Diameter Maintenance and J. Korhonen
Extensions (DIME) TeliaSonera
Internet-Draft H. Tschofenig
Intended status: Standards Track Nokia Siemens Networks
Expires: December 28, 2008 M. Arumaithurai
University of Goettingen
M. Jones, Ed.
A. Lior
Bridgewater Systems
June 26, 2008
Quality of Service Attributes for Diameter
draft-ietf-dime-qos-attributes-07.txt
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Abstract
This document extends the IPFilterRule AVP functionality of the
Diameter Base protocol and the functionality of the QoS-Filter-Rule
AVP defined in RFC 4005. The ability to convey Quality of Service
information using the AVPs defined in this document is available to
existing and future Diameter applications where permitted by the
command ABNF.
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Table of Contents
1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
2. Terminology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
3. Diameter QoS Defined AVPs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
3.1. QoS-Capability AVP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
3.2. QoS-Profile-Template AVP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
3.3. Vendor-Specific-QoS-Profile-Template AVP . . . . . . . . . 4
3.4. QoS-Resources AVP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
3.5. Extended-QoS-Filter-Rule AVP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
3.6. QoS-Semantics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
3.7. QoS-Parameters AVP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
3.8. QoS-Rule-Precedence AVP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
4. Semantics of QoS Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
5. Diameter Classifier AVPs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
5.1. Classifier AVP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
5.2. Classifier-ID AVP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
5.3. Protocol AVP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
5.4. Direction AVP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
5.5. From-Spec AVP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
5.6. To-Spec AVP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
5.7. Source and Destination AVPs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
5.7.1. Negated AVP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
5.7.2. IP-Address AVP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
5.7.3. IP-Address-Range AVP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
5.7.4. IP-Address-Start AVP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
5.7.5. IP-Address-End AVP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
5.7.6. IP-Address-Mask AVP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
5.7.7. IP-Mask-Bit-Mask-Width AVP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
5.7.8. MAC-Address AVP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
5.7.9. MAC-Address-Mask AVP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
5.7.10. MAC-Address-Mask-Pattern AVP . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
5.7.11. EUI64-Address AVP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
5.7.12. EUI64-Address-Mask AVP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
5.7.13. EUI64-Address-Mask-Pattern AVP . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
5.7.14. VLAN-ID AVP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
5.7.15. Port AVP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
5.7.16. Port-Range AVP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
5.7.17. Port-Start AVP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
5.7.18. Port-End AVP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
5.7.19. Use-Assigned-Address AVP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
5.8. Header Option AVPs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
5.8.1. Diffserv-Code-Point AVP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
5.8.2. Fragmentation-Flag AVP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
5.8.3. IP-Option AVP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
5.8.4. IP-Option-Type AVP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
5.8.5. IP-Option-Value AVP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
5.8.6. TCP-Option AVP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
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5.8.7. TCP-Option-Type AVP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
5.8.8. TCP-Option-Value AVP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
5.8.9. TCP-Flags AVP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
5.8.10. TCP-Flag-Type AVP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
5.8.11. ICMP-Type . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
5.8.12. ICMP-Type-Number AVP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
5.8.13. ICMP-Code AVP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
5.8.14. ETH-Option AVP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
5.8.15. ETH-Proto-Type AVP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
5.8.16. ETH-Ether-Type AVP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
5.8.17. ETH-SAP AVP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
5.8.18. ETH-Priority-Range AVP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
5.8.19. ETH-Low-Priority AVP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
5.8.20. ETH-High-Priority AVP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
6. Examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
6.1. Diameter EAP with QoS Information . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
6.2. Diameter NASREQ with QoS Information . . . . . . . . . . . 22
6.3. QoS Authorization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
6.4. Diameter Server Initiated Re-authorization of QoS . . . . 24
6.5. Diameter Credit Control with QoS Information . . . . . . . 25
6.6. Classifier Examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
7. Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
8. IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
9. Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
10. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
10.1. Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
10.2. Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
Authors' Addresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
Intellectual Property and Copyright Statements . . . . . . . . . . 32
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1. Introduction
This document defines a number of Diameter Quality of Service (QoS)
related AVPs that can be used in existing and future Diameter
applications where permitted by the command ABNF. The Extended-QoS-
Filter-Rule AVP thereby replaces the IPFilterRule, defined in RFC
3588bis [I-D.ietf-dime-rfc3588bis], and the QoS-Filter-Rule, defined
in RFC 4005 [RFC4005].
2. Terminology
The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
"SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this
document are to be interpreted as described in RFC 2119 [RFC2119].
3. Diameter QoS Defined AVPs
3.1. QoS-Capability AVP
The QoS-Capability AVP (AVP Code TBD) is of type Grouped and contains
a list of supported Quality of Service profile templates (and
therefore the support of the respective parameter AVPs).
The QoS-Capability AVP may be used for a simple announcement of the
QoS capabilities and QoS profiles supported by a peer. It may also
be used to negotiate a mutually supported set of QoS capabilities and
QoS profiles between two peers.
QoS-Capability ::= < AVP Header: XXX >
* [ QoS-Profile-Template ]
* [ Vendor-Specific-QoS-Profile-Template ]
* [ AVP ]
3.2. QoS-Profile-Template AVP
The QoS-Profile-Template AVP (AVP Code TBD) is of type Unsigned32 and
contains a QoS profile template identifier. An initial QoS profile
template is defined with value of 0 and is described in
[I-D.ietf-dime-qos-parameters]. The registry for the QoS profile
templates is created with the same document.
3.3. Vendor-Specific-QoS-Profile-Template AVP
The Vendor-Specific-QoS-Profile-Template AVP (AVP Code TBD) is of
type Grouped and defines a vendor-specific QoS profile template.
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The Vendor-Id AVP contains a 32 bit IANA SMI Network Management
Private Enterprise Code and the QoS-Profile-Template AVP contains the
template identifier assigned by the vendor.
Vendor-Specific-QoS-Profile-Template ::= < AVP Header: XXX >
{ Vendor-Id }
{ QoS-Profile-Template }
* [ AVP ]
3.4. QoS-Resources AVP
The QoS-Resources AVP (AVP Code TBD) is of type Grouped and includes
a description of the Quality of Service resources for policing
traffic flows.
QoS-Resources ::= < AVP Header: XXX >
* [ Extended-QoS-Filter-Rule ]
* [ AVP ]
3.5. Extended-QoS-Filter-Rule AVP
The Extended-QoS-Filter-Rule AVP (AVP Code TBD) is of type Grouped
and defines one or more traffic flows together with a set of QoS
parameters that should be applied to the flow(s) by the Resource
Management Function. This AVP uses the Classifier AVP (see
Section 5) to describe traffic flows.
Extended-QoS-Filter-Rule ::= < AVP Header: XXX >
{ QoS-Semantics }
[ QoS-Profile-Template ]
[ Vendor-Specific-QoS-Profile-Template ]
[ QoS-Parameters ]
[ QoS-Rule-Precedence ]
[ Classifier ]
* [ AVP ]
Either the QoS-Profile-Template or Vendor-Specific-QoS-Profile-
Template AVP MUST appear in the Extended-QoS-Filter-Rule AVP.
3.6. QoS-Semantics
The QoS-Semantics AVP (AVP Code TBD) is of type Enumerated and
provides the semantics for the QoS-Profile-Template and QoS-
Parameters AVPs in the Extended-QoS-Filter-Rule AVP.
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This document defines the following values:
(0): QoS-Desired
(1): QoS-Available
(2): QoS-Reserved
(3): Minimum-QoS
(4): QoS-Authorized
3.7. QoS-Parameters AVP
The QoS-Parameters AVP (AVP Code TBD) is of type OctetString and
contains Quality of Service parameters. These parameters are defined
in a separate document, see [I-D.ietf-dime-qos-parameters].
3.8. QoS-Rule-Precedence AVP
The QoS-Rule-Precedence AVP (AVP Code TBD) is of type Unsigned32 and
specifies the execution order of the rules expressed in the QoS-
Resources AVP. Rules with equal precedence MAY be executed in
parallel if supported by the Resource Management Function. If the
QoS-Rule-Precedence AVP is absent from the Extended-QoS-Filter-Rule
AVP, the rules SHOULD be executed in the order in which they appear
in the QoS-Resources AVP. The lower the numerical value of QoS-Rule-
Precedence AVP, the higher the rule precedence.
4. Semantics of QoS Parameters
The QoS parameters carried in the QoS-Resources AVP may appear in
different messages. The semantic of the QoS parameters depend on the
information provided in the QoS-Semantics AVP which currently defines
5 values, namely QoS-Desired (0), QoS-Available (1), QoS-Reserved
(2), Minimum-QoS (3), and QoS-Authorized (4).
The semantics of the different values are as follows:
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Object Type Direction Semantic
---------------------------------------------------------------------
QoS-Desired C->S Please authorize the indicated QoS
QoS-Desired C<-S NA
QoS-Available C->S Admission Control at interface indicates
that this QoS is available. (note 1)
QoS-Available C<-S Indicated QoS is available. (note 2)
QoS-Reserved C->S Used for reporting during accounting.
QoS-Reserved C<-S NA
Minimum-QoS C->S Indicates that the client is not
interested in authorizing QoS that is
lower than Min. QoS.
Minimum-QoS C<-S The client must not provide QoS
guarantees lower than Min. QoS.
QoS-Authorized C->S NA
QoS-Authorized C<-S Indicated QoS authorized
Legend:
C: Diameter client
S: Diameter server
NA: Not applicable to this document;
no semantic defined in this specification
Notes:
(1) QoS-Available is only useful in relationship with QoS-Desired
(and optionally with Minimum-QoS).
(2) QoS-Available is only useful when the AAA server performs
admission control and knows about the resources in the network.
5. Diameter Classifier AVPs
Classifiers are used in many applications to specify how to classify
packets. For example in a QoS application, if a packet matches a
classifier then that packet will be treated in accordance with a QoS
specification associated with that classifier.
The Classifiers are sent to on on-path element (e.g. a router) which
uses the classifier to match packets. Figure 1 shows a typical
deployment.
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+-----------+
+-----------+|
+--------+ +-------------+ +------------+||
| | IN | | | |||
| +--------->| +------------->| |||
|Managed | | Classifying | | Unmanaged |||
|Terminal| OUT | Entity | | Terminal |||
| |<---------+ |<-------------+ ||+
| | | | | |+
+--------+ +-------------+ +------------+
^
| Classifiers
|
+------+-------+
| |
| AAA |
| |
+--------------+
Figure 1: Example of a Classifier Architecture
The managed terminal, the terminal for which the classifiers are
being specified is located on the left of the Classifying Entity.
The unmanaged terminal, the terminal that receives packets from the
Managed terminal or sends packets to the managed terminal is located
to the right side of the Classifying Entity.
The Classifying Entity is responsible for classifying packets that
are incoming (IN) from the Managed Terminal or packets outgoing (OUT)
to the Managed Terminal.
A Classifier consists of a group of attributes that specify how to
match a packet. Each set of attributes expresses values about
aspects of the packet - typically the packet header. Different
protocols therefore would use different attributes.
In general a Classifier consists of the following:
Identifier:
The identifier uniquely identifies this classifier and may be used
to reference the classifier from another structure.
From:
Specifies the rule for matching the source part of the packet.
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To:
Specifies the rule for matching the destination part of the
packet.
Protocol:
Specifies the matching protocol of the packet.
Direction:
Specifies whether the classifier is to apply to packets flowing
from the Managed Terminal (IN) or to packets flowing to the
Managed Terminal (OUT), or packets flowing in both direction.
Options:
Associated with each protocol or layer, or various values specific
to the header of the protocol or layer. Options allow matching on
those values.
Each protocol type will have a specific set of attributes that can be
used to specify a classifier for that protocol. These attributes
will be grouped under a grouped AVP called a Classifier AVP.
5.1. Classifier AVP
The Classifier AVP (AVP Code TBD) is a grouped AVP that consists of a
set of attributes that specify how to match a packet.
Classifier ::= < AVP Header: XXX >
{ Classifier-ID }
{ Protocol }
{ Direction }
* [ From-Spec ]
* [ To-Spec ]
* [ Diffserv-Code-Point ]
[ Fragmentation-Flag ]
* [ IP-Option ]
* [ TCP-Option ]
[ TCP-Flags ]
* [ ICMP-Type ]
* [ ETH-Option ]
* [ AVP ]
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5.2. Classifier-ID AVP
The Classifier-ID AVP (AVP Code TBD) is of type OctetString and
uniquely identifies the classifier. Each application will define the
uniqueness scope of this identifier, e.g. unique per terminal or
globally unique. Exactly one Classifier-ID AVP MUST be contained
within a Classifier AVP.
5.3. Protocol AVP
The Protocol AVP (AVP Code TBD) is of type Enumerated and specifies
the protocol being matched. The attributes included in the
Classifier AVP must be consistent with the value of the Protocol AVP.
Exactly one Protocol AVP MUST be contained within a Classifier AVP.
The values for this AVP are managed by IANA under the Protocol
Numbers registry [PROTOCOL].
5.4. Direction AVP
The Direction AVP (AVP Code TBD) is of type Enumerated that specifies
in which direction to apply the Classifier. The values of the
enumeration are: "IN","OUT","BOTH". In the "IN" and "BOTH"
directions, the From-Spec refers to the address of the Managed
Terminal and the To-Spec refers to the unmanaged terminal. In the
"OUT" direction, the From-Spec refers to the Unmanaged Terminal
whereas the To-Spec refers to the Managed Terminal.
Value | Name and Semantic
------+--------------------------------------------------
0 | RESERVED
1 | IN - The classifier applies to flows from the
| Managed Terminal.
2 | OUT - The classifier applies to flows to the
| Managed Terminal.
3 | BOTH - The classifier applies to flows both to
| and from the Managed Terminal.
5.5. From-Spec AVP
The From-Spec AVP (AVP Code TBD) is a grouped AVP that specifies the
Source Specification used to match the packet. Zero or more of these
AVPs may appear in the Classifier. If this AVP is absent from the
Classifier then all packets are matched regardless of the source
address. If more than one instance of this AVP appears in the
Classifier then the source of the packet can match any From-Spec AVP.
The contents of this AVP are protocol specific.
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If more than one instance of the IP address AVPs (IP-Address, IP-
Address-Range, IP-Address-Mask, Use-Assigned-Address) appear in the
From-Spec AVP then the source IP address of the packet must match one
of the addresses represented by these AVPs.
If more that one instance of the layer 2 address AVPs (MAC-Address,
MAC-Address-Mask, EUI64-Address, EUI64-Address-Mask) appears in the
From-Spec then the the source layer 2 address of the packet must
match one of the addresses represented in these AVPs.
If more that one instance of the VLAN-ID AVP appears in the From-Spec
then the VLAN-ID of the packet must match one of the VLAN-IDs
represented in these AVPs.
If more that one instance of the port AVPs (Port, Port-Range) appears
in the From-Spec AVP then the source port number must match one of
the port numbers represented in these AVPs.
If the IP address, MAC address and port AVPs appear in the same From-
Spec AVP then the source packet must match all the specifications,
i.e. match the IP address AND MAC address AND port number.
From-Spec ::= < AVP Header: XXX >
* [ IP-Address ]
* [ IP-Address-Range ]
* [ IP-Address-Mask ]
* [ MAC-Address ]
* [ MAC-Address-Mask]
* [ EUI64-Address ]
* [ EUI64-Address-Mask]
* [ VLAN-ID ]
* [ Port ]
* [ Port-Range ]
[ Negated ]
[ Use-Assigned-Address ]
* [ AVP ]
5.6. To-Spec AVP
The To-Spec AVP (AVP Code TBD) is a grouped AVP that specifies the
Destination Specification used to match the packet. Zero or more of
these AVPs may appear in the Classifier. If this AVP is absent from
the Classifier then all packets are matched regardless of the
destination address. If more than one instance of this AVP appears
in the Classifier then the destination of the packet can match any
To-Spec AVP. The contents of this AVP are protocol specific.
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If more than one instance of the IP address AVPs (IP-Address, IP-
Address-Range, IP-Address-Mask, Use-Assigned-Address) appear in the
To-Spec AVP then the destination IP address of the packet must match
one of the addresses represented by these AVPs.
If more that one instance of the layer 2 address AVPs (MAC-Address,
MAC-Address-Mask, EUI64-Address, EUI64-Address-Mask) appears in the
To-Spec then the the destination layer 2 address of the packet must
match one of the addresses represented in these AVPs.
If more that one instance of the VLAN-ID AVP appears in the From-Spec
then the VLAN-ID of the packet must match one of the VLAN-IDs
represented in these AVPs.
If more that one instance of the port AVPs (Port, Port-Range) appears
in the To-Spec AVP then the destination port number must match one of
the port numbers represented in these AVPs.
If the IP address, MAC address and port AVPs appear in the same To-
Spec AVP then the destination packet must match all the
specifications, i.e. match the IP address AND MAC address AND port
number.
To-Spec ::= < AVP Header: XXX >
* [ IP-Address ]
* [ IP-Address-Range ]
* [ IP-Address-Mask ]
* [ MAC-Address ]
* [ MAC-Address-Mask]
* [ EUI64-Address ]
* [ EUI64-Address-Mask]
* [ VLAN-ID ]
* [ Port ]
* [ Port-Range ]
[ Negated ]
[ Use-Assigned-Address ]
* [ AVP ]
5.7. Source and Destination AVPs
For packet classification the contents of the From-Spec and To-Spec
can contain the following AVPs.
By combining several of these AVPs within a From-Spec or To-Spec AVP
and using more than one From-Spec or To-Spec AVP in the Classifier
AVP, one can express many different types of address pools.
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5.7.1. Negated AVP
The Negated AVP (AVP Code TBD) of type Enumerated containing the
values of True or False. Exactly zero or one of these AVPs may
appear in the From-Spec or To-Spec AVP. When set to True the meaning
of the match in the To-Spec and From-Spec are negated, causing all
other addresses to be matched instead.
When set to False, or when the AVP is not included in the From-Spec
or To-Spec AVP then the meaning of the match is not inverted, causing
only the addresses specified to be matched.
Note that the negation does not impact the port comparisons.
Value | Name
------+--------
0 | False
1 | True
5.7.2. IP-Address AVP
The IP-Address AVP (AVP Code TBD) is of type Address and specifies a
single IP address (IPv4 or IPv6) address to match.
5.7.3. IP-Address-Range AVP
The IP-Address-Range AVP (AVP Code TBD) is of type Grouped and
specifies an inclusive IP address range.
IP-Address-Range ::= < AVP Header: XXX >
[ IP-Address-Start ]
[ IP-Address-End ]
* [ AVP ]
If the IP-Address-Start AVP is not included then the address range
starts from the first valid IP address up to and including the
specified IP-Address-End address.
If the IP-Address-End AVP is not included then the address range
starts at the address specified by the IP-Address-Start AVP and
includes all the remaining valid IP addresses.
For the IP-Address-Range AVP to be valid, the IP-Address-Start AVP
MUST contain a value that is less than that of the IP-Address-End
AVP.
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5.7.4. IP-Address-Start AVP
The IP-Address-Start AVP (AVP Code TBD) is of type Address and
specifies the first IP address (IPv4 or IPv6) address of an IP
address range.
5.7.5. IP-Address-End AVP
The IP-Address-End AVP (AVP Code TBD) is of type Address and
specifies the last IP address (IPv4 or IPv6) address of an address
range.
5.7.6. IP-Address-Mask AVP
The IP-Address-Mask AVP (AVP Code TBD) is of type Grouped and
specifies an IP address range using a base IP address and the bit-
width of the mask. For example, a range expressed as 1.2.3.0/24 will
match all IP addresses from 1.2.3.0 up to and including 1.2.3.255.
The bit-width MUST be valid for the type of IP address.
IP-Address-Mask ::= < AVP Header: XXX >
{ IP-Address }
{ IP-Bit-Mask-Width }
* [ AVP ]
5.7.7. IP-Mask-Bit-Mask-Width AVP
The IP-Bit-Mask-Width AVP (AVP Code TBD) is of type OctetString. The
value is a single octet and specifies the width of an IP address bit-
mask.
5.7.8. MAC-Address AVP
The MAC-Address AVP (AVP Code TBD) is of type OctetString and
specifies a single layer 2 address in MAC-48 format. The value is a
6 octets encoding of the address as it would appear in the frame
header.
5.7.9. MAC-Address-Mask AVP
The MAC-Address-Mask AVP (AVP Code TBD) is of type Grouped and
specifies a set of MAC addresses using a bit mask to indicate the
bits of the MAC addresses which must fit to the specified MAC address
attribute. For example, a MAC-Address-Mask with the MAC-Address as
00-10-A4-23-00-00 and with a MAC-Address-Mask-Pattern of FF-FF-FF-FF-
00-00 will match all MAC addresses from 00-10-A4-23-00-00 up to and
including 00-10-A4-23-FF-FF.
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MAC-Address-Mask ::= < AVP Header: XXX >
{ MAC-Address }
{ MAC-Address-Mask-Pattern }
* [ AVP ]
5.7.10. MAC-Address-Mask-Pattern AVP
The MAC-Address-Mask-Pattern AVP (AVP Code TBD) is of type
OctetString. The value is a 6 octets specifying the bit positions of
a MAC address, that are taken for matching.
5.7.11. EUI64-Address AVP
The EUI64-Address AVP (AVP Code TBD) is of type OctetString and
specifies a single layer 2 address in EUI-64 format. The value is a
8 octets encoding of the address as it would appear in the frame
header.
5.7.12. EUI64-Address-Mask AVP
The EUI64-Address-Mask AVP (AVP Code TBD) is of type Grouped and
specifies a set of EUI64 addresses using a bit mask to indicate the
bits of the EUI64 addresses which must fit to the specified EUI64
address attribute. For example, a EUI64-Address-Mask with the EUI64-
Address as 00-10-A4-FF-FE-23-00-00 and with a EUI64-Address-Mask-
Pattern of FF-FF-FF-FF-FF-FF-00-00 will match all EUI64 addresses
from 00-10-A4-FF-FE-23-00-00 up to and including 00-10-A4-FF-FE-23-
FF-FF.
EUI64-Address-Mask ::= < AVP Header: XXX >
{ EUI64-Address }
{ EUI64-Address-Mask-Pattern }
* [ AVP ]
5.7.13. EUI64-Address-Mask-Pattern AVP
The EUI64-Address-Mask-Pattern AVP (AVP Code TBD) is of type
OctetString. The value is a 8 octets specifying the bit positions of
a EUI64 address, that are taken for matching.
5.7.14. VLAN-ID AVP
VLAN-ID AVP (AVP Code TBD) is of type OctetString. The value is a
double octet encoded in Network Byte Order. The value of this field
specifies the matching value for the IEEE 802.1Q VLAN-ID bits. Only
the lower (i.e., rightmost) 12 bits of the specified 2 octet VLAN-ID
field are significant; the upper four bits shall be ignored for
comparison. If this field is omitted, then comparison of the IEEE
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802.1Q VLAN-ID bits for this entry is irrelevant. If this parameter
is specified for an entry, then Ethernet packets without IEEE 802.1Q
encapsulation shall not match this entry.
5.7.15. Port AVP
The Port AVP (AVP Code TBD) is of type Integer32 in the range of 0 to
65535 and specifies the TCP or UDP port number to match.
5.7.16. Port-Range AVP
The Port-Range AVP (AVP Code TBD) is of type Grouped and specifies an
inclusive range of ports.
Port-Range ::= < AVP Header: XXX >
[ Port-Start ]
[ Port-End ]
* [ AVP ]
If the Port-Start AVP is omitted then port 0 is assumed. If the
Port-End AVP is omitted then port 65535 is assumed.
5.7.17. Port-Start AVP
The Port-Start AVP (AVP Code TBD) is of type Integer32 and specifies
the first port number of an IP port range.
5.7.18. Port-End AVP
The Port-End AVP (AVP Code TBD) is of type Integer32 and specifies
the last port number of an IP port range.
5.7.19. Use-Assigned-Address AVP
In some scenarios, the AAA does not know the IP address assigned to
the Managed Terminal at the time that the Classifier is sent to the
Classifying Entity. The Use-Assigned-Address AVP (AVP Code TBD) is
of type Enumerated containing the values of True or False. When
present and set to True, it represents the IP address assigned to the
Managed Terminal.
Value | Name
------+--------
0 | False
1 | True
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5.8. Header Option AVPs
The Classifier AVP may contain one or more of the following AVPs to
match on the various possible IP, TCP or ICMP header options.
5.8.1. Diffserv-Code-Point AVP
The Diffserv-Code-Point AVP (AVP Code TBD) is of type Enumerated and
specifies the Differentiated Services Field Codepoints to match in
the IP header. The values are managed by IANA under the
Differentiated Services Field Codepoints registry [DSCP].
5.8.2. Fragmentation-Flag AVP
The Fragmentation-Flag AVP (AVP Code TBD) is of type Enumerated and
specifies the packet fragmentation flags to match in the IP header.
Value | Name and Semantic
------+------------------------------------------------------------
0 | RESERVED
1 | Don't Fragment (DF)
2 | More Fragments (MF)
5.8.3. IP-Option AVP
The IP-Option AVP (AVP Code TBD) is of type Grouped and specifies an
IP header option that must be matched.
IP-Option ::= < AVP Header: XXX >
{ IP-Option-Type }
* [ IP-Option-Value ]
[ Negated ]
* [ AVP ]
If one or more IP-Option-Value AVPs are present, one of the values
MUST match the value in the IP header option. If the IP-Option-Value
AVP is absent, the option type MUST be present in the IP header but
the value is wild carded.
The Negated AVP is used in conjunction with the IP-Option-Value AVPs
to specify IP header options which do not match specific values. The
Negated AVP is used without the IP-Option-Value AVP to specify IP
headers which do not contain the option type.
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5.8.4. IP-Option-Type AVP
The IP-Option-Type AVP (AVP Code TBD) is of type Enumerated and the
values are managed by IANA under the IP Option Numbers registry
[IPOPTIONS].
5.8.5. IP-Option-Value AVP
The IP-Option-Value AVP (AVP Code TBD) is of type OctetString and
contains the option value that must be matched.
5.8.6. TCP-Option AVP
The TCP-Option AVP (AVP Code TBD) is of type Grouped and specifies a
TCP header option that must be matched.
TCP-Option ::= < AVP Header: XXX >
{ TCP-Option-Type }
* [ TCP-Option-Value ]
[ Negated ]
* [ AVP ]
If one or more TCP-Option-Value AVPs are present, one of the values
MUST match the value in the TCP header option. If the TCP-Option-
Value AVP is absent, the option type MUST be present in the TCP
header but the value is wild carded.
The Negated AVP is used in conjunction which the TCP-Option-Value
AVPs to specify TCP header options which do not match specific
values. The Negated AVP is used without the TCP-Option-Value AVP to
specify TCP headers which do not contain the option type.
5.8.7. TCP-Option-Type AVP
The TCP-Option-Type AVP (AVP Code TBD) is of type Enumerated and the
values are managed by IANA under the TCP Option Numbers registry
[TCPOPTIONS].
5.8.8. TCP-Option-Value AVP
The TCP-Option-Value AVP (AVP Code TBD) is of type OctetString and
contains the option value that must be matched.
5.8.9. TCP-Flags AVP
The TCP-Flags AVP (AVP Code TBD) is of type Grouped and specifies a
set of TCP control flags that must be matched.
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TCP-Flags ::= < AVP Header: XXX >
1* { TCP-Flag-Type }
[ Negated ]
* [ AVP ]
If the Negated AVP is not present, the TCP-Flag-Type AVPs specifies
which flags MUST be set. If the Negated AVP is present, the TCP-
Flag-Type AVPs specifies which flags MUST be cleared.
5.8.10. TCP-Flag-Type AVP
The TCP-Flag-Type AVP (AVP Code TBD) is of type Enumerated and
specifies a TCP control flag type that must be matched.
Value | Name and Semantic
------+------------------------------------------------------------
0 | RESERVED
1 | CWR - Congestion Window Reduced.
2 | ECE - ECN-Echo. TCP peer is ECN capable.
3 | URG - URGent pointer field is significant.
4 | ACK - ACKnowledgment field is significant.
5 | PSH - Push function.
6 | RST - Reset the connection.
7 | SYN - Synchronize sequence numbers.
8 | FIN - No more data from sender.
5.8.11. ICMP-Type
The ICMP-Type AVP (AVP Code TBD) is of type Grouped and specifies a
ICMP message type that must be matched.
ICMP-Type ::= < AVP Header: XXX >
{ ICMP-Type-Number }
* [ ICMP-Code ]
[ Negated ]
* [ AVP ]
If the ICMP-Code AVP is present, the value MUST match that in the
ICMP header. If the ICMP-Code AVP is absent, the ICMP type MUST be
present in the ICMP header but the code is wild carded.
The Negated AVP is used in conjunction which the ICMP-Code AVPs to
specify ICMP codes which do not match specific values. The Negated
AVP is used without the ICMP-Code AVP to specify ICMP headers which
do not contain the ICMP type.
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5.8.12. ICMP-Type-Number AVP
The ICMP-Type-Number AVP (AVP Code TBD) is of type Enumerated and the
values are managed by IANA under the ICMP Type Numbers registry
[ICMPTYPE].
5.8.13. ICMP-Code AVP
The ICMP-Code AVP (AVP Code TBD) is of type Enumerated and the values
are managed by IANA under the ICMP Type Numbers registry [ICMPTYPE].
5.8.14. ETH-Option AVP
The ETH-Option AVP (AVP Code TBD) is of type Grouped and specifies
Ethernet specific classifiers.
ETH-Option ::= < AVP Header: XXX >
{ ETH-Proto-Type }
* [ ETH-VLAN-ID ]
* [ ETH-Priority-Range ]
* [ AVP ]
5.8.15. ETH-Proto-Type AVP
The Eth-Proto-Type AVP (AVP Code TBD) is of type Grouped and
specifies the encapsulated protocol type. ETH-Ether-Type and ETH-SAP
are mutually exclusive.
ETH-Proto-Type ::= < AVP Header: XXX >
* [ ETH-Ether-Type ]
* [ ETH-SAP ]
* [ AVP ]
5.8.16. ETH-Ether-Type AVP
The ETH-Ether-Type AVP (AVP Code TBD) is of type OctetString. The
value is a double octet the contains the value of the Ethertype that
the packet shall match in order to match the rule. It might be
present in case of DIX or if SNAP is present at 802.2 (SAP shall not
be present in this case).
5.8.17. ETH-SAP AVP
The ETH-SAP AVP (AVP Code TBD) is of type OctetString. The value is
a double octet representing the 802.2 SAP as specified in "IEEE
Standards for Local Area Networks: Logical Link Control". The first
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octet contains the DSAP and the second the SSAP.
5.8.18. ETH-Priority-Range AVP
The ETH-Priority-Range AVP (AVP Code TBD) is of type Grouped and
specifies a valid priority range in between the Low-priority AVP to
the High-priority AVP specified. An Ethernet packet with IEEE 802.1D
user_priority value "priority" matches these parameters if priority
is greater than or equal to pri-low and priority is less than or
equal to pri-high. If this field is omitted, then comparison of the
IEEE 802.1D user_priority bits for this entry is irrelevant.
ETH-Priority-Range ::= < AVP Header: XXX >
* [ ETH-Low-Priority ]
* [ ETH-High-Priority ]
* [ AVP ]
5.8.19. ETH-Low-Priority AVP
The ETH-Low-Priority AVP (AVP Code TBD) is of type OctetString. The
value is a single octet with a valid range from 0 to 7.
5.8.20. ETH-High-Priority AVP
The ETH-High-Priority AVP (AVP Code TBD) is of type OctetString. The
value is a single octet with a valid range from 0 to 7.
6. Examples
This section shows a number of signaling flows where QoS negotiation
and authorization is part of the conventional NASREQ, EAP or Credit
Control applications message exchanges. The signalling flows for the
Diameter QoS Application are described in
[I-D.ietf-dime-diameter-qos].
6.1. Diameter EAP with QoS Information
Figure 2 shows a simple signaling flow where a NAS (Diameter Client)
announces its QoS awareness and capabilities included into the DER
message and as part of the access authentication procedure. Upon
completion of the EAP exchange, the Diameter Server provides a pre-
provisioned QoS profile with the QoS-Semantics in the Extended-QoS-
Filter-Rule AVP set to "QoS-Authorized", to the NAS in the final DEA
message.
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End Diameter Diameter
Host Client Server
| | |
| (initiate EAP) | |
|<----------------------------->| |
| | Diameter-EAP-Request |
| | EAP-Payload(EAP Start) |
| | QoS-Capability |
| |------------------------------->|
| | |
| | Diameter-EAP-Answer |
| Result-Code=DIAMETER_MULTI_ROUND_AUTH |
| | EAP-Payload(EAP Request #1) |
| |<-------------------------------|
| EAP Request(Identity) | |
|<------------------------------| |
: : :
: <<<more message exchanges>>> :
: : :
| | |
| EAP Response #N | |
|------------------------------>| |
| | Diameter-EAP-Request |
| | EAP-Payload(EAP Response #N) |
| |------------------------------->|
| | |
| | Diameter-EAP-Answer |
| | Result-Code=DIAMETER_SUCCESS |
| | EAP-Payload(EAP Success) |
| | [EAP-Master-Session-Key] |
| | (authorization AVPs) |
| | QoS-Resources(QoS-Authorized) |
| |<-------------------------------|
| | |
| EAP Success | |
|<------------------------------| |
| | |
Figure 2: Example of a Diameter EAP enhanced with QoS Information
6.2. Diameter NASREQ with QoS Information
Figure 3 shows a similar pre-provisioned QoS signaling as in Figure 2
but using the NASREQ application instead of EAP application.
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End Diameter
Host NAS Server
| | |
| Start Network | |
| Attachment | |
|<---------------->| |
| | |
| |AA-Request |
| |NASREQ-Payload |
| |QoS-Capability |
| +----------------------------->|
| | |
| | AA-Answer|
| Result-Code=DIAMETER_MULTI_ROUND_AUTH|
| NASREQ-Payload(NASREQ Request #1)|
| |<-----------------------------+
| | |
| Request | |
|<-----------------+ |
| | |
: : :
: <<<more message exchanges>>> :
: : :
| Response #N | |
+----------------->| |
| | |
| |AA-Request |
| |NASREQ-Payload ( Response #N )|
| +----------------------------->|
| | |
| | AA-Answer|
| | Result-Code=DIAMETER_SUCCESS|
| | (authorization AVPs)|
| |QoS-Resources(QoS-Authorized) |
| |<-----------------------------+
| | |
| Success | |
|<-----------------+ |
| | |
Figure 3: Example of a Diameter NASREQ enhanced with QoS Information
6.3. QoS Authorization
Figure 4 shows an example of authorization only QoS signaling as part
of the NASREQ message exchange. The NAS provides the Diameter server
with the "QoS-Desired" QoS-Semantics AVP included in the QoS-
Resources AVP. The Diameter server then either authorizes the
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indicated QoS or rejects the request and informs the NAS about the
result. In this scenario the NAS does not need to include the QoS-
Capability AVP in the AAR message as the QoS-Resources AVP implicitly
does the same and also the NAS is authorizing a specific QoS profile,
not a pre-provisioned one.
End Diameter
Host NAS Server
| | |
| | |
| QoS Request | |
+----------------->| |
| | |
| |AA-Request |
| |Auth-Request-Type=AUTHORIZE_ONLY
| |NASREQ-Payload |
| |QoS-Resources(QoS-Desired) |
| +----------------------------->|
| | |
| | AA-Answer|
| | NASREQ-Payload(Success)|
| | QoS-Resources(QoS-Authorized)|
| |<-----------------------------+
| Accept | |
|<-----------------+ |
| | |
| | |
| | |
Figure 4: Example of an Authorization-Only Message Flow
6.4. Diameter Server Initiated Re-authorization of QoS
Figure 5 shows a message exchange for a Diameter server initiated QoS
re-authorization procedure. The Diameter server sends the NAS a RAR
message requesting re-authorization for an existing session and the
NAS acknowledges it with a RAA message. The NAS is aware of its
existing QoS profile and information for the ongoing session that the
Diameter server requested for re-authorization. Thus, the NAS must
initiate re-authorization of the existing QoS profile. The re-
authorization procedure is the same as in Figure 4.
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End Diameter
Host NAS Server
| | |
| | |
: : :
: <<<Initial Message Exchanges>>> :
: : :
| | |
| | RA-Request |
| |<-----------------------------+
| | |
| |RA-Answer |
| |Result-Code=DIAMETER_SUCCESS |
| +----------------------------->|
| | |
| | |
| |AA-Request |
| |NASREQ-Payload |
| |Auth-Request-Type=AUTHORIZE_ONLY
| |QoS-Resources(QoS-Desired) |
| +----------------------------->|
| | |
| | AA-Answer|
| | Result-Code=DIAMETER_SUCCESS|
| | (authorization AVPs)|
| | QoS-Resources(QoS-Authorized)|
| |<-----------------------------+
| | |
Figure 5: Example of a Server-initiated Re-Authorization Procedure
6.5. Diameter Credit Control with QoS Information
In this case the User is charged as soon as the Service Element (CC
client) receives the service request. In this case the client uses
the "QoS-Desired" QoS-Semantics parameter in the QoS-Resources AVP
that it sends to the Accounitng server. The server responds with a
"QoS-Available" QoS-Semantics parameter in the QoS-Resources AVP
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Service Element
End User (CC Client) B CC Server
| | | |
|(1) Service Request | | |
|-------------------->| | |
| |(2) CCR (event, DIRECT_DEBITING,|
| | QoS-Resources[QoS-desired]) |
| |-------------------------------->|
| |(3) CCA (Granted-Units, QoS- |
| | Resources[QoS-Authorized]) |
| |<--------------------------------|
|(4) Service Delivery | | |
|<--------------------| | |
|(5) Begin service | | |
|<------------------------------------>| |
| | | |
. . . .
. . . .
Figure 6: Example for a One-Time Diameter Credit Control Charging
Event
6.6. Classifier Examples
Example: Classify all packets from hosts on subnet 12.34.56.00/24 to
ports 80, 8090 or 443 on web servers 23.45.67.123, 23.45.68.124,
23.45.69.125.
Classifer = {
Classifier-Id = "web_svr_example";
Protocol = TCP;
Direction = OUT;
From-Spec = {
IP-Address-Mask = {
IP-Address = 12.34.56.00;
IP-Bit-Mask-Width = 24;
}
}
To-Spec = {
IP-Address = 23.45.67.123;
IP-Address = 23.45.68.124;
IP-Address = 23.45.69.125;
Port = 80;
Port = 8080;
Port = 443;
}
}
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Example: Any SIP signalling traffic from a device with a MAC address
of 01:23:45:67:89:ab to servers with IP addresses in the range
34.56.78.90 to 34.56.78.190.
Classifer = {
Classifier-Id = "web_svr_example";
Protocol = UDP;
Direction = OUT;
From-Spec = {
MAC-Address = 01:23:45:67:89:ab;
}
To-Spec = {
IP-Address-Range = {
IP-Address-Start = 34.56.78.90;
IP-Address-End = 34.56.78.190;
}
Port = 5060;
Port = 3478;
Port-Range = {
Port-Start = 16348;
Port-End = 32768;
}
}
}
7. Acknowledgments
We would like to thank Victor Fajardo, Tseno Tsenov, Robert Hancock,
Jukka Manner, Cornelia Kappler, Xiaoming Fu, Frank Alfano,Tolga
Asveren, Mike Montemurro,Glen Zorn, Avri Doria, Dong Sun, Tina Tsou,
Pete McCann, Georgios Karagiannis and Elwyn Davies for their
comments.
8. IANA Considerations
IANA is requested to allocate AVP codes for the following AVPs that
are defined in this document.
+------------------------------------------------------------------+
| AVP Section |
| Attribute Name Code Defined Data Type |
+------------------------------------------------------------------+
|QoS-Capability TBD 3.1 Grouped |
|QoS-Profile-Template TBD 3.2 Unsigned32 |
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|Vendor-Specific-QoS-Profile-Template TBD 3.3 Grouped |
|Extended-QoS-Filter-Rule TBD 3.5 Grouped |
|QoS-Semantics TBD 3.6 Enumerated |
|QoS-Parameters TBD 3.7 OctetString |
|QoS-Rule-Precedence TBD 3.8 Unsigned32 |
|Classifier TBD 5.1 Grouped |
|Classifier-ID TBD 5.2 OctetString |
|Protocol TBD 5.3 Enumerated |
|Direction TBD 5.4 Enumerated |
|From-Spec TBD 5.5 Grouped |
|To-Spec TBD 5.6 Grouped |
|Negated TBD 5.7.1 Enumerated |
|IP-Address TBD 5.7.2 Address |
|IP-Address-Range TBD 5.7.3 Grouped |
|IP-Address-Start TBD 5.7.4 Address |
|IP-Address-End TBD 5.7.5 Address |
|IP-Address-Mask TBD 5.7.6 Grouped |
|IP-Mask-Bit-Mask-Width TBD 5.7.7 OctetString |
|MAC-Address TBD 5.7.8 OctetString |
|MAC-Address-Mask TBD 5.7.9 Grouped |
|MAC-Address-Mask-Pattern TBD 5.7.10 OctetString |
|EUI64-Address TBD 5.7.11 OctetString |
|EUI64-Address-Mask TBD 5.7.12 Grouped |
|EUI64-Address-Mask-Pattern TBD 5.7.13 OctetString |
|VLAN-ID TBD 5.7.14 OctetString |
|Port TBD 5.7.15 Integer32 |
|Port-Range TBD 5.7.16 Grouped |
|Port-Start TBD 5.7.17 Integer32 |
|Port-End TBD 5.7.18 Integer32 |
|Use-Assigned-Address TBD 5.7.19 Enumerated |
|Diffserv-Code-Point TBD 5.8.1 Enumerated |
|Fragmentation-Flag TBD 5.8.2 Enumerated |
|IP-Option TBD 5.8.3 Grouped |
|IP-Option-Type TBD 5.8.4 Enumerated |
|IP-Option-Value TBD 5.8.5 OctetString |
|TCP-Option TBD 5.8.6 Grouped |
|TCP-Option-Type TBD 5.8.7 Enumerated |
|TCP-Option-Value TBD 5.8.8 OctetString |
|TCP-Flags TBD 5.8.9 Grouped |
|TCP-Flag-Type TBD 5.8.10 Enumerated |
|ICMP-Type TBD 5.8.11 Grouped |
|ICMP-Type-Number TBD 5.8.12 Enumerated |
|ICMP-Code TBD 5.8.13 Enumerated |
|ETH-Option TBD 5.8.14 Grouped |
|ETH-Proto-Type TBD 5.8.15 Grouped |
|ETH-Ether-Type TBD 5.8.16 OctetString |
|ETH-SAP TBD 5.8.17 OctetString |
|ETH-Priority-Range TBD 5.8.18 Grouped |
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|ETH-Low-Priority TBD 5.8.19 OctetString |
|ETH-High-Priority TBD 5.8.20 OctetString |
+------------------------------------------------------------------+
IANA is also requested to allocate a registry for the QoS-Semantics.
The following values are allocated by this specification.
(0): QoS-Desired
(1): QoS-Available
(2): QoS-Reserved
(3): Minimum-QoS
(4): QoS-Authorized
A specification is required to add a new value to the registry. A
standards track document is required to depreciate, delete, or modify
existing values.
9. Security Considerations
This document describes the extension of Diameter for conveying
Quality of Service information. The security considerations of the
Diameter protocol itself have been discussed in RFC 3588bis
[I-D.ietf-dime-rfc3588bis]. Use of the AVPs defined in this document
MUST take into consideration the security issues and requirements of
the Diameter Base protocol.
10. References
10.1. Normative References
[DSCP] IANA,, "Differentiated Services Field Codepoints",
http://www.iana.org/assignments/dscp-registry.
[I-D.ietf-dime-qos-parameters]
Korhonen, J. and H. Tschofenig, "Quality of Service
Parameters for Usage with the AAA Framework",
draft-ietf-dime-qos-parameters-06 (work in progress),
May 2008.
[I-D.ietf-dime-rfc3588bis]
Fajardo, V., Arkko, J., Loughney, J., and G. Zorn,
"Diameter Base Protocol", draft-ietf-dime-rfc3588bis-10
(work in progress), January 2008.
[ICMPTYPE]
IANA,, "ICMP Type Numbers",
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http://www.iana.org/assignments/icmp-parameters.
[IPOPTIONS]
IANA,, "IP Option Numbers",
http://www.iana.org/assignments/ip-parameters.
[PROTOCOL]
IANA,, "Protocol Types",
http://www.iana.org/assignments/protocol-numbers.
[RFC2119] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, March 1997.
[RFC4005] Calhoun, P., Zorn, G., Spence, D., and D. Mitton,
"Diameter Network Access Server Application", RFC 4005,
August 2005.
[TCPOPTIONS]
IANA,, "TCP Option Numbers",
http://www.iana.org/assignments/tcp-parameters.
10.2. Informative References
[I-D.ietf-dime-diameter-qos]
Sun, D., McCann, P., Tschofenig, H., Tsou, T., Doria, A.,
and G. Zorn, "Diameter Quality of Service Application",
draft-ietf-dime-diameter-qos-05 (work in progress),
February 2008.
Authors' Addresses
Jouni Korhonen
TeliaSonera
Teollisuuskatu 13
Sonera FIN-00051
Finland
Email: jouni.korhonen@teliasonera.com
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Hannes Tschofenig
Nokia Siemens Networks
Linnoitustie 6
Espoo 02600
Finland
Phone: +358 (50) 4871445
Email: Hannes.Tschofenig@gmx.net
URI: http://www.tschofenig.priv.at
Mayutan Arumaithurai
University of Goettingen
Email: mayutan.arumaithurai@gmail.com
Mark Jones (editor)
Bridgewater Systems
303 Terry Fox Drive
Ottawa, Ontario K2K 3J1
Canada
Email: mark.jones@bridgewatersystems.com
Avi Lior
Bridgewater Systems
303 Terry Fox Drive, Suite 500
Ottawa, Ontario
Canada K2K 3J1
Phone: +1 613-591-6655
Email: avi@bridgewatersystems.com
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