   |                     |       |             |                       |
   | direct+HKDF-AES-128 | *     | HKDF AES-   | Shared secret w/ AES- |
   |                     |       | MAC-128     | MAC 128-bit key       |
   |                     |       |             |                       |
   | direct+HKDF-AES-256 | *     | HKDF AES-   | Shared secret w/ AES- |
   |                     |       | MAC-256     | MAC 256-bit key       |
   +---------------------+-------+-------------+-----------------------+

                           Table 14: Direct Key

12.1.2.1.  Security Considerations

   The shared secret needs to have some method to be regularly updated
   over time.  The shared secret forms the basis of trust.  Although not
   used directly, it should still be subject to scheduled rotation.

12.2.  Key Wrapping

   In key wrapping mode, the CEK is randomly generated and that key is
   then encrypted by a shared secret between the sender and the
   recipient.  All of the currently defined key wrapping algorithms for
   COSE are AE algorithms.  Key wrapping mode is considered to be
   superior to direct encryption if the system has any capability for
   doing random key generation.  This is because the shared key is used
   to wrap random data rather than data has some degree of organization
   and may in fact be repeating the same content.  The use of Key
   Wrapping loses the weak data origination that is provided by the
   direct encryption algorithms.



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   The COSE_Enveloped structure for the recipient is organized as
   follows:

   o  The 'protected' field MUST be absent if the key wrap algorithm is
      an AE algorithm.

   o  The 'recipients' field is normally absent, but can be used.
      Applications MUST deal with a recipients field present, not being
      able to decrypt that recipient is an acceptable way of dealing
      with it.  Failing to process the message is not an acceptable way
      of dealing with it.

   o  The plain text to be encrypted is the key from next layer down
      (usually the content layer).

   o  At a minimum, the 'unprotected' field MUST contain the 'alg'
      parameter and SHOULD contain a parameter identifying the shared
      secret.

12.2.1.  AES Key Wrapping

   The AES Key Wrapping algorithm is defined in [RFC3394].  This
   algorithm uses an AES key to wrap a value that is a multiple of 64
   bits.  As such, it can be used to wrap a key for any of the content
   encryption algorithms defined in this document.  The algorithm
   requires a single fixed parameter, the initial value.  This is fixed
   to the value specified in Section 2.2.3.1 of [RFC3394].  There are no
   public parameters that vary on a per invocation basis.

   Keys may be obtained either from a key structure or from a recipient
   structure.  If the key obtained from a key structure, the key type
   MUST be 'Symmetric'.  Implementations encrypting and decrypting MUST
   validate that the key type, key length and algorithm are correct and
   appropriate for the entities involved.

        +--------+-------+----------+-----------------------------+
        | name   | value | key size | description                 |
        +--------+-------+----------+-----------------------------+
        | A128KW | -3    | 128      | AES Key Wrap w/ 128-bit key |
        |        |       |          |                             |
        | A192KW | -4    | 192      | AES Key Wrap w/ 192-bit key |
        |        |       |          |                             |
        | A256KW | -5    | 256      | AES Key Wrap w/ 256-bit key |
        +--------+-------+----------+-----------------------------+

                  Table 15: AES Key Wrap Algorithm Values





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12.2.1.1.  Security Considerations for AES-KW

   The shared secret need to have some method to be regularly updated
   over time.  The shared secret is the basis of trust.

12.3.  Key Encryption

   Key Encryption mode is also called key transport mode in some
   standards.  Key Encryption mode differs from Key Wrap mode in that it
   uses an asymmetric encryption algorithm rather than a symmetric
   encryption algorithm to protect the key.  This document defines one
   Key Encryption mode algorithm.

   When using a key encryption algorithm, the COSE_Enveloped structure
   for the recipient is organized as follows:

   o  The 'protected' field MUST be absent.

   o  The plain text to be encrypted is the key from next layer down
      (usually the content layer).

   o  At a minimum, the 'unprotected' field MUST contain the 'alg'
      parameter and SHOULD contain a parameter identifying the
      asymmetric key.

12.4.  Direct Key Agreement

   The 'direct key agreement' class of recipient algorithms uses a key
   agreement method to create a shared secret.  A KDF is then applied to
   the shared secret to derive a key to be used in protecting the data.
   This key is normally used as a CEK or MAC key, but could be used for
   other purposes if more than two layers are in use (see Appendix B).

   The most commonly used key agreement algorithm used is Diffie-
   Hellman, but other variants exist.  Since COSE is designed for a
   store and forward environment rather than an on-line environment,
   many of the DH variants cannot be used as the receiver of the message
   cannot provide any key material.  One side-effect of this is that
   perfect forward secrecy (see [RFC4949]) is not achievable.  A static
   key will always be used for the receiver of the COSE message.

   Two variants of DH that are easily supported are:

      - Ephemeral-Static DH: where the sender of the message creates a
      one time DH key and uses a static key for the recipient.  The use
      of the ephemeral sender key means that no additional random input
      is needed as this is randomly generated for each message.




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      Static-Static DH: where a static key is used for both the sender
      and the recipient.  The use of static keys allows for recipient to
      get a weak version of data origination for the message.  When
      static-static key agreement is used, then some piece of unique
      data is required to ensure that a different key is created for
      each message.

   In this specification, both variants are specified.  This has been
   done to provide the weak data origination option for use with MAC
   operations.

   When direct key agreement mode is used, there MUST be only one
   recipient in the message.  This method creates the key directly and
   that makes it difficult to mix with additional recipients.  If
   multiple recipients are needed, then the version with key wrap needs
   to be used.

   The COSE_Enveloped structure for the recipient is organized as
   follows:

   o  The 'protected' field MUST be absent.

   o  At a minimum, the 'unprotected' field MUST contain the 'alg'
      parameter and SHOULD contain a parameter identifying the
      recipient's asymmetric key.

   o  The 'unprotected' field MUST contain the 'epk' parameter.

12.4.1.  ECDH

   The basic mathematics for Elliptic Curve Diffie-Hellman can be found
   in [RFC6090].

   ECDH is parameterized by the following:

   o  Curve Type/Curve: The curve selected controls not only the size of
      the shared secret, but the mathematics for computing the shared
      secret.  The curve selected also controls how a point in the curve
      is represented and what happens for the identity points on the
      curve.  In this specification, we allow for a number of different
      curves to be used.  A set of curves are defined in Table 19.
      Since the only the math is changed by changing the curve, the
      curve is not fixed for any of the algorithm identifiers we define.
      Instead, it is defined by the points used.

   o  Ephemeral-static or static-static: The key agreement process may
      be done using either a static or an ephemeral key for the sender's
      side.  When using ephemeral keys, the sender MUST generate a new



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      ephemeral key for every key agreement operation.  The ephemeral
      key is placed in the 'ephemeral key' parameter and MUST be present
      for all algorithm identifiers that use ephemeral keys.  When using
      static keys, the sender MUST either generate a new random value or
      otherwise create a unique value to be placed in either in the KDF
      parameters or the context structure.  For the KDF functions used,
      this means either in the 'salt' parameter for HKDF (Table 11) or
      in the 'PartyU nonce' parameter for the context structure
      (Table 12) MUST be present.  (Both may be present if desired.)
      The value in the parameter MUST be unique for the key pair being
      used.  It is acceptable to use a global counter that is
      incremented for every static-static operation and use the
      resulting value.  When using static keys, the static key needs to
      be identified to the recipient.  The static key can be identified
      either by providing the key ('static key') or by providing a key
      identifier for the static key ('static key id').  Both of these
      parameters are defined in Table 17

   o  Key derivation algorithm: The result of an ECDH key agreement
      process does not provide a uniformly random secret.  As such, it
      needs to be run through a KDF in order to produce a usable key.
      Processing the secret through a KDF also allows for the
      introduction of both context material, how the key is going to be
      used, and one time material in the even to of a static-static key
      agreement.

   o  Key Wrap algorithm: The key wrap algorithm can be 'none' if the
      result of the KDF is going to be used as the key directly.  This
      option, along with static-static, should be used if knowledge
      about the sender is desired.  If 'none' is used, then the content
      layer encryption algorithm size is value fed to the context
      structure.  Support is also provided for any of the key wrap
      algorithms defined in Section 12.2.1.  If one of these options is
      used, the input key size to the key wrap algorithm is the value
      fed into the context structure as the key size.

   The set of direct ECDH algorithms defined in this document are found
   in Table 16.

   +-------------+------+-------+----------------+--------+------------+
   | name        | valu | KDF   | Ephemeral-     | Key    | descriptio |
   |             | e    |       | Static         | Wrap   | n          |
   +-------------+------+-------+----------------+--------+------------+
   | ECDH-ES +   | 50   | HKDF  | yes            | none   | ECDH ES w/ |
   | HKDF-256    |      | - SHA |                |        | HKDF -     |
   |             |      | -256  |                |        | generate   |
   |             |      |       |                |        | key        |
   |             |      |       |                |        | directly   |



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   |             |      |       |                |        |            |
   | ECDH-ES +   | 51   | HKDF  | yes            | none   | ECDH ES w/ |
   | HKDF-512    |      | - SHA |                |        | HKDF -     |
   |             |      | -256  |                |        | generate   |
   |             |      |       |                |        | key        |
   |             |      |       |                |        | directly   |
   |             |      |       |                |        |            |
   | ECDH-SS +   | 52   | HKDF  | no             | none   | ECDH ES w/ |
   | HKDF-256    |      | - SHA |                |        | HKDF -     |
   |             |      | -256  |                |        | generate   |
   |             |      |       |                |        | key        |
   |             |      |       |                |        | directly   |
   |             |      |       |                |        |            |
   | ECDH-SS +   | 53   | HKDF  | no             | none   | ECDH ES w/ |
   | HKDF-512    |      | - SHA |                |        | HKDF -     |
   |             |      | -256  |                |        | generate   |
   |             |      |       |                |        | key        |
   |             |      |       |                |        | directly   |
   |             |      |       |                |        |            |
   | ECDH-       | 54   | HKDF  | yes            | A128KW | ECDH ES w/ |
   | ES+A128KW   |      | - SHA |                |        | Concat KDF |
   |             |      | -256  |                |        | and AES    |
   |             |      |       |                |        | Key wrap   |
   |             |      |       |                |        | w/ 128 bit |
   |             |      |       |                |        | key        |
   |             |      |       |                |        |            |
   | ECDH-       | 55   | HKDF  | yes            | A192KW | ECDH ES w/ |
   | ES+A192KW   |      | - SHA |                |        | Concat KDF |
   |             |      | -256  |                |        | and AES    |
   |             |      |       |                |        | Key wrap   |
   |             |      |       |                |        | w/ 192 bit |
   |             |      |       |                |        | key        |
   |             |      |       |                |        |            |
   | ECDH-       | 56   | HKDF  | yes            | A256KW | ECDH ES w/ |
   | ES+A256KW   |      | - SHA |                |        | Concat KDF |
   |             |      | -256  |                |        | and AES    |
   |             |      |       |                |        | Key wrap   |
   |             |      |       |                |        | w/ 256 bit |
   |             |      |       |                |        | key        |
   |             |      |       |                |        |            |
   | ECDH-       | 57   | HKDF  | no             | A128KW | ECDH SS w/ |
   | SS+A128KW   |      | - SHA |                |        | Concat KDF |
   |             |      | -256  |                |        | and AES    |
   |             |      |       |                |        | Key wrap   |
   |             |      |       |                |        | w/ 128 bit |
   |             |      |       |                |        | key        |
   |             |      |       |                |        |            |
   | ECDH-       | 58   | HKDF  | no             | A192KW | ECDH SS w/ |



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   | SS+A192KW   |      | - SHA |                |        | Concat KDF |
   |             |      | -256  |                |        | and AES    |
   |             |      |       |                |        | Key wrap   |
   |             |      |       |                |        | w/ 192 bit |
   |             |      |       |                |        | key        |
   |             |      |       |                |        |            |
   | ECDH-       | 59   | HKDF  | no             | A256KW | ECDH SS w/ |
   | SS+A256KW   |      | - SHA |                |        | Concat KDF |
   |             |      | -256  |                |        | and AES    |
   |             |      |       |                |        | Key wrap   |
   |             |      |       |                |        | w/ 256 bit |
   |             |      |       |                |        | key        |
   +-------------+------+-------+----------------+--------+------------+

                      Table 16: ECDH Algorithm Values

   +-----------+-------+----------+-----------+------------------------+
   | name      | label | type     | algorithm | description            |
   +-----------+-------+----------+-----------+------------------------+
   | ephemeral | -1    | COSE_Key | ECDH-ES   | Ephemeral Public key   |
   | key       |       |          |           | for the sender         |
   |           |       |          |           |                        |
   | static    | -2    | COSE_Key | ECDH-ES   | Static Public key for  |
   | key       |       |          |           | the sender             |
   |           |       |          |           |                        |
   | static    | -3    | bstr     | ECDH-SS   | Static Public key      |
   | key id    |       |          |           | identifier for the     |
   |           |       |          |           | sender                 |
   +-----------+-------+----------+-----------+------------------------+

                    Table 17: ECDH Algorithm Parameters

   This document defines these algorithms to be used with the curves
   P-256, P-384, P-521.  Implementations MUST verify that the key type
   and curve are correct.  Different curves are restricted to different
   key types.  Implementations MUST verify that the curve and algorithm
   are appropriate for the entities involved.

12.5.  Key Agreement with KDF

   Key Agreement with Key Wrapping uses a randomly generated CEK.  The
   CEK is then encrypted using a Key Wrapping algorithm and a key
   derived from the shared secret computed by the key agreement
   algorithm.

   The COSE_Enveloped structure for the recipient is organized as
   follows:




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   o  The 'protected' field is fed into the KDF context structure.

   o  The plain text to be encrypted is the key from next layer down
      (usually the content layer).

   o  The 'alg' parameter MUST be present in the layer.

   o  A parameter identifying the recipient's key SHOULD be present.  A
      parameter identifying the sender's key SHOULD be present.

12.5.1.  ECDH

   These algorithms are defined in Table 16.

13.  Keys

   The COSE_Key object defines a way to hold a single key object.  It is
   still required that the members of individual key types be defined.
   This section of the document is where we define an initial set of
   members for specific key types.

   For each of the key types, we define both public and private members.
   The public members are what is transmitted to others for their usage.
   We define private members mainly for the purpose of archival of keys
   by individuals.  However, there are some circumstances in which
   private keys may be distributed by various entities in a protocol.
   Examples include: entities that have poor random number generation,
   centralized key creation for multi-cast type operations, and
   protocols in which a shared secret is used as a bearer token for
   authorization purposes.

   Key types are identified by the 'kty' member of the COSE_Key object.
   In this document, we define four values for the member:

    +-----------+-------+--------------------------------------------+
    | name      | value | description                                |
    +-----------+-------+--------------------------------------------+
    | EC2       | 2     | Elliptic Curve Keys w/ X,Y Coordinate pair |
    |           |       |                                            |
    | Symmetric | 4     | Symmetric Keys                             |
    |           |       |                                            |
    | Reserved  | 0     | This value is reserved                     |
    +-----------+-------+--------------------------------------------+

                         Table 18: Key Type Values






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13.1.  Elliptic Curve Keys

   Two different key structures could be defined for Elliptic Curve
   keys.  One version uses both an x and a y coordinate, potentially
   with point compression.  This is the traditional EC point
   representation that is used in [RFC5480].  The other version uses
   only the x coordinate as the y coordinate is either to be recomputed
   or not needed for the key agreement operation.  Currently no
   algorithms are defined using this key structure.

     +-------+----------+-------+------------------------------------+
     | name  | key type | value | description                        |
     +-------+----------+-------+------------------------------------+
     | P-256 | EC2      | 1     | NIST P-256 also known as secp256r1 |
     |       |          |       |                                    |
     | P-384 | EC2      | 2     | NIST P-384 also known as secp384r1 |
     |       |          |       |                                    |
     | P-521 | EC2      | 3     | NIST P-521 also known as secp521r1 |
     +-------+----------+-------+------------------------------------+

                            Table 19: EC Curves

13.1.1.  Double Coordinate Curves

   The traditional way of sending EC curves has been to send either both
   the x and y coordinates, or the x coordinate and a sign bit for the y
   coordinate.  The latter encoding has not been recommended in the IETF
   due to potential IPR issues.  However, for operations in constrained
   environments, the ability to shrink a message by not sending the y
   coordinate is potentially useful.

   For EC keys with both coordinates, the 'kty' member is set to 2
   (EC2).  The key parameters defined in this section are summarized in
   Table 20.  The members that are defined for this key type are:

   crv  contains an identifier of the curve to be used with the key.
      The curves defined in this document for this key type can be found
      in Table 19.  Other curves may be registered in the future and
      private curves can be used as well.

   x  contains the x coordinate for the EC point.  The integer is
      converted to an octet string as defined in [SEC1].  Zero octets
      MUST NOT be removed from the front of the octet string.

   y  contains either the sign bit or the value of y coordinate for the
      EC point.  When encoding the value y, the integer is converted to
      an octet string (as defined in [SEC1]) and encoded as a CBOR bstr.




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      Leading zero octets MUST be preserved.  When encoding the sign of
      y, the expression 'y > 0' is evaluated and encoded a CBOR boolean.

   d  contains the private key.

   For public keys, it is REQUIRED that 'crv', 'x' and 'y' be present in
   the structure.  For private keys, it is REQUIRED that 'crv' and 'd'
   be present in the structure.  For private keys, it is RECOMMENDED
   that 'x' and 'y' also be present, but they can be recomputed from the
   required elements and omitting them saves on space.

   +------+-------+-------+---------+----------------------------------+
   | name | key   | value | type    | description                      |
   |      | type  |       |         |                                  |
   +------+-------+-------+---------+----------------------------------+
   | crv  | 2     | -1    | int /   | EC Curve identifier - Taken from |
   |      |       |       | tstr    | the COSE General Registry        |
   |      |       |       |         |                                  |
   | x    | 2     | -2    | bstr    | X Coordinate                     |
   |      |       |       |         |                                  |
   | y    | 2     | -3    | bstr /  | Y Coordinate                     |
   |      |       |       | bool    |                                  |
   |      |       |       |         |                                  |
   | d    | 2     | -4    | bstr    | Private key                      |
   +------+-------+-------+---------+----------------------------------+

                        Table 20: EC Key Parameters

13.2.  Symmetric Keys

   Occasionally it is required that a symmetric key be transported
   between entities.  This key structure allows for that to happen.

   For symmetric keys, the 'kty' member is set to 3 (Symmetric).  The
   member that is defined for this key type is:

   k  contains the value of the key.

   This key structure contains only private key information, care must
   be taken that it is never transmitted accidentally.  For public keys,
   there are no required fields.  For private keys, it is REQUIRED that
   'k' be present in the structure.









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             +------+----------+-------+------+-------------+
             | name | key type | value | type | description |
             +------+----------+-------+------+-------------+
             | k    | 4        | -1    | bstr | Key Value   |
             +------+----------+-------+------+-------------+

                    Table 21: Symmetric Key Parameters

14.  CBOR Encoder Restrictions

   There has been an attempt to limit the number of places where the
   document needs to impose restrictions on how the CBOR Encoder needs
   to work.  We have managed to narrow it down to the following
   restrictions:

   o  The restriction applies to the encoding the Sig_structure, the
      Enc_structure, and the MAC_structure.

   o  The rules for Canonical CBOR (Section 3.9 of RFC 7049) MUST be
      used in these locations.  The main rule that needs to be enforced
      is that all lengths in these structures MUST be encoded such that
      they are encoded using definite lengths and the minimum length
      encoding is used.

   o  Applications MUST not generate messages with the same label used
      twice as a key in a single map.  Applications MUST not parse and
      process messages with the same label used twice as a key in a
      single map.  Applications can enforce the parse and process
      requirement by using parsers that will fail the parse step or by
      using parsers that will pass all keys to the application and the
      application can perform the check for duplicate keys.

15.  Application Profiling Considerations

   One of the issues that needs to be addressed is a requirement that a
   standard specify a set of algorithms that are required to be
   implemented.  [CREF10] This is done to promote interoperability as it
   provides a minimal set of algorithms that all devices can be sure
   will exist at both ends.  However, we have elected not to specify a
   set of mandatory algorithms in this document.

   It is expected that COSE is going to be used in a wide variety of
   applications and on a wide variety of devices.  Many of the
   constrained devices are going to be setup to use a small fixed set of
   algorithms, and this set of algorithms may not match those available
   on a device.  We therefore have deferred to the application protocols
   the decision of what to specify for mandatory algorithms.




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   Since the set of algorithms in an environment of constrained devices
   may depend on what the set of devices are and how long they have been
   in operation, we want to highlight that application protocols will
   need to specify some type of discovery method of algorithm
   capabilities.  The discovery method may be as simple as requiring
   preconfiguration of the set of algorithms to providing a discovery
   method built into the protocol.  S/MIME provided a number of
   different ways to approach the problem:

   o  Advertising in the message (S/MIME capabilities) [RFC5751].

   o  Advertising in the certificate (capabilities extension) [RFC4262]

   o  Minimum requirements for the S/MIME, which have been updated over
      time [RFC2633][RFC5751]

16.  IANA Considerations

16.1.  CBOR Tag assignment

   It is requested that IANA assign the following tags from the "Concise
   Binary Object Representation (CBOR) Tags" registry.  It is requested
   that the tags be assigned in the 24 to 255 value range.

   The tags to be assigned are:

   +-----------+-----------------------+-------------------------------+
   | Tag Value | Data Item             | Semantics                     |
   +-----------+-----------------------+-------------------------------+
   | TBD1      | COSE_Sign             | COSE Signed Data Object       |
   |           |                       |                               |
   | TBD2      | COSE_Enveloped        | COSE Enveloped Data Object    |
   |           |                       |                               |
   | TBD3      | COSE_Encrypted        | COSE Encrypted Data Object    |
   |           |                       |                               |
   | TBD4      | COSE_Mac              | COSE Mac-ed Data Object       |
   |           |                       |                               |
   | TBD5      | COSE_Key, COSE_KeySet | COSE Key or COSE Key Set      |
   |           |                       | Object                        |
   +-----------+-----------------------+-------------------------------+

16.2.  COSE Header Parameter Registry

   It is requested that IANA create a new registry entitled "COSE Header
   Parameters".  The registery is to be created as Expert Review
   Required.

   The columns of the registry are:



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   name  The name is present to make it easier to refer to and discuss
      the registration entry.  The value is not used in the protocol.
      Names are to be unique in the table.

   label  This is the value used for the label.  The label can be either
      an integer or a string.  Registration in the table is based on the
      value of the label requested.  Integer values between 1 and 255
      and strings of length 1 are designated as Standards Track Document
      required.  Integer values from 256 to 65535 and strings of length
      2 are designated as Specification Required.  Integer values of
      greater than 65535 and strings of length greater than 2 are
      designated as first come, first served.  Integer values in the
      range -1 to -65536 are delegated to the "COSE Header Algorithm
      Label" registry.  Integer values beyond -65536 are marked as
      private use.

   value  This contains the CBOR type for the value portion of the
      label.

   value registry  This contains a pointer to the registry used to
      contain values where the set is limited.

   description  This contains a brief description of the header field.

   specification  This contains a pointer to the specification defining
      the header field (where public).

   The initial contents of the registry can be found in Table 1.  The
   specification column for all rows in that table should be this
   document.

   Additionally, the label of 0 is to be marked as 'Reserved'.

16.3.  COSE Header Algorithm Label Table

   It is requested that IANA create a new registry entitled "COSE Header
   Algorithm Labels".  The registery is to be created as Expert Review
   Required.

   The columns of the registry are:

   name  The name is present to make it easier to refer to and discuss
      the registration entry.  The value is not used in the protocol.

   algorithm  The algorithm(s) that this registry entry is used for.
      This value is taken from the "COSE Algorithm Value" registry.
      Multiple algorithms can be specified in this entry.  For the
      table, the algorithm, label pair MUST be unique.



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   label  This is the value used for the label.  The label is an integer
      in the range of -1 to -65536.

   value  This contains the CBOR type for the value portion of the
      label.

   value registry  This contains a pointer to the registry used to
      contain values where the set is limited.

   description  This contains a brief description of the header field.

   specification  This contains a pointer to the specification defining
      the header field (where public).

   The initial contents of the registry can be found in Table 11,
   Table 12, and Table 17.  The specification column for all rows in
   that table should be this document.

16.4.  COSE Algorithm Registry

   It is requested that IANA create a new registry entitled "COSE
   Algorithm Registry".  The registery is to be created as Expert Review
   Required.

   The columns of the registry are:

   value  The value to be used to identify this algorithm.  Algorithm
      values MUST be unique.  The value can be a positive integer, a
      negative integer or a string.  Integer values between 0 and 255
      and strings of length 1 are designated as Standards Track Document
      required.  Integer values from 256 to 65535 and strings of length
      2 are designated as Specification Required.  Integer values of
      greater than 65535 and strings of length greater than 2 are
      designated as first come, first served.  Integer values in the
      range -1 to -65536 are delegated to the "COSE Header Algorithm
      Label" registry.  Integer values beyond -65536 are marked as
      private use.

   description  A short description of the algorithm.

   specification  A document where the algorithm is defined (if publicly
      available).

   The initial contents of the registry can be found in Table 8,
   Table 7, Table 9, Table 4, Table 5, Table 6, Table 13, Table 14,
   Table 15, and Table 16.  The specification column for all rows in
   that table should be this document.




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16.5.  COSE Key Common Parameter Registry

   It is requested that IANA create a new registry entitled "COSE Key
   Common Parameter" Registry.  The registery is to be created as Expert
   Review Required.

   The columns of the registry are:

   name  This is a descriptive name that enables easier reference to the
      item.  It is not used in the encoding.

   label  The value to be used to identify this algorithm.  Key map
      labels MUST be unique.  The label can be a positive integer, a
      negative integer or a string.  Integer values between 0 and 255
      and strings of length 1 are designated as Standards Track Document
      required.  Integer values from 256 to 65535 and strings of length
      2 are designated as Specification Required.  Integer values of
      greater than 65535 and strings of length greater than 2 are
      designated as first come, first served.  Integer values in the
      range -1 to -65536 are used for key parameters specific to a
      single algorithm delegated to the "COSE Key Parameter Label"
      registry.  Integer values beyond -65536 are marked as private use.

   CBOR Type  This field contains the CBOR type for the field

   registry  This field denotes the registry that values come from, if
      one exists.

   description  This field contains a brief description for the field

   specification  This contains a pointer to the public specification
      for the field if one exists

   This registry will be initially populated by the values in
   Section 7.1.  The specification column for all of these entries will
   be this document.

16.6.  COSE Key Type Parameter Registry

   It is requested that IANA create a new registry "COSE Key Type
   Parameters".  The registery is to be created as Expert Review
   Required.

   The columns of the table are:

   key type  This field contains a descriptive string of a key type.
      This should be a value that is in the COSE General Values table
      and is placed in the 'kty' field of a COSE Key structure.



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   name  This is a descriptive name that enables easier reference to the
      item.  It is not used in the encoding.

   label  The label is to be unique for every value of key type.  The
      range of values is from -256 to -1.  Labels are expected to be
      reused for different keys.

   CBOR type  This field contains the CBOR type for the field

   description  This field contains a brief description for the field

   specification  This contains a pointer to the public specification
      for the field if one exists

   This registry will be initially populated by the values in Table 20
   and Table 21.  The specification column for all of these entries will
   be this document.

16.7.  COSE Elliptic Curve Registry

   It is requested that IANA create a new registry "COSE Elliptic Curve
   Parameters".  The registery is to be created as Expert Review
   Required.

   The columns of the table are:

   name  This is a descriptive name that enables easier reference to the
      item.  It is not used in the encoding.

   value  This is the value used to identify the curve.  These values
      MUST be unique.  The integer values from -256 to 255 are
      designated as Standards Track Document Required.  The integer
      values from 256 to 65535 and -65536 to -257 are designated as
      Specification Required.  Integer values over 65535 are designated
      as first come, first served.  Integer values less than -65536 are
      marked as private use.

   key type  This designates the key type(s) that can be used with this
      curve.

   description  This field contains a brief description of the curve.

   specification  This contains a pointer to the public specification
      for the curve if one exists.

   This registry will be initially populated by the values in Table 18.
   The specification column for all of these entries will be this
   document.



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16.8.  Media Type Registrations

16.8.1.  COSE Security Message

   This section registers the "application/cose" and "application/
   cose+cbor" media types in the "Media Types" registry.  [CREF11] These
   media types are used to indicate that the content is a COSE_MSG.
   [CREF12]

      Type name: application

      Subtype name: cose

      Required parameters: N/A

      Optional parameters: N/A

      Encoding considerations: binary

      Security considerations: See the Security Considerations section
      of RFC TBD.

      Interoperability considerations: N/A

      Published specification: RFC TBD

      Applications that use this media type: To be identified

      Fragment identifier considerations: N/A

      Additional information:

      *  Magic number(s): N/A

      *  File extension(s): cbor

      *  Macintosh file type code(s): N/A

      Person & email address to contact for further information:
      iesg@ietf.org

      Intended usage: COMMON

      Restrictions on usage: N/A

      Author: Jim Schaad, ietf@augustcellars.com

      Change Controller: IESG



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      Provisional registration?  No

      Type name: application

      Subtype name: cose+cbor

      Required parameters: N/A

      Optional parameters: N/A

      Encoding considerations: binary

      Security considerations: See the Security Considerations section
      of RFC TBD.

      Interoperability considerations: N/A

      Published specification: RFC TBD

      Applications that use this media type: To be identified

      Fragment identifier considerations: N/A

      Additional information:

      *  Magic number(s): N/A

      *  File extension(s): cbor

      *  Macintosh file type code(s): N/A

      Person & email address to contact for further information:
      iesg@ietf.org

      Intended usage: COMMON

      Restrictions on usage: N/A

      Author: Jim Schaad, ietf@augustcellars.com

      Change Controller: IESG

      Provisional registration?  No








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16.8.2.  COSE Key media type

   This section registers the "application/cose-key+cbor" and
   "application/cose-key-set+cbor" media types in the "Media Types"
   registry.  These media types are used to indicate, respectively, that
   content is a COSE_Key or COSE_KeySet object.

      Type name: application

      Subtype name: cose-key+cbor

      Required parameters: N/A

      Optional parameters: N/A

      Encoding considerations: binary

      Security considerations: See the Security Considerations section
      of RFC TBD.

      Interoperability considerations: N/A

      Published specification: RFC TBD

      Applications that use this media type: To be identified

      Fragment identifier considerations: N/A

      Additional information:

      *  Magic number(s): N/A

      *  File extension(s): cbor

      *  Macintosh file type code(s): N/A

      Person & email address to contact for further information:
      iesg@ietf.org

      Intended usage: COMMON

      Restrictions on usage: N/A

      Author: Jim Schaad, ietf@augustcellars.com

      Change Controller: IESG

      Provisional registration?  No



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      Type name: application

      Subtype name: cose-key-set+cbor

      Required parameters: N/A

      Optional parameters: N/A

      Encoding considerations: binary

      Security considerations: See the Security Considerations section
      of RFC TBD.

      Interoperability considerations: N/A

      Published specification: RFC TBD

      Applications that use this media type: To be identified

      Fragment identifier considerations: N/A

      Additional information:

      *  Magic number(s): N/A

      *  File extension(s): cbor

      *  Macintosh file type code(s): N/A

      Person & email address to contact for further information:
      iesg@ietf.org

      Intended usage: COMMON

      Restrictions on usage: N/A

      Author: Jim Schaad, ietf@augustcellars.com

      Change Controller: IESG

      Provisional registration?  No

16.9.  CoAP Content Format Registrations

   This section registers a set of content formats for CoAP.  ID
   assignment in the 24-255 range is requested.





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     +--------------------------+----------+-------+-----------------+
     | Media Type               | Encoding | ID    | Reference       |
     +--------------------------+----------+-------+-----------------+
     | application/cose         |          | TBD10 | [This Document] |
     |                          |          |       |                 |
     | application/cose-key     |          | TBD11 | [This Document] |
     |                          |          |       |                 |
     | application/cose-key-set |          | TBD12 | [This Document  |
     +--------------------------+----------+-------+-----------------+

17.  Security Considerations

   There are security considerations:

   1.  Protect private keys.

   2.  MAC messages with more than one recipient means one cannot figure
       out which party sent the message.

   3.  Use of a direct key with other recipient structures hands the key
       to the other recipients.

   4.  Use of direct ECDH direct encryption is easy for people to leak
       information on if there are other recipients in the message.

   5.  Considerations about protected vs unprotected header fields.  WHy
       the algorithm parameter needs to be protected.

   6.  Need to verify that: 1) the kty field of the key matches the key
       and algorithm being used, 2) the kty field needs to be included
       in the trust decision as well as the other key fields, and 3) the
       algorithm is included in the trust decision.

18.  References

18.1.  Normative References

   [RFC2119]  Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
              Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC2119, March 1997,
              <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2119>.

   [RFC7049]  Bormann, C. and P. Hoffman, "Concise Binary Object
              Representation (CBOR)", RFC 7049, DOI 10.17487/RFC7049,
              October 2013, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7049>.






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18.2.  Informative References

   [AES-GCM]  Dworkin, M., "NIST Special Publication 800-38D:
              Recommendation for Block Cipher Modes of Operation:
              Galois/Counter Mode (GCM) and GMAC.", Nov 2007.

   [DSS]      U.S. National Institute of Standards and Technology,
              "Digital Signature Standard (DSS)", July 2013.

   [I-D.greevenbosch-appsawg-cbor-cddl]
              Vigano, C. and H. Birkholz, "CBOR data definition language
              (CDDL): a notational convention to express CBOR data
              structures", draft-greevenbosch-appsawg-cbor-cddl-07 (work
              in progress), October 2015.

   [MAC]      NiST, N., "FIPS PUB 113: Computer Data Authentication",
              May 1985.

   [MultiPrimeRSA]
              Hinek, M. and D. Cheriton, "On the Security of Multi-prime
              RSA", June 2006.

   [PVSig]    Brown, D. and D. Johnson, "Formal Security Proofs for a
              Signature Scheme with Partial Message Recover", February
              2000.

   [RFC2104]  Krawczyk, H., Bellare, M., and R. Canetti, "HMAC: Keyed-
              Hashing for Message Authentication", RFC 2104,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC2104, February 1997,
              <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2104>.

   [RFC2633]  Ramsdell, B., Ed., "S/MIME Version 3 Message
              Specification", RFC 2633, DOI 10.17487/RFC2633, June 1999,
              <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2633>.

   [RFC2898]  Kaliski, B., "PKCS #5: Password-Based Cryptography
              Specification Version 2.0", RFC 2898,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC2898, September 2000,
              <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2898>.

   [RFC3394]  Schaad, J. and R. Housley, "Advanced Encryption Standard
              (AES) Key Wrap Algorithm", RFC 3394, DOI 10.17487/RFC3394,
              September 2002, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3394>.

   [RFC3447]  Jonsson, J. and B. Kaliski, "Public-Key Cryptography
              Standards (PKCS) #1: RSA Cryptography Specifications
              Version 2.1", RFC 3447, DOI 10.17487/RFC3447, February
              2003, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3447>.



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   [RFC3610]  Whiting, D., Housley, R., and N. Ferguson, "Counter with
              CBC-MAC (CCM)", RFC 3610, DOI 10.17487/RFC3610, September
              2003, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3610>.

   [RFC4231]  Nystrom, M., "Identifiers and Test Vectors for HMAC-SHA-
              224, HMAC-SHA-256, HMAC-SHA-384, and HMAC-SHA-512",
              RFC 4231, DOI 10.17487/RFC4231, December 2005,
              <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4231>.

   [RFC4262]  Santesson, S., "X.509 Certificate Extension for Secure/
              Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions (S/MIME)
              Capabilities", RFC 4262, DOI 10.17487/RFC4262, December
              2005, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4262>.

   [RFC4949]  Shirey, R., "Internet Security Glossary, Version 2",
              FYI 36, RFC 4949, DOI 10.17487/RFC4949, August 2007,
              <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4949>.

   [RFC5480]  Turner, S., Brown, D., Yiu, K., Housley, R., and T. Polk,
              "Elliptic Curve Cryptography Subject Public Key
              Information", RFC 5480, DOI 10.17487/RFC5480, March 2009,
              <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5480>.

   [RFC5652]  Housley, R., "Cryptographic Message Syntax (CMS)", STD 70,
              RFC 5652, DOI 10.17487/RFC5652, September 2009,
              <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5652>.

   [RFC5751]  Ramsdell, B. and S. Turner, "Secure/Multipurpose Internet
              Mail Extensions (S/MIME) Version 3.2 Message
              Specification", RFC 5751, DOI 10.17487/RFC5751, January
              2010, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5751>.

   [RFC5752]  Turner, S. and J. Schaad, "Multiple Signatures in
              Cryptographic Message Syntax (CMS)", RFC 5752,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC5752, January 2010,
              <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5752>.

   [RFC5869]  Krawczyk, H. and P. Eronen, "HMAC-based Extract-and-Expand
              Key Derivation Function (HKDF)", RFC 5869,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC5869, May 2010,
              <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5869>.

   [RFC5990]  Randall, J., Kaliski, B., Brainard, J., and S. Turner,
              "Use of the RSA-KEM Key Transport Algorithm in the
              Cryptographic Message Syntax (CMS)", RFC 5990,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC5990, September 2010,
              <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5990>.




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   [RFC6090]  McGrew, D., Igoe, K., and M. Salter, "Fundamental Elliptic
              Curve Cryptography Algorithms", RFC 6090,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC6090, February 2011,
              <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6090>.

   [RFC6151]  Turner, S. and L. Chen, "Updated Security Considerations
              for the MD5 Message-Digest and the HMAC-MD5 Algorithms",
              RFC 6151, DOI 10.17487/RFC6151, March 2011,
              <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6151>.

   [RFC6979]  Pornin, T., "Deterministic Usage of the Digital Signature
              Algorithm (DSA) and Elliptic Curve Digital Signature
              Algorithm (ECDSA)", RFC 6979, DOI 10.17487/RFC6979, August
              2013, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6979>.

   [RFC7159]  Bray, T., Ed., "The JavaScript Object Notation (JSON) Data
              Interchange Format", RFC 7159, DOI 10.17487/RFC7159, March
              2014, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7159>.

   [RFC7252]  Shelby, Z., Hartke, K., and C. Bormann, "The Constrained
              Application Protocol (CoAP)", RFC 7252,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC7252, June 2014,
              <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7252>.

   [RFC7515]  Jones, M., Bradley, J., and N. Sakimura, "JSON Web
              Signature (JWS)", RFC 7515, DOI 10.17487/RFC7515, May
              2015, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7515>.

   [RFC7516]  Jones, M. and J. Hildebrand, "JSON Web Encryption (JWE)",
              RFC 7516, DOI 10.17487/RFC7516, May 2015,
              <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7516>.

   [RFC7517]  Jones, M., "JSON Web Key (JWK)", RFC 7517,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC7517, May 2015,
              <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7517>.

   [RFC7518]  Jones, M., "JSON Web Algorithms (JWA)", RFC 7518,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC7518, May 2015,
              <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7518>.

   [RFC7539]  Nir, Y. and A. Langley, "ChaCha20 and Poly1305 for IETF
              Protocols", RFC 7539, DOI 10.17487/RFC7539, May 2015,
              <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7539>.

   [SEC1]     Standards for Efficient Cryptography Group, "SEC 1:
              Elliptic Curve Cryptography", May 2009.





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   [SP800-56A]
              Barker, E., Chen, L., Roginsky, A., and M. Smid, "NIST
              Special Publication 800-56A: Recommendation for Pair-Wise
              Key Establishment Schemes Using Discrete Logarithm
              Cryptography", May 2013.

Appendix A.  CDDL Grammar

   For people who prefer using a formal language to describe the syntax
   of the CBOR, in this section a CDDL grammar is given that corresponds
   to [I-D.greevenbosch-appsawg-cbor-cddl].  This grammar is
   informational.  In the event of differences between this grammar and
   the prose, the prose is considered to be authoritative.

   The collected CDDL can be extracted from the XML version of this
   document via the following XPath expression below.  (Depending on the
   XPath evaluator one is using, it may be necessary to deal with &gt;
   as an entity.)


   //artwork[@type='CDDL']/text()


   ; This is define to make the tool quieter
   Internal_Types = Sig_structure / Enc_structure / MAC_structure /
           COSE_KDF_Context

Appendix B.  Three Levels of Recipient Information

   All of the currently defined recipient algorithms classes only use
   two levels of the COSE_Encrypt structure.  The first level is the
   message content and the second level is the content key encryption.
   However, if one uses a recipient algorithm such as RSA-KEM (see
   Appendix A of RSA-KEM [RFC5990], then it make sense to have three
   levels of the COSE_Encrypt structure.

   These levels would be:

   o  Level 0: The content encryption level.  This level contains the
      payload of the message.

   o  Level 1: The encryption of the CEK by a KEK.

   o  Level 2: The encryption of a long random secret using an RSA key
      and a key derivation function to convert that secret into the KEK.

   This is an example of what a triple layer message would look like.
   The message has the following layers:



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   o  Level 0: Has a content encrypted with AES-GCM using a 128-bit key.

   o  Level 1: Uses the AES Key wrap algorithm with a 128-bit key.

   o  Level 2: Uses ECDH Ephemeral-Static direct to generate the level 1
      key.

   In effect this example is a decomposed version of using the ECDH-
   ES+A128KW algorithm.

   Size of binary file is 216 bytes








































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   998(
     [
       / protected / h'a10101' / {
           \ alg \ 1:1 \ AES-GCM 128 \
         } / ,
       / unprotected / {
         / iv / 5:h'02d1f7e6f26c43d4868d87ce'
       },
       / ciphertext / h'64f84d913ba60a76070a9a48f26e97e863e285295a44320
   878caceb0763a334806857c67',
       / recipients / [
         [
           / protected / h'',
           / unprotected / {
             / alg / 1:-3 / A128KW /
           },
           / ciphertext / h'5a15dbf5b282ecb31a6074ee3815c252405dd7583e0
   78188',
           / recipients / [
             [
               / protected / h'',
               / unprotected / {
                 / alg / 1:50 / ECDH-ES + HKDF-256 /,
                 / kid / 4:'meriadoc.brandybuck@buckland.example',
                 / ephemeral / -1:{
                   / kty / 1:2,
                   / crv / -1:1,
                   / x / -2:h'b2add44368ea6d641f9ca9af308b4079aeb519f11
   e9b8a55a600b21233e86e68',
                   / y / -3:h'1a2cf118b9ee6895c8f415b686d4ca1cef362d4a7
   630a31ef6019c0c56d33de0'
                 }
               },
               / ciphertext / h''
             ]
           ]
         ]
       ]
     ]
   )

Appendix C.  Examples

   The examples can be found at https://github.com/cose-wg/Examples.
   The file names in each section correspond the same file names in the
   repository.  I am currently still in the process of getting the
   examples up there along with some control information for people to
   be able to check and reproduce the examples.



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   Examples may have some features that are in question but not yet
   incorporated in the document.

   To make it easier to read, the examples are presented using the
   CBOR's diagnostic notation rather than a binary dump.  A ruby based
   tool exists to convert between a number of formats.  This tool can be
   installed with the command line:

           gem install cbor-diag

   The diagnostic notation can be converted into binary files using the
   following command line:


            diag2cbor < inputfile > outputfile


   The examples can be extracted from the XML version of this document
   via an XPath expression as all of the artwork is tagged with the
   attribute type='CBORdiag'.

C.1.  Examples of MAC messages

C.1.1.  Shared Secret Direct MAC

   This example users the following:

   o  MAC: AES-CMAC, 256-bit key, truncated to 64 bits

   o  Recipient class: direct shared secret

   o  File name: Mac-04

   Size of binary file is 73 bytes

















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   996(
     [
       / protected / h'a1016f4145532d434d41432d3235362f3634' / {
           \ alg \ 1:"AES-CMAC-256/64"
         } / ,
       / unprotected / {},
       / payload / 'This is the content.',
       / tag / h'd9afa663dd740848',
       / recipients / [
         [
           / protected / h'',
           / unprotected / {
             / alg / 1:-6 / direct /,
             / kid / 4:'our-secret'
           },
           / ciphertext / h''
         ]
       ]
     ]
   )

C.1.2.  ECDH Direct MAC

   This example uses the following:

   o  MAC: HMAC w/SHA-256, 256-bit key

   o  Recipient class: ECDH key agreement, two static keys, HKDF w/
      context structure

   Size of binary file is 217 bytes




















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   996(
     [
       / protected / h'a10104' / {
           \ alg \ 1:4 \ HMAC 256/256 \
         } / ,
       / unprotected / {},
       / payload / 'This is the content.',
       / tag / h'2ba937ca03d76c3dbad30cfcbaeef586f9c0f9ba616ad67e9205d3
   8576ad9930',
       / recipients / [
         [
           / protected / h'',
           / unprotected / {
             / alg / 1:52 / ECDH-SS + HKDF-256 /,
             / kid / 4:'meriadoc.brandybuck@buckland.example',
             / static kid / -3:'peregrin.took@tuckborough.example',
             "apu":h'4d8553e7e74f3c6a3a9dd3ef286a8195cbf8a23d19558ccfec
   7d34b824f42d92bd06bd2c7f0271f0214e141fb779ae2856abf585a58368b017e7f2
   a9e5ce4db5'
           },
           / ciphertext / h''
         ]
       ]
     ]
   )

C.1.3.  Wrapped MAC

   This example uses the following:

   o  MAC: AES-MAC, 128-bit key, truncated to 64 bits

   o  Recipient class: AES keywrap w/ a pre-shared 256-bit key

   Size of binary file is 124 bytes
















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   996(
     [
       / protected / h'a1016e4145532d3132382d4d41432d3634' / {
           \ alg \ 1:"AES-128-MAC-64"
         } / ,
       / unprotected / {},
       / payload / 'This is the content.',
       / tag / h'6d1fa77b2dd9146a',
       / recipients / [
         [
           / protected / h'',
           / unprotected / {
             / alg / 1:-5 / A256KW /,
             / kid / 4:'018c0ae5-4d9b-471b-bfd6-eef314bc7037'
           },
           / ciphertext / h'711ab0dc2fc4585dce27effa6781c8093eba906f227
   b6eb0'
         ]
       ]
     ]
   )

C.1.4.  Multi-recipient MAC message

   This example uses the following:

   o  MAC: HMAC w/ SHA-256, 128-bit key

   o  Recipient class: Uses three different methods

      1.  ECDH Ephemeral-Static, Curve P-521, AES-Key Wrap w/ 128-bit
          key

      2.  AES-Key Wrap w/ 256-bit key

   Size of binary file is 374 bytes















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   996(
     [
       / protected / h'a10104' / {
           \ alg \ 1:4 \ HMAC 256/256 \
         } / ,
       / unprotected / {},
       / payload / 'This is the content.',
       / tag / h'7aaa6e74546873061f0a7de21ff0c0658d401a68da738dd8937486
   51983ce1d0',
       / recipients / [
         [
           / protected / h'',
           / unprotected / {
             / alg / 1:55 / ECHD-ES+A192KW /,
             / kid / 4:'bilbo.baggins@hobbiton.example',
             -1:{
               1:2,
               -1:3,
               -2:h'43b12669acac3fd27898ffba0bcd2e6c366d53bc4db71f909a7
   59304acfb5e18cdc7ba0b13ff8c7636271a6924b1ac63c02688075b55ef2d613574e
   7dc242f79c3',
               -3:h'812dd694f4ef32b11014d74010a954689c6b6e8785b333d1ab4
   4f22b9d1091ae8fc8ae40b687e5cfbe7ee6f8b47918a07bb04e9f5b1a51a334a16bc
   09777434113'
             }
           },
           / ciphertext / h'f20ad9c96134f3c6be4f75e7101c0ecc5efa071ff20
   a87fd1ac28510941ee0376573e2b384b56b99'
         ],
         [
           / protected / h'',
           / unprotected / {
             / alg / 1:-5 / A256KW /,
             / kid / 4:'018c0ae5-4d9b-471b-bfd6-eef314bc7037'
           },
           / ciphertext / h'0b2c7cfce04e98276342d6476a7723c090dfdd15f9a
   518e7736549e998370695e6d6a83b4ae507bb'
         ]
       ]
     ]
   )

C.2.  Examples of Encrypted Messages








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C.2.1.  Direct ECDH

   This example uses the following:

   o  CEK: AES-GCM w/ 128-bit key

   o  Recipient class: ECDH Ephemeral-Static, Curve P-256

   Size of binary file is 184 bytes

   998(
     [
       / protected / h'a10101' / {
           \ alg \ 1:1 \ AES-GCM 128 \
         } / ,
       / unprotected / {
         / iv / 5:h'c9cf4df2fe6c632bf7886413'
       },
       / ciphertext / h'45fce2814311024d3a479e7d3eed063850f3f0b9f3f9486
   77e3ae9869bcf9ff4e1763812',
       / recipients / [
         [
           / protected / h'',
           / unprotected / {
             / alg / 1:50 / ECDH-ES + HKDF-256 /,
             / kid / 4:'meriadoc.brandybuck@buckland.example',
             / ephemeral / -1:{
               / kty / 1:2,
               / crv / -1:1,
               / x / -2:h'98f50a4ff6c05861c8860d13a638ea56c3f5ad7590bbf
   bf054e1c7b4d91d6280',
               / y / -3:h'f01400b089867804b8e9fc96c3932161f1934f4223069
   170d924b7e03bf822bb'
             }
           },
           / ciphertext / h''
         ]
       ]
     ]
   )

C.2.2.  Direct plus Key Derivation

   This example uses the following:

   o  CEK: AES-CCM w/128-bit key, truncate the tag to 64 bits





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   o  Recipient class: Use HKDF on a shared secret with the following
      implicit fields as part of the context.

      *  APU identity: "lighting-client"

      *  APV identity: "lighting-server"

      *  Supplementary Public Other: "Encryption Example 02"

   Size of binary file is 97 bytes

   998(
     [
       / protected / h'a1010a' / {
           \ alg \ 1:10 \ AES-CCM-16-64-128 \
         } / ,
       / unprotected / {
         / iv / 5:h'89f52f65a1c580933b5261a7'
       },
       / ciphertext / h'7b9dcfa42c4e1d3182c402dc18ef8b5637de4fb62cf1dd1
   56ea6e6e0',
       / recipients / [
         [
           / protected / h'',
           / unprotected / {
             / alg / 1:"dir+kdf",
             / kid / 4:'our-secret',
             -20:'aabbccddeeffgghh'
           },
           / ciphertext / h''
         ]
       ]
     ]
   )

C.2.3.  Counter Signature on Encrypted Content

   This example uses the following:

   o  CEK: AES-GCM w/ 128-bit key

   o  Recipient class: ECDH Ephemeral-Static, Curve P-256

C.2.4.  Encrypted Content w/ Implicit Recipient

   This example uses the following:

   o  CEK: AES-GCM w/ 128-bit key



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   o  Recipient class: ECDH Ephemeral-Static, Curve P-256

C.3.  Examples of Signed Message

C.3.1.  Single Signature

   This example uses the following:

   o  Signature Algorithm: ECDSA w/ SHA-256, Curve P-256-1

   Size of binary file is 105 bytes

   999(
     [
       / protected / h'',
       / unprotected / {},
       / payload / 'This is the content.',
       / signatures / [
         [
           / protected / h'a10126' / {
               \ alg \ 1:-7 \ ES256 \
             } / ,
           / unprotected / {
             / kid / 4:'11'
           },
           / signature / h'4358e9e92b46d45134548b6e3b4eae3d2f801bce8523
   6c7aab42968ad8e3e92400873ed761735222a6d1f442c4bb3a3151946b1690004857
   2455e65451d89aaba7'
         ]
       ]
     ]
   )

C.3.2.  Multiple Signers

   This example uses the following:

   o  Signature Algorithm: ECDSA w/ SHA-256, Curve P-256-1

   o  Signature Algorithm: ECDSA w/ SHA-512, Curve P-521

   Size of binary file is 277 bytes









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   999(
     [
       / protected / h'',
       / unprotected / {},
       / payload / 'This is the content.',
       / signatures / [
         [
           / protected / h'a10126' / {
               \ alg \ 1:-7 \ ES256 \
             } / ,
           / unprotected / {
             / kid / 4:'11'
           },
           / signature / h'0dc1c5e62719d8f3cce1468b7c881eee6a8088b46bf8
   36ae956dd38fe931991900823ea760648f2425b96c39e23ddc4b7faed56d4a9bd0f3
   752cfdc628254ed0f2'
         ],
         [
           / protected / h'',
           / unprotected / {
             / alg / 1:-9 / ES512 /,
             / kid / 4:'bilbo.baggins@hobbiton.example'
           },
           / signature / h'012ce5b1dfe8b5aa6eaa09a54c58a84ad0900e4fdf27
   59ec22d1c861cccd75c7e1c4025a2da35e512fc2874d6ac8fd862d09ad07ed2deac2
   97b897561e04a8d42476011eb209c016416b4247b4d1475c398d35c4ac24d1c9fadd
   a7eefe2857e25a500d29aea539e58e8ca7737fe450d4e87ed3f78e637c12bbd213e7
   8ba83a55f7e89934'
         ]
       ]
     ]
   )

C.3.3.  Counter Signature

   This example uses the following:

   o  Signature Algorithm: ECDSA w/ SHA-256, Curve P-256-1

C.4.  COSE Keys

C.4.1.  Public Keys

   This is an example of a COSE Key set.  This example includes the
   public keys for all of the previous examples.

   In order the keys are:




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   o  An EC key with a kid of "meriadoc.brandybuck@buckland.example"

   o  An EC key with a kid of "peregrin.took@tuckborough.example"

   o  An EC key with a kid of "bilbo.baggins@hobbiton.example"

   o  An EC key with a kid of "11"

   Size of binary file is 481 bytes










































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   [
     {
       / crv / -1:1,
       / x / -2:h'65eda5a12577c2bae829437fe338701a10aaa375e1bb5b5de108d
   e439c08551d',
       / y / -3:h'1e52ed75701163f7f9e40ddf9f341b3dc9ba860af7e0ca7ca7e9e
   ecd0084d19c',
       / kty / 1:2,
       / kid / 2:'meriadoc.brandybuck@buckland.example'
     },
     {
       / crv / -1:3,
       / x / -2:h'0072992cb3ac08ecf3e5c63dedec0d51a8c1f79ef2f82f94f3c73
   7bf5de7986671eac625fe8257bbd0394644caaa3aaf8f27a4585fbbcad0f24576200
   85e5c8f42ad',
       / y / -3:h'01dca6947bce88bc5790485ac97427342bc35f887d86d65a08937
   7e247e60baa55e4e8501e2ada5724ac51d6909008033ebc10ac999b9d7f5cc2519f3
   fe1ea1d9475',
       / kty / 1:2,
       / kid / 2:'bilbo.baggins@hobbiton.example'
     },
     {
       / crv / -1:1,
       / x / -2:h'98f50a4ff6c05861c8860d13a638ea56c3f5ad7590bbfbf054e1c
   7b4d91d6280',
       / y / -3:h'f01400b089867804b8e9fc96c3932161f1934f4223069170d924b
   7e03bf822bb',
       / kty / 1:2,
       / kid / 2:'peregrin.took@tuckborough.example'
     },
     {
       / crv / -1:1,
       / x / -2:h'bac5b11cad8f99f9c72b05cf4b9e26d244dc189f745228255a219
   a86d6a09eff',
       / y / -3:h'20138bf82dc1b6d562be0fa54ab7804a3a64b6d72ccfed6b6fb6e
   d28bbfc117e',
       / kty / 1:2,
       / kid / 2:'11'
     }
   ]

C.4.2.  Private Keys

   This is an example of a COSE Key set.  This example includes the
   private keys for all of the previous examples.

   In order the keys are:




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   o  An EC key with a kid of "meriadoc.brandybuck@buckland.example"

   o  A shared-secret key with a kid of "our-secret"

   o  An EC key with a kid of "peregrin.took@tuckborough.example"

   o  A shared-secret key with a kid of "018c0ae5-4d9b-471b-
      bfd6-eef314bc7037"

   o  An EC key with a kid of "bilbo.baggins@hobbiton.example"

   o  An EC key with a kid of "11"

   Size of binary file is 782 bytes

   [
     {
       / kty / 1:2,
       / kid / 2:'meriadoc.brandybuck@buckland.example',
       / crv / -1:1,
       / x / -2:h'65eda5a12577c2bae829437fe338701a10aaa375e1bb5b5de108d
   e439c08551d',
       / y / -3:h'1e52ed75701163f7f9e40ddf9f341b3dc9ba860af7e0ca7ca7e9e
   ecd0084d19c',
       / d / -4:h'aff907c99f9ad3aae6c4cdf21122bce2bd68b5283e6907154ad91
   1840fa208cf'
     },
     {
       / kty / 1:4,
       / kid / 2:'our-secret',
       / k / -1:h'849b57219dae48de646d07dbb533566e976686457c1491be3a76d
   cea6c427188'
     },
     {
       / kty / 1:2,
       / kid / 2:'bilbo.baggins@hobbiton.example',
       / crv / -1:3,
       / x / -2:h'0072992cb3ac08ecf3e5c63dedec0d51a8c1f79ef2f82f94f3c73
   7bf5de7986671eac625fe8257bbd0394644caaa3aaf8f27a4585fbbcad0f24576200
   85e5c8f42ad',
       / y / -3:h'01dca6947bce88bc5790485ac97427342bc35f887d86d65a08937
   7e247e60baa55e4e8501e2ada5724ac51d6909008033ebc10ac999b9d7f5cc2519f3
   fe1ea1d9475',
       / d / -4:h'00085138ddabf5ca975f5860f91a08e91d6d5f9a76ad4018766a4
   76680b55cd339e8ab6c72b5facdb2a2a50ac25bd086647dd3e2e6e99e84ca2c3609f
   df177feb26d'
     },
     {



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       / kty / 1:2,
       / crv / -1:1,
       / kid / 2:'peregrin.took@tuckborough.example',
       / x / -2:h'98f50a4ff6c05861c8860d13a638ea56c3f5ad7590bbfbf054e1c
   7b4d91d6280',
       / y / -3:h'f01400b089867804b8e9fc96c3932161f1934f4223069170d924b
   7e03bf822bb',
       / d / -4:h'02d1f7e6f26c43d4868d87ceb2353161740aacf1f7163647984b5
   22a848df1c3'
     },
     {
       / kty / 1:4,
       / kid / 2:'018c0ae5-4d9b-471b-bfd6-eef314bc7037',
       / k / -1:h'849b57219dae48de646d07dbb533566e976686457c1491be3a76d
   cea6c427188'
     },
     {
       / kty / 1:2,
       / kid / 2:'11',
       / crv / -1:1,
       / x / -2:h'bac5b11cad8f99f9c72b05cf4b9e26d244dc189f745228255a219
   a86d6a09eff',
       / y / -3:h'20138bf82dc1b6d562be0fa54ab7804a3a64b6d72ccfed6b6fb6e
   d28bbfc117e',
       / d / -4:h'57c92077664146e876760c9520d054aa93c3afb04e306705db609
   0308507b4d3'
     }
   ]

Appendix D.  Document Updates

D.1.  Version -06 to -08

   o  Redefine sequence number into a the Partial IV.

D.2.  Version -06 to -07

   o  Editorial Changes

   o  Make new IANA registries be Expert Review

D.3.  Version -05 to -06

   o  Remove new CFRG Elliptical Curve key agreement algorithms.

   o  Remove RSA algorithms

   o  Define a creation time and sequence number for discussions.



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   o  Remove message type field from all structures.

   o  Define CBOR tagging for all structures with IANA registrations.

D.4.  Version -04 to -05

   o  Removed the jku, x5c, x5t, x5t#S256, x5u, and jwk headers.

   o  Add enveloped data vs encrypted data structures.

   o  Add counter signature parameter.

D.5.  Version -03 to -04

   o  Change top level from map to array.

   o  Eliminate the term "key management" from the document.

   o  Point to content registries for the 'content type' attribute

   o  Push protected field into the KDF functions for recipients.

   o  Remove password based recipient information.

   o  Create EC Curve Registry.

D.6.  Version -02 to -03

   o  Make a pass over all of the algorithm text.

   o  Alter the CDDL so that Keys and KeySets are top level items and
      the key examples validate.

   o  Add sample key structures.

   o  Expand text on dealing with Externally Supplied Data.

   o  Update the examples to match some of the renumbering of fields.

D.7.  Version -02 to -03

   o  Add a set of straw man proposals for algorithms.  It is possible/
      expected that this text will be moved to a new document.

   o  Add a set of straw man proposals for key structures.  It is
      possible/expected that this text will be moved to a new document.

   o  Provide guidance on use of externally supplied authenticated data.



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   o  Add external authenticated data to signing structure.

D.8.  Version -01 to -2

   o  Add first pass of algorithm information

   o  Add direct key derivation example.

D.9.  Version -00 to -01

   o  Add note on where the document is being maintained and
      contributing notes.

   o  Put in proposal on MTI algorithms.

   o  Changed to use labels rather than keys when talking about what
      indexes a map.

   o  Moved nonce/IV to be a common header item.

   o  Expand section to discuss the common set of labels used in
      COSE_Key maps.

   o  Start marking element 0 in registries as reserved.

   o  Update examples.

Editorial Comments

[CREF1] JLS: Need to check this list for correctness before publishing.

[CREF2] JLS: I have not gone through the document to determine what
        needs to be here yet.  We mostly want to grab terms that are
        used in unusual ways or are not generally understood.

[CREF3] JLS: A completest version of this grammar would list the options
        available in the protected and unprotected headers.  Do we want
        to head that direction?

[CREF4] JLS: Expand CoAP?

[CREF5] Hannes: Ensure that the list of examples only includes items
        that are implemented in this specification.  Check the other
        places where such lists occur and ensure that they also follow
        this rule.

[CREF6] JLS: Don't talk about items which we do not define in this
        specification?  Only talk about...



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[CREF7] JLS: Restrict to the set of supported parameters.

[CREF8] JLS: We can really simplify the grammar for COSE_Key to be just
        the kty (the one required field) and the generic item.  The
        reason to do this is that it makes things simpler.  The reason
        not to do this says that we really need to add a lot more items
        so that a grammar check can be done that is more tightly
        enforced.

[CREF9] Ilari: Look to see if we need to be clearer about how the fields
        defined in the table are transported and thus why they have
        labels.

[CREF10] JLS: It would be possible to extend this section to talk about
         those decisions that an application needs to think about rather
         than just talking about MTI algorithms.

[CREF11] JLS: Should we register both or just the cose+cbor one?

[CREF12] JLS: Should we create the equivalent of the smime-type
         parameter to identify the inner content type?

Author's Address

   Jim Schaad
   August Cellars

   Email: ietf@augustcellars.com























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