Network Working Group J. Bournelle
Internet-Draft L. Morand
Intended status: Standards Track Orange Labs
Expires: November 5, 2011 S. Decugis
Free Diameter
Q. Wu
Huawei
G. Zorn
Network Zen
May 4, 2011
Diameter support for EAP Re-authentication Protocol (ERP)
draft-ietf-dime-erp-06.txt
Abstract
The EAP Re-authentication Protocol (ERP) defines extensions to the
Extensible Authentication Protocol (EAP) to support efficient re-
authentication between the peer and an EAP Re-authentication (ER)
server through a compatible authenticator. This document specifies
Diameter support for ERP. It defines a new Diameter ERP application
to transport ERP messages between an ER authenticator and the ER
server, and a set of new AVPs that can be used to transport the
cryptographic material needed by the re-authentication server.
Status of This Memo
This Internet-Draft is submitted in full conformance with the
provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79.
Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering
Task Force (IETF). Note that other groups may also distribute
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Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months
and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any
time. It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference
material or to cite them other than as "work in progress."
This Internet-Draft will expire on November 5, 2011.
Copyright Notice
Copyright (c) 2011 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the
document authors. All rights reserved.
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Table of Contents
1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
2. Terminology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
2.1. Requirements Language . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
3. Assumptions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
4. Protocol Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
5. Bootstrapping the ER Server . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
5.1. Bootstrapping During the Initial EAP authentication . . . 6
5.2. Bootstrapping During the First Re-authentication . . . . . 7
6. Re-Authentication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
7. Application Id . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
8. AVPs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
8.1. ERP-RK-Request AVP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
8.2. ERP-Realm AVP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
8.3. Key AVP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
8.3.1. Key-Type AVP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
8.3.2. Keying-Material AVP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
8.3.3. Key-Name AVP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
8.3.4. Key-Lifetime AVP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
9. Open issues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
10. Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
11. IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
11.1. Diameter Application Identifier . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
11.2. New AVPs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
12. Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
13. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
13.1. Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
13.2. Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
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1. Introduction
RFC5296 [RFC5296] defines the EAP Re-authentication Protocol (ERP).
It consists of the following steps:
Bootstrapping
A root key for re-authentication is derived from the Extended
Master Session Key (EMSK) created during EAP authentication
[RFC5295]. This root key is transported from the EAP server to
the ER server.
Re-authentication
A one-round-trip exchange between the peer and the ER server,
resulting in mutual authentication. To support the EAP
reauthentication functionality, ERP defines two new EAP codes -
EAP-Initiate and EAP-Finish.
This document defines how Diameter transports the ERP messages during
the re-authentication process. For this purpose, we define a new
Application Identifier for ERP, and re-use the Diameter EAP commands
(DER/DEA).
This document also discusses the distribution of the root key during
bootstrapping, in conjunction with either the initial EAP
authentication (implicit bootstrapping) or the first ERP exchange
(explicit bootstrapping). Security considerations for this key
distribution are detailed in RFC 5295 [RFC5295].
2. Terminology
This document uses terminology defined in RFC3748 [RFC3748], RFC5295
[RFC5295], RFC5296 [RFC5296], and RFC4072 [RFC4072].
"Root key" (RK) or "bootstrapping material" refer to the rRK or rDSRK
derived from an EMSK, depending on the location of the ER server in
home or foreign domain.
We use the notation "ERP/DER" and "ERP/DEA" in this document to refer
to Diameter-EAP-Request and Diameter-EAP-Answer commands with the
Application Id set to "Diameter ERP Application" Section 11.1; the
same commands are denoted "EAP/DER" and "EAP/DEA" when the
Application Id in the message is set to "Diameter EAP Application"
[RFC4072].
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2.1. Requirements Language
The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
"SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this
document are to be interpreted as described in [RFC2119].
3. Assumptions
This document assumes the existence of at most one logical ER server
entity in a domain. If several physical servers are deployed for
robustness, a replication mechanism must be deployed to synchronize
the ERP states (root keys) between these servers. This replication
mechanism is out of the scope of this document. If multiple ER
servers are deployed in the domain, we assume that they can be used
interchangeably.
4. Protocol Overview
The following figure shows the components involved in ERP, and their
interactions.
Diameter +--------+
+-------------+ ERP +-----------+ (*) | Home |
Peer <->|Authenticator|<=======>| ER server | <---> | EAP |
+-------------+ +-----------+ | server |
+--------+
(*) Diameter EAP application, explicit bootstrapping scenario only.
Figure 1. Diameter ERP Overview.
The ER server is located either in the home domain (same as EAP
server) or in the visited domain (same as authenticator, when it
differs from the home domain).
When the peer initiates an ERP exchange, the authenticator creates a
Diameter-EAP-Request message [RFC4072]. The Application Id of the
message is set to that of the Diameter ERP application (code: TBD) in
the message. The generation of the ERP/DER message is detailed in
Section 6.
If there is an ER server in the same domain as the authenticator
(local domain), Diameter routing must be configured so that this ERP/
DER message reachs this server, even if the Destination-Realm is not
the local domain.
If there is no local ER server, the message is routed according to
its Destination-Realm AVP content, extracted from the realm component
of the keyName-NAI attribute. As specified in RFC5296 [RFC5296],
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this realm is the home domain of the peer in case of bootstrapping
exchange ('B' flag is set in ERP message) or the domain of the
bootstrapped ER server otherwise .
If no ER server is available in the home domain either, the ERP/DER
message cannot be delivered, and an error DIAMETER_UNABLE_TO_DELIVER
is generated as specified in [RFC3588] and returned to the
authenticator. The authenticator may cache this information (with
limited duration) to avoid further attempts for ERP with this realm.
It may also fallback to full EAP authentication to authenticate the
peer.
When an ER server receives the ERP/DER message, it searches its local
database for a root key matching the keyName part of the User-Name
AVP. If such key is found, the ER server processes the ERP message
as described in [RFC5296] then creates the ERP/DEA answer as
described in Section 6. The rMSK is included in this answer.
Finally, the authenticator extracts the rMSK from the ERP/DEA as
described in RFC5296 [RFC5296], and forwards the content of the EAP-
Payload AVP, the EAP-Finish/Re-Auth message, to the peer.
If the EAP-Initiate/Re-Auth message has its 'B' flag set
(Bootstrapping exchange), the ER server should not possess the root
key in its local database. In this case, the ER server acts as a
proxy, and forwards the message to the home EAP server after changing
its Application Id to Diameter EAP and adding the ERP-RK-Request AVP
to request the root key. See section Section 5 for more detail on
this process.
5. Bootstrapping the ER Server
The bootstrapping process involves the home EAP server and the ER
server, but also impacts the peer and the authenticator. In ERP, the
peer must derive the same keying material as the ER server. To
achieve this, it must learn the domain name of the ER server. How
this information is acquired is outside the scope of this
specification, but it may involves that the authenticator is
configured to advertize this domain name, especially in the case of
re-authentication after a handover.
The bootstrapping of an ER server with a given root key happens
either during the initial EAP authentication of the peer when the
EMSK -- from which the root key is derived -- is created, during the
first re-authentication, or sometime between those events. We only
consider the first two possibilities in this specification, in the
following sub-sections.
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5.1. Bootstrapping During the Initial EAP authentication
Bootstrapping the ER server during the initial EAP authentication
(also known as implicit bootstrapping) offers the advantage that the
server is immediatly available for re-authentication of the peer,
thus minimizing the re-authentication delay. On the other hand, it
is possible that only a small number of peers will use re-
authentication in the visited domain. Deriving and caching key
material for all the peers (for example, for the peers that do not
support ERP) is a waste of resources and should be avoided.
To achieve implicit bootstrapping, the ER server acts as a Diameter
EAP Proxy , and Diameter routing must be configured so that Diameter
EAP application messages are routed through this proxy. The figure
bellow illustrates this mechanism.
ER server &
Authenticator EAP Proxy Home EAP server
============= =========== ===============
------------------------->
Diameter EAP/DER
(EAP-Response)
------------------------->
Diameter EAP/DER
(EAP-Response)
(ERP-RK-Request)
<==================================================>
Multi-round Diameter EAP exchanges, unmodified
<-------------------------
Diameter EAP/DEA
(EAP-Success)
(MSK)
(Key AVP (rRK))
<-------------------------
Diameter EAP/DEA
(EAP-Success)
(MSK)
[ERP-Realm]
Figure 2: ERP Bootstrapping During Full EAP Authentication
The ER server proxies the first DER of the full EAP authentication
and adds the ERP-RK-Request AVP inside, if this AVP is not already in
the message (which might happen if there are several ER servers on
the path), then forwards the request.
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If the EAP server does not support the ERP extensions, it simply
ignores the ERP-RK-Request AVP and continues as specified in RFC 4072
[RFC4072]. If the server supports the ERP extensions, it saves the
value of the ERP-Realm AVP found inside the ERP-RK-Request AVP, and
continues with the EAP authentication. When the authentication
completes, if it is successful and the EAP method has generated an
EMSK, the server MUST derive the rRK as specified in RFC 5296
[RFC5296], using the saved domain name. It then includes the rRK
inside a Key AVP Section 8.3 with the Key-Type AVP set to rRK, before
sending the DEA as usual.
When the ER server proxies a Diameter-EAP-Answer message with a
Session-Id corresponding to a message to which it added an ERP-RK-
Request AVP, and the Result-Code is DIAMETER_SUCCESS, it MUST examine
the message and save and remove any Key AVP Section 8.3 with Key-Type
AVP set to rRK. If the message does not contain such Key AVP, the ER
server may cache the information that ERP is not possible for this
session to avoid possible subsequent attempts. In any case, the
information stored in ER server concerning a session should not have
a lifetime greater than the EMSK for this session.
If the ER server is successfully bootstrapped, it should also add the
ERP-Realm AVP after removing the Key AVP with Key-Type of rRK in the
EAP/DEA message. This ERP-Realm information can be used by the
authenticator to notify the peer that ER server is bootstrapped, and
for which domain. How this information can be transmitted to the
peer is outside the scope of this document. This information needs
to be sent to the peer if both implicit and explicit bootstrapping
mechanisms are possible, because the ERP message and the root key
used for protecting this message are different in bootstrapping
exchanges and non-bootstrapping exchanges.
5.2. Bootstrapping During the First Re-authentication
Bootstrapping the ER server during the first re-authentication (also
known as explicit bootstrapping) is less resource-consuming, since
root keys are generated and cached only when needed. On the other
hand, in that case first re-authentication requires a one-round-trip
exchange with the home EAP server, which is less efficient than the
implicit bootstrapping scenario.
The ER server receives the ERP/DER message containing the EAP-
Initiate/Re-Auth message with the 'B' flag set. It proxies this
message, and performs the following processing in addition to
standard proxy operations:
Changes the Application Id in the header of the message to
Diameter EAP Application (code 5).
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Change the content of Application-Auth-Id accordingly.
QUESTION: Is it better to leave it unmodified, so that the server
can easily differenciate between ERP and standard EAP message?
Add the ERP-RK-Request AVP, which contains the name of the domain
where the ER server is located.
PROBLEM: Add the Destination-Host AVP to reach the appropriate
Diameter EAP server in case there is more than one in destination
domain, the one with the EMSK. How does the ER server know this
information? Or can we require that all Diameter EAP servers can
be used interchangeably for this purpose?
Then the proxied EAP/DER request is sent and routed to the home
Diameter EAP server.
If the home EAP server does not support ERP extensions, it replies
with an error since the encapsulated EAP-Initiate/Re-auth command is
not understood. Otherwise, it processes the ERP request as described
in [RFC5296]. In particular, it includes the Domain- Name TLV
attribute with the content from the ERP-Realm AVP. It creates the
EAP/DEA reply message [RFC4072]. including an instance of the Key AVP
Section 8.3 with Key-Type AVP set to rRK.
The ER server receives this EAP/DEA and proxies it as follows, in
addition to standard proxy operations:
Set the Application Id back to Diameter ERPApplication Id (code
TBD)
Extract and cache the content of the Key AVP with Key-Type set to
rRK, as described in implicit scenario.
The ERP/DEA message is then forwarded to the authenticator, that can
use the rMSK as described in RFC 5296 [RFC5296].
The figure below captures this proxy behavior:
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Authenticator ER server Home EAP server
============= ========= ===============
----------------------->
Diameter ERP/DER
(EAP-Initiate)
------------------------>
Diameter EAP/DER
(EAP-Initiate)
(ERP-RK-Request)
<------------------------
Diameter EAP/DEA
(EAP-Finish)
(Key AVP (rRK))
(Key AVP (rMSK))
<----------------------
Diameter ERP/DEA
(EAP-Finish)
(Key AVP (rMSK))
Figure 3: ERP Explicit Bootstrapping Message Flow
6. Re-Authentication
This section describes in detail a re-authentication exchange with an
ER server that was previously bootstrapped. The following figure
summarizes the re-authentication exchange.
ER server
Peer Authenticator (bootstrapped)
==== ============= ======================
[ <------------------------ ]
[optional EAP-Initiate/Re-auth-start,]
[ possibly with ERP domain name ]
----------------------->
EAP-Initiate/Re-auth
===============================>
Diameter ERP, cmd code DER
User-Name: Keyname-NAI
EAP-Payload: EAP-Initiate/Re-auth
<===============================
Diameter ERP, cmd code DEA
EAP-Payload: EAP-Finish/Re-auth
Key AVP: rMSK
<----------------------
EAP-Finish/Re-auth
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Figure 4: Diameter ERP Re-authentication Exchange
The peer sends an EAP-Initiate/Re-auth message to the ER server via
the authenticator. Alternatively, the authenticator may send an EAP-
Initiate/Re-auth-Start message to the peer to trigger the mechanism.
In this case, the peer responds with an EAP-Initiate/Re-auth message.
If the authenticator does not support ERP (pure Diameter EAP
[RFC4072] support), it discards the EAP packets with an unknown ERP-
specific code (EAP-Initiate). The peer should fallback to full EAP
authentication in this case.
When the authenticator receives an EAP-Initiate/Re-auth message from
the peer, it process as described in [RFC5296] with regards to the
EAP state machine. It creates a Diameter EAP Request message
following the general process of Diameter EAP [RFC4072], with the
following differences:
The Application Id in the header is set to Diameter ERP (code TBD
).
The value in Auth-Application-Id AVP is also set to Diameter ERP
Application.
The keyName-NAI attribute from ERP message is used to create the
content of User-Name AVP and Destination-Realm AVP.
The Auth-Request-Type AVP content is set to [Editor's note: FFS].
The EAP-Payload AVP contains the EAP-Initiate/Re-Auth.
Then this ERP/DER message is sent as described in Section 4.
The ER server receives and processes this request as described in
Section 4. It then creates an ERP/DEA message following the general
processing described in RFC4072 [RFC4072], with the following
differences:
The Application Id in the header is set to Diameter ERP (code
TBD).
The value of the Auth-Application-Id AVP is also set to Diameter
ERP Application.
The EAP-Payload AVP contains the EAP-Finish/Re-auth message.
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In case of successful authentication, an instance of the Key AVP
containing the Re-authentication Master Session Key (rMSK) derived
by ERP is included.
When the authenticator receives this ERP/DEA answer, it processes it
as described in Diameter EAP [RFC4072] and RFC5296 [RFC5296]: the
content of EAP-Payload AVP content is forwarded to the peer, and the
contents of the Keying-Material AVP [I-D.ietf-dime-local-keytran] is
used as a shared secret for Secure Association Protocol.
7. Application Id
We define a new Diameter application in this document, Diameter ERP
Application, with an Application Id value of TBD. Diameter nodes
conforming to this specification in the role of ER server MUST
advertise support by including an Auth-Application-Id AVP with a
value of Diameter ERP Application in the of the Capabilities-
Exchange-Request and Capabilities-Exchange-Answer commands [RFC3588].
The primary use of the Diameter ERP Application Id is to ensure
proper routing of the messages, and that the nodes that advertise the
support for this application do understand the new AVPs defined in
Section 8 , although these AVP have the 'M' flag cleared.
8. AVPs
This section discusses the AVPs used by the Diameter ERP application.
8.1. ERP-RK-Request AVP
The ERP-RK-Request AVP (AVP Code TBD) is of type grouped AVP. This
AVP is used by the ER server to indicate its willingness to act as ER
server for a particular session.
This AVP has the M and V bits cleared.
ERP-RK-Request ::= < AVP Header: TBD >
{ ERP-Realm }
* [ AVP ]
Figure 5: ERP-RK-Request ABNF
8.2. ERP-Realm AVP
The ERP-Realm AVP (AVP Code TBD) is of type DiameterIdentity. It
contains the name of the realm in which the ER server is located.
This AVP has the M and V bits cleared.
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8.3. Key AVP
The Key AVP [I-D.ietf-dime-local-keytran] is of type "Grouped" and is
used to carry the rRK or rMSK and associated attributes. The usage
of the Key AVP and its constituent AVPs in this application is
specified in the following sub-sections.
8.3.1. Key-Type AVP
The value of the Key-Type AVP MUST be set to 2 for rRK or 3 for rMSK.
8.3.2. Keying-Material AVP
The Keying-Material AVP contains rRK sent by the home EAP server to
the ER server, in answer to a request containing an ERP-RK-Request
AVP, or the rMSK sent by ER server to authenticator. How this
material is derived and used is specified in RFC 5296 [RFC5296].
8.3.3. Key-Name AVP
This AVP contains the EMSKname which identifies the keying material.
The derivation of this name is specified in RGC 5296 [RFC5296].
8.3.4. Key-Lifetime AVP
The Key-Lifetime AVP contains the lifetime of the keying material in
seconds. It MUST NOT be greater than the remaining lifetime of the
EMSK from which the material was derived.
9. Open issues
This document does not address some known issues in Diameter ERP
mechanism. The authors would like to hear ideas about how to address
them.
The main issue is the use of ERP for authentication after a handover
of the peer to a new authenticator (or different authenticator port).
Diameter ERP is not meant to be a mobility application. A number of
issues appear when we try to do handover while using Diameter ERP:
how to manage the Session-Id AVP -- is it a new session each time,
or do we try to reuse the same Diameter session?;
how does the ER authenticator acquire the Authorization AVPs? Is
it cached in the Diameter ER server (received during
bootstrapping) or do we use first Authenticate-Only with ER
server, then Authorize-Only with home domain (and in that case how
does the ER authenticator learn what the home domain is?)
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how does the peer learn the ERP domain of the new authenticator --
this is being addressed in HOKEY architecture draft;
how does the home server reachs the peer to for example terminate
the session if there is no notification sent to the home domain;
Another issue concerns the case where the home realm contains several
EAP servers. In multi rounds full EAP authentication, the
Destination-Host AVP provides the solution to reach the same server
across the exchanges. Only this server possess the EMSK for the
session. In case of explicit bootstrapping, the ER server must
therefore be able to reach the correct server to request the DSRK. A
solution might consist in saving the Origin-Host AVP of all
successful EAP/DEA in the ER server, which is a bit similar to the
implicit bootstrapping scenario described here -- only we save the
server name instead of the root key, and we must then be able to
match the DSRK with the user name.
In roaming environments, it might be useful that a broker provides
ERP services. The security implications of storing the DSRK
generated for the visited domain into the broker's server should be
studied.
Finally, this document currently lacks a description of what happens
when a Re-Auth-Request is received for a peer on the authenticator.
10. Acknowledgements
Hannes Tschofenig wrote the initial draft for this document and
provided useful reviews.
Vidya Narayanan reviewed a rough draft version of the document and
found some errors.
Lakshminath Dondeti contributed to the early versions of the
document.
Many thanks to these people!
11. IANA Considerations
This document requires IANA registration of the following new
elements in the Authentication, Authorization, and Accounting (AAA)
Parameters [1] registries.
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11.1. Diameter Application Identifier
This specification requires IANA to allocate a new value "Diameter
ERP" in the "Application IDs" registry using the policy specified in
Section 11.3 of RFC 3588 [RFC3588].
11.2. New AVPs
This specification requires IANA to allocate new values from the "AVP
Codes" registry according to the policy specified in Section 11.1 of
RFC 3588 [RFC3588] for the following AVPs:
ERP-RK-Request
ERP-Realm
These AVPs are defined in Section 8.
12. Security Considerations
The security considerations from the following documents apply here:
o RFC3588 [RFC3588]
o RFC4072 [RFC4072]
o RFC5247 [RFC5247]
o RFC5295 [RFC5295]
o RFC5296 [RFC5296]
FFS: Do we really respect these security considerations with the
mechanism we describe here? Is it safe to use ERP-RK-Request & Key
AVPs? What is the worst case? For example if a domain tricks the
peer into beliving it is located in a different domain?
EAP channel bindings may be necessary to ensure that the Diameter
client and the server are in sync regarding the key Requesting
Entity's Identity. Specifically, the Requesting Entity advertises
its identity through the EAP lower layer, and the user or the EAP
peer communicates that identity to the EAP server (and the EAP server
communicates that identity to the Diameter server) via the EAP method
for user/peer to server verification of the Requesting Entity's
Identity.
QUESTION: What does this paragraph actually mean?
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13. References
13.1. Normative References
[I-D.ietf-dime-local-keytran] Wu, Q., Zorn, G., and V. Cakulev,
"Diameter support for local key
transport protocol between local
server and home AAA server",
draft-ietf-dime-local-keytran-09 (work
in progress), April 2011.
[RFC2119] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in
RFCs to Indicate Requirement Levels",
BCP 14, RFC 2119, March 1997.
[RFC3588] Calhoun, P., Loughney, J., Guttman,
E., Zorn, G., and J. Arkko, "Diameter
Base Protocol", RFC 3588,
September 2003.
[RFC3748] Aboba, B., Blunk, L., Vollbrecht, J.,
Carlson, J., and H. Levkowetz,
"Extensible Authentication Protocol
(EAP)", RFC 3748, June 2004.
[RFC4072] Eronen, P., Hiller, T., and G. Zorn,
"Diameter Extensible Authentication
Protocol (EAP) Application", RFC 4072,
August 2005.
[RFC5295] Salowey, J., Dondeti, L., Narayanan,
V., and M. Nakhjiri, "Specification
for the Derivation of Root Keys from
an Extended Master Session Key
(EMSK)", RFC 5295, August 2008.
[RFC5296] Narayanan, V. and L. Dondeti, "EAP
Extensions for EAP Re-authentication
Protocol (ERP)", RFC 5296,
August 2008.
13.2. Informative References
[RFC5247] Aboba, B., Simon, D., and P. Eronen,
"Extensible Authentication Protocol
(EAP) Key Management Framework",
RFC 5247, August 2008.
Bournelle, et al. Expires November 5, 2011 [Page 15]
Internet-Draft Diameter ERP Application May 2011
URIs
[1] <http://www.iana.org/assignments/aaa-parameters/>
Authors' Addresses
Julien Bournelle
Orange Labs
38-40 rue du general Leclerc
Issy-Les-Moulineaux 92794
France
EMail: julien.bournelle@orange-ftgroup.com
Lionel Morand
Orange Labs
38-40 rue du general Leclerc
Issy-Les-Moulineaux 92794
France
EMail: lionel.morand@orange-ftgroup.com
Sebastien Decugis
Free Diameter
4-2-1 Nukui-Kitamachi
Tokyo, Koganei 184-8795
Japan
EMail: sdecugis@freediameter.net
Qin Wu
Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd
Site B, Floor 12F, Huihong Mansion, No.91 Baixia Rd.
Nanjing 210001
China
EMail: sunseawq@huawei.com
Bournelle, et al. Expires November 5, 2011 [Page 16]
Internet-Draft Diameter ERP Application May 2011
Glen Zorn
Network Zen
227/358 Thanon Sanphawut
Bang Na, Bangkok 10260
Thailand
EMail: gwz@net-zen.net
Bournelle, et al. Expires November 5, 2011 [Page 17]
