Network Working Group Ralph Droms
INTERNET DRAFT Bucknell University
Kim Kinnear
Mark Stapp
Cisco Systems
Bernie Volz
Steve Gonczi
Process Software
Greg Rabil
Mike Dooley
Arun Kapur
Quadritek Systems
June 1999
Expires December 1999
DHCP Failover Protocol
<draft-ietf-dhc-failover-04.txt>
Status of this Memo
This document is an Internet-Draft and is in full conformance with
all provisions of Section 10 of RFC2026.
Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering
Task Force (IETF), its areas, and its working groups. Note that
other groups may also distribute working documents as Internet-
Drafts.
Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months
and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any
time. It is inappropriate to use Internet- Drafts as reference
material or to cite them other than as "work in progress."
The list of current Internet-Drafts can be accessed at
http://www.ietf.org/ietf/1id-abstracts.txt
The list of Internet-Draft Shadow Directories can be accessed at
http://www.ietf.org/shadow.html.
Copyright Notice
Copyright (C) The Internet Society (1999). All Rights Reserved.
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Abstract
DHCP [RFC 2131] allows for multiple servers to be operating on a
single network. Some sites are interested in running multiple servers
in such a way so as to provide redundancy in case of server failure.
In order for this to work reliably, the cooperating primary and
secondary servers must maintain a consistent database of the lease
information. This implies that servers will need to coordinate any
and all lease activity so that this information is synchronized in
case of failover.
This document defines a protocol to provide this synchronization
between two servers. One server is designated the "primary" server,
the other is the "secondary" server. Additionally, this document
describes a protocol which allows each server to determine to which
DHCP clients it should provide service when both servers are
operating in order to support load balancing as well as when on one
server has failed in order to support increased DHCP service
availability.
This document is a complete rewrite of draft-ietf-dhc-failover-
03.txt. That earlier draft described a UDP based failover protocol,
and this draft describes a closely related protocol which uses TCP as
a transport and includes new load-balancing and security
capabilities.
Table of Contents
1. Introduction................................................. 4
2. Terminology.................................................. 5
2.1. Requirements terminology................................... 5
2.2. DHCP and failover terminology.............................. 5
3. Background and External Requirements......................... 7
3.1. Key aspects of the DHCP protocol........................... 7
3.2. BOOTP relay agent implementation........................... 9
3.3. What does it mean if a server can't communicate with its partner?
10
3.4. Challenging scenarios for a Failover protocol............. 10
3.5. Using TCP to detect partner server failure................ 11
4. Design Goals................................................ 13
4.1. Design requirements for this protocol..................... 13
4.2. Goals for this protocol................................... 13
4.3. Limitations of this Protocol.............................. 14
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5. Protocol Overview........................................... 15
5.1. Messages and States....................................... 15
5.2. Fundamental restrictions.................................. 18
5.3. Load balancing............................................ 24
5.4. Operating in NORMAL state................................. 25
5.5. Operating in COMMUNICATIONS-INTERRUPTED state............. 25
5.6. Operating in PARTNER-DOWN state........................... 25
5.7. Operating in RECOVER state................................ 26
6. Packet Formats.............................................. 26
6.1. Common message format..................................... 26
6.2. Common option format...................................... 28
6.3. BNDUPD message format..................................... 40
6.4. BNDACK message format..................................... 42
6.5. Bulking for BNDUPD and BNDACK messages.................... 44
6.6. UPDREQ message format..................................... 44
6.7. UPDREQALL message format.................................. 44
6.8. UPDDONE message format.................................... 44
6.9. POOLREQ message format.................................... 45
6.10. POOLRESP message format.................................. 45
6.11. CONNECT message format................................... 46
6.12. CONNECTACK message format................................ 46
6.13. STATE message format..................................... 47
6.14. CONTACT message format................................... 48
7. Protocol Messages........................................... 48
7.1. BNDUPD message............................................ 48
7.2. BNDACK message............................................ 57
7.3. UPDREQ message............................................ 58
7.4. UPDREQALL message......................................... 59
7.5. UPDDONE message........................................... 60
7.6. POOLREQ message........................................... 60
7.7. POOLRESP message.......................................... 61
7.8. CONNECT message........................................... 62
7.9. CONNECTACK message........................................ 65
7.10. STATE message............................................ 68
7.11. CONTACT message.......................................... 69
8. Connection Management....................................... 70
8.1. Connection granularity.................................... 70
8.2. Creating the TCP connection............................... 70
8.3. Using the TCP connection for determining communications status. 71
8.4. Using the TCP connection for binding data................. 73
8.5. Using the TCP connection for control messages............. 73
8.6. Losing the TCP connection................................. 73
9. Protocol States............................................. 73
9.1. Server Initialization..................................... 74
9.2. Server State Transitions.................................. 74
9.3. STARTUP state............................................. 77
9.4. PARTNER-DOWN state........................................ 79
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9.5. RECOVER state............................................. 81
9.6. NORMAL state.............................................. 83
9.7. COMMUNICATIONS-INTERRUPTED State.......................... 86
9.8. POTENTIAL-CONFLICT state.................................. 89
9.9. RECOVER-DONE state........................................ 90
9.10. PAUSED state............................................. 91
9.11. SHUTDOWN state........................................... 91
10. Safe Period................................................ 92
11. Security................................................... 94
11.1. Simple shared secret..................................... 94
11.2. TLS...................................................... 94
12. Hash algorithm for load balancing.......................... 95
13. Acknowledgments............................................ 96
14. References................................................. 97
15. Author's information....................................... 98
16. Full Copyright Statement................................... 99
1. Introduction
DHCP [RFC 2131] allows for multiple servers to be operating on a sin-
gle network. Some sites are interested in running multiple servers
in such a way so as to provide redundancy in case of server failure
since the DHCP subsystem is in many cases a critical part of the net-
work infrastructure.
This document defines a protocol to provide synchronization between
two servers in order that each can take over for the other should
either one fail or become unreachable.
One server is designated the "primary" server, the other is the
"secondary" server, and all DHCP client requests are sent to each
server.
In order to provide a high availability DHCP service, these
cooperating primary and secondary servers must maintain a consistent
database of lease information. This implies that servers will need
to coordinate any and all lease activity so that this information is
synchronized in case failover is required. The protocol messages and
processing techniques required to maintain a consistent database are
specified in the protocol described here.
The failover protocol also contains an algorithm which allows each
server to determine to which DHCP clients it should provide service
when both servers are operating normally, and this capability can be
used to support load balancing.
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2. Terminology
This section discusses both the generic requirements terminology com-
mon to many IETF protocol specifications as well as specialized DHCP
and failover protocol specific terminology.
2.1. Requirements terminology
The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
"SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this
document are to be interpreted as described in RFC 2119 [RFC 2119].
2.2. DHCP and failover terminology
This document uses the following terms:
o "DHCP client" or "client"
A DHCP client is an Internet host using DHCP to obtain confi-
guration parameters such as a network address.
o "DHCP server" or "server"
A DHCP server is an Internet host that returns configuration
parameters to DHCP clients.
o "binding"
A binding is a collection of configuration parameters, including
at least an IP address, associated with or "bound to" a DHCP
client. Bindings are managed by DHCP servers.
o "binding database"
The collection of bindings managed by a primary and secondary.
o "failover endpoint"
The failover protocol allows for there to be a unique failover
endpoint per partner per role (where role is primary or secon-
dary). This failover endpoint can take actions and hold unique
states. There are thus a maximum of two failover endpoints per
server per partner (one for each partner as a primary and one
for that same partner as a secondary.)
o "lazy update"
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Lazy update refers to the requirement placed on a server imple-
menting a failover protocol to update its failover partner when-
ever the binding database changes. A failover protocol which
didn't support lazy update would require the failover partner
update to be complete before a DHCP server could respond to a
DHCP client request with a DHCPACK. A failover protocol which
does support lazy update places no such restriction on the
update of the failover partner server, and so a server can allo-
cate an IP address or extend a lease on an IP address and then
update its failover partner as time permits. A failover proto-
col which supports lazy update not only removes the requirement
to update the failover partner prior to responding to a DHCP
client with a DHCPACK, but also allows gathering up batches of
updates from one failover server to its partner.
o "subnet address pool"
A subnet address pool is the set of IP address which is associ-
ated with a particular network number and subnet mask. In the
simple case, there is a single network number and subnet mask
and a set of IP addresses. In the more complex case (sometimes
called "secondary subnets", sometimes "superscopes"), several
(apparently unrelated) network number and subnet mask combina-
tions with their associated IP addresses may all be configured
together into one subnet address pool.
o "Primary server" or "Primary"
A DHCP server configured to provide primary service to a set of
DHCP clients for a particular set of subnet address pools.
o "Secondary server" or "Secondary"
A DHCP server configured to act as backup to a primary server
for a particular set of subnet address pools.
o "stable storage"
Every DHCP server is assumed to have some form of what is called
"stable storage". Stable storage is used to hold information
concerning IP address bindings (among other things) so that this
information is not lost in the event of a server failure which
requires restart of the server.
o "MCLT"
The MCLT refers to maximum client lead time. This time is con-
figured on the primary server and transmitted from the primary
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to the secondary server in the CONNECT message. It is the max-
imum amount of time that one server can give to a client for a
binding beyond that known and ACKed by the partner server. See
section 5.2.1 for details.
3. Background and External Requirements
This section highlights key aspects of the DHCP protocol on which the
failover protocol depends. It also discusses the requirements that
the failover protocol places on other aspects of the network infras-
tructure, and some general issues surrounding server failure detec-
tion. Some failure scenarios that provide particular challenges to a
failover protocol are discussed. Finally, the challenges inherent in
using a TCP connection as a means to detect failure of a partner
server are elaborated.
3.1. Key aspects of the DHCP protocol
The failover protocol is designed to augment the DHCP protocol as
described in RFC 2131 [RFC 2131]. There are several key aspects of
the DHCP protocol which are required by the failover protocol in
order to successfully meet its design goals.
3.1.1. Broadcast behavior
There are two aspects of the broadcast behavior of the DHCP protocol
which are key to making the failover protocol operate successfully.
The first is simply that the DHCP protocol requires a DHCP client to
broadcast all DHCPDISCOVER and DHCPREQUEST/INIT-REBOOT messages.
Because of this requirement, a DHCP client who was communicating with
one server will automatically be able to communicate with another
server if one is available.
The second aspect of broadcast behavior is similar to the first, but
involves the distinction between a DHCPREQUEST/RENEW and
DHCPREQUEST/REBINDING. A DHCPREQUEST/RENEW is the message that a
DHCP client uses to extend its lease. It is unicast to the DHCP
server from which it acquired the lease. However, the DHCP protocol
(in a farsighted move), was explicitly designed so that in the event
that a DHCP client cannot contact the server from which it received a
lease on an IP address using a DHCPREQUEST/RENEW, the client is
required to broadcast its renewal using a DHCPREQUEST/REBINDING to
any available DHCP server. Since all DHCP clients were required to
implement this algorithm, the failover protocol can have a different
server from the one that initially granted a lease be the server to
renew a lease. Thus, one server can take over for another with no
interruption in the service as experience by the DHCP client or its
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associated applications software.
3.1.2. Client responsibility
In the DHCP protocol the DHCP clients are entrusted with a consider-
able responsibility. In particular, after they are granted a lease
on an IP address, they are enjoined to only use that IP address while
their lease is valid. Every DHCP client is expected to stop using an
IP address if the expiration time on the lease has passed and if it
cannot get an extension on the lease for that IP address from some
DHCP server. Thus, the correct behavior of every DHCP client in this
regard is required to ensure the integrity of the DHCP service. On
the other hand, incorrect behavior by a client in this area will tend
to adversely affect at most one other DHCP client.
Furthermore, any DHCP client which sends in a DHCPREQUEST/RENEW or
DHCPREQUEST/REBINDING to a DHCP server (either unicast for a RENEW or
broadcast for a REBINDING) MUST still have time to run on the lease
for that IP address. The DHCP server sends the DHCPACK back unicast
to the IP address from which the RENEW or REBINDING originated.
Given the existing responsibility placed on the client to only use an
IP address when the lease is valid, and to only send in a RENEW or
REBINDING if the lease is valid, the failover protocol relies on DHCP
clients to perform responsibly and will, in the absence of conflict-
ing information, believe a DHCP client that is attempting to RENEW or
REBIND a lease on an IP address is the legitimate owner of that IP
address.
One troublesome issue is that of the DHCP client responsibility when
sending in DHCPREQUEST/INIT-REBOOT requests. While the original DHCP
RFC was written to require a DHCP client to have time left to run on
the lease for an IP address if the client is sending an INIT-REBOOT
request, it was sufficiently unclear that some client vendors didn't
realize this until recently. Since the INIT-REBOOT request was sent
with the IP address in the dhcp-requested-address option and not in
the ciaddr (for perfectly good reasons), the similarity to the RENEW
and REBINDING case was lost on many people.
At present, the failover protocol does not assume that a client send-
ing in an INIT-REBOOT request necessarily has a valid lease on the IP
address appearing in the dhcp-requested-address option in the INIT-
REBOOT request.
The implications of this are as follows: Assume that there is a DHCP
client that gets a lease from one server while that server is unable
to communicate with its failover partner. Then, assume that after
that client reboots it is able only to communicate with the other
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failover server. If the failover servers have not been able to com-
municate with each other during this process, then the DHCP client
will get a new IP address instead of being able to continue to use
its existing IP address. This will affect no applications on the DHCP
client, since it is rebooting. However, it will use up an additional
IP address in this marginal case.
3.1.3. Stable storage update before DHCPACK
The DHCP protocol allocates resources, and in order to operate
correctly it requires that a DHCP server update some form of stable
storage prior to sending a DHCPACK to a DHCP client in order to grant
that client a lease on an IP address.
One of the goals of the failover protocol is that it not add signifi-
cant additional time to this already time consuming requirement to
update stable storage prior to a DHCPACK. In particular, adding a
requirement to communicate with another server prior to sending a
DHCPACK would simplify the failover protocol, but it would limit the
potential scalability of any DHCP server which employed the failover
protocol in an unacceptable manner.
3.2. BOOTP relay agent implementation
Many DHCP clients are not resident on the same network segment as a
DHCP server. In order to support this form of network architecture,
most contemporary routers implement something known as a BOOTP Relay
Agent. This capability inside of a router listens for all broadcasts
at the DHCP port, port 67, and will relay any broadcasts that it
receives on to a DHCP server. The IP address of the DHCP server must
have been previously configured into the router. As part of the
relay process, the relay agent will place the address of the inter-
face on which it received the broadcast into the giaddr field of the
DHCP packet.
Since the failover protocol requires two DHCP servers to receive any
broadcast DHCP messages, in order to work with DHCP clients which are
not local to the DHCP server, the BOOTP relay agent on the router
closest to the DHCP client must be configured to point at more than
one DHCP server.
Most BOOTP relay agent implementations allow this duplication of
packets.
If this is not possible, an administrator might be able to configure
the relay agent with a subnet broadcast address, but in this case the
primary and secondary DHCP servers in a failover pair must both
reside on the same subnet. While this is a realistic configuration,
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it is not the one that most people will use.
3.3. What does it mean if a server can't communicate with its partner?
In any protocol designed to allow one server to take over some
responsibilities from a partner server in the event of "failure" of
that partner server, there is an inherent difficulty in determining
when that partner server has failed.
In fact, it is fundamentally impossible for one server to distinguish
a network communications failure from the outright failure of the
server to which it is trying to communicate. In the case where each
server is handing out resources (in this case IP addresses) to a
client community, mistaking an inability to communicate with a
partner server for failure of that partner server could easily cause
both servers to be handing out the same IP addresses to different
clients.
One way that this is sometimes handled is for there to be more than
two servers. In the case of an odd number of servers, the servers
that can still communicate with a majority of other servers will con-
sider themselves operational, and any server which can't communicate
to a majority of other servers must immediately cease operations.
While this technique works in some domains, having the only server to
which a DHCP client can communicate voluntarily shut itself down
seems like something worth avoiding.
The failover protocol will operate correctly while both servers are
unable to communicate, whether they are both running or not. At some
point there may be resource contention, and if one of the servers is
actually down, then the operator can inform the other server and the
operational server will be able to use all of the downed server's
resources.
The protocol also allows detection of an orderly shutdown of a parti-
cipating server.
3.4. Challenging scenarios for a Failover protocol
There exist two failure scenarios which provide particular challenges
the correctness guarantees of a failover protocol.
3.4.1. Primary Server crash before "lazy" update:
In the case where the primary server sends a DHCPACK to a client for
a newly allocated IP address and then crashes prior to sending the
corresponding update to the secondary server, the secondary server
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will have no record of the IP address allocation. When the secondary
server takes over, it may well try to allocate that IP address to a
different client. In the case where the first client to receive the
IP address is not on the net at the time (yet while there was still
time to run on its lease), an ICMP echo (i.e., ping) will not prevent
the secondary server from allocating that IP address to a different
client.
The failover protocol deals with this situation by having the primary
and secondary servers allocate addresses for new clients from dis-
joint address pools. See section 5.4 for details.
A more likely (in that DHCPRENEWs are presumably more common than
DHCPDISCOVERs) and more subtle version of this problem is where the
primary server crashes after extending a client's lease time, and
before updating the secondary with a new time using a lazy update.
After the secondary takes over, if the client is not connected to the
network the secondary will believe the client's lease has expired
when, in fact, it has not. In this case as well, the IP address
might be reallocated to a different client while the first client is
still using it.
This scenario is handled by the failover protocol through control of
the lease time and the use of the maximum client lead time (MCLT).
See section 5.2.1 for details.
3.4.2. Network partition where DHCP servers can't communicate but each
can talk to clients:
Several conditions are required for this situation to occur. First,
due to a network failure, the primary and secondary servers cannot
communicate. As well, some of the DHCP clients must be able to com-
municate with the primary server, and some of the clients must now
only be able to communicate with the secondary server. When this
condition occurs, both primary and secondary servers could attempt to
allocate IP addresses for new clients from the same pool of available
addresses. At some point, then, two clients will end up being allo-
cated the same IP address. This will cause problems when the network
failure that created this situation is corrected.
The failover protocol deals with this situation by having the primary
and secondary servers allocate addresses for new clients from dis-
joint address pools. See section 5.4 for details.
3.5. Using TCP to detect partner server failure
There are several characteristics of TCP that are important to the
functioning of the failover protocol, which uses one TCP connection
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for both bulk data transfer as well as to assess communications
integrity with the other server. Reliable and ordered message
delivery are chief among these important characteristics.
It would be nice to use the capabilities built in to TCP to allow it
to determine if communications integrity exists to the failover
partner but this strategy contains some problems which require
analysis. There exist three fundamental cases for an open TCP con-
nection that must be examined.
1. When no data is being sent then no messages are traveling
across the TCP connection.
2. When data is queued to be sent, and the receiver has not
blocked the sending of additional data, then messages are
flowing across the TCP connection containing the applications
data.
3. When data is queued to be sent, and the receiver has blocked
the transmission of additional data, then persist messages are
flowing from the receiver to the sender to ensure that the
sender doesn't miss the receiver opening the window for
further transmissions.
The first case can be turned into the second case by sending
application-level keep-alive messages periodically when there is no
other data queued to be sent. Note TCP keep-alive messages might be
used as well, but they present additional problems.
Thus, we can ensure that the TCP connection has messages flowing
periodically across the connection fairly easily. The question
remains as to what TCP will do if the other end of the connection
fails to respond (either because of network partition or because the
receiving server crashes). TCP will attempt to retransmit a message
with an exponential backoff, and will eventually timeout that
retransmission. However, the length of that timeout cannot, in gen-
eral, be set on a per-connection basis, and is frequently as long as
nine minutes, though in some cases it may be as short as two minutes.
One some systems it can be set system-wide, while on some systems it
cannot be changed at all.
A value for this timeout that would be appropriate for the failover
protocol, say less than 1 minute, could have unpleasant side-effects
on other applications running on the same server, assuming that it
could be changed at all on the host operating system.
Nine minutes is a long time for the DHCP service to be unavailable to
any new clients that were being served by the server which has
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crashed, when there is another server running that could respond to
them immediately as soon as it determines that its partner is not
operational.
The conclusion drawn from this analysis is that TCP provides very
useful support for the failover protocol in the areas of reliable and
ordered message delivery, but cannot by itself be relied upon to
detect partner server failure in a fashion acceptable to the needs of
the failover protocol. Additional failover protocol capabilities
will need to be created to support timely detection of partner server
failure. See section 8.3 for details on this mechanism.
4. Design Goals
This section lists the design requirements, the design goals, and the
limitations of the failover protocol.
4.1. Design requirements for this protocol
The following list of requirements must be (and are) met by this pro-
tocol. They are listed in priority order.
1. Implementations of this protocol must work with existing DHCP
client implementations based on the DHCP protocol [1].
2. Implementations of the protocol must work with existing BOOTP
relay agent implementations.
3. The protocol must provide failover redundancy between servers
that are not located on the same subnet.
4.2. Goals for this protocol
The following goals are met by this protocol as well, though they are
less important than the requirements listed above. These goals are
listed in priority order.
1. Provide for continued service to DHCP clients through an
automated mechanism in the event of failure of the primary
server.
2. Avoid binding an IP address to a client while that binding is
currently valid for another client. In other words, do not
allocate the same IP address to two clients.
3. Minimize any need for manual administrative intervention.
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4. Introduce no additional delays in server response time as a
result of the network communications required to implement the
failover protocol, i.e., don't require communications with the
partner between the receipt of a DHCPREQUEST and the
corresponding DHCPACK.
5. Share IP address ranges between primary and secondary servers;
i.e., impose no requirement that the pool of available
addresses be divided between servers.
6. Continue to meet the goals and objectives of this protocol in
the event of server failure or network partition.
7. Provide graceful reintegration of full protocol service after
server failure or network partition.
8. Allow for one computer to act as a secondary server for multi-
ple primary servers. Other topologies (e.g.: mesh) are also
possible. primary and secondary servers SHOULD be viewed as
"logical" servers and not necessarily physical computers.
9. Ensure that an existing client can keep its existing IP
address binding if it can communicate with either the primary
or secondary DHCP server implementing this protocol - not just
whichever server that originally offered it the binding.
10. Ensure that a new client can get an IP address from some
server. Ensure that in the face of partition, where servers
continue to run but cannot communicate with each other, the
above goals and requirements may be met. In addition, when the
partition condition is removed, allow graceful automatic re-
integration without requiring human intervention.
11. If either primary or secondary server loses all of the infor-
mation that is has stored in stable storage, it should be able
to refresh its stable storage from the other server.
12. Support load balancing between the primary and secondary
servers, and allow configuration of the percentage of the
client population served by each with a moderately fine granu-
larity.
4.3. Limitations of this Protocol
The following are explicit limitations of this protocol.
1. This protocol provides only one level of redundancy through a
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single secondary server for each primary server.
2. A subset of the address pool is reserved for secondary server
use. In order to handle the failure case where both servers
are able to communicate with DHCP clients, but unable to com-
municate with each other, a subset of the IP address pool must
be set aside as a private address pool for the secondary
server. The secondary can use these to service newly arrived
DHCP clients during such a period. The size of this private
pool SHOULD be based only on the arrival rate of new DHCP
clients and the length of expected downtime, and is not influ-
enced in any way by the total number of DHCP clients supported
by the server pair.
3. The primary and secondary servers do not respond to client
requests at all while recovering from a failure that could
have resulted in duplicate IP assignments. (When synchroniz-
ing in POTENTIAL-CONFLICT state).
5. Protocol Overview
This section will discuss the failover protocol at a relatively high
level level of detail. In the event that a description in this sec-
tion conflicts (or appears to conflict due to the overview nature of
this section) with information in later sections of this draft, the
information in the later sections should be considered authoritative.
5.1. Messages and States
This protocol is centered around the message exchange used by one
server to update the other server of binding database changes result-
ing from DHCP client activity:
o Communication of binding database changes
The binding update (BNDUPD) message is used to send the binding
database changes to the partner server, and the partner server
responds with a binding acknowledgement (BNDACK) message when it
has successfully committed those changes to its own stable
storage.
All of the other messages are involve ancillary issues:
o Management of available IP addresses
The pool request (POOLREQ) is used by the secondary server to
request an allocation of IP addresses from the primary server.
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The pool response (POOLRESP) is used by the primary server to
inform the secondary server how many IP addresses it was allo-
cated as the result of a pool request.
o Synchronization of the binding databases between the servers
after they've been out of communications
The update request (UPDREQ) message is used by one server to
request that its partner send it all binding database informa-
tion that it has not already seen. The update request all
(UPDREQALL) message is used by one server to request that all
binding database information be sent in order to recover from a
total loss of its lease state database by the requesting server.
The update done (UPDDONE) message is used by the responding
server to indicate that all requested updates have been sent the
responding server and acked by the requesting server.
o Connection establishment
The connect (CONNECT) message is used by either server to estab-
lish a high level connection with the other server, and to
transmit several important configuration data items between the
servers. The connect acknowledgement message (CONNECTACK) is
used to respond to a CONNECT message from another server.
o Server synchronization
The state change (STATE) message is used by either server to
inform the other server of a change of failover state.
o Connection integrity management
The contact (CONTACT) message is used by either server to ensure
that the other server continues to see the connection as opera-
tional. It MUST be transmitted periodically over every esta-
blished connection if other message traffic is not flowing, and
it MAY be sent at any time.
5.1.1. Failover endpoints
The proper operation of the failover protocol requires more than the
transmission of messages between one server and the other. Each end-
point might seem to be a single DHCP server, but in fact there are
many situations where additional flexibility in configuration is use-
ful.
For instance, there might be several servers which are each primary
for a distinct set of address pools, and one server which is
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secondary for all of those address pools. The situation with the
primaries is straightforward, but the secondary will need to maintain
a separate failover state, partner state, and communications up/down
status for each of the separate primary servers for which it is act-
ing as a secondary.
The failover protocol calls for there to be a unique failover end-
point per partner per role (where role is primary or secondary).
This failover endpoint can take actions and hold unique states.
There are thus a maximum of two failover endpoints per partner (one
for the partner as a primary and one for that same partner as a
secondary.)
Thus, in the case where there are two primary servers A and B each
backed up by a single common secondary server C, there is one fail-
over endpoint on each of A and B, and two different failover end-
points on C. The two different failover endpoints on C each have
unique states and independent TCP connections.
This document describes the behavior of the protocol in terms of pri-
mary and secondary servers, not primary and secondary failover end-
points. However, it is important to remember that every 'server'
described in this document is in reality a failover endpoint that
resides in a particular process, and that many failover endpoints may
reside in the same process.
It is not the case that there is a unique failover endpoint for each
subnet that participates in a failover relationship. On one server,
there is one failover endpoint per partner per role, regardless of
how many subnets or address pools are managed by that combination of
partner and role. Conversely, any given subnet or pool will be asso-
ciated with exactly one failover endpoint on a single server.
When a connection is received from the partner, the unique failover
endpoint to which the message is directed is determined solely by the
IP address of the partner and the setting of the SECONDARY bit in the
'flags' field of the contact message.
Throughout this document, the states and actions taken by "servers"
are described. The terms "server", "primary server", and "secondary
server" are commonly used to described the failover endpoint taking
these states and performing these actions. This description is
wholly accurate only for the simplest of cases, where all of the
address pools on one server are backed up by all of the address pools
on another server. In this case, there is single failover endpoint
in each server. In all other cases, the term "server" is used to
describe one of the two possible failover endpoints per partner.
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5.2. Fundamental restrictions
There a several fundamental restrictions this protocol places on what
one server an do in the absence of knowledge of the other server, and
these restrictions are key to the correct operation of the protocol.
5.2.1. Control of lease time
The key problem with lazy update is that when the a server fails
after updating a client with a particular lease time and before
updating its partner, the partner will believe that a lease has
expired even though the client still retains a valid lease on that IP
address.
In order to handle this problem, a period of time known as the "Max-
imum Client Lead Time" (MCLT) is defined and must be known to both
the primary and secondary servers. Proper use of this time interval
places an upper bound on the difference allowed between the lease
time provided to a DHCP client by a server and the lease time known
by that server's partner. However, the MCLT is typically much less
than the lease time that a server has been configured to offer a
client, and so some strategy must exist to allow a server to offer
the configured lease time to a client. During a lazy update the
updating server typically updates its partner with a potential
expiration time which is longer than the lease time previously given
to the client and which is longer than the lease time that the server
has been configured to give a client. This allows that server to
give a longer lease time to the client the next time the client
renews its lease, since the time that it will give to the client will
not exceed the MCLT beyond the potential expiration time acknowledged
by the partner.
When moving to the PARTNER-DOWN state (where a server is allowed to
reallocate the partner's IP addresses), a server will wait the Max-
imum Client Lead Time before allocating any IP addresses from its
partner's pool to any new DHCP clients. Thus, any clients which have
a lease on an IP address with a lease time greater than that known by
the server moving into PARTNER-DOWN state will either have contacted
that server during the MCLT period or their leases will have expired.
When a server has transitioned to PARTNER-DOWN state, it MUST NOT
reallocate an IP address from one client to another client until an
additional maximum client lead time interval after the lease by the
original client expires. (Actually, until the maximum client lead
time after what it believes to be the lease expiration time of the
first client.)
Some optimizations exist for this restriction, in that it only
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applies to leases that were issued BEFORE entering PARTNER-DOWN. Once
a server has entered PARTNER-DOWN and it leases out an address, it
need not wait this time as long as it has never communicated with the
partner since the lease was given out.
The fundamental relationship on which much of the correctness of this
protocol depends is that the lease expiration time known to a DHCP
client MUST NOT be more than the maximum client lead time greater
than the potential expiration time known to a server's partner.
The remainder of this section makes the above fundamental relation-
ship more explicit.
This protocol requires a DHCP server to deal with several different
lease intervals and places specific restrictions on their relation-
ships. The purpose of these restrictions is to allow the other server
in the pair to be able to make certain assumptions in the absence of
an ability to communicate between servers.
The different lease times are:
o desired lease interval
The desired lease interval is the lease interval that a DHCP
server would like to give to a DHCP client in the absence of any
restrictions imposed by the Failover protocol. Its determina-
tion is outside of the scope of this protocol. Typically this is
the result of external configuration of a DHCP server.
o actual lease interval
The actual lease internal is the lease interval that a DHCP
server gives out to a DHCP client in the dhcp-lease-time option
of a DHCPACK packet. It may be shorter than the desired client
lease interval (as explained below).
o potential lease interval
The potential lease interval is the lease expiration interval
the local server tells to its partner in the potential-
expiration-time option of a BNDUPD message.
o acknowledged potential lease interval
The acknowledged potential lease interval is the potential least
interval the partner server has most recently acknowledged in
the potential-expiration-time option of a BNDACK message.
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The key restriction (and guarantee) that any server makes with
respect to lease intervals is that the actual client lease interval
never exceeds the acknowledged potential lease interval (if any) by
more than a fixed amount. This fixed amount is called the "Maximum
Client Lead Time" (MCLT).
The MCLT MAY be configurable on the primary server, but for correct
server operation it MUST be the same and known to both the primary
and secondary servers. The secondary server determines the MCLT from
the MCLT option sent from the primary server to the secondary server
in the CONNECT or CONNECTACK message.
A server MUST record in its stable storage both the actual lease
interval and the most recently acknowledged potential lease interval
for each IP address binding. It is assumed that the desired client
lease interval can be determined through techniques outside of the
scope of this protocol.
Again, the fundamental relationship among these times which MUST be
maintained is:
actual lease interval <
( acknowledged potential lease interval + MCLT )
Figure 5.1-1 illustrates a initial lease to a client using the rules
discussed in the example which follows it.
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DHCP Primary Secondary
time Client Server Server
| (time in intervals) | (absolute time) |
| | |
| >-DHCPDISCOVER-> | |
| <---DHCPOFFER-< | |
| | |
| >-DHCPREQUEST-> | |
| (selecting) | |
| | |
t | <--------DHCPACK-< | |
| lease-time=MCLT | |
| | >-BNDUPD--> |
| | lease-expiration=t+MCLT
| | potential-expiration=t+(MCLT/2)+X
| | |
| | <-BNDACK-< |
| | potential-expiration=t+(MCLT/2)+X
... ... ...
| | |
t+MCLT/2 | >-DHCPREQUEST-> | |
| (renew) | |
| | |
t1 | <--------DHCPACK-< | |
| lease-time=X | |
| | >-BNDUPD--> |
| | lease-expiration=t1+X
| | potential-expiration=t1+(X/2)+X
| | |
| | <-BNDACK-< |
| | potential-expiration=t1+(X/2)+X
... ... ...
Figure 5.1-1: Lazy Update Message Traffic
X = Desired Lease Interval
DISCUSSION:
This protocol mandates no algorithm concerning these lease inter-
vals, as long as above fundamental relationship is preserved.
In the interests of clarity, however, let's examine a specific
example. The MCLT in this case is 1 hour. The desired lease
interval is 3 days, and its renewal time is half the lease inter-
val.
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The rules for this example are:
o What to tell the client:
Take the remainder of the acknowledged potential lease interval.
If this is a new lease, then this value will be zero. If this
remainder plus the MCLT is greater than the desired lease inter-
val, give the client the desired lease interval else give the
client the remainder plus the MCLT.
o What to tell the failover partner server:
Take the renewal interval (typically half of the actual client
lease interval), add to it the desired lease interval, and add
it to the current time to yield the value that goes into the
potential-expiration-time option.
Also tell the failover partner the actual lease interval by
adding it to the current time to yield the value that goes into
the lease-expiration option.
In operation this might work as follows:
When a server makes an offer for a new lease on an IP address to a
DHCP client, it determines the desired lease interval (in this
case, 3 days). It then examines the acknowledged potential lease
interval (which in this case is zero) and determines the remainder
of the time left to run, which is also zero. To this it adds the
MCLT. Since the actual lease interval cannot be allowed to exceed
the remainder of the current acknowledged potential lease interval
plus the MCLT, the offer made to the client is for the remainder
of the current acknowledged potential lease interval (i.e., zero)
plus the MCLT. Thus, the actual lease interval is 1 hour.
Once the server has performed the ACK to the DHCP client, it will
update the secondary server with the lease information. However,
the desired potential lease interval will be composed of the one
half of the current actual lease interval added to the desired
lease interval. Thus, the secondary server is updated with a
BNDUPD with a lease interval of 3 days + 1/2 hour specified in the
IP Address Lease Time Option (Option 51).
When the primary server receives an ACK to its update of the
secondary server's (partner's) potential lease interval, it
records that as the acknowledged potential lease interval. A
server MUST NOT send a BNDACK in response to a BNDUPD message
until it is sure that the information in the BNDUPD message
resides in its stable storage. Thus, the primary server in this
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case can be sure that the secondary server has recorded the poten-
tial lease interval in its stable storage when the primary server
receives a BNDACK message from the secondary server.
When the DHCP client attempts to renew at T1 (approximately one
half an hour from the start of the lease), the primary server
again determines the desired lease interval, which is still 3
days. It then compares this with the remaining acknowledged
potential lease interval (3 days + 1/2 hour) and adjusts for the
time passed since the secondary was last updated (1/2 hour). Thus
the time remaining of the acknowledged potential lease interval is
3 days. Adding the MCLT to this yields 3 days plus 1 hour, which
is more than the desired lease interval of 3 days. So the client
is renewed for the desired lease interval -- 3 days.
When the primary DHCP server updates the secondary DHCP server
after the DHCP client's renewal ACK is complete, it will calculate
the desired potential lease interval as the T1 fraction of the
actual client lease interval (1/2 of 3 days this time = 1.5 days).
To this it will add the desired client lease interval of 3 days,
yielding a total desired partner server lease interval of 4.5
days. In this way, the primary attempts to have the secondary
always "lead" the client in its understanding of the client's
lease interval so as to be able to always offer the client the
desired client lease interval.
Once the initial actual client lease interval of the MCLT is past,
the protocol operates effectively like the DHCP protocol does
today in its behavior concerning lease intervals. However, the
guarantee that the actual client lease interval will never exceed
the remaining acknowledged partner server lease interval by more
than the MCLT allows full recovery from a variety of failures.
5.2.2. Controlled re-allocation of IP addresses
When in PARTNER-DOWN state there is a waiting period after which an
IP address can be re-allocated to another client. For leases which
are available when the server enters PARTNER-DOWN state, the period
is the MCLT from entry into PARTNER-DOWN state. For IP addresses
which are not available when the server enters PARTNER-DOWN state,
the period is the MCLT after the lease becomes available. See sec-
tion 9.4.2 for more details.
In any other state, a server cannot reallocate an address from one
client to another without first notifying its partner (through a
BNDUPD message) and receiving acknowledgement (through a BNDACK mes-
sage) that its partner is aware that that first client is not using
the address.
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This could be modeled in the following way. Though this specific
implementation is in no way required, it may serve to better illus-
trate the concept.
An "available" IP address on a server may be allocated to any client.
An IP address which was leased to a client and which expired or was
released by that client would take on a new state, EXPIRED or
RELEASED respectively. The partner server would then be notified
that this IP address was EXPIRED or RELEASED through a BNDUPD. When
the sending server received the BNDACK for that IP address showing it
was FREE, it would move the IP address from EXPIRED or RELEASED to
FREE, and it would be available for allocation by the primary server
to any clients.
A server MAY reallocate an IP address in the EXPIRED or RELEASED
state to the same client with no restrictions.
5.3. Load balancing
In order to implement load balancing between a primary and secondary
server pair, each server must respond to DHCPDISCOVER requests from
some clients and not from other clients. In order to do this suc-
cessfully, each server must be able to determine immediately upon
receipt of a DHCP client request whether it is to service this
request or to ignore it in order to allow the other server to service
the request.
In addition, it should be possible to configure the percentage of
clients which will be serviced by either the primary or secondary
server. This configuration should be more or less continuous, from
all serviced by the primary through an even split with half serviced
by each, to all serviced by the secondary.
The technique chosen to support these goals is to define a hash func-
tion which must be applied to the client-identifier or to the htype
concatenated with the chaddr if no client-identifier is specified.
The results of this hash function yields a number between 0 and 255
which maps into one of 256 "hash-buckets". Each hash bucket is
assigned to one server or the other by the primary server whenever a
connection is established, through use of the hash-bucket-assignment
option.
The hash-bucket-assignment option uses a 32 octet value field (con-
taining 256 bits), with one bit associated with each possible hash
bucket. If the bit corresponding to a hash bucket is a 1 in the
hash-bucket-assignment option, then the secondary server is required
to service all DHCP client requests that map into that hash bucket
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when in NORMAL state.
For example, if the primary server sends a hash-bucket-assignment
option to the secondary with the following 32 octets:
buckets
FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF ( 0 - 63 )
FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF ( 64 - 127 )
00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ( 128 - 191 )
00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ( 192 - 255 )
then the secondary MUST service any DHCP client requests where the
client-identifier or htype concatenated with the chaddr hashs into
the bucket values of 0 through 127.
See section 12 for the code to implement the hash bucket algorithm.
Each server MUST implement this same algorithm in order for all
clients to get service.
5.4. Operating in NORMAL state
When in NORMAL state, each server services DHCPDISCOVER's and all
other DHCP requests other than DHCPREQUEST/RENEWAL or
DHCPREQUEST/REBINDING from the client set defined by the load balanc-
ing algorithm. Each server services DHCPREQUEST/RENEWAL or
DHCPDISCOVER/REBINDING requests from any client.
In general, whenever the binding database is changed in stable
storage, then a BNDUPD message is sent with the contents of that
change to the partner server. The partner server then writes the
information about that binding in its bindings database in stable
storage and replies with a BNDACK message.
5.5. Operating in COMMUNICATIONS-INTERRUPTED state
When operating in COMMUNICATIONS-INTERRUPTED state, each server is
operating independently, but does not assume that its partner is not
operating. The partner server might be operating and simply unable
to communicate with this server, or might not be operating.
Each server responds to the full range of DHCP client messages that
it receives, but in such a way that graceful reintegration is alway
possible when its partner comes back into contact with it.
5.6. Operating in PARTNER-DOWN state
When operating in PARTNER-DOWN state, a server assumes that its
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partner is not currently operating, but does make allowances for the
possibility that that server was operating in the past. It responds
to all DHCP client requests in PARTNER-DOWN state.
Any transactions that the partner server may have had with DHCP
clients but been unable to communicate to this server are allowed for
in the algorithms that are used to gradually take over full control
of all of the addresses configured into the server.
5.7. Operating in RECOVER state
A server operating in RECOVER state assumes that it is reintegrating
with a server that has been operating in PARTNER-DOWN state, and that
it needs to update its bindings database before it services DHCP
client requests.
A server may also operate in RECOVER state in order to fully recover
its bindings database from its partner server.
6. Packet Formats
This section discusses the common message format that all failover
messages have in common, and then defines option used in the failover
protocol.
6.1. Common message format
All failover protocol messages are sent over the TCP connection
between failover endpoints and encoded using a packet format specific
to the failover protocol.
There exists a common message format for all failover messages, which
utilizes the options in a way similar to the DHCP protocol. For each
message type, some options are required and some are optional. In
addition, when a message is received any options that are not under-
stood by the receiving server MUST be ignored.
All of the fields in the fixed portion of the packet MUST be filled
with correct data in every message sent.
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0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| packet length (2) | msg type (1) |payload off (1)|
+---------------+---------------+---------------+---------------+
| xid (4) |
+---------------------------------------------------------------+
| 0 or more additional header bytes (variable) |
+---------------------------------------------------------------+
| payload data (variable) |
| |
| formatted as DHCP-style options |
| using a unique option number space in the ?R6? |
| format defined by [NAMESPACE] |
+---------------------------------------------------------------+
packet length - 2 bytes, network byte order
This is the length of the packet. It includes the two byte packet
length itself.
msg type - 1 byte
The message type field is used to distinguish between messages.
The following message types are defined:
Value Message Type
----- ------------
0 reserved not used
1 POOLREQ request allocation of addresses
2 POOLRESP respond with allocation count
3 BNDUPD update partner with binding info
4 BNDACK acknowledge receipt of binding update
5 CONNECT establish connection with partner
6 CONNECTACK respond to attempt to establish contact with partner
7 UPDREQALL request full transfer of binding info
8 UPDDONE ack send and ack of req'd binding info
9 UPDREQ req transfer of un-acked binding info
10 STATE inform partner of current state or state change
11 CONTACT probe communications integrity with partner
New message types should be defined in one of two ranges, 0-127 or
129-255. The range of 0-127 is used for messages that MUST be
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supported by every server, and if a server receives a message in the
range of 0-127 that it doesn't understand, it MUST drop the TCP con-
nection. The range of 128-255 is used for messages which MAY be sup-
ported but are not required, and if a server receives a message in
this range that it does not understand it SHOULD ignore the message.
payload offset - 1 byte
The byte offset of the Payload Data, from the beginning of the
failover packet header. The value for the current protocol version is
8.
xid - 4 bytes, network byte order
This is the transaction id of the failover packet. The sender of a
failover protocol packet is responsible for setting this number, and
the receiver of the packet copies the number over into any response
packet, treating it as opaque data. The sender SHOULD ensure that
every packet sent from a particular failover endpoint over the
associated TCP connection has a unique transaction id unless that
packet is a re-transmission.
payload data - variable length
The options are placed after the header, after skipping payload
offset bytes from beginning of the packet. The payload data options
are not preceded by a "cookie" value.
The payload data is formatted as DHCP style options using the two
byte option number and two byte option length format as specified in
the recommendations of the DHCP panel in [NAMESPACE].
The maximum length of the payload data in octets is 2048 less the
size of the header, i.e., the maximum packet length is 2048 octets.
6.2. Common option format
The options contained in the payload data section of the failover
packet all use the two byte option number and two byte length format
as specified by the recommendations of the DHCP panel in [NAMESPACE].
The option numbers are drawn from an option number space unique to
the failover protocol. All of the message types share a common
option number space and common options definitions, though not all
options are required or meaningful for every message.
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In contrast to the options which appear in DHCP client and server
packets, the options in failover message are ordered. That is, for
some messages the order in which the options appear in the payload
data area is significant. The messages for which this is the case
spell it out in detail.
For all options which refer to time, they all use an absolute time in
GMT. Time synchronization has already been achieved between the
source and the target server using the CONNECT message. All time
fields in the options defined below use a time represented as seconds
elapsed since Jan 1, 1970 (i.e. ANSI C time_t time value representa-
tion). Note that this is (at present) a signed field.
Additional options can be defined for intervendor or vendor specific
use with limited difficulty due to the large number of option numbers
available.
6.2.1. binding-status
This option is used to convey the current state of a binding.
Code Len Type
+-----+-----+------+-----+-----+
| 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1-7 |
+-----+-----+------+-----+-----+
Legal values for this option are:
Value Binding Status
----- ------------------------------------------------
1 FREE Lease has never been used
2 ACTIVE Lease is assigned to a client
3 EXPIRED Lease has expired
4 RELEASED Lease has been released by client
5 ABANDONED A server, or client flagged address as unusable
6 RESET Lease was freed by some external agent
7 BACKUP Lease belongs to secondary's private address pool
8 EXPIRED-GRACE Lease will become available after this period
9 RELEASED-GRACE Lease will become available after this period
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6.2.2. assigned-IP-address
The IP address to which this message refers.
Code Len Address
+-----+-----+------+-----+----+-----+-----+-----+
| 0 | 2 | 0 | 4 | a1 | a2 | a3 | a4 |
+-----+-----+------+-----+----+-----+-----+-----+
6.2.3. sending-server-IP-address
The IP address of the server sending this message.
Code Len Address
+-----+-----+------+-----+----+-----+-----+-----+
| 0 | 3 | 0 | 4 | a1 | a2 | a3 | a4 |
+-----+-----+------+-----+----+-----+-----+-----+
6.2.4. addresses-transferred
A 32 bit unsigned long in network byte order. Reports the number of
addresses transferred by the primary to the secondary server
(addresses to be used for the secondary server's private address
pool)
Code Len Number of Addresses
+-----+-----+------+-----+----+-----+-----+-----+
| 0 | 4 | 0 | 4 | n1 | n2 | n3 | n4 |
+-----+-----+------+-----+----+-----+-----+-----+
6.2.5. client-identifier
The format, code and conventions used are identical to DHCP option
61.
Code Len Client Identifier
+-----+-----+------+-----+----+-----+---
| 0 | 5 | 0 | n | i1 | i2 | ...
+-----+-----+------+-----+----+-----+--
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6.2.6. client-hardware-address
The format is similar to DHCP option 61. Byte t1 (type) MUST be set
to the proper ARP hardware address code, as defined in the ARP
section of RFC 1700 (it MUST NOT be zero!)
Code Len MAC address
+-----+-----+------+-----+----+-----+-----+---
| 0 | 6 | 0 | n | t1 | m1 | m2 | ...
+-----+-----+------+-----+----+-----+-----+---
Either Client Id, Client Hardware Address or BOTH MAY be present in
binding update transactions. At least one of them MUST be present.
If both are present, the Client Id MUST be used to uniquely identify
the owner of the binding (exactly as in RFC 2131).
6.2.7. client-FQDN
If an implementation supports Dynamic DNS updates, this option can be
used to communicate the DNS name that was set. Uses the format of the
Client FQDN option (81) as described in [DDNS] and extended to fit in
the two byte code and length approach of the DHCP panel.
Code Len Flags Rcode1 Rcode2 Domain Name
+-----+-----+------+-----+-----+------+------+-----+------
| 0 | 7 | 0 | n | f | r1 | r2 | d1 | d2...
+-----+-----+------+-----+-----+------+------+-----+------
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6.2.8. reject-reason
This option is used to selectively reject binding updates. It MAY be
used in BNDACK message, always associated with an assigned-IP-address
option, which contains the IP address of the update being rejected.
Code Len Reason Code
+-----+-----+------+-----+----------+
| 0 | 8 | 0 | 1 | R1 |
+-----+-----+------+-----+----------+
Reason codes :
0 Reserved
1 Illegal IP address (not part of any address pool)
2 Fatal conflict exists: address in use by other client.
3 Missing binding information.
4 Connection rejected, time mismatch too great.
5 Connection rejected, invalid MCLT.
6 Connection rejected, unknown reason.
7 Connection rejected, duplicate connection.
8 Connection rejected, invalid failover partner.
9 TLS not supported
10 TLS supported but not configured
11 TLS required but not supported by partner
12 Message digest not supported
13 Message digest not configured
14 Protocol version mismatch
15 Missing binding information
16 Outdata binding information
17 Less critical binding information
18-253, reserved.
254 Unknown: Error occurred but does not match any reason code
255 Reserved for code expansion
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6.2.9. message
This option is used to supply a human readable message. It may be
used in association with the Reject Reason Code to provide a human
readable error message for the reject.
Code Len Text
+-----+-----+------+-----+------+-----+--
| 0 | 9 | 0 | n | c1 | c2 | ...
+-----+-----+------+-----+------+-----+--
6.2.10. MCLT
Maximum Client Lead Time, in seconds. A 32 bit integer value, in
network byte order. T
Code Len Time
+-----+-----+------+-----+----+-----+-----+-----+
| 0 | 10 | 0 | 4 | t1 | t2 | t3 | t4 |
+-----+-----+------+-----+----+-----+-----+-----+
6.2.11. vendor-class-identifier
A string which identifies the vendor of the failover protocol
implementation.
The code for this option is 60, and its minimum length is 1.
Code Len vendor class string
+-----+-----+------+-----+----+-----+---
| 0 | 11 | 0 | n | c1 | c2 | ...
+-----+-----+------+-----+----+-----+---
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6.2.12. current-time
The current time expressed as an absolute time in GMT represented as
seconds elapsed since Jan 1, 1970 (i.e. ANSI C time_t time value
representation).
Code Len Current Time
+-----+-----+------+-----+----+-----+-----+-----+
| 0 | 12 | 0 | 4 | t1 | t2 | t3 | t4 |
+-----+-----+------+-----+----+-----+-----+-----+
6.2.13. lease-expiration-time
The lease expiration time expressed as an absolute time in GMT
represented as seconds elapsed since Jan 1, 1970 (i.e. ANSI C time_t
time value representation).
The lease expiration time is the time that a server has ACKed to a
DHCP client.
Code Len Time
+-----+-----+------+-----+----+-----+-----+-----+
| 0 | 13 | 0 | 4 | t1 | t2 | t3 | t4 |
+-----+-----+------+-----+----+-----+-----+-----+
6.2.14. potential-expiration-time
The potential expiration time expressed as an absolute time in GMT
represented as seconds elapsed since Jan 1, 1970 (i.e. ANSI C time_t
time value representation).
The potential expiration time is the time that one server tells
another server that it may ACK to a client.
Code Len Time
+-----+-----+------+-----+----+-----+-----+-----+
| 0 | 14 | 0 | 4 | t1 | t2 | t3 | t4 |
+-----+-----+------+-----+----+-----+-----+-----+
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6.2.15. grace-expiration-time
The grace expiration time expressed as an absolute time in GMT
represented as seconds elapsed since Jan 1, 1970 (i.e. ANSI C time_t
time value representation).
The grace expiration time is the time that a grace period will
expire.
Code Len Time
+-----+-----+------+-----+----+-----+-----+-----+
| 0 | 15 | 0 | 4 | t1 | t2 | t3 | t4 |
+-----+-----+------+-----+----+-----+-----+-----+
6.2.16. client-last-transaction-time
The time at which this server last received a DHCP request from a
particular client expressed as an absolute time in GMT represented as
seconds elapsed since Jan 1, 1970 (i.e. ANSI C time_t time value
representation).
Code Len Partner Down Time
+-----+-----+------+-----+----+-----+-----+-----+
| 0 | 16 | 0 | 4 | t1 | t2 | t3 | t4 |
+-----+-----+------+-----+----+-----+-----+-----+
6.2.17. start-time-of-state
The time at which the state contained in this message began,
expressed as an absolute time in GMT represented as seconds elapsed
since Jan 1, 1970 (i.e. ANSI C time_t time value representation).
This option is used for different states in different messages. In a
BNDUPD message it represents the start time of the state of the lease
in the BNDUPD message. In a STATE message, it represents the start
time of the partner server's failover state.
Code Len Start Time of State
+-----+-----+------+-----+----+-----+-----+-----+
| 0 | 17 | 0 | 4 | t1 | t2 | t3 | t4 |
+-----+-----+------+-----+----+-----+-----+-----+
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6.2.18. server-state
This option is used to convey the current state of the failover
endpoint in the sending server.
Code Len Server State
+-----+-----+------+-----+-----+
| 0 | 18 | 0 | 1 | 1-9 |
+-----+-----+------+-----+-----+
Legal values for this option are:
Value Server State
----- -------------------------------------------------------------
0 reserved
1 STARTUP Startup state (1)
2 NORMAL Normal state
3 COMMUNICATIONS-INTERRUPTED Communication interrupted (safe)
4 PARTNER-DOWN Partner down (unsafe mode)
5 POTENTIAL-CONFLICT Synchronizing
6 RECOVER Recovering bindings from partner
7 PAUSED Shutting down for a short period.
8 SHUTDOWN Shutting down for an extended
period.
9 RECOVER-DONE Interlock state prior to NORMAL
6.2.19. server-flags
This option is used to convey the current flags of the failover
endpoint in the sending server.
Code Len Server Flags
+-----+-----+------+-----+-------+
| 0 | 19 | 0 | 1 | flags |
+-----+-----+------+-----+-------+
Legal values for this option are:
Currently, bit 5 is defined. All other bits
are reserved, and must be set to 0.
o STARTUP
Bit 5 is the STARTUP flag. Bit 5 MUST be set to 1 whenever the
server is in STARTUP state, and set to 0 otherwise. (Note that
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when in STARTUP state, the state transmitted in the server-state
option is usually the last recorded state from stable storage,
but see section 9.3 for details.)
6.2.20. vendor-specific-options
This option is used to convey options specific to a particular
vendor's implementation. The vendor class identifier is used to
specify which option space the embedded options are drawn from.
It functions similarly to the vendor class identifier and vendor
specific options in the DHCP protocol.
This option contains other options in the same two byte code, two
byte length format. If this option appears in a message without a
corresponding vendor class identifier, it MUST be ignored.
Code Len Embedded options
+-----+-----+------+-----+----+-----+---
| 0 | 20 | 0 | n | c1 | c2 | ...
+-----+-----+------+-----+----+-----+---
6.2.21. max-unacked-bndupd
The maximum number of BNDUPD message that this server is prepared to
accept over the TCP connection without causing the TCP connection to
block.
Code Len Maximum Unacked BNDUPD
+-----+-----+------+-----+----+-----+-----+-----+
| 0 | 21 | 0 | 4 | n1 | n2 | n3 | n4 |
+-----+-----+------+-----+----+-----+-----+-----+
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6.2.22. server-role
This option is used to convey the role of the failover endpoint in
the sending server.
Code Len Role
+-----+-----+------+-----+-------+
| 0 | 22 | 0 | 1 | r1 |
+-----+-----+------+-----+-------+
A value of 0 indicates that the failover endpoint is a primary server
and a value of 1 indicates that it is a secondary server.
6.2.23. receive-timer
The number of seconds within which the server must receive a packet
from its partner, or it will assume that the partner is down or the
communication path to the partner has failed.
Code Len Receive Timer
+-----+-----+------+-----+----+-----+-----+-----+
| 0 | 23 | 0 | 4 | s1 | s2 | s3 | s4 |
+-----+-----+------+-----+----+-----+-----+-----+
6.2.24. hash-bucket-assignment
The set of hash values to which the receiving server MUST respond.
See section 5.3 for more information on how this option is used.
This option consists of a set of 32 bytes, in network byte order,
where each bit corresponds to one of 256 possible hash bucket values.
If a bit is set to 1, the recipient is required to service the
requests whose client-identifier or htype concatenated with the
chaddr (if no client-identifier exists) map into the corresponding
hash bucket.
Code Len Hash Buckets
+-----+-----+------+-----+----+-----+-----+-----+
| 0 | 24 | 0 | 32 | b1 | b2 | ... | b32 |
+-----+-----+------+-----+----+-----+-----+-----+
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6.2.25. message-digest
The message digest for this message.
This option consists of a variable number of bytes which contain the
message digest of the message prior to the inclusion of this option.
When this option appears in a message, it MUST appear as the last
option in the message.
Code Len Message Digest
+-----+-----+------+-----+----+-----+-----
| 0 | 25 | 0 | n | d1 | d2 | ...
+-----+-----+------+-----+----+-----+-----
6.2.26. protocol-version
The protocol version being used by the server. It is only sent in the
CONNECT and CONNECTACK messages.
Code Len Version
+-----+-----+------+-----+----+
| 0 | 26 | 0 | 1 | v1 |
+-----+-----+------+-----+----+
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6.2.27. TLS-request
This option contains information relating to TLS security
negotiation. It is sent in a CONNECT message
The first byte, req, is the TLS request from this server. A value of
0 indicates no TLS operation, a value of 1 indicates that TLS
operation is desired, and a value of 2 indicates that TLS operation
is required to establish communications with this server.
The second byte, acc, is what this server will accept for TLS
operation. A value of 0 means that this server will not accept TLS
connections. A value of 1 means that this server will accept TLS
connections.
If req is not zero, then acc MUST be 1.
This allows a server which is not configured for TLS support to
inform its partner that it will accept a TLS connection although it
does not desire one, for instance.
Code Len request acccept
+-----+-----+------+-----+----+----+
| 0 | 27 | 0 | 2 | req| acc|
+-----+-----+------+-----+----+----+
6.2.28. TLS-reply
This option contains information relating to TLS security
negotiation. It is sent in a CONNECTACK message
The value of 0 indicates no TLS operation, a value of 1 indicates
that TLS operation is required.
Code Len TLS
+-----+-----+------+-----+----+
| 0 | 28 | 0 | 1 | t1 |
+-----+-----+------+-----+----+
6.3. BNDUPD message format
The binding update (BNDUPD) message is used to send the binding data-
base changes to the partner server.
The message type for the BNDUPD message is 3.
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The xid of the BNDUPD MUST be unique with respect to other failover
messages transmitted from this failover endpoint.
The following table summarizes the various options for the BNDUPD
message.
binding-status
Option ACTIVE EXPIRED RELEASED FREE
------ ------ ------- -------- ----
assigned-IP-address MUST MUST MUST MUST
binding-status MUST MUST MUST MUST
client-identifier MAY MAY MAY MAY
client-hardware-address MUST MUST MUST MAY
lease-expiration-time MUST MUST NOT MUST NOT MUST NOT
potential-expiration-time MUST MUST NOT MUST NOT MUST NOT
grace-expiration-time MUST NOT MUST NOT MUST NOT MUST NOT
start-time-of-state SHOULD SHOULD SHOULD SHOULD
client-last-trans.-time SHOULD SHOULD SHOULD MAY
client-FQDN(1) SHOULD SHOULD SHOULD SHOULD
all others MAY MAY MAY MAY
binding-status
BACKUP
EXPIRED- RELEASED- RESET
Option GRACE GRACE ABANDONED
------ ------ ----- ---------
assigned-IP-address MUST MUST MUST
binding-status MUST MUST MUST
client-identifier MAY MAY MAY(2)
client-hardware-address MAY MAY MAY(2)
lease-expiration-time MUST NOT MUST NOT MUST NOT
potential-expiration-time MUST NOT MUST NOT MUST NOT
grace-expiration-time MUST MUST MUST NOT
start-time-of-state SHOULD SHOULD SHOULD
client-last-trans.-time SHOULD SHOULD MAY
client-FQDN(1) SHOULD SHOULD SHOULD
all others MAY MAY MAY
(1) Only SHOULD appear if client supplies a host name and dynamic DNS
is used.
(2) MUST NOT if binding-status is ABANDONED.
Table 6.3-1: Options used in a BNDACK message
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6.4. BNDACK message format
A server sends a binding acknowledgement (BNDACK) message when it has
successfully committed binding database changes received from a fail-
over partner in a BNDUPD message to its own stable storage.
The message type for the BNDACK message is 4.
The xid in a BNDACK MUST be the same as the xid of the corresponding
BNDUPD.
The following table summarizes the options for the BNDACK message.
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binding-status
Option ACTIVE EXPIRED RELEASED FREE
------ ------ ------- -------- ----
assigned-IP-address MUST MUST MUST MUST
binding-status MUST MUST MUST MUST
client-identifier MAY MAY MAY MAY
client-hardware-address MUST MUST MUST MAY
reject-reason MAY MAY MAY MAY
message MAY MAY MAY MAY
lease-expiration-time MUST MUST NOT MUST NOT MUST NOT
potential-expiration-time MUST MUST NOT MUST NOT MUST NOT
grace-expiration-time MUST NOT MUST NOT MUST NOT MUST NOT
start-time-of-state SHOULD SHOULD SHOULD SHOULD
client-last-trans.-time SHOULD SHOULD SHOULD MAY
client-FQDN(1) SHOULD SHOULD SHOULD SHOULD
all others MAY MAY MAY MAY
binding-status
BACKUP
EXPIRED- RELEASED- RESET
Option GRACE GRACE ABANDONED
------ ------ ----- ---------
assigned-IP-address MUST MUST MUST
binding-status MUST MUST MUST
client-identifier MAY MAY MAY
client-hardware-address MAY MAY MAY(2)
reject-reason MAY MAY MAY
message MAY MAY MAY
lease-expiration-time MUST NOT MUST NOT MUST NOT
potential-expiration-time MUST NOT MUST NOT MUST NOT
grace-expiration-time MUST MUST MUST NOT
start-time-of-state SHOULD SHOULD SHOULD
client-last-trans.-time SHOULD SHOULD MAY
client-FQDN(1) SHOULD SHOULD SHOULD
all others MAY MAY MAY
(1) Only SHOULD appear if client supplies a host name and dynamic DNS
is used.
(2) MUST NOT if binding-status is ABANDONED.
Table 6.4-1: Options used in a BNDACK message
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6.5. Bulking for BNDUPD and BNDACK messages
DISCUSSION:
Bulking is planned for this protocol, but it hasn't been specified
in this revision of the draft. Once the draft settles down, we
will specify the bulking approach in detail.
6.6. UPDREQ message format
The update request (UPDREQ) message is used by one server to request
that its partner send it all binding database information that it has
not already seen.
The message type for the UPDREQ message is 9.
The xid in a UPDREQ message MUST be unique among messages transmitted
from this failover endpoint during the life of this connection.
There are no options that MUST appear in an UPDREQALL message. Any
option MAY appear.
6.7. UPDREQALL message format
The update request all (UPDREQALL) message is used by one server to
request that all binding database information be sent in order to
recover from a total loss of its lease state database by the request-
ing server.
The message type for the UPDREQALL message is 7.
The xid in a UPDREQALL message MUST be unique among messages
transmitted from this failover endpoint during the life of this con-
nection.
There are no options that MUST appear in an UPDREQALL message. Any
option MAY appear.
6.8. UPDDONE message format
The update done (UPDDONE) message is used by the responding server to
indicate that all requested updates have been sent by the responding
server as BNDUPD messages and acked by the requesting server using
BNDACK messages. While a BNDACK message MUST have been received for
each IP address that was sent in a BNDUPD message, the BNDACK message
could have contained a reject-reason in order to NAK that specific
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update.
Thus, this message confirms that the requesting server has received
and responded to a BNDUPD message for all of the requested updates,
but it does require the requesting server to accept all of the
offered updates.
The message type for the UPDDONE message is 7.
The xid in an UPDDONE message MUST be identical to the xid in the
UPDREQ or UPDREQALL message that initiated the update process.
There are no options that MUST appear in an UPDDONE message. Any
option MAY appear.
6.9. POOLREQ message format
The pool request (POOLREQ) is used by the secondary server to request
an allocation of IP addresses from the primary server.
The message type for the POOLREQ message is 1.
The xid in a POOLREQ message MUST be unique among messages transmit-
ted from this failover endpoint during the life of this connection.
There are no options that MUST appear in a POOLREQ message. Any
option MAY appear.
6.10. POOLRESP message format
The pool response (POOLRESP) is used by the primary server to inform
the secondary server how many IP addresses it was allocated as the
result of a pool request.
The message type for the POOLRESP message is 2.
The xid in the POOLRESP message MUST be identical to the xid in the
POOLREQ message for which this POOLRESP is a response.
The following table shows the options that MUST appear in a POOLRESP
message:
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Option
------
addresses-transferred MUST
Table 6.10-1: Options used in a STATE message
6.11. CONNECT message format
The connect (CONNECT) message is used by either server to establish a
high level connection with the other server, and to transmit several
important configuration data items between the servers.
The message type for the CONNECT message is 5.
The xid in a CONNECT message MUST be unique among messages transmit-
ted from this failover endpoint during the life of this connection.
The CONNECT message MUST be the first message sent down a newly esta-
blished connection.
The following table summarizes the options that are associated with
the CONNECT message:
role
Option primary secondary
------ ------ ---------
sending-server-IP-address MUST MUST
server-role MUST MUST
max-unacked-bndupd MUST MUST
receive-timer MUST MUST
current-time MUST MUST
vendor-class-identifier MUST MUST
protocol-version MUST MUST
TLS-request MUST(1) MUST(1)
MCLT MUST MUST NOT
hash-bucket-assignment MUST MUST NOT
all others MAY MAY
(1) If the CONNECT message is being sent on a TLS secured connection,
then there MUST NOT be a TLS-request option.
Table 6.11-1: Options used in a CONNECT message
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6.12. CONNECTACK message format
The connect response (CONNECTACK) message is used by a server to
respond to the receipt of a CONNECT message.
The message type for the CONNECTACK message is 6.
The xid in the CONNECTACK message MUST be identical to the xid in the
CONNECT message for which this CONNECTACK is a response.
The following table summarizes the options associated with the CON-
NECTACK message:
Option
------
sending-server-IP-address MUST
server-role MUST
max-unacked-bndupd MUST
receive-timer MUST
current-time MUST
vendor-class-identifier MUST
protocol-version MUST
TLS-reply MUST(1)
reject-reason MAY(2)
message MAY
(1) If the CONNECTACK is being sent over an already TLS secured
connection, then the TLS-reply option MUST NOT appear.
(2) Indicates a rejection of the CONNECT message.
Table 6.12-1: Options used in a CONNECTACK message
6.13. STATE message format
The state (STATE) message is used by either server to communicate the
current state of the failover endpoint with the other server. It
MUST be sent immediately after a connection is established with
another server, and it MUST be sent whenever the server's state
changes.
The message type for the STATE message is 10.
The xid in a STATE message MUST be unique among messages transmitted
from this failover endpoint during the life of this connection.
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The following table shows the options that MUST appear in a STATE
message:
Option
------
sending-state MUST
server-flags MUST
start-time-of-state MUST
Table 6.13-1: Options used in a STATE message
6.14. CONTACT message format
The contact (CONTACT) message is used by either server to verify that
the connection is operational to the other server.
The message type for the CONTACT message is 11.
The xid in a CONTACT message MUST be unique among messages transmit-
ted from this failover endpoint during the life of this connection.
The following table shows the options that MUST appear in a CONTACT
message:
Option
------
current-time MUST
Table 6.14-1: Options used in a CONTACT message
7. Protocol Messages
This section contains the detailed definition of the protocol mes-
sages, including the information to include when sending the message,
as well as the actions to take upon receiving the message.
7.1. BNDUPD message
The binding update (BNDUPD) message is used to send the binding data-
base changes to the partner server, and the partner server responds
with a binding acknowledgement (BNDACK) message when it has success-
fully commited those changes to its own stable storage.
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The rest of the failover protocol exists to determine whether the
partner server is able to communicate or not, and to enable the
partners to exchange BNDUPD/BNDACK messages in order to keep their
binding databases in stable storage synchronized.
7.1.1. Sending the BNDUPD message
A BNDUPD message SHOULD be generated whenever any binding changes. A
change might be in the binding-status, the lease-expiration-time, or
even just the last-transaction-time. In general, any time a DHCP
client sends in a packet that results in a DHCP server writing to its
stable storage, a BNDUPD message SHOULD be generated.
The BNDUPD (and BNDACK) messages refer to the binding-status of the
IP address, and this protocol defines a series of binding-statuses,
discussed in more detail below. Some servers may not support all of
these binding-statuses, and so in those cases they will not be sent,
and upon receipt a reasonable interpretation should be made.
All BNDUPD messages MUST contain the IP address in the assigned-IP-
address option, and it contains the IP address about which the BNDUPD
message is being sent.
All BNDUPD messages MUST contain the binding-status option, and it
will have one of the values in the following list. This list
discusses the meanings of the various binding-statuses and the infor-
mation that should go into the BNDUPD message because of them.
o ACTIVE
Indicates that the IP address is currently leased to a DHCP
client.
client-hardware-address
The client-hardware-address option MUST appear, and be set from
the MAC address of the DHCP client to which this IP address is
leased.
client-identifier
If the DHCP client to which this IP address is leased used a
client-identifier option to identify itself, then the client-
identifier MUST appear in the BNDUPD message, else it MUST NOT
appear.
lease-expiration-time
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The lease-expiration-time option MUST appear, and be set to the
expiration time most recently ACKed to the DHCP client. Note
that the time ACKed to a DHCP client is a lease duration in
seconds, while the lease-expiration-time option in a BNDUPD mes-
sage is an absolute time value.
potential-expiration-time
The potential-expiration-time option MUST appear, and be set to
a value beyond that of the lease-expiration time. This is the
value that is ACKed by the BNDACK message. A server sending a
BNDUPD message MUST be able to recover the potential-
expiration-time sent in every BNDUPD, not just those that
receive a corresponding BNDACK, in order to be able to protect
against possible duplicate allocation of IP addresses after
transitioning to PARTNER-DOWN state. See section 5.2.1 for
details as to why the potential-expiration-time exists and
guidelines for how to decide the value.
o EXPIRED
A binding-status of EXPIRED is used when a client's binding on
an IP address has expired and the server does not wish to imple-
ment an expired-grace period. When the partner server ACK's the
BNDUPD of an EXPIRED IP address, the server sets its internal
state to FREE. It is then available to allocation to any client
of the primary server.
client-hardware-address
There SHOULD be a DHCP client associated with the IP address
whose binding has expired. If there is, then the client-
hardware-address option MUST appear, and be set from the MAC
address of the DHCP client to which this IP address was leased.
client-identifier
There SHOULD be a DHCP client associated with the IP address
whose binding has expired. If there is, then if the DHCP client
to which this IP address was leased used a client-identifier
option to identify itself, then the client-identifier MUST
appear in the BNDUPD message, else it MUST NOT appear.
o RELEASED
A binding-status of RELEASED is used when a DHCP client sends in
a DHCPRELEASE message and the server does not wish to implement
a released-grace period. When the partner server ACK's the
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BNDUPD of an RELEASED IP address, the server sets its internal
state to FREE, and it is available for allocation by the primary
server to any DHCP client.
client-hardware-address
There SHOULD be a DHCP client associated with the IP address
whose binding has been released. If there is, then the client-
hardware-address option MUST appear, and be set from the MAC
address of the DHCP client which released this IP address.
client-identifier
There SHOULD be a DHCP client associated with the IP address
whose binding has been released. If there is, then if the DHCP
client which released this IP address used a client-identifier
option to identify itself, then the client-identifier MUST
appear in the BNDUPD message, else it MUST NOT appear.
o FREE
A binding-status of FREE is used when a DHCP server needs to
communicate that an IP address is available for allocation to
another server, but it was not just released, expired, or reset
by a network administrator. When the partner server ACK's the
BNDUPD of an FREE IP address, the server sets its internal state
such that it is available for allocation by any DHCP client.
client-hardware-address
There MAY be a DHCP client associated with the IP address whose
binding is now desired to be FREE. If there is, then the
client-hardware-address option MUST appear, and be set from the
MAC address of the DHCP client which released this IP address.
client-identifier
There MAY be a DHCP client associated with the IP address whose
binding is now desired to be FREE. If there is, then if the
DHCP client which released this IP address used a client-
identifier option to identify itself, then the client-identifier
MUST appear in the BNDUPD message, else it MUST NOT appear.
o EXPIRED-GRACE
Some servers support a grace period after lease expiration, to
handle clock speed differences between clients and servers as
well as to limit the number of times names are removed and
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subsequently added to dynamic DNS.
client-hardware-address
There MAY be a DHCP client associated with the IP address whose
binding has now expired. If there is, then the client-
hardware-address option MUST appear, and be set from the MAC
address of the DHCP client which released this IP address.
client-identifier
There MAY be a DHCP client associated with the IP address whose
binding hs now expired. If there is, then if the DHCP client
which most recently leased this IP address used a client-
identifier option to identify itself, then the client-identifier
MUST appear in the BNDUPD message, else it MUST NOT appear.
grace-expiration-time
The grace-expiration-time option MUST appear, and is the length
of time that this server will wait before trying to make the IP
address available after the lease has expired for this IP
address.
o RELEASED-GRACE
Some servers support a grace period after lease release by a
DHCP client, to handle clock speed differences between clients
and servers as well as to limit the number of times names are
removed and subsequently added to dynamic DNS.
client-hardware-address
There MAY be a DHCP client associated with the IP address whose
binding has now been released by sending a DHCPRELEASE. If
there is, then the client-hardware-address option MUST appear,
and be set from the MAC address of the DHCP client which
released this IP address.
client-identifier
There MAY be a DHCP client associated with the IP address whose
binding has been released. If there is, then if the DHCP client
which most recently leased this IP address used a client-
identifier option to identify itself, then the client-identifier
MUST appear in the BNDUPD message, else it MUST NOT appear.
client-hardware-address
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There MAY be a DHCP client associated with the IP address whose
binding is now desired to be FREE. If there is, then the
client-hardware-address option MUST appear, and be set from the
MAC address of the DHCP client which released this IP address.
client-identifier
There MAY be a DHCP client associated with the IP address whose
binding is now desired to be FREE. If there is, then if the
DHCP client which released this IP address used a client-
identifier option to identify itself, then the client-identifier
MUST appear in the BNDUPD message, else it MUST NOT appear.
grace-expiration-time
The grace-expiration-time MUST appear, and is the length of time
that this server will wait before trying to make the IP address
available after the lease was released for this IP address
o ABANDONED
An ABANDONED IP address is one that has been considered unusable
by the DHCP subsystem. An IP address for which a valid PING
response was received SHOULD be set to ABANDONED.
client-hardware-address
There SHOULD NOT be a DHCP client associated with an ABANDONDED
IP address. The client-hardware-address option MUST NOT appear
in the BNDUPD message.
client-identifier
There SHOULD NOT be a DHCP client associated with the IP address
whose binding has now been ABANDONED. The client-identifier
option MUST-NOT appear in the BNDUPD message.
o RESET
The RESET value of the binding-status is used to indicate that
this IP address was made available by operator command.
o BACKUP
The BACKUP value of binding-status indicates that this IP
address belongs to the secondary server, and can be allocated by
that server to a DHCP client at any time.
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client-hardware-address
There MAY be a DHCP client associated with an BACKUP IP address.
If there is, the client-hardware-address option MUST appear, and
be set from the MAC address of the DHCP client to which this IP
address was most recently associated.
client-identifier
There MAY be a DHCP client associated with this IP address. If
the DHCP client to which this IP address is leased used a
client-identifier option to identify itself, then the client-
identifier MUST appear in the BNDUPD message, else it MUST NOT
appear.
The following option information is generic to all BNDUPD messages,
regardless of the value of the binding-status.
o start-time-of-state
The start-time-of-state SHOULD appear. It is set to the time at
which this IP address first took on the state that corresponds to
the current value of binding-status.
o last-transaction-time
The last-transaction-time value SHOULD appear. This is the time at
which this DHCP server last received a packet from the DHCP client
referenced by the client-identifier or client-hardware-address that
was associated with the IP address referenced by the assigned-IP-
address.
o client-FQDN
If the DHCP server is performing dynamic DNS operations on behalf
of the DHCP client represented by the client-identifier or client-
hardware-address, then it should include a client-FQDN option con-
taining the host name, domain name, and status of any dynamic DNS
operations enabled.
The BNDUPD message SHOULD be sent as soon as possible from the time
that the DHCP client received a response and the lease bindings data-
base is written on stable storage.
7.1.2. Receiving the BNDUPD message
When a server receives a BNDUPD message, it needs to decide how to
processes the message and whether the message represents a conflict
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of any sort. The conflict resolution process is used on the receipt
of every BNDUPD message, not just those that are received while in
POTENTIAL-CONFLICT state, in order to increase the robustness of the
protocol.
There are two sorts of conflict. The first, more major conflict, is
when a server receives a BNDUPD message from its partner for an
ACTIVE IP address and finds that the client specified in the BNDUPD
message is different from the client associated with this ACTIVE IP
address in this server's bindings database.
The second sort of conflict is where the receiving server has in its
bindings database the client specified in the BNDUPD message associ-
ated with a different IP address.
These two conflict cases can both occur together with the same BNDUPD
message.
When receiving a BNDUPD message, the server first determines the IP
address from the assigned-IP-address option, and then determines if
there was any client associated with this IP address by looking for
the client-identifier option. If there is no client-identifier
option, then the server looks for a client-hardware-address option,
and ultimately determines the client's identity specified in the
BNDUPD.
The client specified in the BNDUPD message is compared to the client
currently associated with the IP address in this server's bindings
database. If they are the same, continue. If there is no client in
this server's binding database, continue. If there is a client in
this server's bindings database, and it is different from that speci-
fied in the BNDUPD message, a 'client conflict' exists. See the sec-
tion below on conflict resolution. If the client specified in the
BNDUPD message is associated with a different IP address in this
server's bindings database in the same subnet, then an 'IP address
conflict' exists. This does not refer to the case where a single
client has addresses in multiple different subnets or administrative
domains, but rather the case where in the same subnet the client has
as lease on one IP address in one server and on a different IP
address on the other server. See the section below on conflict reso-
lution.
If none of the conflicts mentioned above exist, then develop a time
for both the BNDUPD message and the server's information.
The time for both the BNDUPD and the server's information are
developed independently in the following way: If there is a client-
last-transaction time, use that. If there isn't, but there is a
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start-time-of-state, use that. If there isn't, but there is a
client-expiration-time, use that. If there isn't, then use the time
the BNDUPD message was received for a BNDUPD message, and the current
time for the server's information.
Then the server determines the binding-status in the BNDUPD, and
takes the following actions based on binding-status:
(In the following list, to "accept" a BNDUPD means to update the
server's bindings database with the information contained in the
BNDUPD and once that update is complete, send a BNDACK message
corresponding to the BNDUPD message).
o ACTIVE in BNDUPD
If the BNDUPD is LATER than the server's information, accept it,
else reject it.
o EXPIRED or EXPIRED-GRACE in BNDUPD
If the binding-status in the receiving server's bindings data-
base is ACTIVE, then reject the BNDUPD. Otherwise, accept the
BNDUPD.
If the binding-status in the BNDUPD is EXPIRED-GRACE and the
server receiving the BNDUPD does not implement a grace period
for expired leases, then the server MUST set its lease expira-
tion to value held in the grace-expiration in the BNDUPD.
o RELEASED or RELEASED-GRACE in BNDUPD
If the BNDUPD is LATER than the server's information, accept it,
else reject it.
If the binding-status in the BNDUPD is RELEASED-GRACE and the
server receiving the BNDUPD does not implement a grace period
for released leases, then the server MUST set its lease expira-
tion to value held in the grace-expiration in the BNDUPD.
o FREE or BACKUP in BNDUPD
If the binding-status in the receiving server's database is
ACTIVE and the lease-expiration-time has not yet been reached,
reject it, else accept it.
o RESET or ABANDONDED in BNDUPD
Accept it under all circumstances.
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7.1.3. Conflict resolution when receiving the BNDUPD message
When a either of the following conflicts exists between the informa-
tion in a BNDUPD message and the information held in the receiving
server's bindings database, it should be resolved in the following
manner:
o client conflict
This is the duplicate IP address allocation conflict. There are
two different clients each allocated the same address.
If times for both exist, use the LATER update, else use the
information from the primary server.
o IP address conflict
An IP address conflict exists when a client on one server is
associated with a one IP address, and on the other server with a
different IP address in the same or a related subnet. If one
binding-status is ACTIVE and the other is anything but ACTIVE,
then the information in the ACTIVE binding SHOULD be used. Oth-
erwise, if times exist, then the LATER SHOULD be used. Other-
wise, if times do not exist, then the information from the pri-
mary server should be used.
7.2. BNDACK message
Every BNDUPD message that is received by a server MUST be responded
to with a corresponding BNDUPD message. The receiving server SHOULD
respond quickly to every BNDUPD message but it MAY choose to respond
preferentially to DHCP client requests instead of BNDUPD messages,
since there is no absolute time period within which a BNDACK must be
sent in response to a BNDUPD message, and DHCP clients frequently do
have time constraints that must be met.
7.2.1. Sending the BNDACK message
The BNDACK message MUST contain the same xid as the corresponding
BNDUPD message.
All of the options which appear in the BNDUPD message MUST be
included in the BNDACK message. The values in the options MAY be
updated to reflect current information on the server sending the
BNDACK. Note that update of this information may be used for infor-
mational purposes, but MUST NOT be assumed to necessarily be recorded
in the stable storage of the server who sent the BNDUPD message
because there is not corresponding ACK of the BNDACK message. Any
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information that SHOULD be recorded in the partner server's stable
storage MUST be transmitted in a subsequent BNDUPD.
If the server is accepting the BNDUPD, the BNDACK message includes
only those options that appears in the BNDUPD message. If the server
is rejecting the BNDUPD, the additional option reject-reason MUST
appear in the BNDACK message, and the message option SHOULD appear in
this case containing a human-readable error message describing in
some detail the reason for the rejection of the BNDUPD message.
7.2.2. Receiving the BNDACK message
When a server receives a BNDACK message, if it doesn't contain a
reject-reason option that means that the BNDUPD message was accepted,
and the server which sent the BNDUPD MUST update its stable storage
with the potential-expiration-time value sent in the BNDUPD message
and returned in the BNDACK message. Other values sent in the BNDUPD
message MAY be used as desired.
7.3. UPDREQ message
The update request (UPDREQ) message is used by one server to request
that its partner send it all of the binding database information that
it has not already seen. Since each server is required to keep
track at all times of the binding information the other server has
received and ACKed, one server can request transmission of all un-
ACKed binding database information held by the other server by using
the UPDREQ message.
The UPDREQ message is used whenever the sending server cannot proceed
before it has processed all previously un-ACKed binding update infor-
mation, since the UPDREQ message should yield a corresponding UPDDONE
message. The UPDDONE message is not sent until the server that sent
the UPDREQ message has responded to all of the BNDUPD messages gen-
erated by the UPDREQ message with BNDACK messages. Thus, the sender
of the UPDREQ message can be sure upon receipt of an UPDDONE message
that it has received and commited to stable storage all outstanding
binding database updates.
See section 9, Protcol state transitions, for the details of when the
UPDREQ message is sent.
7.3.1. Sending the UPDREQ message
There are no options for the UPDREQ message.
The UPDREQ message is sent with a unique xid.
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7.3.2. Receiving the UPDREQ message
A server receiving an UPDREQ message MUST send all binding database
changes that have not yet been ACKed by the sending server. These
changes are sent as undistinguished BNDUPD messages.
However, the server which received and is processing the UPDREQ mes-
sage MUST track the BNDACK messages that correspond to the BNDUPD
messages triggered by the UPDREQ message and, when they are all
received, the server MUST send an UPDDONE message.
When queuing up the BNDUPD messages for transmission to the sender of
the UPDREQ message, the receiving server MUST honor the value
returned in the max-unacked-bndupd option in the CONNECT or CONNEC-
TACK message that set up the connection with the sending server. It
MUST NOT send more BNDUPD messages without receiving corresponding
BNDACKs than the value returned in max-unacked-bndupd.
7.4. UPDREQALL message
The update request all (UPDREQALL) message is used by one server to
request that its partner send it all of the binding database informa-
tion. This message is used to allow one server to recover from a
failure of stable storage and to restore its binding database in its
entirety from the other server.
A server which sends an UPDREQALL message cannot proceed until all of
its binding update information is restored, and it knows that all of
that information is restored when an UPDDONE message is received.
See section 9, Protcol state transitions, for the details of when the
UPDREQALL message is sent.
7.4.1. Sending the UPDREQALL message
There are no options for the UPDREQALL message.
The UPDREQALL message is sent with a unique xid.
7.4.2. Receiving the UPDREQALL message
A server receiving an UPDREQALL message MUST send all binding data-
base information to the sending server. These changes are sent as
undistinguished BNDUPD messages.
However, the server receiving the UPDREQALL message MUST track the
BNDACK messages that correspond to the BNDUPD messages triggered by
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the UPDREQ message and, when they are all received, the server MUST
send an UPDDONE message.
When queuing up the BNDUPD messages for transmission to the sender of
the UPDREQALL message, the receiving server MUST honor the value
returned in the max-unacked-bndupd option in the CONNECT or CONNEC-
TACK message that set up the connection with the sending server. It
MUST NOT send more BNDUPD messages without receiving corresponding
BNDACKs than the value returned in max-unacked-bndupd.
7.5. UPDDONE message
The update done (UPDDONE) message is used by a server receiving an
UPDREQ or UPDREQALL message to signify that it has sent all of the
BNDUPD messages requested by the UPDREQ or UPDREQALL request and that
it has received a BNDACK for each of those messages.
7.5.1. Sending the UPDDONE message
The UPDDONE message SHOULD be sent as soon as the last BNDACK message
corresponding to a BNDUPD message requested by the UPDREQ or
UPDREQALL is received from the server which sent the UPDREQ or
UPDREQALL.
7.5.2. Receiving the UPDDONE message
A server receiving the UPDDONE message knows that all of the informa-
tion that it requested by sending an UPDREQ or UPDREQALL message has
now been sent and that it has recorded this information in its stable
storage. It typically uses that the receipt of an UPDDONE message to
move to a different failover state. See sections 9.5.2 and 9.8.3 for
details.
7.6. POOLREQ message
The pool request (POOLREQ) message is used by the secondary server to
request an allocation of IP addresses from the primary server. It
MUST be sent by a secondary server to a primary server to request IP
address allocation by the primary. The IP addresses allocated are
transmitted using normal BNDUPD messages from the primary to the
secondary.
The POOLREQ message SHOULD be sent from the secondary to the primary
whenever the secondary transitions into NORMAL state. It SHOULD
periodically be resent in order that any change in the number of
available IP addresses on the primary be reflected in the pool on the
secondary.
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7.6.1. Sending the POOLREQ message
The POOLREQ message has no options. It must be sent with a unique
xid.
7.6.2. Receiving the POOLREQ message
When a primary server receives a POOLREQ message it SHOULD examine
the binding database and determine how many IP addresses the secon-
dary server should have, and set these IP addresses to BACKUP state.
It SHOULD then send BNDUPD messages concerning all of these IP
addresses to the secondary server.
Servers frequently have several kinds of IP addresses available on a
particular network segment. The failover protocol assumes that both
primary and secondary servers are configured in such a way that each
knows the type and number of IP addresses on every network segment
participating in the failover protocol. The primary server is
responsible for allocating the secondary server the correct propor-
tion of available IP addresses of each kind, and the secondary server
is responsible for being configured in such a way that it can tell
the kind of every IP address based solely on the IP address itself.
A primary server MUST keep track of how many IP addresses were allo-
cated as a result of processing the POOLREQ message, and send that
number in the POOLRESP message.
A primary server MAY choose to defer processing a POOLREQ message
until a more convenient time to process it, but it should not depend
on the secondary server to retransmit the POOLREQ message in that
case.
If a secondary server receives a POOLREQ message it SHOULD report an
error.
7.7. POOLRESP message
A primary server sends a POOLRESP message to a secondary server after
the allocation process for available addresses to the secondary
server is complete. Typically this message will precede some of the
BNDUPD messages that the primary uses to send the actual allocated IP
addresses to the secondary.
7.7.1. Sending the POOLRESP message
The POOLRESP message MUST contain the same xid as the corresponding
POOLREQ message.
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The only option which MUST appear in a POOLREQ message is:
o addressed-transferred
The number of addresses allocated to the secondary server by the
primary server as a result of a POOLREQ is contained in the
addresses-transferred option in a POOLRESP message. Note this
is the number of addresses that are transferred to the secondary
in the primary's binding database as a result of the correspond-
ing POOLREQ message, and that it may be some time before they
can all be transmitted to the secondary server through the use
of BNDUPD messages.
7.7.2. Receiving the POOLRESP message
When a secondary server receives a POOLRESP message, it SHOULD send
another POOLRESP message if the value of the addresses-transferred
option is non-zero.
Typically, no other action is taken on the reception of a POOLRESP
message.
7.8. CONNECT message
The connect message is used to establish an applications level con-
nection over a newly created TCP connection. It gives the source
information for the connection, and some important configuration
information. It may be sent by either primary or secondary server.
It is sent by the initiator of a TCP connection.
7.8.1. Sending the CONNECT message
The CONNECT message MUST be the first message sent by the initiator
of a TCP connection after the establishment of a new TCP connection
with another server participating in the failover protocol.
The xid of the CONNECT message must be unique.
The IP address of the sending server MUST be placed in the sending-
server-IP-address option. This information is placed in an option
inside of the packet in order to allow the identity of the sender to
be covered by a shared secret.
The role of the sending failover endpoint (i.e., either primary or
secondary) MUST be placed in the server-role option.
The current time MUST be placed in the current-time option.
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The number of BNDUPD messages the server can accept without blocking
the TCP connection MUST be placed in the max-unacked-bndupd option.
This MUST be a number equal to or greater than 1, SHOULD be a number
greater than 10, and SHOULD be a number less than 100.
The length of the receive timer (tReceive, see section 8.3) MUST be
placed in the receive-timer option.
If the sending server is a primary server, then the MCLT MUST be
placed in the MCLT option.
If the sending server is a primary server, then the hash-bucket-
assignment option MUST be included in the CONNECT message. The value
of the hash-bucket-assignment option is determined from the specific
buckets that the primary server has determined that the secondary
server MUST service as part of the load-balancing algorithm. The way
in which the primary server determines this information is outside
the scope of this protocol definition. The primary server is SHOULD
be able to be configured with a percentage of clients that the secon-
dary server will be instructed to service, and the primary server
SHOULD convert that percentage value into a corresponding set of bits
in the hash-bucket-assignment option that are set to a 1, indicating
that the secondary server MUST service clients which map to those
hash buckets.
The vendor class identifier MUST be placed in the vendor-class-
identifier option.
The protocol-version option MUST be included in every CONNECT mes-
sage. The current value of the protocol version is 1.
The TLS-request option MUST be sent and contains the desired TLS con-
nection request as well as information concerning whether TLS is sup-
ported. If this CONNECT message is being sent over a already
created TLS connection, the TLS-request MUST NOT appear.
7.8.2. Receiving the CONNECT message
When a server receives a TCP connection on the failover port, it
should wait for a CONNECT message.
When a server receives a CONNECT message it should:
1. Record the time at which the message was received.
2. Examine the protocol-version option, and decide if this server
is capable of interoperating with another server running that
protocol version. If not, then send the CONNECTACK message
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with the appropriate reject-reason. The server MUST include
its protocol-version in the CONNECTACK message.
3. Examine the TLS-request option. Figure out the TLS-reply
value based on the capabilities and configuration of this
server, and save it for the CONNECTACK message. If the
results of the TLS negotiation result in a connection rejec-
tion, then go immediately to send the CONNECTACK message.
The possibilities are:
CONNECT CONNECTACK
TLS-request TLS-reply
Reject
req acc t1 Reason Comments
--- --- -- ------ --------
0 0 0
0 0 1 11 receiver requires TLS
0 1 0
0 1 1
1 0 - request doesn't make sense
1 1 0
1 1 1
2 0 - request doesn't make sense
2 1 0 9 or 10 receiver won't do TLS
2 1 1
4. Check to see if there is a message-digest option in the CON-
NECT message. If there was, and the server does not support
message-digests, then reject the connection with the appropri-
ate reject-reason in the CONNECTACK.
5. Determine if the sender (from the sending-server-IP-address
option) and the role of the sender (from the server-role)
option represents a server with which the receiver was config-
ured to engage in failover activity.
If not, then the receiving server should reject the CONNECT
request by sending a CONNECTACK message with a reject-reason
value of: 8, invalid failover partner.
If it is, then the receiving failover endpoint should be
determined.
6. Decide if the time delta between the sending of the packet, in
the current-time option, and the receipt of the packet,
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recorded in step 1 above, is acceptable. A server MAY require
an arbitrarily small delta in time values in order to set up a
failover connection with another server.
If the delta between the time values is too great, the server
should reject the CONNECT request by sending a CONNECTACK mes-
sage with a reject-reason of 4, time mismatch too great.
If the time mismatch is not considered too great then the
receiving server MUST record the delta between the servers.
The receiving server MUST use this delta to correct all of the
absolute times received from the other server in all time-
valued options. Note that server's can participate in fail-
over with arbitrarily great time mismatches, as long as it is
more or less constant.
7. If the receiving server is a secondary server, it MUST examine
the MCLT option in the CONNECT request and use the value of
the MCLT as the MCLT for this failover endpoint.
A receiving secondary server SHOULD be able to operate with
any MCLT sent by the primary, but if it cannot, then it
should send a CONNECTACK with a reject-reason of 5, MCLT
mismatch.
8. The receiving server MAY use the vendor-class-identifier to do
vendor specific processing.
7.9. CONNECTACK message
The CONNECTACK message is sent to accept or reject a CONNECT message.
It is sent by the server which accepted the TCP connection and
received a CONNECT message.
7.9.1. Sending the CONNECTACK message
The xid of the CONNECTACK message must be that of the corresponding
CONNECT message.
The IP address of the sending server MUST be placed in the sending-
server-IP-address option. This information is placed in an option
inside of the packet in order to allow the identity of the sender to
be covered by a shared secret.
The role of the sending failover endpoint (i.e., either primary or
secondary) MUST be placed in the server-role option.
The current time MUST be placed in the current-time option.
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The protocol-version option MUST be included in every CONNECTACK mes-
sage. The current value of the protocol version is 1.
If the connection has been rejected, the reject-reason option MUST be
placed in the CONNECTACK message with an appropriate reason, and a
message option SHOULD be included with a human-readable error message
describing the reason for the rejection in some detail. If the
reject-reason option appears, then the remaining options listed below
do not appear.
The results of the TLS negotiation MUST be placed in the TLS-reply
option. If this CONNECTACK message is being sent over an already TLS
secured connection, then there MUST NOT be a TLS-reply option.
If there was a message-digest option in the CONNECT message, then
there MUST be a message-digest in the CONNECTACK message if it does
not contain a reject-reason.
The number of BNDUPD messages the server can accept without blocking
the TCP connection MUST be placed in the max-unacked-bndupd option.
This SHOULD be a number greater than 10, and SHOULD be a number less
than 100.
The length of the receive timer (tReceive, see section 8.3) MUST be
placed in the receive-timer option.
If the sending server is a primary server, then the MCLT MUST be
placed in the MCLT option.
The vendor class identifier MUST be placed in the vendor-class-
identifier option.
If the server is rejecting the CONNECT message, then the reject-
reason option MUST appear. A message option MAY appear to give a
human readable version of the rejection reason.
After sending a CONNECTACK message, the server MUST send a STATE mes-
sage.
After sending a CONNECTACK message, the server MUST start two timers
for the connection: tSend and tReceive. The tSend timer SHOULD be
approximately 20 percent of the time in the receiver-timer option in
the corresponding CONNECT message. The tReceive timer SHOULD be the
time sent in the receiver-timer option in the CONNECTACK message.
The tReceive timer is reset whenever a message is received from this
TCP connection. If it ever expires, the TCP connection is dropped
and communications with this partner is considered not ok.
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The tSend timer is reset whenever a packet is sent over this connec-
tion. When it expires, a CONTACT message MUST be sent.
7.9.2. Receiving the CONNECTACK message
When a CONNECTACK message is received, the following actions should
be taken:
1. Record the time the packet was received.
2. Check to see if there is a reject-reason option in the CONNEC-
TACK message. If not, continue with step 3. If there is a
reject-reason option, the server SHOULD report the error code.
If a message option appears a server SHOULD display the string
from the message option in a user visible way. The server
MUST close the connection if a reject-reason option appears.
3. Check to see if the xid on the CONNECTACK matches an outstand-
ing CONNECT message on this TCP connection.
4. Check the value of the TLS-reply option, and if it was 1, then
skip processing of the rest of the CONNECTACK message, and
immediately enter into TLS connection setup.
If it does not, a server SHOULD report an error.
5. Examine the value of the protocol-version option. If this
server is able to establish connections with another server
running this protocol version, then continue, else close the
connection.
6. Check to see if the sending-server-IP-address and server-role
in the CONNECTACK message correspond to the failover endpoint
for which this TCP connection was created.
If it was not, the server MUST drop the TCP connection and
SHOULD report an error.
7. Decide if the time delta between the sending of the packet, in
the current-time option, and the receipt of the packet,
recorded in step 1 above, is acceptable. A server MAY require
an arbitrarily small delta in time values in order to set up a
failover connection with another server.
If the delta between the time values is too great, the server
should drop the TCP connection.
If the time mismatch is not considered too great then the
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receiving server MUST record the delta between the servers.
The receiving server MUST use this delta to correct all of the
absolute times received from the other server in all time-
valued options. Note that the failover protocol is con-
structed so that two servers can be failover partners with
arbitrarily great time mismatches.
8. If the receiving server is a secondary server, it MUST examine
the MCLT option in the CONNECT request and use the value of
the MCLT as the MCLT for this failover endpoint.
A receiving secondary server SHOULD be able to operate with
any MCLT sent by the primary, but if it cannot, then it MUST
drop the TCP connection.
9. The receiving server MAY use the vendor-class-identifier to do
vendor specific processing.
10. After accepting a CONNECTACK message, the server MUST send a
STATE message.
After receiving a CONNECTACK message, the server MUST start
two timers for the connection: tSend and tReceive. The tSend
timer SHOULD be approximately 20 percent of the time in the
receiver-timer option in the corresponding CONNECTACK message.
The tReceive timer SHOULD be set to the time sent in the
receiver-timer option in the CONNECT message.
The tReceive timer is reset whenever a message is received
from this TCP connection. If it ever expires, the TCP connec-
tion is dropped and communications with this partner is con-
sidered not ok.
The tSend timer is reset whenever a packet is sent over this
connection. When it expires, a CONTACT message MUST be sent.
7.10. STATE message
The state (STATE) message is used to communicate the current failover
state to the partner server.
The STATE message MUST be sent after sending a CONNECTACK message
that didn't contain a reject-reason option, and MUST be sent after
receiving a CONNECTACK message without a reject-reason option.
A STATE message MUST be sent whenever the failover endpoint changes
its failover state and a connection exists to the partner.
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The STATE message requires no response from the failover partner.
7.10.1. Sending the STATE message
The current failover state is placed in the server-state option and
the current state of the STARTUP flag is placed in the server-flags
option.
The message is sent with a unique xid.
A server SHOULD only send the STATE message either when the connec-
tion is created (i.e, after sending or receiving a CONNECTACK message
with no reject-reason option), or when there is a change from the
values sent in a previous STATE message.
7.10.2. Receiving the STATE message
Every STATE message SHOULD indicate a change in state or a change in
the flags.
When a STATE message is received, any state transitions specified in
section 9 are taken.
No response to a STATE message is required.
7.11. CONTACT message
The contact (CONTACT) message is sent to verify communications
integrity with a failover partner. The CONTACT message is sent when
no messages have been sent to the failover partner for a specified
period of time. This is determined by the tSend timer expiring (see
section 8.3).
7.11.1. Sending the CONTACT message
The current time is placed in the current-time option, and the CON-
TACT message is sent.
7.11.2. Receiving the CONTACT message
When a CONTACT message is received, the tReceive timer is reset (as
it is with any message that is received).
A server MAY use the time in the current-time option and the time
recorded above to refine the delta time calculations between the
servers.
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8. Connection Management
Servers participating in the failover protocol communicate over TCP
connections. These TCP connections are used both to transmit bind-
ing information from one server to another as well as to allow each
server to determine whether communications is possible with the other
server.
Central to the operation of the failover protocol is a notion of
"communications okay" or "communications failed". Failover state
transitions are taken in many cases when the status of communications
with the partner changes, and the existence or non-existence of a TCP
connections between failover endpoints is used to determine if com-
munications is "okay" or "failed".
A single TCP connection exists which connects two failover endpoints.
8.1. Connection granularity
There exists one TCP connection between each set of failover end-
points. See section 5.1.1 for an explanation of failover endpoint.
There are a maximum of two TCP connections between any two servers
implementing the failover protocol, one for each of the possible
failover endpoints between these two servers. There is a minimum of
one TCP connection between one server and every other failover server
with which it implements the failover protocol.
8.2. Creating the TCP connection
Every server implementing the failover protocol MUST listen on port
647 for incoming failover TCP connections. The source port of the
TCP connection is unimportant.
Every server implementing the failover protocol SHOULD attempt to
connect to all of its partners periodically, where the period is
implementation dependent and SHOULD be configurable. In the event
that a connection has been rejected by a CONNECTACK message with a
reject-reason option contained in it, a server SHOULD reduce the fre-
quency with which it attempts to connect to that server but it SHOULD
continue to attempt to connect periodically.
Once a connection is established, the first message sent across the
connection MUST be a CONNECT message. This message establishes the
identity of the failover endpoint making the connection.
Every CONNECT message includes a TLS-request option, and if the CON-
NECTACK message does not reject the CONNECT message and the TLS-reply
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option says TLS MUST be used, then the servers will enter into TLS
negotiation.
Once that negotiation is complete, then the server MUST resend the
CONNECT message on the newly secured TLS connection and then wait for
the CONNECTACK message in response. The TLS-request and TLS-reply
options MUST have the same values in this second CONNECT and CONNEC-
TACK message has they had in the first messages.
The second message sent over a new connection is a STATE message.
Upon the receipt of this message, the receiver can consider communi-
cations up.
It is entirely possible that two servers will attempt to make connec-
tions to each other essentially simultaneously, and then each will
send a CONNECT message down the new connection. In this case each
server will receive a CONNECT message on one connection having
already sent a CONNECT message on the other connection. In the event
that the primary server receives a CONNECT message from the secondary
server either while waiting for a CONNECTACK message from a secondary
server or when it has a valid connection open to a secondary server,
it will close the connection on which the CONNECT message was
received.
8.3. Using the TCP connection for determining communications status
The TCP connection is used to determine the communications status of
the other server, i.e., communications-ok, or communications-
interrupted.
Three things must happen for a server to consider that communications
are ok with respect to another server:
1. A TCP connection must be established to the other server.
2. A CONNECT message must be received and a CONNECTACK message
sent in response. The CONNECT message is used to determine
the identify of the failover endpoint of the other end of the
TCP connection -- without it, the failover endpoint cannot be
uniquely determined. Without knowledge of the failover end-
point, then the entity with which communications is ok is
undetermined.
3. A STATE message must be received from the other server over
the connection. This STATE message initializes important
information necessary to the operation of the state machine
the governs the behavior of this failover endpoint.
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There are two ways that a server can determine that communications
has failed:
1. The TCP connection can go down, yielding an error when
attempting to send a message. This will happen at least as
often as the period of the tSend timer.
2. The tReceive timer can expire.
In either of these cases, communications is considered interrupted.
Several difficulties arise when trying to use one TCP connection for
both bulk data transfer as well as to sense the communications status
of the other server. One aspect of the problem stems from the dif-
ferent requirements of both uses. The bulk data transfer is of
course critically important to the protocol, but the speed with which
it is processed is not terribly significant. It might well be
minutes before a BNDUPD message is processed, and while not optimal,
such an occasional delay doesn't compromise the correctness of the
protocol. However, the speed with which one server detects the other
server is up (or, more importantly, down) is more highly constrained.
Generally one server should be able to detect that the other server
is not communicating within a minute or less.
These differing time constraints makes it difficult to use the same
TCP connection for data transfer as well as to sense communications
integrity. See section 3.5 for additional details on TCP.
The solution to this problem is to require a that some message be
received by each end of the connection within a limited time or that
the connection will be considered down. If no messages have been
sent recently, then a CONTACT message is sent.
In the case where there is no data queued to be sent, this is not a
problem, but in the case where there is data queued to be sent to the
partner, then the CONTACT message will not actually be transmitted
until the queued data is sent. Section 3.5 explains why waiting for
TCP to determine that the connection is down is not acceptable, and
leads a requirement that the receiving server never block the sending
server from sending CONTACT packets.
In order to meet this requirement, each server tells the other server
the number of outstanding BNDUPD messages that it will accept. The
receiving server is required to always be able to accept that many
BNDUPD messages off of the connection's input queue even if it cannot
process them immediately, and to accept all other messages immedi-
ately.
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Thus, the sending server's TCP is never blocked from sending a mes-
sage except for very short periods, less than a few seconds unless
the network connection itself has problems. In this case, if the
CONTACT messages don't make it to the partner then the partner will
close the connection.
8.4. Using the TCP connection for binding data
Binding data, in the form of BNDUPD messages and BNDACK messages to
respond to them, are sent across the TCP connection.
In order to support timely detection of any failure in the partner
server, the TCP connection MUST NOT block for more than a very short
time, on the order of a few seconds. Therefore, a server that is
sending BNDUPD messages MUST send only a restricted number before
receiving BNDACK messages about previous messages sent.
The number of outstanding BNDUPD messages that each server will
accept without causing TCP to block transmission of additional data
(i.e, CONTACT messages) is sent by each server in the CONNECT and
CONNECTACK messages in the max-unacked-bndupd option.
8.5. Using the TCP connection for control messages
The TCP connection is used for control messages: POOLREQ, UPDREQ,
STATE, UPDREQALL and the corresponding reply messages: POOLRESP,
UPDDONE. A server MUST immediately accept all of these messages from
the TCP connection. A server MUST immediately accept any BNDACK
which is received as well.
8.6. Losing the TCP connection
When the TCP connection is lost, then communications is not ok with
the other server. A server which has lost communications SHOULD
immediately attempt to reconnect to the other server, and should
retry these connection attempts periodically.
Any BNDUPD or other messages that have been received but not yet pro-
cessed from the partner SHOULD be processed as soon as possible.
9. Protocol States
This section discusses the various states that a failover endpoint may
take, and the server actions required when entering the state, operating
in the state, and leaving the state, as well as the events that cause
transitions out of the state into another state.
The state transition diagram in Figure 9.2-1 is relevant for this
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section. In the event that the textual description of a state differs
from the state transition diagram, the textual description is to be con-
sidered authoritative. This is the common state transition diagram for
both servers in a failover pair.
9.1. Server Initialization
When a server starts it starts out in STARTUP state. See section 9.4
below for details.
9.2. Server State Transitions
Whenever a server transitions into a new state, it MUST record the
state and the time at which it entered that state in stable storage.
If communications is "ok", it MUST also send a STATE message to its
failover partner.
Figure 9.2-1 is the diagram of the server state transitions. The
remainder of this section contains information important to the
understanding of that diagram.
The server stays in the current state until all of the actions speci-
fied on the state transition are complete. If communications fails
during one of the actions, the server simply stays in the current
state and attempts a transition whenever the conditions for a transi-
tion are later fulfilled.
In the state transition diagram below, the "+" or "-" in the upper
right corner of each state is a notation about whether communication
is ongoing with the other server.
The legend "responsive", "balanced", or "unresponsive" in each state
indicates whether the server is responsive to all DHCP client
requests, running in load balanced mode, or totally unresponsive in
the respective state. The terms "responsive" and "unresponsive" have
the obvious meanings, while "balanced" means that a DHCP server may
respond to all DHCPREQUEST messages that are RENEWAL or REBINDING,
and to all other messages from clients for which the load balancing
algorithm indicates that it MUST respond to. See sections 5.3 and
9.6.2 for details on load balancing.
In the state transition diagram below, when communication is reesta-
blished between the two servers, each must record the state of the
partner when communication was restored. State transitions on one
server in some cases imply state transitions on the partner server,
so a record of the current state of the partner server must be kept
by each server.
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If the state of the partner changes while communicating a server
moves through the communications-failed transition and into whatever
state results. It then immediately moves through whatever state
transition is appropriate given the current state of the partner
server. A server performing this operation SHOULD NOT drop the TCP
connection to its partner.
DISCUSSION:
The point of this technique is simplicity, both in explanation of
the protocol and in its implementation. The alternative to this
technique of memory of partner state and automatic state transi-
tion on change of partner state is to have every state in the fol-
lowing diagram have a state transition for every possible state of
the partner. With the approach adopted, only the states in which
communications are reestablished require a state transition for
each possible partner state.
The current state of a server MUST be recorded in stable storage and
thus be available to the server after a server restart.
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+---------------+ V +--------------+
| RECOVER - | | | STARTUP - |
|(unresponsive) | +->|(unresponsive)|
+---------------+ +--------------+
Comm. OK +-----------------+
Other State:-RECOVER | PARTNER DOWN - |<-----+
| | | (responsive) | |
All POTENTIAL- +-----------------+ |
Others CONFLICT------------ | --------+ ^(see |
| Comm. OK | | 9.8.3)|
UPDREQ(ALL) Other State: | +-----+ |
Wait UPDDONE | | | Comm. | |
Wait MCLT from fail RECOVER All Others| Failed | |
+--------------+ | V V | | |
|RECOVER-DONE +| +--+ +--------------+ | |
|(unresponsive)| | | POTENTIAL + |<--+ |
+--------------+ Wait for +>| CONFLICT | |
Comm. OK Other | |(unresponsive)|<--- | --+
+--Other State:-+ State: | +--------------+ | |
| | | RECOVER | | | |
| All POTENT. DONE | Resolve Conflict | |
| Others: CONFLICT-- | ----+ (see 9.8) | |
| Wait for V V | |
| Other State: NORMAL +-----------------+ | |
| V | NORMAL + | External | |
| +--+----------+-->| (balanced) |-Command-->+ |
| ^ ^ +-----------------+ | |
| | | | | |
| Wait for Comm. OK Comm. External |
| Other Other Failed Command |
| State: State: | or | |
|RECOVER-DONE NORMAL Start Safe Safe | |
| | COMM. INT. Period Timer Period | |
| Comm. OK. | V expiration |
| Other State: | +------------------+ | |
| RECOVER +--| COMMUNICATIONS - |-----------+ |
V +-------------| INTERRUPTED | Comm. OK |
RECOVER | (responsive) |--Other State:-+
RECOVER-DONE--------->+------------------+ All Others
Figure 9.2-1: Server state diagram.
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9.3. STARTUP state
The STARTUP state affords an opportunity for a server to probe its
partner server, before starting to service DHCP clients.
DISCUSSION:
Without the STARTUP state, a server would likely start in a state
derived from its previously stored state (held in stable storage),
if any. However, this may be inconsistent with the current state
of the partner. The STARTUP state affords the opportunity for a
server to potentially learn the partner's state and determine if
that state is consistent with its derived starting state or
whether some significant state change has occurred at the partner
that forces the server to start in another state. This is
especially critical if significant time has elapsed while the
server was down.
9.3.1. Operation while in STARTUP state
Whenever a server is in STARTUP state, it MUST be unresponsive to
DHCP client requests, and so the time spent in the STARTUP state is
necessarily short, typically on the order of a few seconds to a few
tens of seconds. The exact time spent in the STARTUP state is imple-
mentation dependent, and the primary and secondary server are not
required to spend the same amount of time in the STARTUP state.
Whenever a STATE message is sent to the partner while in STARTUP
state the STARTUP bit MUST be set in the server-flags option and the
previously recorded failover state MUST be placed in the server-state
option.
9.3.2. Transition out of STARTUP state
Each server starts out in startup state every time it initializes
itself, and performs the following algorithm as part of its initiali-
zation:
1. Do not send any messages until step 5.
2. Is there any record in stable storage of a previous failover
state? If yes, set previous-state to the last recorded state
in stable storage, and continue with step 3.
Is there any configuration information that indicates that
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this server was previously running but lost its stable
storage? Such information must typically come from some
administrative intervention, since it is difficult for a
server to distinguish first startup from a startup after it
has lost its stable storage. If yes, then set the previous-
state to RECOVER, and set the time-of-failure to whatever time
was configured, and go on to step 3. This time-of-failure
will be used in the transition out of the RECOVER state into
the RECOVER-DONE state, below.
If there is no record of any previous failover state in stable
storage nor of any previous operational activity for this
server, then set the previous-state to PARTNER-DOWN if this
server is a primary and RECOVER if this server is a secondary,
and set the time-of-failure to a time before the maximum-
client-lead-time before now. If using standard Posix times, 0
would typically do quite well.
3. Is the previous-state NORMAL? If yes, set the previous-state
to COMMUNICATIONS-INTERRUPTED.
4. Start the STARTUP state timer. The time that a server remains
in the STARTUP state (absent any communications with its
partner) is implementation dependent and SHOULD be configur-
able. It SHOULD be long enough to for a TCP connection to be
created to a heavily loaded partner across a slow network.
5. Attempt to create a TCP connection to the failover partner.
See section 8.2.
6. Wait for "communications okay", i.e., the process discussed in
section 8.2 "Creating the TCP Connection", to complete,
including the receipt of a STATE message from the partner.
When and if communications become "okay", clear the STARTUP
flag, and set the current state to the previous-state.
If the partner is in PARTNER-DOWN state, and if the time at
which it entered PARTNER-DOWN state (as receive in the start-
time-of-state option in the STATE message) is later than the
last recorded time of operation of this server, then set the
current state to RECOVER.
Then, transition to the current state and take the "communica-
tions okay" state transition based on the current state of
this server and the partner.
7. If the startup time expires, take an implementation dependent
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action: The server MAY go to the previous-state, or the
server MAY wait.
Reasons to go to previous-state and begin processing:
If the current server is the only operational server, then if
it waits, there will be no operational DHCP servers. This
situation could occur very easily where one server fails and
then the other crashes and reboots. If the rebooting server
doesn't start processing DHCP client requests without first
being in communication with the other server, then the level
of DHCP redundancy is not particularly high. This is an
appropriate approach if the possibility of partition is low,
or if the safe period expiration time is well beyond the time
at which an operator would notice and react to a partition
situation. It is also quite appropriate if the safe period
will never expire.
Reasons to wait:
If the current server has been down for longer than the
maximum-client-lead-time, and it is partitioned from the other
server, then when it returns it will attempt to use its own
available addresses to allocate to new DHCP clients, and the
other server may well be in PARTNER-DOWN state and may have
already allocated some of those available addresses to DHCP
clients. In cases where the possibility of partition is high,
and the safe period expiration time is less than the likely
operator reaction time, this is a good approach to use.
9.4. PARTNER-DOWN state
PARTNER-DOWN state is a state either server can enter. When in this
state, the server does not assume that the other server could still
be operating and servicing a different set of clients, but instead
assumes that it is the only server operating. For this reason, only
one server should be operating in this state at a time.
9.4.1. Upon entry to PARTNER-DOWN state
No special actions are required when entering PARTNER-DOWN state.
The server should continue to attempt to connect to the partner
periodically.
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9.4.2. Operation while in PARTNER-DOWN state
A server in PARTNER-DOWN state MUST respond to DHCP client requests.
It will allow renewal of all outstanding leases on IP addresses, and
will allocate IP addresses from its own pool, and after a fixed
period of time (the MCLT interval) has elapsed from entry into
PARTNER-DOWN state, it will allocate IP addresses from the set of all
available IP addresses.
Once a server has entered NORMAL state, the PARTNER-DOWN state is
entered only on command of an external agency (typically an adminis-
trator of some sort) or after the expiration of an externally config-
ured minimum safe-time after the beginning of COMMUNICATIONS-
INTERRUPTED state.
Any available IP address tagged as belonging to the other server (at
entry to PARTNER-DOWN state) MUST NOT be used until the maximum-
client-lead-time beyond the entry into PARTNER-DOWN state has
elapsed.
A server in PARTNER-DOWN state MUST NOT allocate an IP address to a
DHCP client different from that to which it was allocated at the
entrance to PARTNER-DOWN state until the maximum-client-lead-time
beyond the its expiration time has elapsed. If this time would be
earlier than the current time plus the maximum-client-lead-time, then
the current time plus the maximum-client-lead-time is used.
Two options exist for lease times given out while in PARTNER-DOWN
state, with different ramifications flowing from each.
If the server wishes the Failover protocol to protect it from loss of
stable storage in PARTNER-DOWN state, then it should ensure that the
MCLT based lease time restrictions in Section 5.1 are maintained,
even in PARTNER-DOWN state.
If the server wishes to forego the protection of the Failover proto-
col in the event of loss of stable storage, then it need recognize no
restrictions on actual client lease times while in PARTNER-DOWN
state.
A server in PARTNER-DOWN state attempt to establish communications
and synchronization with its partner.
9.4.3. Transitions out of PARTNER-DOWN state
When a server in PARTNER-DOWN state succeeds in establishing a con-
nection to its partner, its actions are conditional on the state and
flags received in the STATE message from the other server as part of
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the process of establishing the connection.
If the STARTUP bit is set in the server-flags option of a received
STATE message, a server in PARTNER-DOWN state MUST NOT take any state
transitions based on reestablishing communications. Essentially, if a
server is in PARTNER-DOWN state, it ignores all STATE messages from
its partner that have the STARTUP bit set in the server-flags option
of the STATE message.
If the STARTUP bit is not set in the server-flags option of a STATE
message received from its partner, then a server in PARTNER-DOWN
state take the following actions based on the value of the server-
state option in the received STATE message:
o partner in NORMAL, COMMUNICATIONS-INTERRUPTED, PARTNER-DOWN or
POTENTIAL-CONFLICT state
transition to POTENTIAL-CONFLICT state
o partner in RECOVER state
stay in PARTNER-DOWN state
o partner in RECOVER-DONE state
transition into NORMAL state
9.5. RECOVER state
This state indicates that the server has no information in its stable
storage or that it is re-integrating with a server in PARTNER-DOWN
state after it has been down. A server in this state will attempt to
refresh its stable storage from the other server.
9.5.1. Operation in RECOVER state
A server in RECOVER MUST NOT respond to DHCP client requests.
A server in RECOVER state will attempt to reestablish communications
with the other server.
9.5.2. Transitions out of RECOVER state
If the other server is in POTENTIAL-CONFLICT state when communica-
tions are reestablished, then the server in RECOVER state will move
to POTENTIAL-CONFLICT state itself.
If the other server is in RECOVER state, then this server SHOULD
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signal an error and halt processing.
If the other server is in any other state, then the server in RECOVER
state will request an update of missing binding information by send-
ing an UPDREQ message. If the server has been instructed (through
configuration or other external agency) that it has lost its stable
storage, it MUST send an UPDREQALL message, otherwise it MUST send an
UPDREQ message.
It will wait for an UPDDONE message, and upon receipt of that message
it will start a timer whose expiration is set to a time equal to the
time the server went down (if known) or the current time (if the
down-time is unknown) plus the maximum-client-lead-time. When this
timer goes off, the server will transition into RECOVER-DONE state.
This is to allow any IP addresses that were allocated by this server
prior to loss of its client binding information in stable storage to
contact the other server or to time out.
See Figure 9.5.2-1.
DISCUSSION:
The actual requirement on this wait period in RECOVER is that it
start when the recovering server went down, not necessarily when
it came back up. If the time when the recovering server failed is
known, then it could be communicated to the recovering server, and
the wait period could be reduced to the maximum-client-lead-time
less the difference between the current time and the time the
server failed. In this way, the waiting period could be minimized.
If an UPDDONE message isn't received within an implementation depen-
dent amount of time, and no BNDUPD message are being received, then
the UPDREQ(ALL) message will be re-transmitted.
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A B
Server Server
| |
RECOVER PARTNER-DOWN
| |
| >--UPDREQ--------------------> |
| |
| <---------------------BNDUPD--< |
| >--BNDACK--------------------> |
... ...
| |
| <---------------------BNDUPD--< |
| >--BNDACK--------------------> |
| |
| <--------------------UPDDONE--< |
| |
Wait MCLT from last known |
time of operation |
| |
RECOVER-DONE |
| |
| >--STATE-(RECOVER-DONE)------> |
| NORMAL
| <-------------(NORMAL)-STATE--< |
NORMAL |
| |
| |
Figure 9.5.2-1: Transition out of RECOVER state
9.6. NORMAL state
NORMAL state is the state used by a server when it can communicate
with the other server.
9.6.1. Upon Entry to NORMAL state
When entering NORMAL state, a server will send to the other server
all currently unacknowledged binding updates as BNDUPD messages.
When the above process is complete, if the server entering NORMAL
state is a secondary server, then it will request IP addresses for
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allocation using the POOLREQ message.
9.6.2. Processing DHCP client requests and load balancing
When in NORMAL state, each server MUST process all requests from some
DHCP clients, and MUST NOT process any request other than a
DHCPREQUEST/RENEWAL or a DHCPREQUEST/REBINDING request from some
other DHCP clients. The load balancing algorithm determines into
which set a particular DHCP client falls.
As discussed in section 5.3, each server will take the client-
identifier from each DHCP client request (or the htype concatenated
to the front of the chaddr if no client-identifier is present in the
request), and hash it with the algorithm given in section 12. The
results of this hash algorithm yields a number between 0 and 255.
This number is used to index into the bit array received by a server
in the hash-bucket-assignment option (if the server is a secondary),
or into the inverse of the bit array sent to the secondary in the
hash-bucket-assignment option if the server is a primary.
If the bit found from this indexing process is a 1 bit, then the
server MUST process this DHCP request.
In NORMAL state, a server MUST processes every DHCPREQUEST/RENEWAL or
DHCPREQUEST/REBINDING request it receives.
9.6.3. Operation in NORMAL state
When in NORMAL state, for every DHCP client request that it
processes, as determined by the algorithm described in section 9.6.2,
above, a server will operate in the following manner:
o Lease time calculations
As discussed in section 5.2.1, "Control of lease time", the
lease interval given to a DHCP client can never be more than the
MCLT greater than the most recently received potential-
expiration-time from the failover partner or the current time,
whichever is later.
As long as a server adheres to this constraint, the specifics of
the lease interval that it gives to a DHCP client or the value
of the potential-expiration-time sent to its failover partner
are implementation dependent. One possible approach is dis-
cussed in section 5.2.1, but that particular approach is in no
way required by this protocol.
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o Lazy update of partner server
After an ACK of a IP address binding, the server servicing a
DHCP client request attempts to update its partner with the new
binding information. The lease time used in the update of the
secondary MUST be at that given to the DHCP client in the
DHCPACK, and the potential-expiration-time MUST be at least the
lease time, and SHOULD be longer.
o Reallocation of IP addresses between clients
Whenever a client binding is released or expires, a BNDUPD mes-
sage must be sent to partner, setting the binding state to
RELEASED or EXPIRED. However, until a BNDACK is received for
this message, the IP address cannot be allocated to another
client. It can be allocated to the same client again.
In normal state, the each server receives binding updates from its
partner server in BNDUPD messages. It records these in its client
binding database in stable storage and then sends a corresponding
BNDACK message to the primary server. It MUST ensure that the infor-
mation is recorded in stable storage prior to sending the BNDACK mes-
sage back to the primary server.
9.6.4. Transitions out of NORMAL state
If an external command is received by a server in NORMAL state
informing it that its partner is down, then transition into PARTNER-
DOWN state.
If a server in NORMAL state fails to receive acks to messages sent to
its partner for an implementation dependent period of time, it MAY
move into COMMUNICATIONS-INTERRUPTED state. This situation might
occur if the partner server was capable of maintaining the TCP con-
nection between the server and also capable of sending a CONTACT mes-
sage every tSend seconds, but was (for some reason) incapable of pro-
cessing BNDUPD messages.
If the communications is determined to not be "ok" (as defined in
section 8), then transition into COMMUNICATIONS-INTERRUPTED state.
If a server in NORMAL state receives any messages from its partner
where the partner has changed state from that expected by the server
in NORMAL state, then the server should transition into
COMMUNICATIONS-INTERRUPTED state and take the appropriate state tran-
sition from there. For example, it would be expected for the partner
to transition from POTENTIAL-CONFLICT into NORMAL state, but not for
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the partner to transition from NORMAL into POTENTIAL-CONFLICT state.
9.7. COMMUNICATIONS-INTERRUPTED State
A server goes into COMMUNICATIONS-INTERRUPTED state whenever it is
unable to communicate with the other server. Primary and secondary
servers cycle automatically (without administrative intervention)
between NORMAL and COMMUNICATIONS-INTERRUPTED state as the network
connection between them fails and recovers, or as the partner server
cycles between operational and non-operational. No duplicate IP
address allocation can occur while the servers cycle between these
states.
9.7.1. Upon Entry to COMMUNICATIONS-INTERRUPTED state
When a server enters COMMUNICATIONS-INTERRUPTED state, if it has been
configured to support an automatic transition out of COMMUNICATIONS-
INTERRUPTED state and into PARTNER-DOWN state (i.e., a "safe period"
has been configured, see section 10), then a timer MUST be started
for a the length of the configured safe period.
A server transitioning into the COMMUNICATIONS-INTERRUPTED state from
the NORMAL state SHOULD raise some alarm condition to alert adminis-
trative staff to a potential problem in the DHCP subsystem.
9.7.2. Operation in COMMUNICATIONS-INTERRUPTED State
In this state a server MUST respond to all DHCP client requests, and
the algorithm for load balancing described in section 5.3 MUST NOT be
used. When allocating new IP addresses, each server allocates from
its own IP address pool, where the primary MUST allocate only FREE IP
addresses, and the secondary MUST allocate only BACKUP IP addresses.
When responding to renewal requests, each server will allow continued
renewal of a DHCP client's current lease on an IP address irrespec-
tive of whether that lease was given out by the receiving server or
not, although the renewal period MUST not exceed the maximum client
lead time (MCLT) beyond the potential-expiration-time already ack-
nowledged by the other server or the lease-expiration-time or
potential-expiration-time received from the partner server.
However, since the server cannot communicate with its partner in this
state, the acknowledged-potential-expiration time will not be updated
in any new bindings. This is likely to eventually cause the actual-
client-lease-times to be the current-time plus the maximum-client-
lead-time (unless this is greater than the desired-client-lease-
time).
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9.7.3. Transition out of COMMUNICATIONS-INTERRUPTED State
If the safe period timer expires while a server is in the
COMMUNICATIONS-INTERRUPTED state, it will transition immediately into
PARTNER-DOWN state.
If an external command is received by a server in COMMUNICATIONS-
INTERRUPTED state informing it that its partner is down, it will
transition immediately into PARTNER-DOWN state.
If communications is restored with the other server, then the server
in COMMUNICATIONS-INTERRUPTED state will transition into another
state based on the state of the partner:
o partner in NORMAL or COMMUNICATIONS-INTERRUPTED
Transition into the NORMAL state.
o partner in RECOVER
Stay in COMMUNICATIONS-INTERRUPTED state.
o partner in RECOVER-DONE
Transition into NORMAL state.
o partner in PARTNER-DOWN or POTENTIAL-CONFLICT
Transition into POTENTIAL-CONFLICT state.
o partner in PAUSED
Stay in COMMUNICATIONS-INTERRUPTED state.
o partner in SHUTDOWN
Transition into PARTNER-DOWN state.
The following figure illustrates the transition from NORMAL to
COMMUNICATIONS-INTERRUPTED state and then back to NORMAL state again.
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Primary Secondary
Server Server
NORMAL NORMAL
| >--CONTACT-------------------> |
| <--------------------CONTACT--< |
| [TCP connection broken] |
COMMUNICATIONS : COMMUNICATIONS
INTERRUPTED : INTERRUPTED
| [attempt new TCP connection] |
| [connection succeeds] |
| |
| >--CONNECT-------------------> |
| <-----------------CONNECTACK--< |
| <-------------------STATE-----< |
| NORMAL
| >--STATE---------------------> |
NORMAL |
| >--BNDUPD--------------------> |
| <---------------------BNDACK--< |
| |
| <---------------------BNDUPD--< |
| >------BNDACK----------------> |
... ...
| |
| <--------------------POOLREQ--< |
| >--POOLRESP-(2)--------------> |
| |
| >--BNDUPD-(#1)---------------> |
| <---------------------BNDACK--< |
| |
| <--------------------POOLREQ--< |
| >--POOLRESP-(0)--------------> |
| |
| >--BNDUPD-(#2)---------------> |
| <---------------------BNDACK--< |
| |
Figure 9.7.3-1: Transition from NORMAL to COMMUNICATIONS-
INTERRUPTED and back (example with 2
addresses allocated to secondary)
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9.8. POTENTIAL-CONFLICT state
This state indicates that the two servers are attempting to re-
integrate with each other, but at least one of them was running in a
state that did not guarantee automatic reintegration would be
possible. In POTENTIAL-CONFLICT state the servers may determine that
the same IP address has been offered and accepted by two different
DHCP clients.
It is a goal of this protocol to minimize the possibility that
POTENTIAL-CONFLICT state is ever entered.
9.8.1. Upon Entry to POTENTIAL-CONFLICT
When a primary server enters POTENTIAL-CONFLICT state it should
request that the secondary send it all updates of which it is
currently unaware by sending an UPDREQ message to the secondary
server.
A secondary server entering POTENTIAL-CONFLICT state will wait for
the primary to send it an UPDREQ message.
9.8.2. Operation in POTENTIAL-CONFLICT state
Any server in POTENTIAL-CONFLICT state MUST NOT process any incoming
DHCP requests.
9.8.3. Transitions out of POTENTIAL-CONFLICT state
If communications fails with the partner while in POTENTIAL-CONFLICT
state, then a primary server will transition to PARTNER-DOWN state
and a secondary server will stay in POTENTIAL-CONFLICT state.
Whenever either server receives an UPDDONE message from its partner
while in POTENTIAL-CONFLICT state, it MUST transition to NORMAL
state. This will cause the primary server to leave POTENTIAL-
CONFLICT state prior to the secondary, since the primary sends an
UPDREQ message and receives an UPDDONE before the secondary sends an
UPDREQ message and receives its UPDDONE message.
When a secondary server receives an indication that the primary
server has transitioned from POTENTIAL-CONFLICT to NORMAL state, it
SHOULD send an UPDREQ message to the primary server.
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Primary Secondary
Server Server
| |
POTENTIAL-CONFLICT POTENTIAL-CONFLICT
| |
| >--UPDREQ--------------------> |
| |
| <---------------------BNDUPD--< |
| >--BNDACK--------------------> |
... ...
| |
| <---------------------BNDUPD--< |
| >--BNDACK--------------------> |
| |
| <--------------------UPDDONE--< |
NORMAL |
| >--STATE--(NORMAL)-----------> |
| <---------------------UPDREQ--< |
| |
| >--BNDUPD--------------------> |
| <---------------------BNDACK--< |
... ...
| >--BNDUPD--------------------> |
| <---------------------BNDACK--< |
| |
| >--UPDDONE-------------------> |
| NORMAL
| |
| <--------------------POOLREQ--< |
| >------POOLRESP-(?)----------> |
| |
Figure 9.8.3-1: Transition out of POTENTIAL-CONFLICT
9.9. RECOVER-DONE state
This state exists to allow an interlocked transition for one server
from RECOVER state and another server from PARTNER-DOWN or
COMMUNICATIONS-INTERRUPTED state into NORMAL state.
9.9.1. Operation in RECOVER-DOWN state
A server in RECOVER-DONE state MUST respond only to
DHCPREQUEST/RENEWAL and DHCPREQUEST/REBINDING DHCP messages.
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9.9.2. Transitions out of RECOVER-DONE state
When a server in RECOVER-DONE state determines that its partner
server has entered NORMAL state, then it will transition into NORMAL
state as well.
9.10. PAUSED state
This state exists to allow one server to inform another that it will
be out of service for what is predicted to be a relatively short
time, and to allow the other server to transition to COMMUNICATIONS-
INTERRUPTED state immediately and to begin servicing all DHCP clients
with no interruption in service to new DHCP clients.
A server which is aware that it is shutting down temporarily SHOULD
send a STATE message with the server-state option containing PAUSED
state.
While a server may or may not transition internally into PAUSED
state, the 'previous' state determined when it is restarted MUST be
the state the server was in prior to receiving the command to shut-
down and restart and which precedes its entry into the PAUSED state.
See section 9.3.2 concerning the use of the previous state upon
server restart.
9.10.1. Upon entry to PAUSED state
When entering PAUSED state, the server MUST store the previous state
in stable storage, and use that state as the previous state when it
is restarted.
9.10.2. Transitions out of PAUSED state
A server transitions out of PAUSED state by being restarted. At that
time, the previous state MUST be the state the server was in prior to
entering the PAUSED state.
9.11. SHUTDOWN state
This state exists to allow one server to inform another that it will
be out of service for what is predicted to be a relatively long time,
and to allow the other server to transition immediately to PARTNER-
DOWN state, and take over completely for the server going down.
A server which is aware that it is shutting down SHOULD send a STATE
message with the server-state field containing SHUTDOWN.
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While a server may or may not transition internally into SHUTDOWN
state, the 'previous' state determined when it is restarted MUST be
the state active prior to the command to shutdown. See section 9.3.2
concerning the use of the previous state upon server restart.
9.11.1. Upon entry to SHUTDOWN state
When entering SHUTDOWN state, the server MUST record the previous
state in stable storage for use when the server is restarted. It
also MUST record the current time as the last time operational.
A server which is aware that it is shutting down SHOULD send a STATE
message with the server-state field containing SHUTDOWN.
9.11.2. Operation in SHUTDOWN state
A server in SHUTDOWN state MUST NOT respond to any DHCP client input.
If a server receives any message indicating that the partner has
moved to PARTNER-DOWN state while it is in SHUTDOWN state then it
MUST record RECOVER state as the previous state to be used when it is
restarted.
A server SHOULD wait for a few seconds after informing the partner of
entry into SHUTDOWN state (if communications are okay) to determine
if it will enter PARTNER-DOWN state.
9.11.3. Transitions out of SHUTDOWN state
A server transitions out of SHUTDOWN state by being restarted.
10. Safe Period
Due to the restrictions imposed on each server while in
COMMUNICATIONS-INTERRUPTED state, long-term operation in this state
is not feasible for either server. One reason that these states
exist at all, is to allow the servers to easily survive transient
network communications failures of a few minutes to a few days
(although the actual time periods will depend a great deal on the
DHCP activity of the network in terms of arrival and departure of
DHCP clients on the network).
Eventually, when the servers are unable to communicate, they will
have to move into a state where they no longer can re-integrate
without the some possibility of a duplicate IP address allocation.
There are two ways that they can move into this state (known as
PARTNER-DOWN).
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They can either be informed by external command that, indeed, the
partner server is down. In this case, there is no difficulty in mov-
ing into the PARTNER-DOWN state since it is an accurate reflection of
reality and the protocol has been designed to operate correctly (even
during reintegration) if, when in PARTNER-DOWN state the partner is,
indeed, down.
The more difficult scenario is when the servers are running unat-
tended for extended periods, and in this case an option is provided
to configure something called a "safe-period" into each server. This
OPTIONAL safe-period is the period after which either the primary or
secondary server will automatically transition to PARTNER-DOWN from
COMMUNICATIONS-INTERRUPTED state. If this transition is completed
and the partner is not down, then the possibility of duplicate IP
address allocations will exist.
The goal of the "safe-period" is to allow network operations staff
some time to react to a server moving into COMMUNICATIONS-INTERRUPTED
state. During the safe-period the only requirement is that the net-
work operations staff determine if both servers are still running --
and if they are, to either fix the network communications failure
between them, or to take one of the servers down before the expira-
tion of the safe-period.
The length of the safe-period is installation dependent, and depends
in large part on the number of unallocated IP addresses within the
subnet address pool and the expected frequency of arrival of previ-
ously unknown DHCP clients requiring IP addresses. Many environments
should be able to support safe-periods of several days.
During this safe period, either server will allow renewals from any
existing client. The only limitation concerns the need for IP
addresses for the DHCP server to hand out to new DHCP clients and the
need to re-allocate IP addresses to different DHCP clients.
The number of "extra" IP addresses required is equal to the expected
total number of new DHCP clients encountered during the safe period.
This is dependent only on the arrival rate of new DHCP clients, not
the total number of outstanding leases on IP addresses.
In the unlikely event that a relatively short safe period of an hour
is all that can be used (given a dearth of IP addresses or a very
high arrival rate of new DHCP clients), even that can provide sub-
stantial benefits in allowing the DHCP subsystem to ride through
minor problems that could occur and be fixed within that hour. In
these cases, no possibility of duplicate IP address allocation
exists, and re-integration after the failure is solved will be
automatic and require no operator intervention.
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11. Security
It is very desirable to assure the integrity of failover partners and
to thus ensure proper operation of the servers. For example, denial
of service attacks are possible by the communication of invalid state
information to both servers.
The Failover protocol MAY be secured either by using a simple shared
secret message digest which covers each message or by using TLS [TLS]
(Transport Layer Security).
11.1. Simple shared secret
A simple shared secret message digest MAY be used to cover each mes-
sage. Since there are a number of configuration parameters that must
already be the same on each server in a pair, it is not unreasonable
to require a shared secret to be configured as well.
Only information within the packet and covered by the message digest
is used for operation of the protocol. It is for this reason that the
IP address of the sending server is sent in the sending-server-IP-
address option of the CONNECT and CONNECTACK messages.
This message digest is placed in the message-digest option. The dig-
est covers the message prior to the inclusion of the message-digest
option.
11.2. TLS
TLS, Transport Layer Security, as specified in [TLS] MAY be used. The
use of TLS would be similar to the way it is used with SMTP [SMTPTLS]
and IMAP/POP3/ACAP [IPAMTLS].
To request the use TLS, the server that successfully opened a connec-
tion to its peer MUST send the TLS option as part of the CONNECT mes-
sage. The server receiving the TLS option MUST respond with a TLS-
reply option indicating its acceptace or rejection of the TLS-request
in the CONNECT message.
If the CONNECTACK message contained a TLS-reply of 1 , then both
servers begin TLS negotiation.
Upon completion of this negotiation, the server which originally sent
the CONNECT message MUST resent its CONNECT message without any TLS-
request, and must wait for a corresponding CONNECTACK.
Implementation of the TLS_DHE_DSS_WITH_3DES_EDE_CBC_SHA [TLS] cipher
suite is REQUIRED in Failover servers supporting TLS. This is
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important as it assures that any two compliant implementations can be
configured to interoperate.
12. Hash algorithm for load balancing
The following hash function is an implementation of the algorithm known
as "Pearson's hash". The Pearson's hash algorithm was originally pub-
lished in the Communications of the ACM Vol.33, No. 6 (June 1990), pp.
677-680. The author, Peter K. Pearson, has kindly granted his permis-
sion to use this algorithm, free of any encumbrances.
To make Primary-backup load balancing possible , both servers MUST use
the same hash function.
/* A "mixing table" of 256 distinct values, in pseudo-random order. */
unsigned char failover_hash_mx_tbl[256] =
{
251, 175, 119, 215, 81, 14, 79, 191, 103, 49,
181, 143, 186, 157, 0, 232, 31, 32, 55, 60,
152, 58, 17, 237, 174, 70, 160, 144, 220, 90,
57, 223, 59, 3, 18, 140, 111, 166, 203, 196,
134, 243, 124, 95, 222, 179, 197, 65, 180, 48,
36, 15, 107, 46, 233, 130, 165, 30, 123, 161,
209, 23, 97, 16, 40, 91, 219, 61, 100, 10,
210, 109, 250, 127, 22, 138, 29, 108, 244, 67,
207, 9, 178, 204, 74, 98, 126, 249, 167, 116,
34, 77, 193, 200, 121, 5, 20, 113, 71, 35,
128, 13, 182, 94, 25, 226, 227, 199, 75, 27,
41, 245, 230, 224, 43, 225, 177, 26, 155, 150,
212, 142, 218, 115, 241, 73, 88, 105, 39, 114,
62, 255, 192, 201, 145, 214, 168, 158, 221, 148,
154, 122, 12, 84, 82, 163, 44, 139, 228, 236,
205, 242, 217, 11, 187, 146, 159, 64, 86, 239,
195, 42, 106, 198, 118, 112, 184, 172, 87, 2,
173, 117, 176, 229, 247, 253, 137, 185, 99, 164,
102, 147, 45, 66, 231, 52, 141, 211, 194, 206,
246, 238, 56, 110, 78, 248, 63, 240, 189, 93,
92, 51, 53, 183, 19, 171, 72, 50, 33, 104,
101, 69, 8, 252, 83, 120, 76, 135, 85, 54,
202, 125, 188, 213, 96, 235, 136, 208, 162, 129,
190, 132, 156, 38, 47, 1, 7, 254, 24, 4,
216, 131, 89, 21, 28, 133, 37, 153, 149, 80,
170, 68, 6, 169, 234, 151
};
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unsigned char failover_p_hash(
unsigned char *key, /* The key to be hashed (e.g., MAC address)
*/
int len /* Length of key in bytes */ )
{
unsigned char hash = len;
int i;
for( i=len ; i > 0 ; )
{
hash = failover_p_mx_tbl [ hash ^ key[ --i ] ];
}
return( hash );
}
13. Acknowledgments
Ralph Droms started it all, by sketching out an initial interserver
draft that embodied ideas from several past IETF meetings. In that
draft, he acknowledged contributions by Jeff Mogul, Greg Minshall,
Rob Stevens, Walt Wimer, Ted Lemon, and the DHC working group.
Kim Kinnear and Bob Cole each extended that draft, separately and
then together, until they created an interserver draft that supported
any number of servers. The complexity of that approach was just too
great, and that draft wasn't greeted with enthusiasm by many, includ-
ing its authors.
It did however lead to a much simpler approach embodied in the first
Failover draft by Greg Rabil, Mike Dooley, Arun Kapur and Ralph
Droms. This draft posited only two servers -- a primary and a secon-
dary.
Kim Kinnear then wrote the Safe Failover draft to layer on top of the
Failover Draft and increase its robustness in the face of certain
rare network failures.
At the spring 1998 IETF meeting in LA, the DHC working group said
that they wanted a merged Failover and Safe Failover draft. Steve
Gonczi and Bernie Volz stepped up and produced the raw material for
such a merged draft, along with a new message format designed around
DHCP options and other extensions and clarifications. Kim Kinnear
edited their work into draft format and made other changes in time
for the Summer Chicago IETF meeting.
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During the summer and fall of 1998, two groups worked on separate
implementations of the UDP failover draft. Bernie Volz and Steve
Gonczi constituted one group, and Kim Kinnear, Mark Stapp and Paul
Fox made up the other. These two groups worked together to produce
considerable changes and simplifications of the protocol during that
period, and Steve Gonczi and Kim Kinnear edited those changes into
-03 draft in time for submission to the December 1998 Orlando IETF
meeting.
In February of 1999 Kim Kinnear and Mark Stapp hosted a meeting on
people interested in the failover draft. During that meeting a gen-
eral agreement was reached to recast the failover protocol to use TCP
instead of UDP. In addition, the group together brainstormed a work-
able load-balancing technique. Kim Kinnear volunteered to rewrite
the entire draft to include the changes made at that meeting as well
as to restructure the draft along guidelines suggested by Thomas Nar-
ten. The current draft represents the results of that effort.
The initial idea for a hash-based load balancing approach was offered
by Ted Lemon, and the determination of an algorithm and its integra-
tion into the draft was done by Steve Gonczi. The security section
was spearheaded by Bernie Volz. Both contributed considerably to the
ideas and text in the rest of the draft with several reviews.
These most recent changes have been widely circulated among the other
authors, but that does not preclude any of them from expressing
disagreement with what is contained in this draft at any future time.
Many people have reviewed the various earlier drafts that went into
this result. At American Internet, ideas were contributed by Brad
Parker. At Cisco Systems, Paul Fox, and Ellen Garvey have contri-
buted greatly to the form of the protocol.
Glenn Waters of Bay Networks contributed ideas and enthusiasm to make
a Failover protocol that was both "safe" and "lazy".
Many thanks to Peter K. Pearson, the author of Pearson's hash who has
kindly granted his permission to use this algorithm, for DHCP load
balancing, free of any encumbrances.
14. References
[RFC 2131] Droms, R., "Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol", RFC
2131, March 1997.
[RFC 2119] Bradner, S. "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
Droms, et. al. Expires December 1999 [Page 97]
Internet Draft DHCP Failover Protocol June 1999
Requirement Levels", RFC 2119.
[RFC 2132] Alexander, S., Droms, R., "DHCP Options and BOOTP Vendor
Extensions", Internet RFC 2132, March 1997.
[TLS] Dierks, T., "The TLS Protocol, Version 1.0", RFC 2246, January
1999.
[SMTPTLS] Hoffman, P., "SMTP Service Extension for Secure SMTP over
TLS", RFC 2487, January 1999.
[IMAPTLS] Newman, C., "Using TLS with IMAP, POP3, and ACAP", RFC
2595, June 1999.
[NAMESPACE] Carney, M., "draft-ietf-dhc-option_review_and_namespace-
00.txt", June 1999.
[DDNS] Rekhter, Y., Stapp, M., "draft-ietf-dhc-dhcp-dns-10.txt",
June, 1999.
15. Author's information
Ralph Droms
323 Dana Engineering
Bucknell University
Lewisburg, PA 17837
Phone: (717) 524-1145
EMail: droms@bucknell.edu
Greg Rabil, Mike Dooley, Arun Kapur
Lucent Technologies (Quadritek)
10 Valley Stream Parkway, Suite 240
Malvern, PA 19355
Phone: (800) 208-2747
EMail: grabil@lucent.com
mdooley@lucent.com
akapur@lucent.com
Kim Kinnear
Mark Stapp
Cisco Systems
250 Apollo Drive
Chelmsford, MA 01824
Droms, et. al. Expires December 1999 [Page 98]
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Phone: (978) 244-8000
EMail: kkinnear@cisco.com
mjs@cisco.com
Bernie Volz
Steve Gonczi
Process Software Corporation
959 Concord St.
Framingham, MA 01701
Phone: (508) 879-6994
EMail: volz@process.com
gonczi@process.com
16. Full Copyright Statement
Copyright (C) The Internet Society (1999). All Rights Reserved.
This document and translations of it may be copied and furnished to oth-
ers, and derivative works that comment on or otherwise explain it or
assist in its implementation may be prepared, copied, published and dis-
tributed, in whole or in part, without restriction of any kind, provided
that the above copyright notice and this paragraph are included on all
such copies and derivative works. However, this document itself may not
be modified in any way, such as by removing the copyright notice or
references to the Internet Society or other Internet organizations,
except as needed for the purpose of developing Internet standards in
which case the procedures for copyrights defined in the Internet Stan-
dards process must be followed, or as required to translate it into
languages other than English.
The limited permissions granted above are perpetual and will not be
revoked by the Internet Society or its successors or assigns.
This document and the information contained herein is provided on an "AS
IS" basis and THE INTERNET SOCIETY AND THE INTERNET ENGINEERING TASK
FORCE DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT
LIMITED TO ANY WARRANTY THAT THE USE OF THE INFORMATION HEREIN WILL NOT
INFRINGE ANY RIGHTS OR ANY IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FIT-
NESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.
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Open Issues
These issues need to be resolved:
1. We need to deal with the option space, and the procedures for
managing it. Probably IANA.
2. Figure out a better way to identify vendors. How about an
SNMP Enterprise MIB value?
3. Need more clarity in the conflict resolution section, probably
backed up by real implementation experience. Learned a lot
from the UDP implementation and experience with it in the real
world, and need equivalent learning from a TCP implementation
with no messages out of order or lost.
Droms, et. al. Expires December 1999 [Page 100]
