DetNet                                                           N. Finn
Internet-Draft                               Huawei Technologies Co. Ltd
Intended status: Informational                                P. Thubert
Expires: June 9, 2019                                              Cisco
                                                        December 6, 2018


               Deterministic Networking Problem Statement
                 draft-ietf-detnet-problem-statement-08

Abstract

   This paper documents the needs in various industries to establish
   multi-hop paths for characterized flows with deterministic
   properties.

Status of This Memo

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   This Internet-Draft will expire on June 9, 2019.

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Table of Contents

   1.  Introduction  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   2
   2.  On Deterministic Networking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   3
   3.  Problem Statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   6
     3.1.  Supported topologies  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   6
     3.2.  Flow Characterization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   6
     3.3.  Centralized Path Computation and Installation . . . . . .   6
     3.4.  Distributed Path Setup  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   7
     3.5.  Duplicated data format  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   8
   4.  Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   8
   5.  IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   9
   6.  Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   9
   7.  Informative References  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   9
   Authors' Addresses  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  11

1.  Introduction

   The Deterministic Networking Use Cases [I-D.ietf-detnet-use-cases]
   document illustrates that beyond the classical case of industrial
   automation and control systems (IACS), there are in fact multiple
   industries with strong and yet relatively similar needs for
   deterministic network services with latency guarantees and ultra-low
   packet loss.

   The generalization of the needs for more deterministic networks have
   led to the IEEE 802.1 AVB Task Group becoming the Time-Sensitive
   Networking (TSN) [IEEE802.1TSNTG] Task Group (TG), with a much-
   expanded constituency from the industrial and vehicular markets.

   Along with this expansion, the networks in consideration are becoming
   larger and structured, requiring deterministic forwarding beyond the
   LAN boundaries.  For instance, IACS segregates the network along the
   broad lines of the Purdue Enterprise Reference Architecture (PERA)
   [ISA95], typically using deterministic local area networks for level
   2 control systems, whereas public infrastructures such as Electricity
   Automation require deterministic properties over the Wide Area.  The
   realization is now coming that the convergence of IT and Operational
   Technology (OT) networks requires Layer-3, as well as Layer-2,
   capabilities.

   While the initial user base has focused almost entirely on Ethernet
   physical media and Ethernet-based bridging protocol from several
   Standards Development Organizations, the need for Layer-3 expressed
   above, must not be confined to Ethernet and Ethernet-like media.
   While such media must be encompassed by any useful Deterministic
   Networking (DetNet) Architecture, cooperation between IETF and other
   SDOs must not be limited to IEEE or IEEE 802.  Furthermore, while the



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   work completed and ongoing in other SDOs, and in IEEE 802 in
   particular, provide an obvious starting point for a DetNet
   architecture, we must not assume that these other SDOs' work confines
   the space in which the DetNet architecture progresses.

   The properties of deterministic networks will have specific
   requirements for the use of routed networks to support these
   applications and a new model must be proposed to integrate
   determinism in IT technology.  The proposed model should enable a
   fully scheduled operation orchestrated by a central controller, and
   may support a more distributed operation with probably lesser
   capabilities.  In any fashion, the model should not compromise the
   ability of a network to keep carrying the sorts of traffic that is
   already carried today in conjunction with new, more deterministic
   flows.  Forward note: The DetNet Architecture
   [I-D.ietf-detnet-architecture] is the document produced by the DetNet
   WG to describe that model.

   At the time of this writing, the expectation is that once the
   abstract model is agreed upon, the IETF will specify the signaling
   elements to be used to establish a path and the tagging elements to
   be used identify the flows that are to be forwarded along that path.
   The expectation is also that IETF will specify the necessary
   protocols, or protocol additions, based on relevant IETF
   technologies, to implement the selected model.

   A desirable outcome of the work is the capability to establish a
   multi-hop path over the IP or MPLS network, for a particular flow
   with given timing and precise throughput requirements, and carry this
   particular flow along the multi-hop path with such characteristics as
   low latency and ultra-low jitter, reordering and/or replication and
   elimination of packets over non-congruent paths for a higher delivery
   ratio, and/or zero congestion loss, regardless of the amount of other
   flows in the network.

   Depending on the network capabilities and on the current state,
   requests to establish a path by an end-node or a network management
   entity may be granted or rejected, an existing path may be moved or
   removed, and DetNet flows exceeding their contract may face packet
   declassification and drop.

2.  On Deterministic Networking

   The Internet is not the only digital network that has grown
   dramatically over the last 30-40 years.  Video and audio
   entertainment, and control systems for machinery, manufacturing
   processes, and vehicles are also ubiquitous, and are now based almost
   entirely on digital technologies.  Over the past 10 years, engineers



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   in these fields have come to realize that significant advantages in
   both cost and in the ability to accelerate growth can be obtained by
   basing all of these disparate digital technologies on packet
   networks.

   The goals of Deterministic Networking are to enable the migration of
   applications with critical timing and reliability issues that
   currently use special-purpose fieldbus technologies (HDMI, CANbus,
   ProfiBus, etc... even RS-232!) to packet technologies in general, and
   the Internet Protocol in particular, and to support both these new
   applications, and existing packet network applications, over the same
   physical network.  In other words, a Deterministic Network is
   backwards compatible with (capable of transporting) statistically
   multiplexed traffic while preserving the properties of the accepted
   deterministic flows.

   Considerable experience from automation and professional audio/video
   networks (e.g., [ODVA]/[EIP], [AVnu], [Profinet], [HART], [IEC62439],
   [ISA100.11a] and [WirelessHART]) has shown that these applications
   need a some or all of a suite of features that includes:

   1.  Time synchronization of all host and network nodes (routers and/
       or bridges), accurate to something between 10 nanoseconds and 10
       microseconds, depending on the application.

   2.  Support for Deterministic packet flows that:

       *  Can be unicast or multicast;

       *  Need absolute guarantees of minimum and maximum latency end-
          to-end across the network; sometimes a tight jitter is
          required as well;

       *  Need a packet loss ratio beyond the classical range for a
          particular medium, in the range of 10^-9 to 10^-12, or better,
          on Ethernet, and in the order of 10^-5 in Wireless Sensor Mesh
          Networks;

       *  Can, in total, absorb more than half of the network's
          available bandwidth (that is, massive over-provisioning is
          ruled out as a solution);

       *  Cannot suffer throttling, congestion feedback, or any other
          network-imposed transmission delay, although the flows can be
          meaningfully characterized either by a fixed, repeating
          transmission schedule, or by a maximum bandwidth and packet
          size;




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   3.  Multiple methods to schedule, shape, limit, and otherwise control
       the transmission of critical packets at each hop through the
       network data plane;

   4.  Robust defenses against misbehaving hosts, routers, or bridges,
       both in the data and control planes, with guarantees that a
       critical flow within its guaranteed resources cannot be affected
       by other flows whatever the pressures on the network - more on
       the specific threats against DetNet in the DetNet Security
       Considerations [I-D.ietf-detnet-security] document;

   5.  One or more methods to reserve resources in bridges and routers
       to carry these flows.

   Time synchronization techniques need not be addressed by an IETF
   Working Group; there are a number of standards available for this
   purpose, including IEEE 1588, IEEE 802.1AS, and more.

   The multicast, latency, loss ratio, and non-throttling needs are made
   necessary by the algorithms employed by the applications.  They are
   not simply the transliteration of fieldbus needs to a packet-based
   fieldbus simulation, but reflect fundamental mathematics of the
   control of a physical system.

   With classical forwarding latency- and loss-sensitive packets across
   a network, interactions among different critical flows introduce
   fundamental uncertainties in delivery schedules.  The details of the
   queuing, shaping, and scheduling algorithms employed by each bridge
   or router to control the output sequence on a given port affect the
   detailed makeup of the output stream, e.g. how finely a given flow's
   packets are mixed among those of other flows.

   This, in turn, has a strong effect on the buffer requirements, and
   hence the latency guarantees deliverable, by the next bridge or
   router along the path.  For this reason, the IEEE 802.1 Time-
   Sensitive Networking Task Group has defined a new set of queuing,
   shaping, and scheduling algorithms that enable each bridge or router
   to compute the exact number of buffers to be allocated for each flow
   or class of flows.

   Robustness is a common need for networking protocols, but plays a
   more important part in real-time control networks, where expensive
   equipment, and even lives, can be lost due to misbehaving equipment.

   Reserving resources before packet transmission is the one fundamental
   shift in the behavior of network applications that is impossible to
   avoid.  In the first place, a network cannot deliver finite latency
   and practically zero packet loss to an arbitrarily high offered load.



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   Secondly, achieving practically zero packet loss for un-throttled
   (though bandwidth limited) flows means that bridges and routers have
   to dedicate buffer resources to specific flows or to classes of
   flows.  The requirements of each reservation have to be translated
   into the parameters that control each host's, bridge's, and router's
   queuing, shaping, and scheduling functions and delivered to the
   hosts, bridges, and routers.

3.  Problem Statement

3.1.  Supported topologies

   In some use cases, the end point which run the application is
   involved in the deterministic networking operation, for instance by
   controlling certain aspects of its throughput such as rate or precise
   time of emission.  In that case, the deterministic path is end-to-end
   from application host to application host.

   On the other end, the deterministic portion of a path may be a tunnel
   between an ingress and an egress router.  In any case, routers and
   switches in between should not need to be aware whether the path is
   end-to-end or a tunnel.

   While it is clear that DetNet does not aim at setting up
   deterministic paths over the global Internet, there is still a lack
   of clarity on the limits of a domain where a deterministic path can
   be set up.  These limits may depend in the technology that is used to
   set the path up, whether it is centralized or distributed.

3.2.  Flow Characterization

   Deterministic forwarding can only apply on flows with well-defined
   characteristics such as periodicity and burstiness.  Before a path
   can be established to serve them, the expression of those
   characteristics, and how the network can serve them, for instance in
   shaping and forwarding operations, must be specified.

3.3.  Centralized Path Computation and Installation

   A centralized routing model, such as provided with a Path Computation
   Element (PCE) (see [RFC4655]), enables global and per-flow
   optimizations.  The model is attractive but a number of issues are
   left to be solved.  In particular:

   o  whether and how the path computation can be installed by 1) an end
      device or 2) a Network Management entity,





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   o  and how the path is set up, either by installing state at each hop
      with a direct interaction between the forwarding device and the
      PCE, or along a path by injecting a source-routed request at one
      end of the path following classical Traffic Engineering (TE)
      models.

   To enable a centralized model, DetNet should produce a description of
   the high level interaction and data models to:

   o  report the topology and device capabilities to the central
      controller;

   o  establish a direct interface between the centralized PCE to each
      device under its control in order to enable a vertical signaling

   o  request a path setup for a new flow with particular
      characteristics over the service interface and control it through
      its life cycle;

   o  support for life cycle management for a path
      (instantiate/modify/update/delete)

   o  support for adaptability to cope with various events such as loss
      of a link, etc...

   o  expose the status of the path to the end devices (UNI interface)

   o  provide additional reliability through redundancy, in particular
      with packet Packet Replication, Elimination and Ordering Functions
      (PREOF) where the former may generate an out-of-order delivery
      that may need to be corrected corrected by the latter;

   o  indicate the flows and packet sequences in-band with the flows,
      this is needed for flows that require PREOF in order to isolate
      duplicates and reorder in the end;

3.4.  Distributed Path Setup

   Whether a distributed alternative without a PCE can be valuable could
   be studied as well.  Such an alternative could for instance inherit
   from the Resource ReSerVation Protocol [RFC3209] (RSVP-TE) flows.
   But the focus of the work should be to deliver the centralized
   approach first.

   To enable a RSVP-TE like functionality, the following steps would
   take place:





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   1.  Neighbors and their capabilities are discovered and exposed to
       compute a path that fits the DetNet constraints, typically of
       latency, time precision and resource availability.

   2.  A constrained path is calculated with an improved version of
       Constrained Shortest Path First (CSPF) that is aware of DetNet.

   3.  The path may be installed using a control protocol such as RSVP-
       TE, associated with flow identification, per-hop behavior such as
       Packet Replication and Elimination, and blocked resources.  In
       that case, traffic flows can be transported through an MPLS-TE
       tunnel, using the reserved resources for this flow at each hop.

3.5.  Duplicated data format

   In some cases the duplication and elimination of packets over non-
   congruent paths is required to achieve a sufficiently high delivery
   ratio to meet application needs.  In these cases, a small number of
   packet formats and supporting protocols are required (preferably,
   just one) to serialize the packets of a DetNet stream at one point in
   the network, replicate them at one or more points in the network, and
   discard duplicates at one or more other points in the network,
   including perhaps the destination host.  Using an existing solution
   would be preferable to inventing a new one.

4.  Security Considerations

   Security in the context of Deterministic Networking has an added
   dimension; the time of delivery of a packet can be just as important
   as the contents of the packet, itself.  A man-in-the-middle attack,
   for example, can impose, and then systematically adjust, additional
   delays into a link, and thus disrupt or subvert a real-time
   application without having to crack any encryption methods employed.
   See [RFC7384] for an exploration of this issue in a related context.

   Typical control networks today rely on complete physical isolation to
   prevent rogue access to network resources.  DetNet enables the
   virtualization of those networks over a converged IT/OT
   infrastructure.  Doing so, DetNet introduces an additional risk that
   flows interact and interfere with one another as they share physical
   resources such as Ethernet trunks and radio spectrum.  The
   requirement is that there is no possible data leak from and into a
   deterministic flow, and in a more general fashion there is no
   possible influence whatsoever from the outside on a deterministic
   flow.  The expectation is that physical resources are effectively
   associated with a given flow at a given point of time.  In that
   model, Time Sharing of physical resources becomes transparent to the




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   individual flows which have no clue whether the resources are used by
   other flows at other times.

   The overall security of a deterministic system must cover:

   o  the protection of the signaling protocol

   o  the authentication and authorization of the controlling nodes
      including plug-and-play participating end systems.

   o  the identification and shaping of the flows

   o  the isolation of flows from leakage and other influences from any
      activity sharing physical resources.

   The specific threats against DetNet are further discussed in the
   DetNet Security Considerations [I-D.ietf-detnet-security] document.

5.  IANA Considerations

   This document does not require an action from IANA.

6.  Acknowledgments

   The authors wish to thank Lou Berger, Pat Thaler, Jouni Korhonen,
   Janos Farkas, Stewart Bryant, Andrew Malis, Ethan Grossman, Patrick
   Wetterwald, Subha Dhesikan, Matthew Miller, Erik Nordmark, George
   Swallow, Rodney Cummings, Ines Robles, Shwetha Bhandari, Rudy Klecka,
   Anca Zamfir, David Black, Thomas Watteyne, Shitanshu Shah, Kiran
   Makhijani, Craig Gunther, Warren Kumari, Wilfried Steiner, Marcel
   Kiessling, Karl Weber, Alissa Cooper, and Benjamin Kaduk for their
   various contributions to this work.

7.  Informative References

   [AVnu]     http://www.avnu.org/, "The AVnu Alliance tests and
              certifies devices for interoperability, providing a simple
              and reliable networking solution for AV network
              implementation based on the IEEE Audio Video Bridging
              (AVB) and Time-Sensitive Networking (TSN) standards.".











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   [EIP]      http://www.odva.org/, "EtherNet/IP provides users with the
              network tools to deploy standard Ethernet technology (IEEE
              802.3 combined with the TCP/IP Suite) for industrial
              automation applications while enabling Internet and
              enterprise connectivity data anytime, anywhere.",
              <http://www.odva.org/Portals/0/Library/
              Publications_Numbered/
              PUB00138R3_CIP_Adv_Tech_Series_EtherNetIP.pdf>.

   [HART]     www.hartcomm.org, "Highway Addressable Remote Transducer,
              a group of specifications for industrial process and
              control devices administered by the HART Foundation".

   [I-D.ietf-detnet-architecture]
              Finn, N., Thubert, P., Varga, B., and J. Farkas,
              "Deterministic Networking Architecture", draft-ietf-
              detnet-architecture-09 (work in progress), October 2018.

   [I-D.ietf-detnet-security]
              Mizrahi, T., Grossman, E., Hacker, A., Das, S., Dowdell,
              J., Austad, H., Stanton, K., and N. Finn, "Deterministic
              Networking (DetNet) Security Considerations", draft-ietf-
              detnet-security-03 (work in progress), October 2018.

   [I-D.ietf-detnet-use-cases]
              Grossman, E., "Deterministic Networking Use Cases", draft-
              ietf-detnet-use-cases-19 (work in progress), October 2018.

   [IEC62439]
              IEC, "Industrial communication networks - High
              availability automation networks - Part 3: Parallel
              Redundancy Protocol (PRP) and High-availability Seamless
              Redundancy (HSR) - IEC62439-3", 2012,
              <https://webstore.iec.ch/publication/7018>.

   [IEEE802.1TSNTG]
              IEEE Standards Association, "IEEE 802.1 Time-Sensitive
              Networks Task Group", 2013,
              <http://www.ieee802.org/1/pages/avbridges.html>.

   [ISA100.11a]
              ISA/IEC, "ISA100.11a, Wireless Systems for Automation,
              also IEC 62734", 2011, < http://www.isa100wci.org/en-
              US/Documents/PDF/3405-ISA100-WirelessSystems-Future-broch-
              WEB-ETSI.aspx>.






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   [ISA95]    ANSI/ISA, "Enterprise-Control System Integration Part 1:
              Models and Terminology", 2000,
              <https://www.isa.org/isa95/>.

   [ODVA]     http://www.odva.org/, "The organization that supports
              network technologies built on the Common Industrial
              Protocol (CIP) including EtherNet/IP.".

   [Profinet]
              http://us.profinet.com/technology/profinet/, "PROFINET is
              a standard for industrial networking in automation.",
              <http://us.profinet.com/technology/profinet/>.

   [RFC3209]  Awduche, D., Berger, L., Gan, D., Li, T., Srinivasan, V.,
              and G. Swallow, "RSVP-TE: Extensions to RSVP for LSP
              Tunnels", RFC 3209, DOI 10.17487/RFC3209, December 2001,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3209>.

   [RFC4655]  Farrel, A., Vasseur, J., and J. Ash, "A Path Computation
              Element (PCE)-Based Architecture", RFC 4655,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC4655, August 2006,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4655>.

   [RFC7384]  Mizrahi, T., "Security Requirements of Time Protocols in
              Packet Switched Networks", RFC 7384, DOI 10.17487/RFC7384,
              October 2014, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7384>.

   [WirelessHART]
              www.hartcomm.org, "Industrial Communication Networks -
              Wireless Communication Network and Communication Profiles
              - WirelessHART - IEC 62591", 2010.

Authors' Addresses

   Norman Finn
   Huawei Technologies Co. Ltd
   3755 Avocado Blvd.
   PMB 436
   La Mesa, California  91941
   US

   Phone: +1 925 980 6430
   Email: norman.finn@mail01.huawei.com








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   Pascal Thubert
   Cisco Systems
   Village d'Entreprises Green Side
   400, Avenue de Roumanille
   Batiment T3
   Biot - Sophia Antipolis  06410
   FRANCE

   Phone: +33 497 232 634
   Email: pthubert@cisco.com









































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