DMM H. Chan, Ed.
Internet-Draft X. Wei
Intended status: Informational Huawei Technologies
Expires: October 13, 2017 J. Lee
Sangmyung University
S. Jeon
Sungkyunkwan University
A. Petrescu
CEA, LIST
F. Templin
Boeing Research and Technology
April 11, 2017
Distributed Mobility Anchoring
draft-ietf-dmm-distributed-mobility-anchoring-04
Abstract
This document defines distributed mobility anchoring in terms of the
different configurations, operations and parameters of mobility
functions to provide different IP mobility support for the diverse
mobility needs in 5G Wireless and beyond. A network or network slice
may be configured with distributed mobility anchoring functions
according to the needs of mobility support. In the distributed
mobility anchoring environment, multiple anchors are available for
mid-session switching of an IP prefix anchor. To start a new flow or
to handle a flow not requiring IP session continuity as a mobile node
moves to a new network, the flow can be started or re-started using a
new IP prefix which is allocated from and is therefore anchored to
the new network. For a flow requiring IP session continuity, the
anchoring of the prior IP prefix may be moved to the new network.
The mobility functions and their operations and parameters are
general for different configurations. The mobility signaling may be
between anchors and nodes in the network in a network-based mobility
solution. It may also be between the anchors and the mobile node in
a host-based solution. The mobile node may be a host, but may also
be a router carrying a network requiring network mobility support.
Status of This Memo
This Internet-Draft is submitted in full conformance with the
provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79.
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Task Force (IETF). Note that other groups may also distribute
working documents as Internet-Drafts. The list of current Internet-
Drafts is at http://datatracker.ietf.org/drafts/current/.
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Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months
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This Internet-Draft will expire on October 13, 2017.
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Table of Contents
1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
2. Conventions and Terminology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
3. Distributed Mobility Anchoring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
3.1. Configurations for Different Networks or Network Slices . 7
3.1.1. Network-based Mobility Support for a Flat Network . . 7
3.1.2. Network-based Mobility Support for a Hierarchical
Network . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
3.1.3. Host-based Mobility Support . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
3.1.4. NEtwork MObility (NEMO) Basic Support . . . . . . . . 13
3.2. Operations and Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
3.2.1. Location Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
3.2.2. Forwarding Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
4. IP Mobility Handling in Distributed Anchoring Environments -
Mobility Support Only When Needed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
4.1. No Need of IP Mobility: Changing to New IP Prefix/Address 27
4.1.1. Guidelines for IPv6 Nodes: Changing to New IP
Prefix/Address . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
4.2. Need of IP Mobility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
4.2.1. Guidelines for IPv6 Nodes: Need of IP Mobility . . . 31
5. IP Mobility Handling in Distributed Mobility Anchoring
Environments - Anchor Switching to the New Network . . . . . 33
5.1. IP Prefix/Address Anchor Switching for Flat Network . . . 33
5.1.1. Guidelines for IPv6 Nodes: Switching Anchor for Flat
Network . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
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5.2. IP Prefix/Address Anchor Switching for Flat Network with
Centralized Control Plane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
5.2.1. Additional Guidelines for IPv6 Nodes: Switching
Anchor with Centralized CP . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
5.3. Hierarchical Network . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
5.3.1. Additional Guidelines for IPv6 Nodes: Hierarchical
Network with No Anchor Relocation . . . . . . . . . . 42
5.4. IP Prefix/Address Anchor Switching for a Hierarchical
Network . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
5.4.1. Additional Guidelines for IPv6 Nodes: Switching
Anchor with Hierarchical Network . . . . . . . . . . 45
5.5. Network Mobility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
5.5.1. Additional Guidelines for IPv6 Nodes: Network
mobility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
6. Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
7. IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
8. Contributors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
9. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
9.1. Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
9.2. Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
Authors' Addresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
1. Introduction
A key requirement in distributed mobility management [RFC7333] is to
enable traffic to avoid traversing a single mobility anchor far from
an optimal route. Distributed mobility management solutions do not
rely on a centrally deployed mobility anchor in the data plane
[Paper-Distributed.Mobility]. As such, the traffic of a flow SHOULD
be able to change from traversing one mobility anchor to traversing
another mobility anchor as a mobile node (MN) moves, or when changing
operation and management requirements call for mobility anchor
switching, thus avoiding non-optimal routes.
Companion distributed mobility management documents are already
addressing the architecture and deployment
[I-D.ietf-dmm-deployment-models], source address selection
[I-D.ietf-dmm-ondemand-mobility], and control-plane data-plane
signaling [I-D.ietf-dmm-fpc-cpdp]. Yet in 5G Wireless and beyond,
the mobility requirements are diverse, and IP mobility support is no
longer by default with a one-size-fit-all solution. In different
networks or network slices, different kinds of mobility support are
possible depending on the needs. It may not always be obvious on how
to best configure and use only the needed mobility functions to
provide the specific mobility support. This draft defines different
configurations, functional operations and parameters for distributed
mobility anchoring and explains how to use them to make the route
changes to avoid unnecessarily long routes.
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Distributed mobility anchoring employs multiple anchors in the data
plane. In general, control plane functions may be separate from data
plane functions and be centralized but may also be co-located with
the data plane functions at the distributed anchors. Different
configurations of distributed mobility anchoring are described in
Section 3.1. For instance, the configurations for network-based
mobility support in a flat network, for network-based mobility
support in a hierarchical network, for host-based mobility support,
and for NEtwork MObility (NEMO) basic support are described
respectively in Section 3.1.1, Section 3.1.2, Section 3.1.3 and
Section 3.1.4. Required operations and parameters for distributed
mobility anchoring are presented in Section 3.2. For instance,
location management is described in Section 3.2.1, forwarding
management is described in Section 3.2.2.
An MN attached to an access router of a network or network slice may
be allocated an IP prefix which is anchored to that router. It may
then use an IP address configured from this prefix as the source IP
address to run a flow with its correspondent node (CN). When there
are multiple mobility anchors, an address selection for a given flow
is first required before the flow is initiated. Using an anchor in
an MN's network of attachment has the advantage that the packets can
simply be forwarded according to the forwarding table. Although the
anchor is in the MN's network of attachment when the flow was
initiated, the MN may later move to another network, so that the IP
address no longer belongs to the current network of attachment of the
MN.
Whether the flow needs IP session continuity will determine how to
ensure that the IP address of the flow will be anchored to the new
network of attachment. If the ongoing IP flow can cope with an IP
prefix/address change, the flow can be reinitiated with a new IP
address anchored in the new network as shown in Section 4.1. On the
other hand, if the ongoing IP flow cannot cope with such change,
mobility support is needed as shown in Section 4.2. A network or
network slice supporting a mix of flows both requiring and not
requiring IP mobility support will need to distinguish these flows.
The guidelines for the network or network slice to make such a
distinction are described in Section 4.1.1. The general guidelines
for such network or network slice to provide IP mobility support are
described in Section 4.2.1.
Specifically, IP mobility support can be provided by relocating the
anchoring of the IP prefix/address of the flow from the home network
of the flow to the new network of attachment. The basic case may be
with network-based mobility for a flat network configuration
described in Section 5.1 with the guidelines described in
Section 5.1.1. This case is discussed further with a centralized
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control plane in Section 5.2 with additional guidelines described in
Section 5.2.1. A level of hierarchy of nodes may then be added to
the network configuration. Mobility involving change in the Data
Plane Node (DPN) without changing the Data Plane Anchor (DPA) is
described in Section 5.3 with additional guidelines described in
Section 5.3.1. Mobility involving change in the DPN without changing
the DPA is described in Section 5.4 with additional guidelines
described in Section 5.4.1.
2. Conventions and Terminology
The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "GLUIRED", "SHALL","SHALL NOT",
"SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this
document are to be interpreted as described in [RFC2119].
All general mobility-related terms and their acronyms used in this
document are to be interpreted as defined in the Mobile IPv6 (MIPv6)
base specification [RFC6275], the Proxy Mobile IPv6 (PMIPv6)
specification [RFC5213], the "Mobility Related Terminologies"
[RFC3753], and the DMM current practices and gap analysis [RFC7429].
These include terms such as mobile node (MN), correspondent node
(CN), home agent (HA), home address (HoA), care-of-address (CoA),
local mobility anchor (LMA), and mobile access gateway (MAG).
In addition, this document uses the following terms:
Home network of an application session or a home address: the
network that has allocated the HoA used for the session identifier
by the application running in an MN. The MN may be running
multiple application sessions, and each of these sessions can have
a different home network.
IP prefix/address anchoring: An IP prefix, i.e., Home Network Prefix
(HNP), or address, i.e., HoA, allocated to an MN is topologically
anchored to an anchor node when the anchor node is able to
advertise a connected route into the routing infrastructure for
the allocated IP prefix.
Location Management (LM) function: managing and keeping track of the
internetwork location of an MN. The location information may be a
binding of the advertised IP address/prefix, e.g., HoA or HNP, to
the IP routing address of the MN or of a node that can forward
packets destined to the MN.
When the MN is a mobile router (MR) carrying a mobile network of
mobile network nodes (MNN), the location information will also
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include the mobile network prefix (MNP), which is the IP prefix
delegated to the MR. The MNP is allocated to the MNNs in the
mobile network.
LM is a control plane function.
In a client-server protocol model, location query and update
messages may be exchanged between a Location Management client
(LMc) and a Location Management server (LMs).
Optionally, there may be a Location Management proxy (LMp) between
LMc and LMs.
With separation of control plane and data plane, the LM function
is in the control plane. It may be a logical function at the
control plane node, control plane anchor, or mobility controller.
It may be distributed or centralized.
Forwarding Management (FM) function: packet interception and
forwarding to/from the IP address/prefix assigned to the MN, based
on the internetwork location information, either to the
destination or to some other network element that knows how to
forward the packets to their destination.
This function may be used to achieve traffic indirection. With
separation of control plane and data plane, the FM function may
split into a FM function in the data plane (FM-DP) and a FM
function in the control plane (FM-CP).
FM-DP may be distributed with distributed mobility management. It
may be a function in a data plane anchor or data plane node.
FM-CP may be distributed or centralized. It may be a function in
a control plane node, control plane anchor or mobility controller.
Security Management (SM) function: The security management function
controls security mechanisms/protocols providing access control,
integrity, authentication, authorization, confidentiality, etc.
for the control plane and data plane.
This function resides in all nodes such as control plane anchor,
data plane anchor, mobile node, and correspondent node.
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3. Distributed Mobility Anchoring
3.1. Configurations for Different Networks or Network Slices
The mobility functions may be implemented in different configurations
of distributed mobility anchoring in architectures separating the
control and data planes. The separation described in
[I-D.ietf-dmm-deployment-models] has defined the home control plane
anchor (Home-CPA), home data plane anchor (Home-DPA), access control
plane node (Access-CPN), and access data plane node (Access-DPN),
which are respectively abbreviated as CPA, DPA, CPN, and DPN here.
Different networks or different network slices may have different
configurations in distributed mobility anchoring.
The configurations also differ depending on the desired mobility
supports: network-based mobility support for a flat network in
Section 3.1.1, network-based mobility support for a hierarchical
network in Section 3.1.2, host-based mobility support in
Section 3.1.3, and NEtwork MObility (NEMO) based support in
Section 3.1.4.
3.1.1. Network-based Mobility Support for a Flat Network
Figure 1 shows two different configurations of network-based mobility
management for a flat network.
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(a) (b)
+-----+
|LMs |
+-----+
+------------+ +------------+
|CPA: | |CPA: |
|FM-CP, LM | |FM-CP, LMc |
+------------+ +------------+
+------------+ +------------+ +------------+ +------------+
|DPA(IPa1): | |DPA(IPa2): | |DPA(IPa1): | |DPA(IPa2): |
|anchors IP1 | |anchors IP2 | ... |anchors IP1 | |anchors IP2 | ...
|FM-DP | |FM-DP | |FM-DP | |FM-DP |
+------------+ +------------+ +------------+ +------------+
+------------+ +------------+
|MN(IP1) | |MN(IP1) |
|flow(IP1,..)| |flow(IP1,..)|
+------------+ +------------+
Figure 1. Configurations of network-based mobility management for a
flat network (a) FM-CP and LM at CPA, FM-DP at DPA; (b) Separate LMs,
FM-CP and LMc at CPA, FM-DP at DPA.
Figure 1 also shows a distributed mobility anchoring environment with
multiple instances of the DPA.
There is an FM-DP function at each of the distributed DPA.
The control plane may either be distributed (not shown) or
centralized. When the CPA is co-located with the distributed DPA
there will be multiple instances of the co-located CPA and DPA (not
shown).
There is an FM-CP function at the CPA.
An MN is allocated an IP prefix/address IP1 which is anchored to the
DPA with the IP prefix/address IPa1. The MN uses IP1 to communicate
with a CN not shown in the figure. The flow of this communication
session is shown as flow(IP1, ...) which uses IP1 and other
parameters.
In Figure 1(a), LM and FM-CP are co-located at the CPA.
Then LM may be distributed or centralized according to whether the
CPA is distributed (not shown) or centralized.
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Figure 1(b) differs from Figure 1(a) in that the LM function is split
into a server LMs and a client LMc.
LMc and FM-CP are co-located at the CPA.
The LMs may be centralized whereas the LMc may be distributed or
centralized according to whether the CPA is distributed (not shown)
or centralized.
3.1.2. Network-based Mobility Support for a Hierarchical Network
Figure 2 shows two different configurations of network-based mobility
management for a hierarchical network.
(a)
+------------+
|CPA: |
|FM-CP, LMs |
+------------+
+------------+ +------------+
|DPA(IPa1): | |DPA(IPa2): |
|anchors IP1 | |anchors IP2 | ...
|FM-DP | |FM-DP |
+------------+ +------------+
+------------+
|CPN: |
|FM-CP, LMc |
+------------+
+------------+ +------------+ +------------+ +------------+
|DPN(IPn11): | |DPN(IPn12): | |DPN(IPn21): | |DPN(IPn22) |
|FM-DP | |FM-DP | ... |FM-DP | |FM-DP | ...
+------------+ +------------+ +------------+ +------------+
+------------+ +------------+
|MN(IP1) | |MN(IP2) |
|flow(IP1,..)| |flow(IP2,..)|
+------------+ +------------+
Figure 2(a). Configurations of network-based mobility management for
a hierarchical network with FM-CP and LMs at CPA, FM-DP at DPA; FM-CP
and LMc at CPN, FM-DP at DPN.
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(b)
+-----+
|LMs |
+-----+
+------------+
|CPA: |
|FM-CP, LMp |
+------------+
+------------+ +------------+
|DPA(IPa1): | |DPA(IPa2): |
|anchors IP1 | |anchors IP2 | ...
|FM-DP | |FM-DP |
+------------+ +------------+
+------------+
|CPN: |
|FM-CP, LMc |
+------------+
+------------+ +------------+ +------------+ +------------+
|DPN(IPn11): | |DPN(IPn12): | |DPN(IPn21): | |DPN(IPn22) |
|FM-DP | |FM-DP | ... |FM-DP | |FM-DP | ...
+------------+ +------------+ +------------+ +------------+
+------------+ +------------+
|MN(IP1) | |MN(IP2) |
|flow(IP1,..)| |flow(IP2,..)|
+------------+ +------------+
Figure 2(b). Configurations of network-based mobility management for
a hierarchical network with separate LMs, FM-CP and LMp at CPA, FM-DP
at DPA; FM-CP and LMc at CPN, FM-DP at DPN.
Figures 2 also shows a distributed mobility anchoring environment
with multiple instances of the DPA.
In the hierarchy, there may be multiple DPNs for each DPA.
There is FM-DP at each of the distributed DPA and at each of the
distributed DPN.
The control plane may either be distributed (not shown) or
centralized.
When the CPA is co-located with the distributed DPA there will be
multiple instances of the co-located CPA and DPA (not shown).
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When the CPN is co-located with the distributed DPN there will be
multiple instances of the co-located CPN and DPN (not shown).
There is FM-CP function at the CPA and at the CPN.
MN is allocated an IP prefix/address IP1 which is anchored to the DPA
with the IP prefix/address IPa1. It is using IP1 to communicate with
a correspondent node (CN) not shown in the figure. The flow of this
communication session is shown as flow(IP1, ...) which uses IP1 and
other parameters.
In Figure 2(a), LMs and FM-CP are at the CPA. In addition, there are
FM-CP and LMc at the CPN.
LMs may be distributed or centralized according to whether the CPA is
distributed or centralized. The CPA may co-locate with DPA or may
separate.
Figure 2(b) differs from Figure 2(a) in that the LMs is separated
out, and a proxy LMp is added between the LMs and LMc.
LMp and FM-CP are co-located at the CPA.
FM-CP and LMc are co-located at the CPN.
The LMs may be centralized whereas the LMp may be distributed or
centralized according to whether the CPA is distributed or
centralized.
3.1.3. Host-based Mobility Support
Host-based variants of the mobility function configurations from
Figures 2(a) and 2(b) are respectively shown in Figures 3(a) and 3(b)
where the role to perform mobility functions by CPN and DPN are now
taken by the MN. The MN then needs to possess the mobility functions
FM and LMc.
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(a) (b)
+-----+
|LMs |
+-----+
+------------+ +------------+
|CPA: | |CPA: |
|FM-CP, LMs | |FM-CP, LMp |
+------------+ +------------+
+------------+ +------------+ +------------+ +------------+
|DPA(IPa1): | |DPA(IPa2): | |DPA(IPa1): | |DPA(IPa2): |
|anchors IP1 | |anchors IP2 | ... |anchors IP1 | |anchors IP2 | ...
|FM-DP | |FM-DP | |FM-DP | |FM-DP |
+------------+ +------------+ +------------+ +------------+
+------------+ +------------+
|MN(IP1) | |MN(IP1) |
|flow(IP1,..)| |flow(IP1,..)|
|FM, LMc | |FM, LMc |
+------------+ +------------+
Figure 3. Configurations of host-based mobility management (a) FM-CP
and LMs at CPA, FM-DP at DPA, FM and LMc at MN; (b) Separate LMs, FM-
CP and LMp at CPA, FM-DP at DPA, FM and LMc at MN.
Figure 3 shows 2 configurations of host-based mobility management
with multiple instances of DPA for a distributed mobility anchoring
environment.
There is an FM-DP function at each of the distributed DPA.
The control plane may either be distributed (not shown) or
centralized.
When the CPA is co-located with the distributed DPA there will be
multiple instances of the co-located CPA and DPA (not shown).
There is an FM-CP function at the CPA.
The MN possesses the mobility functions such as FM and LMc.
The MN is allocated an IP prefix/address IP1 which is anchored to the
DPA with the IP prefix/address IPa1. It is using IP1 to communicate
with a CN not shown in the figure. The flow of this communication
session is shown as flow(IP1, ...) which uses IP1 and other
parameters.
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In Figure 3(a), LMs and FM-CP are co-located at the CPA.
The LMs may be distributed or centralized according to whether the
CPA is distributed (not shown) or centralized.
Figure 3(b) differs from Figure 3(a) in that the LMs is separated out
and the proxy LMp is added between the LMs and LMc.
LMp and FM-CP are co-located at the CPA.
The LMs may be centralized whereas the LMp may be distributed or
centralized according to whether the CPA is distributed (not shown)
or centralized.
3.1.4. NEtwork MObility (NEMO) Basic Support
Figure 4 shows two configurations of NEMO basic support for a mobile
router.
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(a) (b)
+-----+
|LMs |
+-----+
+------------+ +------------+
|CPA: | |CPA: |
|FM-CP, LMs | |FM-CP, LMp |
+------------+ +------------+
+------------+ +------------+ +------------+ +------------+
|DPA(IPa1): | |DPA(IPa2): | |DPA(IPa1): | |DPA(IPa2): |
|anchors IP1 | |anchors IP2 | |anchors IP1 | |anchors IP2 |
|DHCPv6-PD | |DHCPv6-PD | ... |DHCPv6-PD | |DHCPv6-PD | ...
| IPn1| | IPn2| | IPn1| | IPn2|
|FM-DP | |FM-DP | |FM-DP | |FM-DP |
+------------+ +------------+ +------------+ +------------+
+------------+ +------------+
|MR(IP1) | |MR(IP1) |
|anchors IPn1| |anchors IPn1|
|FM, LMc | |FM, LMc |
+------------+ +------------+
+------------+ +------------+
|MNN(IPn1) | |MNN(IPn1) |
|flow(IPn1,.)| |flow(IPn1,.)|
+------------+ +------------+
Figure 4. Configurations of NEMO basic support for a MR. (a) FM-CP
and LMs at CPA, FM-DP at DPA, FM and LMc at MR; (b) Separate LMs, FM-
CP and LMp at CPA, FM-DP at DPA, FM and LMc at MR.
Figure 4 shows 2 configurations of host-based mobility management for
a MR with multiple instances of DPA for a distributed mobility
anchoring environment.
There is an FM-DP function at each of the distributed DPA.
The control plane may either be distributed (not shown) or
centralized.
When the CPA is co-located with the distributed DPA there will be
multiple instances of the co-located CPA and DPA (not shown).
There is FM-CP function at the CPA.
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The MR possesses the mobility functions FM and LMc.
MR is allocated an IP prefix/address IP1 which is anchored to the DPA
with the IP prefix/address IPa1.
A mobile network node (MNN) in the mobile network is allocated an IP
prefix/address IPn1 which is anchored to the MR with the IP prefix/
address IP1.
The MNN is using IPn1 to communicate with a correspondent node (CN)
not shown in the figure. The flow of this communication session is
shown as flow(IPn1, ...) which uses IPn1 and other parameters.
In Figure 4(a), LMs and FM-CP are co-located at the CPA.
The LMs may be distributed or centralized according to whether the
CPA is distributed (not shown) or centralized.
Figure 4(b) differs from Figure 4(a) in that the LMs is separated out
and the proxy LMp is added between the LMs and LMc.
LMp and FM-CP are co-located at the CPA.
The LMs may be centralized whereas the LMp may be distributed or
centralized according to whether the CPA is distributed (not shown)
or centralized.
3.2. Operations and Parameters
The operations of distributed mobility anchoring are defined in order
that they may work together in expected manners to produce a
distributed mobility solution. The needed information is passed as
mobility message parameters, which must be protected in terms of
integrity. Some parameters may require a means to support privacy of
an MN or MR.
The mobility needs in 5G Wireless and beyond are diverse. Therefore
operations needed to enable different distributed mobility solutions
in different distributed mobility anchoring configurations are
extensive as illustrated below. It is however not necessary for
every distributed mobility solution to exhibit all the operations
listed in this section. A given distributed mobility solution may
exhibit only those operations needed.
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3.2.1. Location Management
An example LM design consists of a distributed database with multiple
LMs servers. The location information about the prefix/address of an
MN is primarily at a given LMs. Peer LMs may exchange the location
information with each other. LMc may retrieve a given record or send
a given record update to LMs.
Location management configurations:
LM-cfg: As shown in Section 3.1:
LMs may be implemented at CPA, may be co-located with LMc at
CPA, or may be a separate server.
LMc may be at CPA, CPN, or MN.
LMp may proxy between LMs and LMc.
Specifically:
Location management operations and parameters:
LM-cfg:1 LMs may be co-located with LMc at CPA in a flat network
with network-based mobility as shown in Figure 1(a) in
Section 3.1.1.
LM-cfg:2 LMs may be a separate server whereas LMc is implemented in
CPA in a flat network with network-based mobility as shown
in Figure 1(b) in Section 3.1.1.
LM-cfg:3 LMs may be implemented at CPA, whereas LMc is implemented
at CPN in a hierarchical network with network-based
mobility as shown in Figure 2(a) in Section 3.1.2, at MN
for host-based mobility as shown in Figure 3(a) in
Section 3.1.3, or at MR for network mobility as shown in
Figure 4(a) in Section 3.1.4.
LM-cfg:4 LMs may be a separate server with LMp implemented at CPA
whereas LMc is implemented at CPN in a hierarchical network
with network-based mobility as shown in Figure 2(b) in
Section 3.1.2, at MN for host-based mobility as shown in
Figure 3(b) in Section 3.1.3, or at MR for network mobility
as shown in Figure 4(b) in Section 3.1.4.
LM-db: LM may manage the location information in a client-server
database system.
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Example LM database functions are as follows:
LM-db:1 LMc may query LMs about location information for a prefix of
MN (pull).
Parameters:
- IP prefix of MN: integrity support required and privacy
support may be required.
LM-db:2 LMs may reply to LMc query about location information for a
prefix of MN (pull).
Parameters:
- IP prefix of MN: integrity support required and privacy
support may be required,
- IP address of FM-DP/DPA/DPN to forward the packets of the
flow: integrity support required.
LM-db:3 LMs may inform LMc about location information for a prefix
of MN (push).
Parameters:
- IP prefix of MN: integrity support required and privacy
support may be required,
- IP address of FM-DP/DPA/DPN to forward the packets of the
flow: integrity support required.
This function in the PMIPv6 protocol is the Update
Notification (UPN) together with the Update Notification
Acknowledgment (UPA) as defined in [RFC7077].
LM-db:4 LMc may inform LMs about update location information for a
prefix of MN.
Parameters:
- IP prefix of MN: integrity support required and privacy
support may be required,
- IP address of FM-DP/DPA/DPN to forward the packets of the
flow: integrity support required.
This function in the MIPv6 / PMIPv6 protocol is the Binding
Update (BU) / Proxy Binding Update (PBU) together with the
Binding Acknowledgment (BA) / Proxy Binding Acknowledgment
(PBA) as defined in [RFC6275] / [RFC5213] respectively.
LM-db:5 The MN may be a host or a router. When the MN is an MR, the
prefix information may include the IP prefix delegated to
the MR.
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Additional parameters:
- IP prefix delegated to MR: integrity support required and
privacy support may be required,
- IP prefix/address of the MR to forward the packets of the
prefix delegated to the MR: integrity support required.
LM-svr: The LM may be a distributed database with multiple LMs
servers.
For example:
LM-svr:1 A LMs may join a pool of LMs servers.
Parameters:
- IP address of the LMs: integrity support required,
- IP prefixes for which the LMs will host the primary
location information: integrity support required.
LM-svr:2 LMs may query a peer LMs about location information for a
prefix of MN.
Parameters:
- IP prefix: integrity support required and privacy support
may be required.
LM-svr:3 LMs may reply to a peer LMs about location information for
a prefix of MN.
Parameters:
- IP prefix of MN: integrity support required and privacy
support may be required,
- IP address of FM-DP/DPA/DPN to forward the packets of the
flow: integrity support required.
The parameters indicated above are only the minimal. In a specific
mobility protocol, additional parameters should be added as needed.
Examples of these additional parameters are those passed in the
mobility options of the mobility header for MIPv6 [RFC6275] and for
PMIPv6 [RFC5213].
3.2.2. Forwarding Management
Forwarding management configurations:
FM-cfg: As shown in Section 3.1:
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FM-CP may be implemented at CPA, CPN, MN depending on the
configuration chosen.
FM-DP may also be implemented at CPA, CPN, MN depending on
the configuration chosen.
Specifically:
FM-cfg:1 FM-CP and FM-DP may be implemented at CPA and DPA
respectively in a flat network with network-based mobility
as shown in Figure 1(a) and Figure 1(b) in Section 3.1.1.
FM-cfg:2 FM-CP may be implemented at both CPA and CPN and FM-DP is
implemented at both DPA and DPN in a hierarchical network
with network-based mobility as shown in Figure 2(a) and
Figure 2(b) in Section 3.1.2.
FM-cfg:3 FM-CP and FM-DP may be implemented at CPA and DPA
respectively and also both implemented at MN for host-based
mobility as shown in Figure 3(a) and Figure 3(b) in
Section 3.1.3.
FM-cfg:4 FM-CP and FM-DP may be implemented at CPA and DPA
respectively and also both implemented at MR for network
mobility as shown in Figure 4(a) and Figure 4(b) in
Section 3.1.4.
Forwarding management operations and parameters:
FM-find:1 An anchor may discover and be discovered such as through
an anchor registration system as follows:
FM-find:2 FM registers and authenticates itself with a centralized
mobility controller.
Parameters:
- IP address of DPA and its CPA: integrity support
required,
- IP prefix anchored to the DPA: integrity support
required.
Registration reply: acknowledge of registration and echo
the input parameters.
FM-find:3 FM discovers the FM of another IP prefix by querying the
mobility controller based on the IP prefix.
Parameters:
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- IP prefix of MN: integrity support required and privacy
support may be required.
FM-find:4 When making anchor discovery FM expects the answer
parameters:
- IP address of DPA to which IP prefix of MN is anchored:
integrity support required,
- IP prefix of the corresponding CPA: integrity support
required.
FM-flow:1 The FM may be carried out on the packets to/from an MN up
to the granularity of a flow.
FM-flow:2 Example matching parameters are in the 5-tuple of a flow.
FM-path:1 FM may change the forwarding path of a flow upon a change
of point of attachment of an MN. Prior to the changes,
packets coming from the CN to the MN would traverse from
the CN to the home network anchor of the flow for the MN
before reaching the MN. Changes are from this original
forwarding path or paths to a new forwarding path or paths
from the CN to the current AR of the MN and then the MN
itself.
FM-path:2 As an incoming packet is forwarded from the CN to the MN,
the far end where forwarding path change begins may in
general be any node in the original forwarding path from
the CN to the home network DPA. The packet is forwarded
to the MN for host-based mobility and to a node in the
network which will deliver the packets to the MN for
network-based mobility. The near-end is generally a DPN
with a hierarchical network but may also be another node
with DPA capability in a flattened network.
FM-path:3 The mechanisms to accomplish such changes may include
changes to the forwarding table and indirection such as
tunneling, rewriting packet header, or NAT.
Note: An emphasis in this document in distributed mobility
anchoring is to explain the use of multiple anchors to
avoid unnecessarily long route which may be encountered in
centralized mobility anchoring. It is therefore not the
emphasis of this document on which particular mechanism to
choose from.
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FM-path-tbl:4 With forwarding table updates, changes to the
forwarding table are needed at each of the affected
forwarding switches in order to change the forwarding
path of the packets for the flow from that originally
between the CN and the home network anchor or previous
AR to that between the CN and the new AR.
Specifically, such forwarding table updates may
include: (1) addition of forwarding table entries
needed to forward the packets destined to the MN to
the new AR; (2) deletion of forwarding table entries
to forward the packets destined to the MN to the home
network anchor or to the previous AR.
FM-path-tbl:5 Forwarding table updates may be triggered using
DHCPv6-PD prefix delegation to change the role of IP
anchoring from the home network anchor or previous AR
(with FM-DP) to the new anchor (with FM-DP) to which
the MN is currently attached. The new anchor will
then advertise routes for the delegated prefix.
With a distributed routing protocol, the updates
spread out from neighbors to neighbors and will affect
all the forwarding switches such that the packets sent
from "any" node to MN will go to the new AR.
FM-path-tbl:6 Forwarding table updates may also be achieved through
BGP update as described in [I-D.templin-aerolink],
[I-D.mccann-dmm-flatarch] and also for 3GPP Evolved
Packet Core (EPC) network in
[I-D.matsushima-stateless-uplane-vepc] when the scope
and response time can be managed.
FM-path-tbl:7 Alternatively, with a centralized control plane,
forwarding table updates may be achieved through
messaging between the centralized control plane and
the distributed forwarding switches as described above
(FM-cpdp) in this section.
FM-path-tbl:8 To reduce excessive signaling, the scope of such
updates for a given flow may be confined to only those
forwarding switches such that only the packets sent
from the "CN" to the MN will go to the new AR. Such
confinement may be made when using a centralized
control plane possessing a global view of all the
forwarding switches.
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FM-path-tbl:9 FM reverts the changes previously made to the
forwarding path of a flow when such changes are no
longer needed, e.g., when all the ongoing flows using
an IP prefix/address requiring IP session continuity
have closed. When using DHCPv6-PD, the forwarding
paths will be reverted upon prefix lease expiration.
FM-path-ind:10 Indirection forwards the incoming packets of the flow
from the DPA at the far end to a DPA/DPN at the near
end of indirection. Both ends of the indirection need
to know the LM information of the MN for the flow and
also need to possess FM capability to perform
indirection.
FM-path-ind:11 The mechanism of changing the forwarding path in MIPv6
[RFC6275] and PMIPv6 [RFC5213] is tunneling. In the
control plane, the FM-CP sets up the tunnel by
instructing the FM-DP at both ends of the tunnel. In
the data plane, the FM-DP at the start of the tunnel
performs packet encapsulation, whereas the FM-DP at
the end of the tunnel decapsulates the packet.
Note that in principle the ends of the indirection
path can be any pair of network elements with the FM-
DP function.
FM-path-ind:12 FM reverts the changes previously made to the
forwarding path of a flow when such changes are no
longer needed, e.g., when all the ongoing flows using
an IP prefix/address requiring IP session continuity
have closed. When tunneling is used, the tunnels will
be torn down when they are no longer needed.
FM-cpdp: With separation of control plane function and data plane
function, FM-CP and FM-DP communicate with each other. Such
communication may be realized by the appropriate messages in
[I-D.ietf-dmm-fpc-cpdp].
For example:
FM-cpdp:1 CPA/FM-CP sends forwarding table updates to DPA/FM-DP.
Parameters:
- New forwarding table entries to add: integrity support
required,
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- Expired forwarding table entries to delete: integrity
support required.
FM-cpdp:2 DPA/FM-DP sends to CPA/FM-CP about its status and load.
Parameters:
- State of forwarding function being active or not:
integrity support required,
- Loading percentage: integrity support required.
FM-CPA: The CPA possesses FM-CP function to make the changes to the
forwarding path as described in FM-path, and the changes may
be implemented through forwarding table changes or through
indirection as described respectively in FM-path-tbl and FM-
path-ind above.
The FM-CP communicates with the FM-DP using the appropriate
messages in [I-D.ietf-dmm-fpc-cpdp] as described in FM-cpdp
above so that it may instruct the FM-DP to perform the
changed forwarding tasks.
FM-DPA: The DPA possesses FM-DP function to forward packets according
to the changed forwarding path as described in FM-path, and
also FM-path-tbl or FM-path-ind depending on whether
forwarding table changes or indirection is used.
The FM-DP communicates with the FM-CP using the appropriate
messages in [I-D.ietf-dmm-fpc-cpdp] as described in FM-cpdp
above so that it may perform the changed forwarding tasks.
The operations and their parameters for the DPA to perform
distributed mobility management are described below:
FM-DPA:1 The DPAs perform the needed functions such that for the
incoming packets from the CN, forwarding path change by FM
is from the DPA at the far end which may be at any
forwarding switch (or even CN itself) in the original
forwarding path to the near end DPA/DPN.
FM-DPA:2 It is necessary that any incoming packet from the CN of the
flow must traverse the DPA (or at least one of the DPAs,
e.g., in the case of anycast) at the far end in order for
the packet to detour to a new forwarding path. Therefore a
convenient design is to locate the far end DPA at a unique
location which is always in the forwarding path. This is
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the case in a centralized mobility design where the DPA at
the far end is the home network anchor of the flow.
Distributed mobility however may place the far end DPA at
other locations in order to avoid unnecessarily long route.
FM-DPA:3 With multiple nodes possessing DPA capabilities, the role
of FM to begin path change for the incoming packets of a
flow at the home network DPA at the far end may be passed
to or added to that of another DPA.
In particular, this DPA role may be moved upstream from the
home network DPA in the original forwarding path from CN to
MN.
FM-DPA:4 Optimization of the new forwarding path may be achieved
when the path change for the incoming packets begins at a
DPA where the original path and the direct IPv6 path
overlap. Then the new forwarding path will resemble the
direct IPv6 path from the CN to the MN.
FM-DPA-tbl:5 One method to support IP mobility is through forwarding
table changes triggered using DHCPv6-PD to change the
role of IP anchoring from the home network anchor (DPA
with FM-DP) to the new anchor (DPA with FM-DP). It
therefore puts the near end of the path change at the
new DPA. Forwarding table updates will subsequently
propagate upstream from this DPA up to a far end DPA
where the original path and the direct IPv6 path
overlap.
When that far end is too far upstream the signaling of
forwarding table updates may become excessive. An
alternative is to use indirection (see FM-DPA-ind) from
that far end to the new DPA at the near end.
Still another alternative is to combine forwarding
table update with indirection.
FM-DPA-tbl:6 Changes made by FM to the forwarding tables, which are
IPv6 nodes, at the ends of the path change for a flow
will be reverted when the mobility support for the flow
is no longer needed, e.g., when the flows have
terminated.
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FM-DPA-ind:7 An alternative mobility support is indirection from the
far end DPA to the near end DPA. Both DPAs need to be
capable to performing indirection. For incoming
packets from the CN to the MN, the far end DPA needs to
start the indirection towards the near end DPA, which
will be the receiving end of indirection. In addition,
the near end DPA needs to continue the forwarding of
the packet towards the MN, such as through L2
forwarding or through another indirection towards the
MN.
FM-DPA-ind:8 With indirection, locating or moving the FM function to
begin indirection upstream along the forwarding path
from CN to MN again may help to reduce unnecessarily
long paths.
FM-DPA-ind:9 Changes made by FM to establish indirection at the DPA
and DPN, which are IPv6 nodes, at the ends of the path
change for a flow will be reverted when the mobility
support for the flow is no longer needed, e.g., when
the flows have terminated.
FM-state:1 In addition to the above, a flow/session may contain
states with the required information for QoS, charging,
etc. as needed. These states need to be transferred from
the old anchor to the new anchor.
FM-buffer: An anchor can buffer packets of a flow in a mobility
event:
FM-buffer:1 CPA/FM-CP informs DPA/FM-DP to buffer packets of a flow.
Trigger:
- MN leaves DPA in a mobility event.
Parameters:
- IP prefix of the flow for which packets need to be
buffered: integrity support required
FM-buffer:2 CPA/FM-CP on behalf of a new DPA/FM-DP informs the CPA/
FM-CP of the prior DPA/FM-DP that it is ready to receive
any buffered packets of a flow.
Parameters:
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- Destination IP prefix of the flow's packets: integrity
support required,
- IP address of the new DPA: integrity support required.
FM-mr:1 When the MN is a mobile router (MR) the access router
anchoring the IP prefix of the MR will also own the IP
prefix or prefixes to be delegated to the MR. The MNNs in
the network carried by the MR obtain IP prefixes from the
MR.
FM-mr:2 When the MR moves from a previous AR to a new AR, the MNNs
move with the MR. Network mobility support for these MNNs
may be provided by forwarding table updates such that
packets destined to the MNNs will be forwarded towards the
new AR instead of towards the old AR.
Changes to forwarding table entries may occur at the new AR
and the aggregate router as well as other affected switches/
routers between them such that packets destined to the MNNs
will be forwarded to the new AR.
Meanwhile, changes to forwarding table entries may also
occur at the old AR and the aggregate router as well as
other affected switches/routers between them such that
packets destined to the MNNs will not be forwarded to the
old AR.
4. IP Mobility Handling in Distributed Anchoring Environments -
Mobility Support Only When Needed
IP mobility support may be provided only when needed instead of being
provided by default. The LM and FM functions in the different
configurations shown in Section 3.1 are then utilized only when
needed.
A straightforward choice of mobility anchoring is for a flow to use
the IP prefix of the network to which the MN is attached when the
flow is initiated [I-D.seite-dmm-dma].
The IP prefix/address at the MN's side of a flow may be anchored at
the access router to which the MN is attached. For example, when an
MN attaches to a network (Net1) or moves to a new network (Net2), it
is allocated an IP prefix from the attached network. In addition to
configuring new link-local addresses, the MN configures from this
prefix an IP address which is typically a dynamic IP address. It
then uses this IP address when a flow is initiated. Packets to the
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MN in this flow are simply forwarded according to the forwarding
table.
There may be multiple IP prefixes/addresses that an MN can select
when initiating a flow. They may be from the same access network or
different access networks. The network may advertise these prefixes
with cost options [I-D.mccann-dmm-prefixcost] so that the mobile node
may choose the one with the least cost. In addition, these IP
prefixes/addresses may be of different types regarding whether
mobility support is needed [I-D.ietf-dmm-ondemand-mobility]. A flow
will need to choose the appropriate one according to whether it needs
IP mobility support.
4.1. No Need of IP Mobility: Changing to New IP Prefix/Address
When IP mobility support is not needed for a flow, the LM and FM
functions are not utilized so that the configurations in Section 3.1
are simplified as shown in Figure 5.
Net1 Net2
+---------------+ +---------------+
|AR1 | AR is changed |AR2 |
+---------------+ -------> +---------------+
|CPA: | |CPA: |
|---------------| |---------------|
|DPA(IPa1): | |DPA(IPa2): |
|anchors IP1 | |anchors IP2 |
+---------------+ +---------------+
+...............+ +---------------+
.MN(IP1) . MN moves |MN(IP2) |
.flow(IP1,...) . =======> |flow(IP2,...) |
+...............+ +---------------+
Figure 5. Changing to the new IP prefix/address. MN running a flow
using IP1 in a network Net1 changes to running a flow using IP2 in
Net2.
When there is no need to provide IP mobility to a flow, the flow may
use a new IP address acquired from a new network as the MN moves to
the new network.
Regardless of whether IP mobility is needed, if the flow has
terminated before the MN moves to a new network, the flow may
subsequently restart using the new IP address allocated from the new
network.
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When IP session continuity is needed, even if a flow is ongoing as
the MN moves, it may still be desirable for the flow to change to
using the new IP prefix configured in the new network. The flow may
then close and then restart using a new IP address configured in the
new network. Such a change in the IP address of the flow may be
enabled using a higher layer mobility support which is not in the
scope of this document.
In Figure 5, a flow initiated while the MN was using the IP prefix
IP1 anchored to a previous access router AR1 in network Net1 has
terminated before the MN moves to a new network Net2. After moving
to Net2, the MN uses the new IP prefix IP2 anchored to a new access
router AR2 in network Net2 to start a new flow. The packets may then
be forwarded without requiring IP layer mobility support.
An example call flow is outlined in Figure 6.
MN AR1 AR2 CN
|MN attaches to AR1: | | |
|acquire MN-ID and profile | |
|--RS---------------->| | |
| | | |
|<----------RA(IP1)---| | |
| | | |
Allocated prefix IP1 | | |
IP1 address configuration | |
| | | |
|<-Flow(IP1,IPcn,...)-+--------------------------------------------->|
| | | |
|MN detaches from AR1 | | |
|MN attaches to AR2 | | |
| | | |
|--RS------------------------------>| |
| | | |
|<--------------RA(IP2)-------------| |
| | | |
Allocated prefix IP2 | | |
IP2 address configuration | |
| | | |
|<-new Flow(IP2,IPcn,...)-----------+------------------------------->|
| | | |
Figure 6. Re-starting a flow to use the IP prefix allocated from the
network at which the MN is attached.
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4.1.1. Guidelines for IPv6 Nodes: Changing to New IP Prefix/Address
A network or network slice may not need IP mobility support. For
example, a network slice for stationary sensors only will never
encounter mobility.
The standard functions in IPv6 already include dropping the old IPv6
prefix/address and acquiring new IPv6 prefix/address when the node
changes its point of attachment to a new network. Therefore, a
network or network slice not providing IP mobility support at all
will not need any of the functions with the mobility operations and
messages described in Section 3.2.
On the other hand, a network or network slice supporting a mix of
flows both requiring and not requiring IP mobility support will need
the mobility functions, which it will invoke or not invoke as needed.
The guidelines for the IPv6 nodes in a network or network slice
supporting a mix of flows both requiring and not requiring IP
mobility support include the following:
GL-cfg:1 A network or network slice supporting a mix of flows both
requiring and not requiring mobility support may take any
of the configurations described in Section 3.1 and need to
implement at the appropriate IPv6 nodes the mobility
functions LM and FM as described respectively in LM-cfg and
FM-cfg in Section 3.2 according to the configuration
chosen.
GL-mix:1 These mobility functions perform some of the operations
with the appropriate messages as described in Section 3.2
depending on which mobility mechanisms are being used. Yet
these mobility functions must not be invoked for a flow
that does not need IP mobility support so that it is
necessary to be able to distinguish the needs of a flow.
The guidelines for the MN and the AR are in the following.
GL-mix:2 Regardless of whether there are flows requiring IP mobility
support, when the MN changes its point of attachment to a
new network, it needs to configure a new global IP address
for use in the new network in addition to configuring the
new link-local addresses.
GL-mix:3 The MN needs to check whether a flow needs IP mobility
support. This can be performed when the application is
initiated. The specific method is not in the scope of this
document.
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GL-mix:4 The information of whether a flow needs IP mobility support
is conveyed to the network such as by choosing an IP
address to be provided with mobility support as described
in [I-D.ietf-dmm-ondemand-mobility]. Then as the MN
attaches to a new network, if the MN was using an IP
address that is not supposed to be provided with mobility
support, the access router will not invoke the mobility
functions described in Section 3.2 for this IP address.
That is, the IP address from the prior network is simply
not used in the new network.
The above guidelines are only to enable distinguishing whether there
is need of IP mobility support for a flow that does not. When the
flow needs IP mobility support, the list of guidelines will continue
in Section 4.2.1.
4.2. Need of IP Mobility
When IP mobility is needed for a flow, the LM and FM functions in
Section 3.1 are utilized. The mobility support may be provided by IP
prefix anchor switching to the new network to be described in
Section 5 or by using other mobility management methods
([Paper-Distributed.Mobility.PMIP] and
[Paper-Distributed.Mobility.Review]). Then the flow may continue to
use the IP prefix from the prior network of attachment. Yet some
time later, the user application for the flow may be closed. If the
application is started again, the new flow may not need to use the
prior network's IP address to avoid having to invoke IP mobility
support. This may be the case where a dynamic IP prefix/address
rather than a permanent one is used. The flow may then use the new
IP prefix in the network where the flow is being initiated. Routing
is again kept simpler without employing IP mobility and will remain
so as long as the MN which is now in the new network has not moved
again and left to another new network.
An example call flow in this case is outlined in Figure 7.
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MN AR1 AR2 CN
|MN attaches to AR1: | | |
|acquire MN-ID and profile | |
|--RS---------------->| | |
| | | |
|<----------RA(IP1)---| | |
| | | |
Allocated prefix IP1 | | |
IP1 address configuration | |
| | | |
|<-Flow(IP1,IPcn,...)-+--------------------------------------------->|
| | | |
|MN detach from AR1 | | |
|MN attach to AR2 | | |
| | | |
|--RS------------------------------>| |
IP mobility support such as that described in next sub-section
|<--------------RA(IP2,IP1)---------| |
| | | |
|<-Flow(IP1,IPcn,...)---------------+------------------------------->|
| | | |
Allocated prefix IP2 | | |
IP2 address configuration | |
| | | |
Flow(IP1,IPcn) terminates | |
| | | |
|<-new Flow(IP2,IPcn,...)-----------+------------------------------->|
| | | |
Figure 7. A flow continues to use the IP prefix from its home
network after MN has moved to a new network.
4.2.1. Guidelines for IPv6 Nodes: Need of IP Mobility
The configuration guidelines of distributed mobility for the IPv6
nodes in a network or network slice supporting a mix of flows both
requiring and not requiring distributed mobility support are as
follows:
GL-cfg:2 Multiple instances of DPAs (at access routers) which are
providing IP prefix to the MNs are needed to provide
distributed mobility anchoring in an appropriate
configuration such as those described in Figure 1
(Section 3.1.1) for network-based distributed mobility or
in Figure 3 (Section 3.1.3) for host-based distributed
mobility.
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At the appropriate IPv6 nodes (CPA, DPA, CPN, DPN) the
mobility functions LM and FM as described respectively in
LM-cfg and FM-cfg in Section 3.2 according to the
configuration chosen have to be implemented.
The guidelines of distributed mobility for the IPv6 nodes in a
network or network slice supporting a mix of flows both requiring and
not requiring distributed mobility support had begun with those given
as GL-mix in Section 4.1.1 and continue as follows:
GL-mix:5 The distributed anchors may need to message with each
other. When such messaging is needed, the anchors may need
to discover each other as described in the FM operations
and mobility message parameters (FM-find) in Section 3.2.2.
GL-mix:6 The anchors may need to provide mobility support on a per-
flow basis as described in the FM operations and mobility
message parameters (FM-flow) in Section 3.2.2.
GL-mix:7 Then the anchors need to properly forward the packets of
the flows in the appropriate FM operations and mobility
message parameters depending on the specific mobility
mechanism as described in Section 3.2.2.
GL-mix:8 When using a mechanism of changing forwarding table
entries, the FM operations and mobility message parameters
are described in FM-path, FM-path-tbl, FM-DPA, and FM-DPA-
tbl in Section 3.2.2.
The forwarding table updates will take place at AR1, AR2,
the far end DPA, and other affected switches/routers such
that the packet from the CN to the MN will traverse from
the far end DPA towards AR2 instead of towards AR1.
Therefore new entries to the forwarding table will be added
at AR2 and the far end DPA as well as other affected
switches/routers between them so that these packets will
traverse towards AR2. Meanwhile, changes to the forwarding
table entries will also occur at AR1 and the far end DPA as
well as other affected switches/routers between them so
that if these packets ever reaches any of them, they will
not traverse towards AR1 but will traverse towards AR2 (see
Section 3.2.2).
GL-mix:9 Alternatively when using a mechanism of indirection, the FM
operations and mobility message parameters are described in
FM-path, FM-path-ind, FM-DPA, and FM-DPA-ind in
Section 3.2.2.
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GL-mix:10 If there are in-flight packets toward the old anchor while
the MN is moving to the new anchor, it may be necessary to
buffer these packets and then forward to the new anchor
after the old anchor knows that the new anchor is ready.
Such procedures are described in the FM operations and
mobility message parameters (FM-buffer) in Section 3.2.2.
5. IP Mobility Handling in Distributed Mobility Anchoring Environments
- Anchor Switching to the New Network
IP mobility is invoked to enable IP session continuity for an ongoing
flow as the MN moves to a new network. Here the anchoring of the IP
address of the flow is in the home network of the flow, which is not
in the current network of attachment. A centralized mobility
management mechanism may employ indirection from the anchor in the
home network to the current network of attachment. Yet it may be
difficult to avoid unnecessarily long route when the route between
the MN and the CN via the anchor in the home network is significantly
longer than the direct route between them. An alternative is to
switch the IP prefix/address anchoring to the new network.
5.1. IP Prefix/Address Anchor Switching for Flat Network
The IP prefix/address anchoring may move without changing the IP
prefix/address of the flow. Here the LM and FM functions in Figures
1(a) and 1(b) in Section 3.1 are implemented as shown in Figure 8.
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Net1 Net2
+---------------+ +---------------+
|AR1 | |AR2 |
+---------------+ +---------------+
|CPA: | |CPA: |
|LM:IP1 at IPa1 | |LM:IP1 at IPa2 |
| changes to | | |
| IP1 at IPa2 | | |
|---------------| |---------------|
|DPA(IPa1): | anchoring of IP1 is moved |DPA(IPa2): |
|anchored IP1 | =======> |anchors IP2,IP1|
|FM:DHCPv6-PD | |FM:DHCPv6-PD |
+---------------+ +---------------+
+...............+ +---------------+
.MN(IP1) . MN moves |MN(IP2,IP1) |
.flow(IP1,...) . =======> |flow(IP1,...) |
+...............+ +---------------+
Figure 8. IP prefix/address anchor switching to the new network. MN
with flow using IP1 in Net1 continues to run the flow using IP1 as it
moves to Net2.
As an MN with an ongoing session moves to a new network, the flow may
preserve IP session continuity by moving the anchoring of the
original IP prefix/address of the flow to the new network. BGP
UPDATE messages may be used to change the forwarding table entries as
described in [I-D.templin-aerolink] and [I-D.mccann-dmm-flatarch] if
the response time of such updates does not exceed the handover delay
requirement of the flow. An alternative is to use a centralized
routing protocol to be described in Section 5.2 with a centralized
control plane.
5.1.1. Guidelines for IPv6 Nodes: Switching Anchor for Flat Network
The configuration guideline for a flat network or network slice
supporting a mix of flows both requiring and not requiring IP
mobility support is:
GL-cfg:3 Multiple instances of DPAs (at access routers) which are
providing IP prefix to the MNs are needed to provide
distributed mobility anchoring according to Figure 1(a) or
Figure 1(b) in Section 3.1 for a flat network.
At the appropriate IPv6 nodes (CPA, DPA) the mobility
functions LM and FM as described respectively in LM-cfg:1
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or LM-cfg:2 and FM-cfg:1 in Section 3.2 have to be
implemented.
The guidelines (GL-mix) in Section 4.1.1 and in Section 4.2.1 for the
IPv6 nodes for a network or network slice supporting a mix of flows
both requiring and not requiring IP mobility support apply here. In
addition, the following are required.
GL-switch:1 The location management provides information about which
IP prefix from an AR in the original network is being
used by a flow in which AR in a new network. Such
information needs to be deleted or updated when such
flows have closed so that the IP prefix is no longer
used in a different network. The LM operations are
described in Section 3.2.1.
GL-switch:2 The FM functions are implemented through the DHCPv6-PD
protocol. Here the anchor operations to properly
forward the packets for a flow as described in the FM
operations and mobility message parameters in FM-path,
FM-path-tbl, FM-DPA, and FM-DPA-tbl in Section 3.2.2 are
realized by changing the anchor with DHCPv6-PD and also
by reverting such changes later after the application
has already closed and when the DHCPv6-PD timer expires.
If there are in-flight packets toward the old anchor
while the MN is moving to the new anchor, it may be
necessary to buffer these packets and then forward to
the new anchor after the old anchor knows that the new
anchor is ready as are described in FM-buffer in
Section 3.2.2. The anchors may also need to discover
each other as described also in the FM operations and
mobility message parameters (FM-find).
GL-switch:3 The security management function in the anchor node at a
new network must allow to assign the original IP prefix/
address used by the mobile node at the previous
(original) network. As the assigned original IP prefix/
address is to be used in the new network, the security
management function in the anchor node must allow to
advertise the prefix of the original IP address and also
allow the mobile node to send and receive data packets
with the original IP address.
GL-switch:4 The security management function in the mobile node must
allow to configure the original IP prefix/address used
at the previous (original) network when the original IP
prefix/address is assigned by the anchor node in the new
network. The security management function in the mobile
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node also allows to use the original IP address for the
previous flow in the new network.
5.2. IP Prefix/Address Anchor Switching for Flat Network with
Centralized Control Plane
An example of IP prefix anchor switching is in the case where Net1
and Net2 both belong to the same operator network with separation of
control and data planes ([I-D.liu-dmm-deployment-scenario] and
[I-D.matsushima-stateless-uplane-vepc]), where the controller may
send to the switches/routers the updated information of the
forwarding tables with the IP address anchoring of the original IP
prefix/address at AR1 moved to AR2 in the new network. That is, the
IP address anchoring in the original network which was advertising
the prefix will need to move to the new network. As the anchoring in
the new network advertises the prefix of the original IP address in
the new network, the forwarding tables will be updated so that
packets of the flow will be forwarded according to the updated
forwarding tables.
The configurations in Figures 1(a) and 1(b) in Section 3.1 for which
the FM-CP and the LM are centralized and the FM-DPs are distributed
apply here. Figure 9 shows its implementation where the LM is a
binding between the original IP prefix/address of the flow and the IP
address of the new DPA, whereas the FM uses the DHCPv6-PD protocol.
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Net1 Net2
+----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| CPA: |
| LM:IP1 at IPa2 |
| FM-CP |
+----------------------------------------------------------------------+
+---------------+ +---------------+
|AR1 | |AR2 |
+---------------+ +---------------+
|DPA(IPa1): | anchoring of IP1 is moved |DPA(IPa2): |
|anchored IP1 | =======> |anchors IP2,IP1|
|FM:DHCPv6-PD | |FM:DHCPv6-PD |
+---------------+ +---------------+
+...............+ +---------------+
.MN(IP1) . MN moves |MN(IP2,IP1) |
.flow(IP1,...) . =======> |flow(IP1,...) |
+...............+ +---------------+
Figure 9. IP prefix/address anchor switching to the new network with
the LM and the FM-CP in a centralized control plane whereas the FM-
DPs are distributed.
The example call flow in Figure 10 shows that MN is allocated IP1
when it attaches to the AR1 A flow running in MN and needing IP
mobility may continue to use the previous IP prefix by moving the
anchoring of the IP prefix to the new network. Yet a new flow to be
initiated in the new network may simply use a new IP prefix allocated
from the new network.
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MN AR1 AR2 DHCPv6 Servers CN
|MN attaches to AR1: | | | |
|acquire MN-ID and profile | | |
|--RS---------------->| | | |
|<----------RA(IP1)---| | | |
| | | Allocate MN:IP1 |
IP addr config | | | |
| | | | |
|<-Flow(IP1,IPcn,...)-+--------------------------------------------->|
| | | | |
|MN detach from AR1 | | | |
|MN attach to AR2 | | | |
| | | | |
|--RS------------------------------>| | |
| | | | |
| |------DHCPv6 release-------------->| |
| | | | |
| | |--DHCPv6 PD request->| |
| | |<-DHCPv6 PD reply--->| |
| | | | |
| forwarding table updates | |
| | | | |
|<--------------RA(IP2,IP1)---------| | |
| | | Allocate MN:IP2 |
IP addr config | | | |
| | | | |
|<-Flow(IP1,IPcn,...)---------------+------------------------------->|
| | | | |
| Flow(IP1,IPcn,...) terminates | | |
| | | | |
| | DHCPv6-PD timeout | |
| | | | |
| forwarding table updates | |
| | | | |
| | | | |
|<-new Flow(IP2,IPcn,...)-----------+------------------------------->|
| | | | |
Figure 10. DMM solution. MN with flow using IP1 in Net1 continues
to run the flow using IP1 as it moves to Net2.
As the MN moves from AR1 to AR2, the AR1 as a DHCPv6 client may send
a DHCPv6 release message to release the IP1. It is now necessary for
AR2 to learn the IP prefix of the MN from the previous network so
that it will be possible for Net2 to allocate both the previous
network prefix and the new network prefix. The network may learn the
previous prefix in different methods. For example, the MN may
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provide its previous network prefix information by including it to
the RS message [I-D.jhlee-dmm-dnpp].
Knowing that MN is using IP1, the AR2 sends to a DHCPv6 server a
DHCPv6-PD request to move the IP1 to AR2. The server sends to AR2 a
DHCPv6-PD reply to move the IP1. Then forwarding tables updates will
take place here.
In addition, the MN also needs a new IP in the new network. The AR2
may now send RA to the MN with prefix information that includes IP1
and IP2. The MN may then continue to use IP1. In addition, the MN
is allocated the prefix IP2 with which it may configure its IP
addresses. Now for flows using IP1, packets destined to IP1 will be
forwarded to the MN via AR2.
As such flows have terminated and DHCPv6-PD has timed out, IP1 goes
back to Net1. MN will then be left with IP2 only, which it will use
when it now starts a new flow.
5.2.1. Additional Guidelines for IPv6 Nodes: Switching Anchor with
Centralized CP
The configuration guideline for a flat network or network slice with
centralized control plane and supporting a mix of flows both
requiring and not requiring IP mobility support is:
GL-cfg:4 Multiple instances of DPAs (at access routers) which are
providing IP prefix to the MNs are needed to provide
distributed mobility anchoring according to Figure 1(a) or
Figure 1(b) in Section 3.1 with centralized control plane
for a flat network.
At the appropriate IPv6 nodes (CPA, DPA) the mobility
functions LM and FM as described respectively in LM-cfg:1
or LM-cfg:2 and FM-cfg:1 in Section 3.2 have to be
implemented.
The guidelines (GL-mix) in Section 4.1.1 and in Section 4.2.1 for the
IPv6 nodes for a network or network slice supporting a mix of flows
both requiring and not requiring IP mobility support apply here. The
guidelines (GL-mix) in Section 5.1.1 for moving anchoring for a flat
network also apply here. In addition, the following are required.
GL-switch:5 It was already mentioned that the anchor operations to
properly forward the packets for a flow as described in
the FM operations and mobility message parameters in FM-
path, FM-path-tbl, FM-DPA, and FM-DPA-tbl in
Section 3.2.2 is realized by changing the anchoring with
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DHCPv6-PD and undoing such changes later when its timer
expires and the application has already closed. Here
however, with separation of control and data planes for
the anchors and where the LMs and the FM-CP are
centralized in the same control plane, messaging between
anchors and the discovery of anchors become internal to
the control plane.
GL-switch:6 The centralized FM-CP needs to communicate with the
distributed FM-DP using the FM operations and mobility
message parameters as described in FM-cpdp in
Section 3.2.2. Such may be realized by the appropriate
messages in [I-D.ietf-dmm-fpc-cpdp].
GL-switch:7 It was also already mentioned before that, if there are
in-flight packets toward the previous anchor while the
MN is moving to the new anchor, it may be necessary to
buffer these packets and then forward to the new anchor
after the old anchor knows that the new anchor is ready.
Here however, the corresponding FM operations and
mobility message parameters as described in
Section 3.2.2 (FM-buffer) can be realized by the
internal operations in the control plane together with
signaling between the control plane and distributed data
plane. These signaling may be realized by the
appropriate messages in [I-D.ietf-dmm-fpc-cpdp].
5.3. Hierarchical Network
The configuration for a hierarchical network has been shown in
Figures 2(a) and 2(b) in Section 3.1.2. With centralized control
plane, CPA and CPN, with the associated LM and FM-CP are all co-
located. There are multiple DPAs (each with FM-DP) in distributed
mobility anchoring. In the data plane, there are multiple DPNs (each
with FM-DP) hierarchically below each DPA. The DPA at each AR
supports forwarding to the DPN at each of a number of forwarding
switches (FWs). A mobility event in this configuration belonging to
distributed mobility management will be deferred to Section 5.4.
In this distributed mobility configuration, a mobility event
involving change of FW only but not of AR as shown in Figure 11 may
still belong to centralized mobility management and may be supported
using PMIPv6. This configuration of network-based mobility is also
applicable to host-based mobility with the modification for the MN
directly taking the role of DPN and CPN, and the corresponding
centralized mobility event may be supported using MIPv6.
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In Figure 11, the IP prefix allocated to the MN is anchored at the
access router (AR) supporting indirection to the old FW to which the
MN was originally attached as well as to the new FW to which the MN
has moved.
The realization of LM may be the binding between the IP prefix/
address of the flow used by the MN and the IP address of the DPN to
which MN has moved. The implementation of FM to enable change of FW
without changing AR may be accomplished using tunneling between the
AR and the FW as described in [I-D.korhonen-dmm-local-prefix] and in
[I-D.templin-aerolink] or using some other L2 mobility mechanism.
Net1 Net2
+----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| CPA,CPN: |
| LM:IP1 at IPn2 |
| FM-CP |
+----------------------------------------------------------------------+
+---------------+
|AR1 |
+---------------+
|DPA(IPa1): |
|anchors IP1 |
|FM-DP |
+---------------+
+---------------+ +---------------+
|FW1 | |FW2 |
+---------------+ FW is changed +---------------+
|DPN(IPn1): | -------> |DPN(IPn2): |
|FM-DP | |FM-DP |
+---------------+ +---------------+
+...............+ +---------------+
.MN(IP1) . MN moves |MN(IP2) |
.flow(IP1,...) . =======> |flow(IP1,...) |
+...............+ +---------------+
Figure 11. Mobility without involving change of IP anchoring in a
network in which the IP prefix allocated to the MN is anchored at an
AR which is hierarchically above multiple FWs to which the MN may
connect.
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5.3.1. Additional Guidelines for IPv6 Nodes: Hierarchical Network with
No Anchor Relocation
The configuration guideline for a hierarchical network or network
slice with centralized control plane and supporting a mix of flows
both requiring and not requiring IP mobility support is:
GL-cfg:5 Multiple instances of DPAs (at access routers) which are
providing IP prefix to the MNs are needed to provide
distributed mobility anchoring according to Figure 2(a) or
Figure 2(b)in Section 3.1.2 with centralized control plane
for a hierarchical network.
At the appropriate IPv6 nodes (CPA, DPA) the mobility
functions LM and FM as described respectively in LM-cfg:3
or LM-cfg:4 and FM-cfg:2 in Section 3.2 have to be
implemented.
Even when the mobility event does not involve change of anchor, it is
still necessary to distinguish whether a flow needs IP mobility
support.
The GL-mix guidelines in Section 4.1.1 and in Section 4.2.1 for the
IPv6 nodes for a network or network slice supporting a mix of flows
both requiring and not requiring IP mobility support apply here. In
addition, the following are required.
GL-switch:8 Here, the LM operations and mobility message parameters
described in Section 3.2.1 provide information of which
IP prefix from its FW needs to be used by a flow using
which new FW. The anchor operations to properly forward
the packets of a flow described in the FM operations and
mobility message parameters (FM-path, FM-path-ind, FM-
cpdp in Section 3.2.2) may be realized with PMIPv6
protocol [I-D.korhonen-dmm-local-prefix] or with AERO
protocol [I-D.templin-aerolink] to tunnel between the AR
and the FW.
5.4. IP Prefix/Address Anchor Switching for a Hierarchical Network
The configuration for the hierarchical network has been shown in
Figures 2(a) and 2(b) in Section 3.1.2. Again, with centralized
control plane, CPA and CPN, with the associated LM and FM-CP are all
co-located. There are multiple DPAs (each with FM-DP) in distributed
mobility anchoring. In the data plane, there are multiple DPNs (each
with FM-DP) hierarchically below each DPA. The DPA at each AR
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supports forwarding to the DPN at each of a number of forwarding
switches (FWs).
A distributed mobility event in this configuration involves change
from a previous DPN which is hierarchically under the previous DPA to
a new DPN which is hierarchically under a new DPA. Such an event
involving change of both DPA and DPN is shown in Figure 12.
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Net1 Net2
+----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| CPA,CPN,Aggregate Router: |
| LM:IP1 at IPn2 at IPa2 |
| FM-CP |
+----------------------------------------------------------------------+
+-----------------+
|Aggregate Router |
+-----------------+
|FM-DP |
+-----------------+
+---------------+ +---------------+
|AR1 | |AR2 |
+---------------+ +---------------+
|DPA(IPa1): | anchoring of IP1 is moved |DPA(IPa2): |
|anchored IP1 | =======> |anchors IP2,IP1|
|FM:DHCPv6-PD | |FM:DHCPv6-PD |
+---------------+ +---------------+
+---------------+ +---------------+
|FW1 | |FW2 |
+---------------+ FW is changed +---------------+
|DPN(IPn1): | -------> |DPN(IPn2): |
|FM-DP | |FM-DP |
+---------------+ +---------------+
+...............+ +---------------+
.MN(IP1) . MN moves |MN(IP2,IP1) |
.flow(IP1,...) . =======> |flow(IP1,...) |
+...............+ +---------------+
Figure 12. Mobility involving change of IP anchoring in a network
with hierarchy in which the IP prefix allocated to the MN is anchored
at an Edge Router supporting multiple access routers to which the MN
may connect.
This deployment case involves both a change of anchor from AR1 to AR2
and a network hierarchy AR-FW. It can be realized by a combination
of relocating the IP prefix/address anchoring from AR1 to AR2 with
the mechanism as described in Section 5.2 and then forwarding the
packets with network hierarchy AR-FW as described in Section 5.3.
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To change the anchoring of IP1, AR1 acting as a DHCPv6-PD client may
exchange message with the DHCPv6 server to release the prefix IP1.
Meanwhile, AR2 acting as a DHCPv6-PD client may exchange message with
the DHCPv6 server to delegate the prefix IP1 to AR2.
5.4.1. Additional Guidelines for IPv6 Nodes: Switching Anchor with
Hierarchical Network
The configuration guideline (GL-cfg) for a hierarchical network or
network slice with centralized control plane described in
Section 5.3.1 applies here.
The GL-mix guidelines in Section 4.1.1 and in Section 4.2.1 for the
IPv6 nodes for a network or network slice supporting a mix of flows
both requiring and not requiring IP mobility support apply here.
The guidelines (GL-switch) in Section 5.1.1 for anchoring relocation
and in Section 5.2.1 for a centralized control plane also apply here.
In addition, the guidelines for indirection between the new DPA and
the new DPN as described in Section 5.3.1 apply as well.
5.5. Network Mobility
The configuration for network mobility has been shown in Figures 4(a)
and 4(b) in Section 3.1.4. Again, with centralized control plane,
CPA, with the associated LM and FM-CP are all co-located. There are
multiple DPAs (each with FM-DP) in the data plane in distributed
mobility anchoring. The MR possesses the mobility functions FM and
LMc. The IP prefix IPn1 is delegated to the MR, to which an MNN is
attached and is allocated with an IP address from IPn1.
Figure 13 shows a distributed mobility event in a hierarchical
network with a centralized control plane involving a change of
attachment of the MR from a previous DPA to a new DPA while the MNN
is attached to the MR and therefore moves with the MR.
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Net1 Net2
+----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| CPA,Aggregate Router: |
| LM:IP1 at IPa2; IPn1 at IP1 |
| FM-CP, LM |
+----------------------------------------------------------------------+
+-----------------+
|Aggregate Router |
+-----------------+
|FM-DP |
+-----------------+
+---------------+ +---------------+
|AR1 | |AR2 |
+---------------+ +---------------+
|DPA(IPa1): | anchoring of IP1 is moved |DPA(IPa2): |
|anchored IP1 | =======> |anchors IP2,IP1|
|DHCPv6-PD IPn1 | | |
|FM-DP | |FM-DP |
+---------------+ +---------------+
+...............+ +---------------+
.MR(IP1) . MR moves |MR(IP2,IP1) |
+...............+ =======> +---------------+
.FM, LMc . |FM, LMc |
.anchors IPn1 . |anchors IPn1 |
+...............+ +---------------+
+...............+ +---------------+
.MNN(IPn1) . MNN moves with MR |MNN(IPn1) |
.flow(IPn1,...) . =======> |flow(IPn1,...) |
+...............+ +---------------+
Figure 13. Mobility involving change of IP anchoring for a MR to
which an MNN is attached.
As the MR with source IP prefix IP1 moves from AR1 to AR2, mobility
support may be provided by moving the anchoring of IP1 from AR1 to
AR2 using the mechanism described in Section 5.2.
The forwarding table updates will take place at AR1, AR2, the
aggregate router, and other affected routers such that the packet
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from the CN to the MNN will traverse from the aggregate router
towards AR2 instead of towards AR1.
5.5.1. Additional Guidelines for IPv6 Nodes: Network mobility
The configuration guideline for a network or network slice with
centralized control plane to provide network mobility is:
GL-cfg:6 Multiple instances of DPAs (at access routers) which are
providing IP prefix of the MRs are needed to provide
distributed mobility anchoring according to Figure 4(a) or
Figure 4(b) in Section 3.1.
At the appropriate IPv6 nodes (CPA, DPA) the mobility
functions LM and FM as described respectively in LM-cfg:3
or LM-cfg:4 and FM-cfg:4 in Section 3.2 have to be
implemented.
The GL-mix guidelines in Section 4.1.1 and in Section 4.2.1 for the
IPv6 nodes for a network or network slice supporting a mix of flows
both requiring and not requiring IP mobility support apply here.
Here, because the MN is a MR, the following guideline is added:
GL-mix:11 There are no flows requiring network mobility support when
there are no MNN attaching to the MR. Here there are also
no MNN using a prefix delegated to the MR. Therefore the
anchor of the MR may change to a new AR. The new AR may
delegate new IP prefix to the AR, so that the MR may
support potential MNNs to attach to it. On the other hand
the delegation of IP prefix to the MR from the old AR may
be deleted.
The guidelines (GL-switch) in Section 5.1.1 for anchoring relocation
and in Section 5.2.1 for a centralized control plane also apply here.
Again because the MN is a MR, the following guidelines are added:
GL-switch:9 Network mobility may be provided using the FM operations
and mobility message parameters as described in FM-mr in
Section 3.2.2.
GL-switch:10 The following changes to forwarding table entries are
needed:
New entries to the forwarding tables are added at AR2
and the aggregate router as well as other affected
switches/routers between them so that packets from the
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CN to the MNN destined to IPn1 will traverse towards
AR2. Meanwhile, changes to the forwarding table will
also occur at AR1 and the aggregate router as well as
other affected switches/routers between them so that in
case such packets ever reach any of these switches/
routers, the packets will not traverse towards AR1 but
will traverse towards AR2.
GL-switch:11 The security management function in the anchor node at a
new network must allow the MNN to continue to own the IP
prefix/address originally delegated to the MR and used
by the MNN at the prior network. As this original IP
prefix/address is to be used in the new network, the
security management function in the anchor node must
allow to advertise the prefix of the original IP address
and also allow the MNN to send and receive data packets
with the original IP address.
GL-switch:12 The security management function in the mobile router
must allow to configure the original IP prefix/address
delegated to the MR from the previous (original) network
when the original IP prefix/address is being delegated
to the MR in the new network. The security management
function in the mobile router also allows to use the
original IP address by the MNNs for the previous flow in
the new network.
6. Security Considerations
Security protocols and mechanisms are employed to secure the network
and to make continuous security improvements, and a DMM solution is
required to support them [RFC7333]. In a DMM deployment
[I-D.ietf-dmm-deployment-models] various attacks such as
impersonation, denial of service, man-in-the-middle attacks need to
be prevented. An appropriate security management function as defined
in Section 2 controls these security protocols and mechanisms to
provide access control, integrity, authentication, authorization,
confidentiality, etc.
Security considerations are described in terms of integrity support,
privacy support etc. in describing the mobility functions in
Section 3.2. Here the mobility message parameters used in DMM must
be protected, and some parameters require means to support MN and MR
privacy. The security considerations are also described in the
guidelines for IPv6 nodes in various subsections in Section 4, and
Section 5.
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The IP address anchoring of an IP prefix is moved from one network to
another network to support IP mobility Section 5.1. As is considered
in the guidelines for IPv6 nodes in Section 5.1.1, the security
management function needs to enable the use in the new network of
attachment the IP prefix allocated from another network. Yet it must
do so without compromising on the needed security to prevent the
possible misuse of an IP prefix belonging to another network.
In network mobility, the MNN using an IP prefix allocated to it from
the MR when the MR was in a prior network moves with the MR to a new
network Section 5.5. As is considered in the guidelines for IPv6
nodes in Section 5.5.1 to support IP mobility for an ongoing flow,
the security management function needs to enable the continued use of
this IP prefix by the MNN with MR in the new network of attachment.
Yet it must do so without compromising on the needed security to
prevent the possible misuse of an IP prefix belonging to another
network.
7. IANA Considerations
This document presents no IANA considerations.
8. Contributors
This document has benefited from other work on mobility solutions
using BGP update, on mobility support in SDN network, on providing
mobility support only when needed, and on mobility support in
enterprise network. These works have been referenced. While some of
these authors have taken the work to jointly write this document,
others have contributed at least indirectly by writing these drafts.
The latter include Philippe Bertin, Dapeng Liu, Satoru Matushima,
Peter McCann, Pierrick Seite, Jouni Korhonen, and Sri Gundavelli.
Valuable comments have been received from John Kaippallimalil,
ChunShan Xiong, and Dapeng Liu. Dirk von Hugo has generously
provided careful review with helpful corrections and suggestions.
9. References
9.1. Normative References
[I-D.ietf-dmm-deployment-models]
Gundavelli, S. and S. Jeon, "DMM Deployment Models and
Architectural Considerations", draft-ietf-dmm-deployment-
models-01 (work in progress), February 2017.
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[I-D.ietf-dmm-fpc-cpdp]
Matsushima, S., Bertz, L., Liebsch, M., Gundavelli, S.,
Moses, D., and C. Perkins, "Protocol for Forwarding Policy
Configuration (FPC) in DMM", draft-ietf-dmm-fpc-cpdp-07
(work in progress), March 2017.
[I-D.ietf-dmm-ondemand-mobility]
Yegin, A., Moses, D., Kweon, K., Lee, J., Park, J., and S.
Jeon, "On Demand Mobility Management", draft-ietf-dmm-
ondemand-mobility-10 (work in progress), January 2017.
[I-D.jhlee-dmm-dnpp]
Lee, J. and Z. Yan, "Deprecated Network Prefix Provision",
draft-jhlee-dmm-dnpp-01 (work in progress), April 2016.
[I-D.korhonen-dmm-local-prefix]
Korhonen, J., Savolainen, T., and S. Gundavelli, "Local
Prefix Lifetime Management for Proxy Mobile IPv6", draft-
korhonen-dmm-local-prefix-01 (work in progress), July
2013.
[I-D.liu-dmm-deployment-scenario]
Liu, V., Liu, D., Chan, A., Lingli, D., and X. Wei,
"Distributed mobility management deployment scenario and
architecture", draft-liu-dmm-deployment-scenario-05 (work
in progress), October 2015.
[I-D.matsushima-stateless-uplane-vepc]
Matsushima, S. and R. Wakikawa, "Stateless user-plane
architecture for virtualized EPC (vEPC)", draft-
matsushima-stateless-uplane-vepc-06 (work in progress),
March 2016.
[I-D.mccann-dmm-flatarch]
McCann, P., "Authentication and Mobility Management in a
Flat Architecture", draft-mccann-dmm-flatarch-00 (work in
progress), March 2012.
[I-D.mccann-dmm-prefixcost]
McCann, P. and J. Kaippallimalil, "Communicating Prefix
Cost to Mobile Nodes", draft-mccann-dmm-prefixcost-03
(work in progress), April 2016.
[I-D.seite-dmm-dma]
Seite, P., Bertin, P., and J. Lee, "Distributed Mobility
Anchoring", draft-seite-dmm-dma-07 (work in progress),
February 2014.
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[I-D.templin-aerolink]
Templin, F., "Asymmetric Extended Route Optimization
(AERO)", draft-templin-aerolink-74 (work in progress),
November 2016.
[RFC2119] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119,
DOI 10.17487/RFC2119, March 1997,
<http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2119>.
[RFC3753] Manner, J., Ed. and M. Kojo, Ed., "Mobility Related
Terminology", RFC 3753, DOI 10.17487/RFC3753, June 2004,
<http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3753>.
[RFC5213] Gundavelli, S., Ed., Leung, K., Devarapalli, V.,
Chowdhury, K., and B. Patil, "Proxy Mobile IPv6",
RFC 5213, DOI 10.17487/RFC5213, August 2008,
<http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5213>.
[RFC6275] Perkins, C., Ed., Johnson, D., and J. Arkko, "Mobility
Support in IPv6", RFC 6275, DOI 10.17487/RFC6275, July
2011, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6275>.
[RFC7077] Krishnan, S., Gundavelli, S., Liebsch, M., Yokota, H., and
J. Korhonen, "Update Notifications for Proxy Mobile IPv6",
RFC 7077, DOI 10.17487/RFC7077, November 2013,
<http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7077>.
[RFC7333] Chan, H., Ed., Liu, D., Seite, P., Yokota, H., and J.
Korhonen, "Requirements for Distributed Mobility
Management", RFC 7333, DOI 10.17487/RFC7333, August 2014,
<http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7333>.
[RFC7429] Liu, D., Ed., Zuniga, JC., Ed., Seite, P., Chan, H., and
CJ. Bernardos, "Distributed Mobility Management: Current
Practices and Gap Analysis", RFC 7429,
DOI 10.17487/RFC7429, January 2015,
<http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7429>.
9.2. Informative References
[Paper-Distributed.Mobility]
Lee, J., Bonnin, J., Seite, P., and H. Chan, "Distributed
IP Mobility Management from the Perspective of the IETF:
Motivations, Requirements, Approaches, Comparison, and
Challenges", IEEE Wireless Communications, October 2013.
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[Paper-Distributed.Mobility.PMIP]
Chan, H., "Proxy Mobile IP with Distributed Mobility
Anchors", Proceedings of GlobeCom Workshop on Seamless
Wireless Mobility, December 2010.
[Paper-Distributed.Mobility.Review]
Chan, H., Yokota, H., Xie, J., Seite, P., and D. Liu,
"Distributed and Dynamic Mobility Management in Mobile
Internet: Current Approaches and Issues", February 2011.
Authors' Addresses
H. Anthony Chan (editor)
Huawei Technologies
5340 Legacy Dr. Building 3
Plano, TX 75024
USA
Email: h.a.chan@ieee.org
Xinpeng Wei
Huawei Technologies
Xin-Xi Rd. No. 3, Haidian District
Beijing, 100095
P. R. China
Email: weixinpeng@huawei.com
Jong-Hyouk Lee
Sangmyung University
31, Sangmyeongdae-gil, Dongnam-gu
Cheonan 31066
Republic of Korea
Email: jonghyouk@smu.ac.kr
Seil Jeon
Sungkyunkwan University
2066 Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu
Suwon, Gyeonggi-do
Republic of Korea
Email: seiljeon@skku.edu
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Alexandre Petrescu
CEA, LIST
CEA Saclay
Gif-sur-Yvette, Ile-de-France 91190
France
Phone: +33169089223
Email: Alexandre.Petrescu@cea.fr
Fred L. Templin
Boeing Research and Technology
P.O. Box 3707
Seattle, WA 98124
USA
Email: fltemplin@acm.org
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