Network Working Group R. Droms
Internet Draft Bucknell University
March 1995
Expires in six months
Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol
Status of this memo
This DRAFT specifies an Internet standards track protocol for the
Internet community, and requests discussion and suggestions for
improvements. Please refer to the current edition of the "Internet
Official Protocol Standards" for the standardization state and status
of this protocol. Distribution of this memo is unlimited.
Abstract
The Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) provides a framework
for passing configuration information to hosts on a TCP/IP network.
DHCP is based on the Bootstrap Protocol (BOOTP) [7], adding the
capability of automatic allocation of reusable network addresses and
additional configuration options [19]. DHCP captures the behavior of
BOOTP relay agents [7, 23], and DHCP participants can interoperate
with BOOTP participants [9].
Table of Contents
1. Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.1 Related Work. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.2 Problem definition and issues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.3 Requirements. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.4 Terminology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
1.5 Design goals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
2. Protocol Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
2.1 Configuration parameters repository . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
2.2 Dynamic allocation of network addresses . . . . . . . . . . . 11
3. The Client-Server Protocol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
3.1 Client-server interaction - allocating a network address. . . 13
3.2 Client-server interaction - reusing a previously allocated
network address . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
3.3 Interpretation and representation of time values. . . . . . . 20
3.4 Obtaining parameters with externally configured network
address . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
3.5 Notifying clients of changes in local parameters. . . . . . . 21
3.6 Host parameters in DHCP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
3.7 Use of DHCP in clients with multiple interfaces . . . . . . . 22
3.8 When clients should use DHCP. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
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4. Specification of the DHCP client-server protocol . . . . . . . 23
4.1 Constructing and sending DHCP messages. . . . . . . . . . . . 23
4.2 DHCP server administrative controls . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
4.3 DHCP server behavior. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
4.3.1 DHCPDISCOVER message. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
4.3.2 DHCPREQUEST message . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
4.3.3 DHCPDECLINE message . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
4.3.4 DHCPRELEASE message . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
4.3.5 DHCPINFORM message. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
4.3.6 Client messages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
4.4 DHCP client behavior. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
4.4.1 Initialization and allocation of network address. . . . . . 36
4.4.2 Initialization with known network address . . . . . . . . . 38
4.4.3 Initialization with a known DHCP server address . . . . . . 39
4.4.4 Reacquisition and expiration. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
4.4.5 DHCPRELEASE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
4.4.6 DHCPREVALIDATE. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
5. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
6. Security Considerations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
7. Author's Address . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
A. Host Configuration Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
List of Figures
1. Format of a DHCP message . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
2. Format of the 'flags' field. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
3. Timeline diagram of messages exchanged between DHCP client and
servers when allocating a new network address. . . . . . . . . 17
4. Timeline diagram of messages exchanged between DHCP client and
servers when reusing a previously allocated network address. . 19
5. State-transition diagram for DHCP clients. . . . . . . . . . . 35
List of Tables
1. Description of fields in a DHCP message. . . . . . . . . . . . 13
2. DHCP messages. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
3. Fields and options used by DHCP servers. . . . . . . . . . . . 28
4. Client messages from various states. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
5. Fields and options used by DHCP clients. . . . . . . . . . . . 37
1. Introduction
The Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) provides configuration
parameters to Internet hosts. DHCP consists of two components: a
protocol for delivering host-specific configuration parameters from a
DHCP server to a host and a mechanism for allocation of network
addresses to hosts.
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DHCP is built on a client-server model, where designated DHCP server
hosts allocate network addresses and deliver configuration parameters
to dynamically configured hosts. Throughout the remainder of this
document, the term "server" refers to a host providing initialization
parameters through DHCP, and the term "client" refers to a host
requesting initialization parameters from a DHCP server.
A host should not act as a DHCP server unless explicitly configured
to do so by a system administrator. The diversity of hardware and
protocol implementations in the Internet would preclude reliable
operation if random hosts were allowed to respond to DHCP requests.
For example, IP requires the setting of many parameters within the
protocol implementation software. Because IP can be used on many
dissimilar kinds of network hardware, values for those parameters
cannot be guessed or assumed to have correct defaults. Also,
distributed address allocation schemes depend on a polling/defense
mechanism for discovery of addresses that are already in use. IP
hosts may not always be able to defend their network addresses, so
that such a distributed address allocation scheme cannot be
guaranteed to avoid allocation of duplicate network addresses.
DHCP supports three mechanisms for IP address allocation. In
"automatic allocation", DHCP assigns a permanent IP address to a
host. In "dynamic allocation", DHCP assigns an IP address to a host
for a limited period of time (or until the host explicitly
relinquishes the address). In "manual allocation", a host's IP
address is assigned by the network administrator, and DHCP is used
simply to convey the assigned address to the host. A particular
network will use one or more of these mechanisms, depending on the
policies of the network administrator.
Dynamic allocation is the only one of the three mechanisms that
allows automatic reuse of an address that is no longer needed by the
host to which it was assigned. Thus, dynamic allocation is
particularly useful for assigning an address to a host that will be
connected to the network only temporarily or for sharing a limited
pool of IP addresses among a group of hosts that do not need
permanent IP addresses. Dynamic allocation may also be a good choice
for assigning an IP address to a new host being permanently connected
to a network where IP addresses are sufficiently scarce that it is
important to reclaim them when old hosts are retired. Manual
allocation allows DHCP to be used to eliminate the error-prone
process of manually configuring hosts with IP addresses in
environments where (for whatever reasons) it is desirable to manage
IP address assignment outside of the DHCP mechanisms.
The format of DHCP messages is based on the format of BOOTP messages,
to capture the BOOTP relay agent behavior described as part of the
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BOOTP specification [7, 23] and to allow interoperability of existing
BOOTP clients with DHCP servers. Using BOOTP relaying agents
eliminates the necessity of having a DHCP server on each physical
network segment.
1.1 Related Work
There are several Internet protocols and related mechanisms that
address some parts of the dynamic host configuration problem. The
Reverse Address Resolution Protocol (RARP) [10] (through the
extensions defined in the Dynamic RARP (DRARP) [5]) explicitly
addresses the problem of network address discovery, and includes an
automatic IP address assignment mechanism. The Trivial File Transfer
Protocol (TFTP) [20] provides for transport of a boot image from a
boot server. The Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) [16]
provides for informing hosts of additional routers via "ICMP
redirect" messages. ICMP also can provide subnet mask information
through the "ICMP mask request" message and other information through
the (obsolete) "ICMP information request" message. Hosts can locate
routers through the ICMP router discovery mechanism [8].
BOOTP is a transport mechanism for a collection of configuration
information. BOOTP is also extensible, and official extensions [17]
have been defined for several configuration parameters. Morgan has
proposed extensions to BOOTP for dynamic IP address assignment [15].
The Network Information Protocol (NIP), used by the Athena project at
MIT, is a distributed mechanism for dynamic IP address assignment
[19]. The Resource Location Protocol RLP [1] provides for location
of higher level services. Sun Microsystems diskless workstations use
a boot procedure that employs RARP, TFTP and an RPC mechanism called
"bootparams" to deliver configuration information and operating
system code to diskless hosts. (Sun Microsystems, Sun Workstation
and SunOS are trademarks of Sun Microsystems, Inc.) Some Sun
networks also use DRARP and an auto-installation mechanism to
automate the configuration of new hosts in an existing network.
In other related work, the path minimum transmission unit (MTU)
discovery algorithm can determine the MTU of an arbitrary internet
path [14]. The Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) has been proposed
as a transport protocol for resource location and selection [6].
Finally, the Host Requirements RFCs [3, 4] mention specific
requirements for host reconfiguration and suggest a scenario for
initial configuration of diskless hosts.
1.2 Problem definition and issues
DHCP is designed to supply hosts with the configuration parameters
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defined in the Host Requirements RFCs. After obtaining parameters
via DHCP, a host should be able to exchange packets with any other
host in the Internet. The TCP/IP stack parameters supplied by DHCP
are listed in Appendix A.
Not all of these parameters are required for a newly initialized
host. A client and server may negotiate for the transmission of only
those parameters required by the client or specific to a particular
subnet.
DHCP allows but does not require the configuration of host parameters
not directly related to the IP protocol. DHCP also does not address
registration of newly configured hosts with the Domain Name System
(DNS) [12, 13].
DHCP is not intended for use in configuring routers.
1.3 Requirements
Throughout this document, the words that are used to define the
significance of particular requirements are capitalized. These words
are:
o "MUST"
This word or the adjective "REQUIRED" means that the
item is an absolute requirement of this specification.
o "MUST NOT"
This phrase means that the item is an absolute prohibition
of this specification.
o "SHOULD"
This word or the adjective "RECOMMENDED" means that there
may exist valid reasons in particular circumstances to ignore
this item, but the full implications should be understood and
the case carefully weighed before choosing a different course.
o "SHOULD NOT"
This phrase means that there may exist valid reasons in
particular circumstances when the listed behavior is acceptable
or even useful, but the full implications should be understood
and the case carefully weighed before implementing any behavior
described with this label.
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o "MAY"
This word or the adjective "OPTIONAL" means that this item is
truly optional. One vendor may choose to include the item
because a particular marketplace requires it or because it
enhances the product, for example; another vendor may omit the
same item.
1.4 Terminology
This document uses the following terms:
o "DHCP client"
A DHCP client is an Internet host using DHCP to obtain
configuration parameters such as a network address.
o "DHCP server"
A DHCP server is an Internet host that returns configuration
parameters to DHCP clients.
o "BOOTP relay agent"
A BOOTP relay agent is an Internet host or router that passes
DHCP messages between DHCP clients and DHCP servers. DHCP is
designed to use the same relay agent behavior as specified in
the BOOTP protocol specification.
o "binding"
A binding is a collection of configuration parameters, including
at least an IP address, associated with or "bound to" a DHCP
client. Bindings are managed by DHCP servers.
1.5 Design goals
The following list gives general design goals for DHCP.
o DHCP should be a mechanism rather than a policy. DHCP must
allow local system administrators control over configuration
parameters where desired; e.g., local system administrators
should be able to enforce local policies concerning allocation
and access to local resources where desired.
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o Hosts should require no manual configuration. Each host should
be able to discover appropriate local configuration parameters
without user intervention and incorporate those parameters into
its own configuration.
o Networks should require no manual configuration for individual
hosts. Under normal circumstances, the network manager should
not have to enter any per-host configuration parameters.
o DHCP should not require a server on each subnet. To allow for
scale and economy, DHCP must work across routers or through the
intervention of BOOTP/DHCP relay agents.
o A DHCP host must be prepared to receive multiple responses to a
request for configuration parameters. Some installations may
include multiple, overlapping DHCP servers to enhance
reliability and increase performance.
o DHCP must coexist with statically configured, non-participating
hosts and with existing network protocol implementations.
o DHCP must interoperate with the BOOTP relay agent behavior as
described by RFC 951 and by RFC 1542 [21].
o DHCP must provide service to existing BOOTP clients.
The following list gives design goals specific to the transmission of
the network layer parameters. DHCP must:
o Guarantee that any specific network address will not be in
use by more than one host at a time,
o Retain host configuration across host reboot. A host should,
whenever possible, be assigned the same configuration parameters
(e.g., network address) in response to each request,
o Retain host configuration across server reboots, and, whenever
possible, a host should be assigned the same configuration
parameters despite restarts of the DHCP mechanism,
o Allow automatic assignment of configuration parameters to new
hosts to avoid hand configuration for new hosts,
o Support fixed or permanent allocation of configuration
parameters to specific hosts.
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2. Protocol Summary
From the client's point of view, DHCP is an extension of the BOOTP
mechanism. This behavior allows existing BOOTP clients to
interoperate with DHCP servers without requiring any change to the
clients' initialization software. RFC 1533 [2] details the
interactions between BOOTP and DHCP clients and servers [9]. There
are some new, optional transactions that optimize the interaction
between DHCP clients and servers that are described in sections 3 and
4.
Figure 1 gives the format of a DHCP message and table 1 describes
each of the fields in the DHCP message. The numbers in parentheses
indicate the size of each field in octets. The names for the fields
given in the figure will be used throughout this document to refer to
the fields in DHCP messages.
There are two primary differences between DHCP and BOOTP. First,
DHCP defines mechanisms through which clients can be assigned a
network address for a finite lease, allowing for serial reassignment
of network addresses to different clients. Second, DHCP provides the
mechanism for a client to acquire all of the IP configuration
parameters that it needs in order to operate.
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0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| op (1) | htype (1) | hlen (1) | hops (1) |
+---------------+---------------+---------------+---------------+
| xid (4) |
+-------------------------------+-------------------------------+
| secs (2) | flags (2) |
+-------------------------------+-------------------------------+
| ciaddr (4) |
+---------------------------------------------------------------+
| yiaddr (4) |
+---------------------------------------------------------------+
| siaddr (4) |
+---------------------------------------------------------------+
| giaddr (4) |
+---------------------------------------------------------------+
| |
| chaddr (16) |
| |
| |
+---------------------------------------------------------------+
| |
| sname (64) |
+---------------------------------------------------------------+
| |
| file (128) |
+---------------------------------------------------------------+
| |
| options (variable) |
+---------------------------------------------------------------+
Figure 1: Format of a DHCP message
DHCP introduces a small change in terminology intended to clarify the
meaning of one of the fields. What was the "vendor extensions" field
in BOOTP has been re-named the "options" field in DHCP. Similarly,
the tagged data items that were used inside the BOOTP "vendor
extensions" field, which were formerly referred to as "vendor
extensions," are now termed simply "options."
DHCP defines a new 'client identifier' option that is used to pass an
explicit client identifier to a DHCP server. This change eliminates
the overloading of the 'chaddr' field in BOOTP messages, where
'chaddr' is used both as a hardware address for transmission of BOOTP
reply messages and as a client identifier. The 'client identifier'
is an opaque key, not to be interpreted by the server; for example,
the 'client identifier' may contain a hardware address, identical to
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the contents of the 'chaddr' field, or it may contain another type of
identifier, such as a DNS name. If the client uses a 'client
identifier' in one message, it MUST use that same identifier in all
subsequent messages, to ensure that all servers correctly identify
the client.
DHCP clarifies the interpretation of the 'siaddr' field as the
address of the server to use in the next step of the client's
bootstrap process. A DHCP server may return its own address in the
'siaddr' field, if the server is prepared to supply the next
bootstrap service (e.g., delivery of an operating system executable
image). A DHCP server always returns its own address in the 'server
identifier' option.
The 'options' field is now variable length. A DHCP host must be
prepared to receive DHCP messages with an 'options' field of at least
length 312 octets. This requirement implies that a DHCP host must be
prepared to receive a message of up to 576 octets, the minimum IP
datagram size a host must be prepared to accept [3]. DHCP clients
may negotiate the use of larger DHCP messages through the 'maximum
DHCP message size' option. The options field may be further extended
into the 'file' and 'sname' fields.
In the case of a client using DHCP for initial configuration (before
the client's TCP/IP software has been completely configured), DHCP
requires creative use of the client's TCP/IP software and liberal
interpretation of RFC 1122. The TCP/IP software SHOULD accept and
forward to the IP layer any IP packets delivered to the client's
hardware address before the IP address is configured; DHCP servers
and BOOTP relay agents may not be able to deliver DHCP messages to
clients that cannot accept hardware unicast datagrams before the
TCP/IP software is configured.
To work around some clients that cannot accept IP unicast datagrams
before the TCP/IP software is configured as discussed in the previous
paragraph, DHCP uses the 'flags' field [21]. The leftmost bit is
defined as the BROADCAST (B) flag. The semantics of this flag are
discussed in section 4.1 of this document. The remaining bits of the
flags field are reserved for future use. They MUST be set to zero by
clients and ignored by servers and relay agents. Figure 2 gives the
format of the 'flags' field.
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1 1 1 1 1 1
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
|B| MBZ |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
B: BROADCAST flag
MBZ: MUST BE ZERO (reserved for future use)
Figure 2: Format of the 'flags' field
2.1 Configuration parameters repository
The first service provided by DHCP is to provide persistent storage
of network parameters for network clients. The model of DHCP
persistent storage is that the DHCP service stores a key-value entry
for each client, where the key is some unique identifier (for
example, an IP subnet number and a unique identifier within the
subnet) and the value contains the configuration parameters for the
client.
For example, the key might be the pair (IP-subnet-number, hardware-
address) (note that the "hardware-address" should be typed by the
type of hardware to accommodate possible duplication of hardware
addresses resulting from bit-ordering problems in a mixed-media,
bridged network) allowing for serial or concurrent reuse of a
hardware address on different subnets, and for hardware addresses
that may not be globally unique. Alternately, the key might be the
pair (IP-subnet-number, hostname), allowing the server to assign
parameters intelligently to a host that has been moved to a different
subnet or has changed hardware addresses (perhaps because the network
interface failed and was replaced). The protocol defines that the key
will be (IP-subnet-number, hardware-address) unless the client
explicitly supplies an identifier.
A client can query the DHCP service to retrieve its configuration
parameters. The client interface to the configuration parameters
repository consists of protocol messages to request configuration
parameters and responses from the server carrying the configuration
parameters.
2.2 Dynamic allocation of network addresses
The second service provided by DHCP is the allocation of temporary or
permanent network (IP) addresses to hosts. The basic mechanism for
the dynamic allocation of network addresses is simple: a client
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requests the use of an address for some period of time. The
allocation mechanism (the collection of DHCP servers) guarantees not
to reallocate that address within the requested time and attempts to
return the same network address each time the client requests an
address. In this document, the period over which a network address
is allocated to a client is referred to as a "lease" [11]. The
client may extend its lease with subsequent requests. The client may
issue a message to release the address back to the server when the
client no longer needs the address. The client may ask for a
permanent assignment by asking for an infinite lease. Even when
assigning "permanent" addresses, a server may choose to give out
lengthy but non-infinite leases to allow detection of the fact that
the host has been retired.
In some environments it will be necessary to reassign network
addresses due to exhaustion of available addresses. In such
environments, the allocation mechanism will reuse addresses whose
lease has expired. The server should use whatever information is
available in the configuration information repository to choose an
address to reuse. For example, the server may choose the least
recently assigned address. As a consistency check, the allocation
mechanism may probe the reused address, e.g., with an ICMP echo
request, before allocating the address, and the client may probe the
newly received address, e.g., with ARP.
3. The Client-Server Protocol
DHCP uses the BOOTP message format defined in RFC 951 and given in
table 1 and figure 1. The 'op' field of each DHCP message sent from
a client to a server contains BOOTREQUEST. BOOTREPLY is used in the
'op' field of each DHCP message sent from a server to a client.
The first four octets of the 'options' field of the DHCP message
contain the (decimal) values 99, 130, 83 and 99, respectively (this
is the same magic cookie as is defined in RFC 1497 [17]). The
remainder of the 'options' field consists a list of tagged parameters
that are called "options". All of the "vendor extensions" listed in
RFC 1497 are also DHCP options. RFC 1533 gives the complete set of
options defined for use with DHCP.
Several options have been defined so far. One particular option -
the "DHCP message type" option - must be included in every DHCP
message. This option defines the "type" of the DHCP message.
Additional options may be allowed, required, or not allowed,
depending on the DHCP message type.
Throughout this document, DHCP messages that include a 'DHCP message
type' option will be referred to by the type of the message; e.g., a
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DHCP message with 'DHCP message type' option type 1 will be referred
to as a "DHCPDISCOVER" message.
FIELD OCTETS DESCRIPTION
----- ------ -----------
op 1 Message op code / message type.
1 = BOOTREQUEST, 2 = BOOTREPLY
htype 1 Hardware address type, see ARP section in "Assigned
Numbers" RFC; e.g., '1' = 10mb ethernet.
hlen 1 Hardware address length (e.g. '6' for 10mb
ethernet).
hops 1 Client sets to zero, optionally used by relay-agents
when booting via a relay-agent.
xid 4 Transaction ID, a random number chosen by the
client, used by the client and server to associate
messages and responses between a client and a
server.
secs 2 Filled in by client, seconds elapsed since client
began address acquisition or renewal process.
flags 2 Flags (see figure 2).
ciaddr 4 Client IP address; only filled in if client is in
BOUND, RENEW or REBINDING state and can respond to ARP
requests.
yiaddr 4 'your' (client) IP address.
siaddr 4 IP address of next server to use in bootstrap;
returned in DHCPOFFER, DHCPACK and DHCPNAK by
server.
giaddr 4 Relay agent IP address, used in booting via a
relay-agent.
chaddr 16 Client hardware address.
sname 64 Optional server host name, null terminated string.
file 128 Boot file name, null terminated string; "generic"
name or null in DHCPDISCOVER, fully qualified
directory-path name in DHCPOFFER.
options var Optional parameters field. See the options
documents for a list of defined options.
Table 1: Description of fields in a DHCP message
3.1 Client-server interaction - allocating a network address
The following summary of the protocol exchanges between clients and
servers refers to the DHCP messages described in table 2. The
timeline diagram in figure 3 shows the timing relationships in a
typical client-server interaction. If the client already knows its
address, some steps may be omitted; this abbreviated interaction is
described in section 3.2.
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1. The client broadcasts a DHCPDISCOVER message on its local physical
subnet. The DHCPDISCOVER message MAY include options that suggest
values for the network address and lease duration. BOOTP relay
agents may pass the message on to DHCP servers not on the same
physical subnet.
2. Each server may respond with a DHCPOFFER message that includes an
available network address in the 'yiaddr' field (and other
configuration parameters in DHCP options). Servers need not
reserve the offered network address, although the protocol will
work more efficiently if the server avoids allocating the offered
network address to another client. Servers SHOULD check that the
offered network address is not already in use; e.g., the server
may probe the offered address with an ICMP Echo Request. The
server transmits the DHCPOFFER message to the client, using the
DHCP/BOOTP relay agent if necessary.
3. The client receives one or more DHCPOFFER messages from one or
more servers. The client may choose to wait for multiple
responses. The client chooses one server from which to request
configuration parameters, based on the configuration parameters
offered in the DHCPOFFER messages. The client broadcasts a
DHCPREQUEST message that MUST include the 'server identifier'
option to indicate which server it has selected, and that MAY
include other options specifying desired configuration values.
The 'requested IP address' option MUST be set to the value of
'yiaddr' in the DHCPOFFER message from the server. This
DHCPREQUEST message is broadcast and relayed through DHCP/BOOTP
relay agents. To help ensure that any DHCP/BOOTP relay agents
forward the DHCPREQUEST message to the same set of DHCP servers
that received the original DHCPDISCOVER message, the DHCPREQUEST
message MUST use the same value in the DHCP message header's
'secs' field and be sent to the same IP broadcast address as the
original DHCPDISCOVER message. The client times out and
retransmits the DHCPDISCOVER message if the client receives no
DHCPOFFER messages.
4. The servers receive the DHCPREQUEST broadcast from the client.
Those servers not selected by the DHCPREQUEST message use the
message as notification that the client has declined that server's
offer. The server selected in the DHCPREQUEST message commits the
binding for the client to persistent storage and responds with a
DHCPACK message containing the configuration parameters for the
requesting client. The combination of 'client identifier' or
'chaddr' and assigned network address constitute a unique
identifier for the client's lease and are used by both the client
and server to identify a lease referred to in any DHCP messages.
The server SHOULD NOT check the offered network address at this
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point. The 'yiaddr' field in the DHCPACK messages is filled in
with the selected network address.
If the selected server is unable to satisfy the DHCPREQUEST
message (e.g., the requested network address has been allocated),
the server SHOULD respond with a DHCPNAK message.
A server MAY choose to mark addresses offered to clients in
DHCPOFFER messages as unavailable. The server SHOULD mark an
address offered to a client in a DHCPOFFER message as available if
the server receives no DHCPREQUEST message from that client.
5. The client receives the DHCPACK message with configuration
parameters. The client performs a final check on the parameters
(e.g., ARP for allocated network address), and notes the duration
of the lease and the lease identification cookie specified in the
DHCPACK message. At this point, the client is configured. If the
client detects that the address is already in use (e.g., through
the use of ARP), the client sends a DHCPDECLINE message to the
server and restarts the configuration process. The client SHOULD
wait a minimum of ten seconds before restarting the configuration
process to avoid excessive network traffic in case of looping.
If the client receives a DHCPNAK message, the client restarts the
configuration process.
The client times out and retransmits the DHCPREQUEST message if
the client receives neither a DHCPACK or a DHCPNAK message. The
client retransmits the DHCPREQUEST according to the retransmission
algorithm in section 4.1. The client should choose to retransmit
the DHCPREQUEST enough times to give adequate probability of
contacting the server without causing the client (and the user of
that client) to wait overly long before giving up; e.g., a client
retransmitting as described in section 4.1 might retransmit the
DHCPREQUEST message four times, for a total delay of 60 seconds,
before restarting the initialization procedure. If the client
receives neither a DHCPACK or a DHCPNAK message after employing
the retransmission algorithm, the client reverts to INIT state and
restarts the initialization process. The client SHOULD notify the
user that the initialization process has failed and is restarting.
6. The client may choose to relinquish its lease on a network address
by sending a DHCPRELEASE message to the server. The client
identifies the lease to be released by including its 'client
identifier' or hardware address and network address in the
DHCPRELEASE message. If the client used a 'client identifier'
when it obtained the lease, it MUST use the same 'client
identifier' in the DHCPRELEASE message.
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Message Use
------- ---
DHCPDISCOVER - Client broadcast to locate available servers.
DHCPOFFER - Server to client in response to DHCPDISCOVER with
offer of configuration parameters.
DHCPREQUEST - Client message to servers either (a) requesting
offered parameters from one server and implicitly
declining offers from all others, (b) confirming
correctness of previously allocated address after,
e.g., system reboot, or (c) extending the lease on a
particular network address.
DHCPACK - Server to client with configuration parameters,
including committed network address.
DHCPNAK - Server to client indicating client's notion of network
address is incorrect (e.g., client has moved to new
subnet) or client's lease as expired
DHCPDECLINE - Client to server indicating network address is already
in use.
DHCPRELEASE - Client to server relinquishing network address and
cancelling remaining lease.
DHCPINFORM - Client to server, asking only for local configuration
parameters; client already has externally configured
network address.
DHCPREVALIDATE
- Server to clients, forcing clients into RENEWING state
to revalidate address and configuration parameters.
Table 2: DHCP messages
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Server Client Server
(not selected) (selected)
v v v
| | |
| Begins initialization |
| | |
| _____________/|\_____________ |
|/ DHCPDISCOVER | DHCPDISCOVER \|
| | |
Determines | Determines
configuration | configuration
| | |
|\ | ____________/|
| \_________ | /DHCPOFFER |
| DHCPOFFER\ |/ |
| \ | |
| Collects replies |
| \| |
| Selects configuration |
| | |
| _____________/|\_____________ |
|/ DHCPREQUEST | DHCPREQUEST \|
| | |
| | Commits configuration
| | |
| | _____________/|
| |/ DHCPACK |
| | |
| Initialization complete |
| | |
. . .
. . .
| | |
| Graceful shutdown |
| | |
| |\_____________ |
| | DHCPRELEASE \|
| | |
| | Discards lease
| | |
v v v
Figure 3: Timeline diagram of messages exchanged between DHCP
client and servers when allocating a new network address
3.2 Client-server interaction - reusing a previously allocated network
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address
If a client remembers and wishes to reuse a previously allocated
network address (allocated either by DHCP or some means outside the
protocol), a client may choose to omit some of the steps described in
the previous section. The timeline diagram in figure 4 shows the
timing relationships in a typical client-server interaction for a
client reusing a previously allocated network address.
1. The client broadcasts a DHCPREQUEST message on its local subnet.
The DHCPREQUEST message includes the client's network address in
the 'requested IP address' option. As the client has not received
its network address, it MUST NOT fill in the 'ciaddr' field.
DHCP/BOOTP relay agents pass the message on to DHCP servers not on
the same subnet. If the client used a 'client identifier' to
obtain its address, the client MUST use the same 'client
identifier' in the DHCPREQUEST message.
2. Servers with knowledge of the client's configuration parameters
respond with a DHCPACK message to the client. Servers SHOULD NOT
check that the client's network address is already in use; the
client may respond to ICMP Echo Request messages at this point.
If the client's request is invalid (e.g., the client has moved to a
new subnet), servers SHOULD respond with a DHCPNAK message to the
client. Servers SHOULD NOT respond if their information is not
guaranteed to be accurate. For example, a server that identifies a
request for an expired binding that is owned by another server
SHOULD NOT respond with a DHCPNAK unless the servers are using an
explicit mechanism to maintain coherency among the servers.
If 'giaddr' in the DHCPREQUEST message contains 0x0, the server
sends the DHCPNAK message directly to the client, as the client is
on the same subnet. Otherwise, the server send the DHCPNAK message
to the IP address of the BOOTP/DHCP relay agent, as recorded in
'giaddr'. The relay agent will, in turn, forward the message
directly to the client's hardware address, so that the DHCPNAK can
be delivered even if the client has moved to a new network.
If 'ciaddr' is not set in the DHCPREQUEST message, the server
SHOULD set the broadcast bit in the DHCPNAK message. DHCPNAK is
broadcast to ensure that hosts that may have an incorrect notion of
subnet mask or have not yet configured a network address (in INIT-
REBOOT state) will receive the DHCPNAK.
If 'ciaddr' is set in the DHCPREQUEST message, then the client is
configured to use the address and can respond to ARP requests
messages, so the DHCPNAK should be unicast (since it may be on a
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remote subnet). Typically, this case occurs when the client's
clock is much slower than the server's clock and the client
believes it still has a valid lease even though the lease has
actually expired.
3. The client receives the DHCPACK message with configuration
parameters. The client performs a final check on the parameters
(as in section 3.1), and notes the duration of the lease specified
in the DHCPACK message. The specific lease is implicitly
identified by the 'client identifier' or 'chaddr' and the network
address. At this point, the client is configured.
Server Client Server
v v v
| | |
| Begins |
| initialization |
| | |
| /|\ |
| ___________/ | \___________ |
| /DHCPREQUEST | DHCPREQUEST\ |
|/ | \|
| | |
Locates | Locates
configuration | configuration
| | |
|\ | /|
| \ | ___________/ |
| \ | / DHCPACK |
| \_______ |/ |
| DHCPACK\ | |
| Initialization |
| complete |
| \| |
| | |
| (Subsequent |
| DHCPACKS |
| ignored) |
| | |
| | |
v v v
Figure 4: Timeline diagram of messages exchanged between DHCP
client and servers when reusing a previously allocated
network address
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If the client detects a problem with the parameters in the
DHCPACK message, the client sends a DHCPDECLINE message to the
server and restarts the configuration process by requesting a
new network address. This action corresponds to the client
moving to the INIT state in the DHCP state diagram, which is
described in section 4.4.
If the client receives a DHCPNAK message, it cannot reuse its
remembered network address. It must instead request a new
address by restarting the configuration process, this time
using the (non-abbreviated) procedure described in section
3.1. This action also corresponds to the client moving to
the INIT state in the DHCP state diagram.
The client times out and retransmits the DHCPREQUEST message if
the client receives neither a DHCPACK nor a DHCPNAK message. The
client retransmits the DHCPREQUEST according to the retransmission
algorithm in section 4.1. The client should choose to retransmit
the DHCPREQUEST enough times to give adequate probability of
contacting the server without causing the client (and the user of
that client) to wait overly long before giving up; e.g., a client
retransmitting as described in section 4.1 might retransmit the
DHCPREQUEST message four times, for a total delay of 60 seconds,
before restarting the initialization procedure. If the client
receives neither a DHCPACK or a DHCPNAK message after employing
the retransmission algorithm, the client MAY choose to use the
previously allocated network address and configuration parameters
for the remainder of the unexpired lease. This corresponds to
moving to BOUND state in the client state transition diagram shown
in figure 5.
4. The client may choose to relinquish its lease on a network
address by sending a DHCPRELEASE message to the server. The
client implicitly identifies the lease to be released with the
'client identifier' or 'chaddr' and network address in the
DHCPRELEASE message.
Note that in this case, where the client retains its network
address locally, the client will not normally relinquish its
lease during a graceful shutdown. Only in the case where the
client explicitly needs to relinquish its lease, e.g., the client
is about to be moved to a different subnet, will the client send
a DHCPRELEASE message.
3.3 Interpretation and representation of time values
A client acquires a lease for a network address for a fixed period of
time (which may be infinite). Throughout the protocol, times are to
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be represented in units of seconds. The time value of 0xffffffff is
reserved to represent "infinity".
As clients and servers may not have synchronized clocks, times are
represented in DHCP messages as relative times, to be interpreted
with respect to the client's local clock. Representing relative
times in units of seconds in an unsigned 32 bit word gives a range of
relative times from 0 to approximately 100 years, which is sufficient
for the relative times to be measured using DHCP.
The algorithm for lease duration interpretation given in the previous
paragraph assumes that client and server clocks are stable relative
to each other. If there is drift between the two clocks, the server
may consider the lease expired before the client does. To
compensate, the server may return a shorter lease duration to the
client than the server commits to its local database of client
information.
3.4 Obtaining parameters with externally configured network address
If a client has obtained a network address through some other means
(e.g., manual configuration), it may use a DHCPINFORM request message
to obtain other local configuration parameters. Servers receiving a
DHCPINFORM message construct a DHCPACK message with any local
configuration parameters appropriate for the client without
allocating a new address or checking for an existing binding.
3.5 Notifying clients of changes in local parameters
A server may broadcast a DHCPREVALIDATE message to all clients to
force clients to revalidate network configuration parameters.
Whenever a client receives a DHCPREVALIDATE message, it must enter
send a DHCPREQUEST to the server that issued its lease, and enter
RENEWING state. The client SHOULD delay a random time between one
and ten seconds to avoid network congestion.
3.6 Host parameters in DHCP
Not all clients require initialization of all parameters listed in
Appendix A. Two techniques are used to reduce the number of
parameters transmitted from the server to the client. First, most of
the parameters have defaults defined in the Host Requirements RFCs;
if the client receives no parameters from the server that override
the defaults, a client uses those default values. Second, in its
initial DHCPDISCOVER or DHCPREQUEST message, a client may provide the
server with a list of specific parameters the client is interested
in. If the client includes a list of parameters in a DHCPDISCOVER
message, it MUST include that list in any subsequent DHCPREQUEST
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messages.
The client SHOULD include the 'maximum DHCP message size' option to
let the server know how large the server may make its DHCP messages.
The parameters returned to a client may still exceed the space
allocated to options in a DHCP message. In this case, two additional
options flags (which must appear in the 'options' field of the
message) indicate that the 'file' and 'sname' fields are to be used
for options.
The client can inform the server which configuration parameters the
client is interested in by including the 'parameter request list'
option. The data portion of this option explicitly lists the options
requested by tag number.
In addition, the client may suggest values for the network address
and lease time in the DHCPDISCOVER message. The client may include
the 'requested IP address' option to suggest that a particular IP
address be assigned, and may include the 'IP address lease time'
option to suggest the lease time it would like. Other options
representing "hints" at configuration parameters are allowed in a
DHCPDISCOVER or DHCPREQUEST message. However, additional options may
be ignored by servers, and multiple servers may, therefore, not
return identical values for some options. The 'requested IP address'
option is to be filled in only in a DHCPREQUEST message when the
client is verifying network parameters obtained previously. The
client fills in the 'ciaddr' field only when correctly configured
with an IP address in BOUND, RENEWING or REBINDING state.
If a server receives a DHCPREQUEST message with an invalid 'requested
IP address', the server SHOULD respond to the client with a DHCPNAK
message and may choose to report the problem to the system
administrator. The server may include an error message in the
'message' option.
3.7 Use of DHCP in clients with multiple interfaces
A host with multiple network interfaces must use DHCP through each
interface independently to obtain configuration information
parameters for those separate interfaces.
3.8 When clients should use DHCP
A host SHOULD use DHCP to reacquire or verify its IP address and
network parameters whenever the local network parameters may have
changed; e.g., at system boot time or after a disconnection from the
local network, as the local network configuration may change without
the host's or user's knowledge.
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If a host has knowledge of a previous network address and is unable
to contact a local DHCP server, the host may continue to use the
previous network address until the lease for that address expires.
If the lease expires before the host can contact a DHCP server, the
host must immediately discontinue use of the previous network address
and may inform local users of the problem.
4. Specification of the DHCP client-server protocol
In this section, we assume that a DHCP server has a block of network
addresses from which it can satisfy requests for new addresses. Each
server also maintains a database of allocated addresses and leases in
local permanent storage.
4.1 Constructing and sending DHCP messages
DHCP clients and servers both construct DHCP messages by filling in
fields in the fixed format section of the message and appending
tagged data items in the variable length option area. The options
area includes first a four-octet 'magic cookie' (which was described
in section 3), followed by the options. The last option must always
be the 'end' option.
DHCP uses UDP as its transport protocol. DHCP messages from a client
to a server are sent to the 'DHCP server' port (67), and DHCP
messages from a server to a client are sent to the 'DHCP client' port
(68). A server with multiple network address (e.g., a multi-homed
host) MAY use any of its network addresses in outgoing DHCP messages.
DHCP messages broadcast by a client prior to that client obtaining
its IP address must have the source address field in the IP header
set to 0.
If the 'giaddr' field in a DHCP message from a client is non-zero,
the server sends any return messages to the 'DHCP server' port on the
DHCP relaying agent whose address appears in 'giaddr'. If the
'giaddr' field is zero and the 'ciaddr' filed is nonzero, then the
server should unicast the packet to the address in 'ciaddr'. If
'giaddr' is zero and 'ciaddr' is zero, and the broadcast bit is set,
then the server should broadcast the packet to 255.255.255.255. If
the broadcast bit is not set and 'giaddr' is zero and 'ciaddr' is
zero, then the server should unicast the packet to the client's
hardware address and 'yiaddr' address.
If the options in a DHCP message extend into the 'sname' and 'file'
fields, the 'option overload' option MUST appear in the 'options'
field, with value 1, 2 or 3, as specified in RFC 1533. If the
'option overload' option is present in the 'options' field, the
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options in the 'options' field MUST be terminated by an 'end' option,
and MAY contain one or more 'pad' options to fill the options field.
The options in the 'sname' and 'file' fields (if in use as indicated
by the 'options overload' option) MUST begin with the first octet of
the field, MUST be terminated by an 'end' option, and MUST be
followed by 'pad' options to fill the remainder of the field. Any
individual option in the 'options', 'sname' and 'file' fields MUST be
entirely contained in that field. The options in the 'options' field
MUST be interpreted first, so that any 'option overload' options may
be interpreted. The 'file' field MUST be interpreted next (if the
'option overload' option indicates that the 'file' field contains
DHCP options), followed by the 'sname' field.
The values to be passed in an 'option' tag may be too long to fit in
the 255 octets available to a single option (e.g., a list of routers
in a 'router' option [21]). Options may appear only once, unless
otherwise specified in the options document. The client concatenates
the values of multiple instances of the same option into a single
parameter list for configuration.
DHCP clients are responsible for all message retransmission. The
client MUST adopt a retransmission strategy that incorporates a
randomized exponential backoff algorithm to determine the delay
between retransmissions. The delay between retransmissions SHOULD be
chosen to allow sufficient time for replies from the server to be
delivered based on the characteristics of the internetwork between
the client and the server. For example, in a 10Mb/sec Ethernet
internetwork, the delay before the first retransmission SHOULD be 4
seconds randomized by the value of a uniform random number chosen
from the range -1 to +1. Clients with clocks that provide resolution
granularity of less than one second may choose a non-integer
randomization value. The delay before the next retransmission SHOULD
be 8 seconds randomized by the value of a uniform number chosen from
the range -1 to +1. The retransmission delay SHOULD be doubled with
subsequent retransmissions up to a maximum of 64 seconds. The client
MAY provide an indication of retransmission attempts to the user as
an indication of the progress of the configuration process.
The 'xid' field is used by the client to match incoming DHCP messages
with pending requests. A DHCP client MUST choose 'xid's in such a
way as to minimize the chance of using an 'xid' identical to one used
by another client. For example, a client may choose a different ,
random initial 'xid' each time the client is rebooted, and
subsequently use sequential 'xid's until the next reboot. Selecting
a new 'xid' for each retransmission is an implementation decision. A
client may choose to reuse the same 'xid' or select a new 'xid' for
each retransmitted message.
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A client that has obtained a network address may use that address to
form a subnet broadcast address for outgoing DHCP messages. Some
BOOTP relay agents may only accept BOOTP/DHCP messages delivered to
the all 1s broadcast address. Accordingly, DHCP clients SHOULD use
the all 1s broadcast address.
Normally, DHCP servers and BOOTP relay agents attempt to deliver
DHCPOFFER, DHCPACK and DHCPNAK messages directly to the client using
unicast delivery. The IP destination address (in the IP header) is
set to the DHCP 'yiaddr' address and the link-layer destination
address is set to the DHCP 'chaddr' address. Unfortunately, some
client implementations are unable to receive such unicast IP
datagrams until the implementation has been configured with a valid
IP address (leading to a deadlock in which the client's IP address
cannot be delivered until the client has been configured with an IP
address).
A client that cannot receive unicast IP datagrams until its protocol
software has been configured with an IP address SHOULD set the
BROADCAST bit in the 'flags' field to 1 in any DHCPDISCOVER or
DHCPREQUEST messages that client sends. The BROADCAST bit will
provide a hint to the DHCP server and BOOTP relay agent to broadcast
any messages to the client on the client's subnet. A client that can
receive unicast IP datagrams before its protocol software has been
configured SHOULD clear the BROADCAST bit to 0. The BOOTP
clarifications document discusses the ramifications of the use of the
BROADCAST bit [21].
A server or relay agent sending or relaying a DHCP message directly
to a DHCP client (i.e., not to a relay agent specified in the
'giaddr' field) SHOULD examine the BROADCAST bit in the 'flags'
field. If this bit is set to 1, the DHCP message SHOULD be sent as
an IP broadcast using an IP broadcast address (preferably
255.255.255.255) as the IP destination address and the link-layer
broadcast address as the link-layer destination address. If the
BROADCAST bit is cleared to 0, the message SHOULD be sent as an IP
unicast to the IP address specified in the 'yiaddr' field and the
link-layer address specified in the 'chaddr' field. If unicasting is
not possible, the message MAY be sent as an IP broadcast using an IP
broadcast address (preferably 255.255.255.255) as the IP destination
address and the link-layer broadcast address as the link-layer
destination address.
4.2 DHCP server administrative controls
DHCP servers are not required to respond to every DHCPDISCOVER and
DHCPREQUEST message they receive. For example, a network
administrator, to retain stringent control over the hosts attached to
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the network, may choose to configure DHCP servers to respond only to
hosts that have been previously registered through some external
mechanism. The DHCP specification describes only the interactions
between clients and servers when the clients and servers choose to
interact; it is beyond the scope of the DHCP specification to
describe all of the administrative controls that system
administrators might want to use. Specific DHCP server
implementations may incorporate any controls or policies desired by a
network administrator.
In some environments, a DHCP server will have to consider the values
of the the 'client class' option included in the DHCPDISCOVER or
DHCPREQUEST messages when determining the correct parameters for a
particular client. For example, an organization might have a
separate bootstrap server for each type of client it uses, requiring
the DHCP server to examine the 'client class' to determine which
bootstrap server address to return in the 'siaddr' field of a
DHCPOFFER or DHCPACK message.
A DHCP server needs to use some unique identifier to associate a
client with its lease. The client MAY choose to explicitly provide
the identifier through the 'client identifier' option. If the client
supplies a 'client identifier', the client MUST use the same 'client
identifier' in all subsequent messages, and the server MUST use that
identifier to identify the client. If the client does not provide a
'client identifier' option, the server MUST use the contents of the
'chaddr' field to identify the client. It is crucial for DHCP clients
to use unique identifiers in the 'client identifier' option. Use of
'chaddr' as the client's unique identifier may cause unexpected
results, as that identifier may be associated with a hardware
interface that could be moved to a new client. Some sites may choose
to use a manufacturer's serial number as the 'client identifier', to
avoid unexpected changes in a clients network address due to transfer
of hardware interfaces among computers. Sites may also choose to use
a DNS name as the 'client identifier', causing address leases to be
associated with the DNS name rather than a specific hardware box.
DHCP clients are free to use any strategy in selecting a DHCP server
among those from which the client receives a DHCPOFFER message. The
client implementation of DHCP SHOULD provide a mechanism for the user
to select directly the 'client class' value.
4.3 DHCP server behavior
A DHCP server processes incoming DHCP messages from a client based on
the current state of the binding for that client. A DHCP server can
receive the following messages from a client:
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o DHCPDISCOVER
o DHCPREQUEST
o DHCPDECLINE
o DHCPRELEASE
o DHCPINFORM
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Field DHCPOFFER DHCPACK DHCPNAK
----- --------- ------- -------
'op' BOOTREPLY BOOTREPLY BOOTREPLY
'htype' (From "Assigned Numbers" RFC)
'hlen' (Hardware address length in octets)
'hops' 0 0 0
'xid' 'xid' from client 'xid' from client 'xid' from client
DHCPDISCOVER DHCPREQUEST DHCPREQUEST
message message message
'secs' 0 0 0
'ciaddr' 0 'ciaddr' from 0
DHCPREQUEST or 0
'yiaddr' IP address offered IP address 0
to client assigned to client
'siaddr' IP address of next IP address of next 0
bootstrap server bootstrap server
'flags' 'flags' from 'flags' from 'flags' from
client DHCPDISCOVER client DHCPREQUEST client DHCPREQUEST
message message message
'giaddr' 'giaddr' from 'giaddr' from 'giaddr' from
client DHCPDISCOVER client DHCPREQUEST client DHCPREQUEST
message message message
'chaddr' 'chaddr' from 'chaddr' from 'chaddr' from
client DHCPDISCOVER client DHCPREQUEST client DHCPREQUEST
message message message
'sname' Server host name Server host name (unused)
or options or options
'file' Client boot file Client boot file (unused)
name or options name or options
'options' options options
Option DHCPOFFER DHCPACK DHCPNAK
------ --------- ------- -------
Requested IP address MUST NOT MUST NOT MUST NOT
IP address lease time MUST MUST MUST NOT
Use 'file'/'sname' fields MAY MAY MUST NOT
DHCP message type DHCPOFFER DHCPACK DHCPNAK
Parameter request list MUST NOT MUST NOT MUST NOT
Message SHOULD SHOULD SHOULD
Client identifier MUST NOT MUST NOT MAY
Client class MAY MAY MAY
Server identifier MUST MUST MUST
Maximum message size MUST NOT MUST NOT MUST NOT
All others MAY MAY MUST NOT
Table 3: Fields and options used by DHCP servers
Table 3 gives the use of the fields and options in a DHCP message by
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a server. The remainder of this section describes the action of the
DHCP server for each possible incoming message.
4.3.1 DHCPDISCOVER message
When a server receives a DHCPDISCOVER message from a client, the
server chooses a network address for the requesting client. If no
address is available, the server may choose to report the problem to
the system administrator. If an address is available, the new address
SHOULD be chosen as follows:
o The client's current address as recorded in the client's current
binding, ELSE
o The client's previous address as recorded in the client's (now
expired or released) binding, if that address is in the server's
pool of available addresses and not already allocated, ELSE
o The address requested in the 'Requested IP Address' option, if that
address is valid and not already allocated, ELSE
o A new address allocated from the server's pool of available
addresses.
As described in section 4.2, a server MAY, for administrative
reasons, assign an address other than the one requested, or may
refuse to allocate an address to a particular client even though free
addresses are available.
While not required for correct operation of DHCP, the server SHOULD
not reuse the selected network address before the client responds to
the server's DHCPOFFER message. The server may choose to record the
address as offered to the client.
The server must also choose an expiration time for the lease, as
follows:
o IF the client has not requested a specific lease in the
DHCPDISCOVER message and the client already has an assigned network
address, the server returns the lease expiration time previously
assigned to that address (note that the client must explicitly
request a specific lease to extend the expiration time on a
previously assigned address), ELSE
o IF the client has not requested a specific lease in the
DHCPDISCOVER message and the client does not have an assigned
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network address, the server assigns a locally configured default
lease time, ELSE
o IF the client has requested a specific lease in the DHCPDISCOVER
message (regardless of whether the client has an assigned network
address), the server may choose either to return the requested
lease (if the lease is acceptable to local policy) or select
another lease.
Once the network address and lease have been determined, the server
constructs a DHCPOFFER message with the offered configuration
parameters. It is important for all DHCP servers to return the same
parameters (with the possible exception of a newly allocated network
address) to ensure predictable host behavior regardless of which
server the client selects. The configuration parameters MUST be
selected by applying the following rules in the order given below.
The network administrator is responsible for configuring multiple
DHCP servers to ensure uniform responses from those servers. The
server MUST return to the client:
o The client's network address, as determined by the rules given
earlier in this section,
o The expiration time for the client's lease, as determined by the
rules given earlier in this section,
o Parameters requested by the client, according to the following
rules:
-- IF the server has been explicitly configured with a default
value for the parameter, the server MUST include that value
in an appropriate option in the 'option' field, ELSE
-- IF the server recognizes the parameter as a parameter
defined in the Host Requirements Document, the server MUST
include the default value for that parameter as given in the
Host Requirements Document in an appropriate option in the
'option' field, ELSE
-- The server MUST NOT return a value for that parameter,
The server MUST supply as many of the requested parameters as
possible and MUST omit any parameters it cannot provide. The
server MUST include each requested parameter only once unless
explicitly allowed in the DHCP Options and BOOTP Vendor
Extensions document.
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o Any parameters from the existing binding that differ from the Host
Requirements Document defaults,
o Any parameters specific to this client (as identified by
the contents of 'chaddr' or 'client identifier' in the DHCPDISCOVER
or DHCPREQUEST message), e.g., as configured by the network
administrator,
o Any parameters specific to this client's class (as identified
by the contents of the 'client class' option in the
DHCPDISCOVER or DHCPREQUEST message), e.g., as configured by
the network administrator; the parameters MUST be identified
by an exact match between the client's 'client class' and the
client class identified in the server,
o Parameters with non-default values on the client's subnet.
The server MAY choose to return the 'client class' used to determine
the parameters in the DHCPOFFER message to assist the client in
selecting which DHCPOFFER to accept. The server inserts the 'xid'
field from the DHCPDISCOVER message into the 'xid' field of the
DHCPOFFER message and sends the DHCPOFFER message to the requesting
client.
4.3.2 DHCPREQUEST message
A DHCPREQUEST message may come from a client responding to a
DHCPOFFER message from a server, from a client verifying a previously
allocated IP address or from a client extending the lease on a
network address. If the DHCPREQUEST message contains a 'server
identifier' option, the message is in response to a DHCPOFFER
message. Otherwise, the message is a request to verify or extend an
existing lease. If the client uses a 'client identifier' in a
DHCPREQUEST message, it MUST use that same 'client identifier' in all
subsequent messages. If the client included a list of requested
parameters in a DHCPDISCOVER message, it MUST include that list in
all subsequent messages.
Clients send DHCPREQUEST messages as follows:
o DHCPREQUEST generated during SELECTING state:
Client inserts the address of the selected server in 'server
identifier', 'ciaddr' MUST be zero, 'requested IP address' MUST be
filled in with the yiaddr value from the chosen DHCPOFFER.
Note that the client may choose to collect several DHCPOFFER
messages and select the "best" offer. The client indicates its
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selection by identifying the offering server in the DHCPREQUEST
message. If the client receives no acceptable offers, the client
may choose to try another DHCPDISCOVER message. Therefore, the
servers may not receive a specific DHCPREQUEST from which they can
decide whether or not the client has accepted the offer. Because
the servers have not committed any network address assignments on
the basis of a DHCPOFFER, servers are free to reuse offered network
addresses in response to subsequent requests. As an implementation
detail, servers SHOULD NOT reuse offered addresses and may use an
implementation-specific timeout mechanism to decide when to reuse
an offered address.
o DHCPREQUEST generated during INIT-REBOOT state:
'server identifier' MUST NOT be filled in, 'requested IP address'
option MUST be filled in with client's notion of its previously
assigned address. ciaddr MUST be zero. The client is seeking to
verify a previously allocated, cached configuration. Server SHOULD
send a DHCPNAK message to the client if the 'requested IP address'
is incorrect, or is on the wrong network.
Determining whether a client in the INIT-REBOOT state is on the
correct network is done by examining the contents of 'giaddr', the
'requested IP address' option, and a database lookup. If the DHCP
server detects that the client is on the wrong net (i.e., the
result of applying the local subnet mask or remote subnetmask (if
'giaddr' is not zero) to 'requested IP address' option value
doesn't match reality), then the server SHOULD send a DHCPNAK
message to the client.
If the network is correct, then the DHCP server should check if the
client's notion of its IP address is correct. If not, then the
server SHOULD send a DHCPNAK message to client. If the DHCP server
has no record of this client, then it MUST remain silent, and MAY
output a warning to the network administrator. This behavior is
necessary for peaceful coexistence of non-communicating DHCP
servers on the same wire.
o DHCPREQUEST generated during RENEWING state:
'server identifier' MUST NOT be filled in, 'requested IP address'
option MUST NOT be filled in, 'ciaddr' MUST be filled in with
client's IP address. In this situation, the client is completely
configured, and is trying to extend its lease. This message will be
unicast, so no relay agents will be involved in its transmission.
Because 'giaddr' is therefore not filled in, the DHCP server will
trust the value in 'ciaddr', and use it when replying to the
client.
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A client MAY choose to renew or extend its lease prior to T1. The
server may choose not to extend the lease (as a policy decision by
the network administrator), but should return a DHCPACK message
regardless.
o DHCPREQUEST generated during REBINDING state:
'server identifier' MUST NOT be filled in, 'requested IP address'
option MUST NOT be filled in, 'ciaddr' MUST be filled in with
client's IP address. In this situation, the client is completely
configured, and is trying to extend its lease. This message will be
broadcast. The DHCP server SHOULD check 'ciaddr' for correctness
before replying to the DHCPREQUEST.
The DHCPREQUEST from a REBINDING client is intended to accommodate
sites that have multiple DHCP servers and a mechanism for
maintaining consistency among leases managed by multiple servers.
A DHCP server MAY extend a client's lease only if it has local
administrative authority to do so.
4.3.3 DHCPDECLINE message
If the server receives a DHCPDECLINE message, the client has
discovered through some other means that the suggested network
address is already in use. The server MUST mark the network
address as not available and SHOULD notify the local system
administrator of a possible configuration problem.
4.3.4 DHCPRELEASE message
Upon receipt of a DHCPRELEASE message, the server marks the network
address as not allocated. The server SHOULD retain a record of the
client's initialization parameters for possible reuse in response
to subsequent requests from the client.
4.3.5 DHCPINFORM message
The server responds to a DHCPINFORM message by sending a DHCPACK
message directly to the client's network address. The server
SHOULD NOT send a lease expiration time to the client. The server
includes other parameters in the DHCPACK message as defined in
section 4.3.1.
4.3.6 Client messages
Table 4 details the differences between messages from clients in
various states.
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--------------------------------------------------------------------
|INIT-REBOOT |SELECTING |RENEWING |REBINDING |
--------------------------------------------------------------------
broad/unicast |broadcast |broadcast |unicast |broadcast |
server-ip |MUST NOT |MUST |MUST NOT |MUST NOT |
requested-ip |MUST |MUST |MUST NOT |MUST NOT |
ciaddr |zero |zero |IP address |IP address|
--------------------------------------------------------------------
Table 4: Client messages from different states
4.4 DHCP client behavior
Figure 5 gives a state-transition diagram for a DHCP client. A
client can receive the following messages from a server:
o DHCPOFFER
o DHCPACK
o DHCPNAK
Table 5 gives the use of the fields and options in a DHCP message by
a client. The remainder of this section describes the action of the
DHCP client for each possible incoming message. The description in
the following section corresponds to the full configuration procedure
previously described in section 3.1, and the text in the subsequent
section corresponds to the abbreviated configuration procedure
described in section 3.2.
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-------- -------
| | +-------------------------->| |<-------------------+
| INIT- | | +-------------------->| INIT | |
| REBOOT |DHCPNAK/ +---------->| |<---+ |
| |Restart| | ------- | |
-------- | DHCPNAK/ | | |
| Discard offer | -/Send DHCPDISCOVER |
-/Send DHCPREQUEST | | |
| | | DHCPACK v | |
----------- | (not accept.)/ ----------- | |
| | | Send DHCPDECLINE | | |
| REBOOTING | | | | SELECTING |<----+ |
| | | / | | |DHCPOFFER/ |
----------- | / ----------- | |Collect |
| | / | | | replies |
DHCPACK/ | / +----------------+ +-------+ |
Record lease, set| | v Select offer/ |
timers T1, T2 ------------ send DHCPREQUEST | |
| +----->| | DHCPNAK, Lease expired/ |
| | | REQUESTING | Halt network |
DHCPOFFER/ | | | |
Discard ------------ | |
| | | | ----------- |
| +--------+ DHCPACK/ | | |
| Record lease, set -----| REBINDING | |
| timers T1, T2 / | | |
| | DHCPACK/ ----------- |
| v Record lease, set ^ |
+----------------> ------- /timers T1,T2 | |
+----->| |<---+ | |
| | BOUND |<---+ | |
DHCPOFFER, DHCPACK, | | | T2 expires/ DHCPNAK/
DHCPNAK/Discard ------- | Broadcast Halt network
| | | | DHCPREQUEST |
+-------+ | DHCPACK/ | |
T1 expires/ Record lease, set | |
Send DHCPREQUEST timers T1, T2 | |
to leasing server | | |
| ---------- | |
| | |------------+ |
+->| RENEWING | |
| |----------------------------+
----------
Figure 5: State-transition diagram for DHCP clients
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4.4.1 Initialization and allocation of network address
The client begins in INIT state and forms a DHCPDISCOVER message.
The client SHOULD wait a random time between one and ten seconds to
desynchronize the use of DHCP at startup. The client sets 'ciaddr'
to 0x00000000. The client MAY request specific parameters by
including the 'parameter request list' option. The client MAY
suggest a network address and/or lease time by including the
'requested IP address' and 'IP address lease time' options. The
client MUST include its hardware address in the 'chaddr' field, if
necessary for delivery of DHCP reply messages. The client MAY
include a different unique identifier in the 'client identifier'
option, as discussed in section 4.2. If the client included a list
of requested parameters in a DHCPDISCOVER message, it MUST include
that list in all subsequent messages.
The client generates and records a random transaction identifier and
inserts that identifier into the 'xid' field. The client records its
own local time for later use in computing the lease expiration. The
client then broadcasts the DHCPDISCOVER on the local hardware
broadcast address to 0xffffffff IP broadcast address and 'DHCP
server' UDP port.
If the 'xid' of an arriving DHCPOFFER message does not match the
'xid' of the most recent DHCPDISCOVER message, the DHCPOFFER message
must be silently discarded. Any arriving DHCPACK messages must be
silently discarded.
The client collects DHCPOFFER messages over a period of time, selects
one DHCPOFFER message from the (possibly many) incoming DHCPOFFER
messages (e.g., the first DHCPOFFER message or the DHCPOFFER message
from the previously used server) and extracts the server address from
the 'server identifier' option in the DHCPOFFER message. The time
over which the client collects messages and the mechanism used to
select one DHCPOFFER are implementation dependent.
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Field DHCPDISCOVER DHCPREQUEST DHCPDECLINE,
DHCPRELEASE
----- ------------ ----------- -----------
'op' BOOTREQUEST BOOTREQUEST BOOTREQUEST
'htype' (From "Assigned Numbers" RFC)
'hlen' (Hardware address length in octets)
'hops' 0 0 0
'xid' selected by client 'xid' from server selected by
DHCPOFFER message client
'secs' (opt.) (opt.) 0
'flags' Set 'BROADCAST' Set 'BROADCAST' 0
flag if client flag if client
requires broadcast requires broadcast
reply reply
'ciaddr' 0 0 or client's client's network
network address address
(BOUND/RENEW/REBIND) (DHCPRELEASE only)
'yiaddr' 0 0 0
'siaddr' 0 0 0
'giaddr' 0 0 0
'chaddr' client's hardware client's hardware client's hardware
address address address
'sname' options, if options, if (unused)
indicated in indicated in
'sname/file' 'sname/file'
option; otherwise option; otherwise
unused unused
'file' options, if options, if (unused)
indicated in indicated in
'sname/file' 'sname/file'
option; otherwise option; otherwise
unused unused
'options' options options (unused)
Option DHCPDISCOVER DHCPREQUEST DHCPDECLINE,
DHCPRELEASE
------ ------------ ----------- -----------
Requested IP address MAY MUST (in MUST
SELECTING or (DHCPDECLINE),
INIT-REBOOT) MUST NOT
MUST NOT (in (DHCPRELEASE)
BOUND or
RENEWING)
IP address lease time MAY MAY MUST NOT
Use 'file'/'sname' fields MAY MAY MAY
DHCP message type DHCPDISCOVER DHCPREQUEST DHCPDECLINE/
DHCPRELEASE
Client identifier MAY MAY MAY
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Client class SHOULD SHOULD MUST NOT
Server identifier MUST NOT MUST (after MUST
SELECTING)
MUST NOT (after
INIT-REBOOT,
BOUND, RENEWING
or REBINDING)
Parameter request list MAY MAY MUST NOT
Maximum message size MAY MAY MUST NOT
Message SHOULD NOT SHOULD NOT SHOULD
Site-specific MAY MAY MUST NOT
All others MAY MAY MUST NOT
Table 5: Fields and options used by DHCP clients
If the parameters are acceptable, the client records the address of
the server that supplied the parameters from the 'server identifier'
field and sends that address in the 'server identifier' field of a
DHCPREQUEST broadcast message. Once the DHCPACK message from the
server arrives, the client is initialized and moves to BOUND state.
The DHCPREQUEST message contains the same 'xid' as the DHCPOFFER
message. The client records the lease expiration time as the sum of
the time at which the original request was sent and the duration of
the lease from the DHCPOFFER message. The client SHOULD perform a
check on the suggested address to ensure that the address is not
already in use. For example, if the client is on a network that
supports ARP, the client may issue an ARP request for the suggested
request. When broadcasting an ARP request for the suggested address,
the client must fill in its own hardware address as the sender's
hardware address, and 0 as the sender's IP address, to avoid
confusing ARP caches in other hosts on the same subnet. If the
network address appears to be in use, the client sends a DHCPDECLINE
message to the server. The client SHOULD broadcast an ARP reply to
announce the client's new IP address and clear any outdated ARP cache
entries in hosts on the client's subnet.
4.4.2 Initialization with known network address
The client begins in INIT-REBOOT state and sends a DHCPREQUEST
message. The client may request specific configuration parameters by
including the 'parameter request list' option. The client generates
and records a random transaction identifier and inserts that
identifier into the 'xid' field. The client records its own local
time for later use in computing the lease expiration. The client
MUST NOT include a 'server identifier' in the DHCPREQUEST message.
The client then broadcasts the DHCPREQUEST on the local hardware
broadcast address to the 'DHCP server' UDP port.
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Once a DHCPACK message with an 'xid' field matching that in the
client's DHCPREQUEST message arrives from any server, the client is
initialized and moves to BOUND state. The client records the lease
expiration time as the sum of the time at which the DHCPREQUEST
message was sent and the duration of the lease from the DHCPACK
message.
4.4.3 Use of broadcast and unicast
The DHCP client broadcasts DHCPDISCOVER, DHCPREQUEST and DHCPINFORM
messages, unless the client knows the address of a DHCP server. The
client unicasts DHCPDECLINE and DHCPRELEASE messages to the server.
When the DHCP client knows the address of a DHCP server, in either
INIT or REBOOTING state, the client may use that address in the
DHCPDISCOVER or DHCPREQUEST rather than the IP broadcast address.
The client may also use unicast to send DHCPINFORM messages to a
known DHCP server. If the client receives no response to DHCP
messages sent to the IP address of a known DHCP server, the DHCP
client reverts to using the IP broadcast address.
4.4.4 Reacquisition and expiration
The client maintains two times, T1 and T2, that specify the times at
which the client tries to extend its lease on its network address.
T1 is the time at which the client enters the RENEWING state and
attempts to contact the server that originally issued the client's
network address. T2 is the time at which the client enters the
REBINDING state and attempts to contact any server. T1 MUST be
earlier than T2, which, in turn, MUST be earlier than the time at
which the client's lease will expire.
To avoid the need for synchronized clocks, T1 and T2 are expressed in
options as relative times [2].
At time T1 the client moves to RENEWING state and sends (via unicast)
a DHCPREQUEST message to the server to extend its lease. The client
sets the 'ciaddr' field in the DHCPREQUEST to its current network
address. The client records the local time at which the DHCPREQUEST
message is sent for computation of the lease expiration time. The
client MUST NOT include a 'server identifier' in the DHCPREQUEST
message.
Any DHCPACK messages that arrive with an 'xid' that does not match
the 'xid' of the client's DHCPREQUEST message are silently discarded.
When the client receives a DHCPACK from the server, the client
computes the lease expiration time as the sum of the time at which
the client sent the DHCPREQUEST message and the duration of the lease
Droms [Page 39]
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in the DHCPACK message. The client has successfully reacquired its
network address, returns to BOUND state and may continue network
processing.
If no DHCPACK arrives before time T2, the client moves to REBINDING
state and sends (via broadcast) a DHCPREQUEST message to extend its
lease. The client sets the 'ciaddr' field in the DHCPREQUEST to its
current network address. The client MUST NOT include a 'server
identifier' in the DHCPREQUEST message.
Times T1 and T2 are configurable by the server through options. T1
defaults to (0.5 * duration_of_lease). T2 defaults to (0.875 *
duration_of_lease). Times T1 and T2 SHOULD be chosen with some
random "fuzz" around a fixed value, to avoid synchronization of
client reacquisition.
A client MAY chooser to renew or extend its lease prior to T1. The
server MAY choose to extend the client's lease according to policy
set by the network administrator. The server SHOULD return T1 and
T2, and their values SHOULD be adjusted from their original values to
take account of the time remaining on the lease.
In both RENEWING and REBINDING state, if the client receives no
response to its DHCPREQUEST message, the client SHOULD wait one-half
of the remaining time until T2 (in RENEWING state) and one-half of
the remaining lease time (in REBINDING state), down to a minimum of
60 seconds, before retransmitting the DHCPREQUEST message.
If the lease expires before the client receives a DHCPACK, the client
moves to INIT state, MUST immediately stop any other network
processing and requests network initialization parameters as if the
client were uninitialized. If the client then receives a DHCPACK
allocating that client its previous network address, the client
SHOULD continue network processing. If the client is given a new
network address, it MUST NOT continue using the previous network
address and SHOULD notify the local users of the problem.
4.4.5 DHCPRELEASE
If the client no longer requires use of its assigned network address
(e.g., the client is gracefully shut down), the client sends a
DHCPRELEASE message to the server. Note that the correct operation
of DHCP does not depend on the transmission of DHCPRELEASE messages.
4.4.6 DHCPREVALIDATE
If the client receives a DHCPREVALIDATE message, it MUST recheck its
network address and configuration parameters by sending a DHCPREQUEST
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message to its server. If the client's network address has changed,
the client MUST terminate all current network activity and change its
network address.
5. References
[1] Acetta, M., "Resource Location Protocol", RFC 887, CMU, December
1983.
[2] Alexander, S., and R. Droms, "DHCP Options and BOOTP Vendor
Extensions", RFC 1533, Lachman Technology, Inc., Bucknell
University, October 1993.
[3] Braden, R., Editor, "Requirements for Internet Hosts --
Communication Layers", STD 3, RFC 1122, USC/Information Sciences
Institute, October 1989.
[4] Braden, R., Editor, "Requirements for Internet Hosts --
Application and Support, STD 3, RFC 1123, USC/Information
Sciences Institute, October 1989.
[5] Brownell, D, "Dynamic Reverse Address Resolution Protocol
(DRARP)", Work in Progress.
[6] Comer, D., and R. Droms, "Uniform Access to Internet Directory
Services", Proc. of ACM SIGCOMM '90 (Special issue of Computer
Communications Review), 20(4):50--59, 1990.
[7] Croft, B., and J. Gilmore, "Bootstrap Protocol (BOOTP)", RFC 951,
Stanford and SUN Microsystems, September 1985.
[8] Deering, S., "ICMP Router Discovery Messages", RFC 1256, Xerox
PARC, September 1991.
[9] Droms, D., "Interoperation between DHCP an BOOTP" RFC 1534,
Bucknell University, October 1993.
[10] Finlayson, R., Mann, T., Mogul, J., and M. Theimer, "A Reverse
Address Resolution Protocol", RFC 903, Stanford, June 1984.
[11] Gray C., and D. Cheriton, "Leases: An Efficient Fault-Tolerant
Mechanism for Distributed File Cache Consistency", In Proc. of
the Twelfth ACM Symposium on Operating Systems Design, 1989.
[12] Mockapetris, P., "Domain Names -- Concepts and Facilities", STD
13, RFC 1034, USC/Information Sciences Institute, November 1987.
[13] Mockapetris, P., "Domain Names -- Implementation and
Droms [Page 41]
DRAFT Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol March 1995
Specification", STD 13, RFC 1035, USC/Information Sciences
Institute, November 1987.
[14] Mogul J., and S. Deering, "Path MTU Discovery", RFC 1191,
November 1990.
[15] Morgan, R., "Dynamic IP Address Assignment for Ethernet Attached
Hosts", Work in Progress.
[16] Postel, J., "Internet Control Message Protocol", STD 5, RFC 792,
USC/Information Sciences Institute, September 1981.
[17] Reynolds, J., "BOOTP Vendor Information Extensions", RFC 1497,
USC/Information Sciences Institute, August 1993.
[18] Reynolds, J., and J. Postel, "Assigned Numbers", STD 2, RFC 1340,
USC/Information Sciences Institute, July 1992.
[19] Jeffrey Schiller and Mark Rosenstein. A Protocol for the Dynamic
Assignment of IP Addresses for use on an Ethernet. (Available
from the Athena Project, MIT), 1989.
[20] Sollins, K., "The TFTP Protocol (Revision 2)", RFC 783, NIC,
June 1981.
[21] Wimer, W., "Clarifications and Extensions for the Bootstrap
Protocol", RFC 1542, Carnegie Mellon University, October 1993.
6. Security Considerations
DHCP is built directly on UDP and IP which are as yet inherently
insecure. Furthermore, DHCP is generally intended to make
maintenance of remote and/or diskless hosts easier. While perhaps
not impossible, configuring such hosts with passwords or keys may be
difficult and inconvenient. Therefore, DHCP in its current form is
quite insecure.
Unauthorized DHCP servers may be easily set up. Such servers can
then send false and potentially disruptive information to clients
such as incorrect or duplicate IP addresses, incorrect routing
information (including spoof routers, etc.), incorrect domain
nameserver addresses (such as spoof nameservers), and so on.
Clearly, once this seed information is in place, an attacker can
further compromise affected systems.
Malicious DHCP clients could masquerade as legitimate clients and
retrieve information intended for those legitimate clients. Where
dynamic allocation of resources is used, a malicious client could
Droms [Page 42]
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claim all resources for itself, thereby denying resources to
legitimate clients.
7. Author's Address
Ralph Droms
Computer Science Department
323 Dana Engineering
Bucknell University
Lewisburg, PA 17837
Phone: (717) 524-1145
EMail: droms@bucknell.edu
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A. Host Configuration Parameters
IP-layer_parameters,_per_host:_
Be a router on/off HRC 3.1
Non-local source routing on/off HRC 3.3.5
Policy filters for
non-local source routing (list) HRC 3.3.5
Maximum reassembly size integer HRC 3.3.2
Default TTL integer HRC 3.2.1.7
PMTU aging timeout integer MTU 6.6
MTU plateau table (list) MTU 7
IP-layer_parameters,_per_interface:_
IP address (address) HRC 3.3.1.6
Subnet mask (address mask) HRC 3.3.1.6
MTU integer HRC 3.3.3
All-subnets-MTU on/off HRC 3.3.3
Broadcast address flavor 0x00000000/0xffffffff HRC 3.3.6
Perform mask discovery on/off HRC 3.2.2.9
Be a mask supplier on/off HRC 3.2.2.9
Perform router discovery on/off RD 5.1
Router solicitation address (address) RD 5.1
Default routers, list of:
router address (address) HRC 3.3.1.6
preference level integer HRC 3.3.1.6
Static routes, list of:
destination (host/subnet/net) HRC 3.3.1.2
destination mask (address mask) HRC 3.3.1.2
type-of-service integer HRC 3.3.1.2
first-hop router (address) HRC 3.3.1.2
ignore redirects on/off HRC 3.3.1.2
PMTU integer MTU 6.6
perform PMTU discovery on/off MTU 6.6
Link-layer_parameters,_per_interface:_
Trailers on/off HRC 2.3.1
ARP cache timeout integer HRC 2.3.2.1
Ethernet encapsulation (RFC 894/RFC 1042) HRC 2.3.3
TCP_parameters,_per_host:_
TTL integer HRC 4.2.2.19
Keep-alive interval integer HRC 4.2.3.6
Keep-alive data size 0/1 HRC 4.2.3.6
Key:
MTU = Path MTU Discovery (RFC 1191, Proposed Standard)
RD = Router Discovery (RFC 1256, Proposed Standard)
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