Domain Name System Operations                                P. Ebersman
Internet-Draft                                                   Comcast
Intended status: Informational                              C. Griffiths
Expires: November 6, 2015
                                                               W. Kumari
                                                                  Google
                                                            J. Livingood
                                                                 Comcast
                                                                R. Weber
                                                                 Nominum
                                                             May 5, 2015


          Definition and Use of DNSSEC Negative Trust Anchors
               draft-ietf-dnsop-negative-trust-anchors-05

Abstract

   DNS Security Extensions (DNSSEC) is now entering widespread
   deployment.  However, domain signing tools and processes are not yet
   as mature and reliable as those for non-DNSSEC-related domain
   administration tools and processes.  Negative Trust Anchors
   (described in this document) can be used to mitigate DNSSEC
   validation failures.

   [RFC Editor: Please remove this before publication.  This document is
   being stored in github at https://github.com/wkumari/draft-livingood-
   dnsop-negative-trust-anchors . Authors accept pull requests, and keep
   the latest (edit buffer) versions there, so commenters can follow
   along at home.]

Status of This Memo

   This Internet-Draft is submitted in full conformance with the
   provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79.

   Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering
   Task Force (IETF).  Note that other groups may also distribute
   working documents as Internet-Drafts.  The list of current Internet-
   Drafts is at http://datatracker.ietf.org/drafts/current/.

   Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months
   and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any
   time.  It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference
   material or to cite them other than as "work in progress."

   This Internet-Draft will expire on November 6, 2015.




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Copyright Notice

   Copyright (c) 2015 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the
   document authors.  All rights reserved.

   This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal
   Provisions Relating to IETF Documents
   (http://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of
   publication of this document.  Please review these documents
   carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect
   to this document.  Code Components extracted from this document must
   include Simplified BSD License text as described in Section 4.e of
   the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as
   described in the Simplified BSD License.

Table of Contents

   1.  Introduction and motivation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   2
     1.1.  Definition of a Negative Trust Anchor . . . . . . . . . .   3
     1.2.  Domain Validation Failures  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   4
     1.3.  End User Reaction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   4
     1.4.  Switching to a Non-Validating Resolver is Not Recommended   5
   2.  Use of a Negative Trust Anchor  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   5
   3.  Managing Negative Trust Anchors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   7
   4.  Removal of a Negative Trust Anchor  . . . . . . . . . . . . .   7
   5.  Comparison to Other DNS Misconfigurations . . . . . . . . . .   8
   6.  Intentionally Broken Domains  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   8
   7.  Other Considerations  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   8
     7.1.  Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   8
     7.2.  Privacy Considerations  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   9
     7.3.  IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   9
   8.  Acknowledgements  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   9
   9.  References  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   9
     9.1.  Normative References  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   9
     9.2.  Informative References  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  10
   Appendix A.  Configuration Examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  10
     A.1.  NLNet Labs Unbound  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  10
     A.2.  ISC BIND  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  11
     A.3.  Nominum Vantio  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  11
   Appendix B.  Discovering broken domains . . . . . . . . . . . . .  11
   Appendix C.  Document Change Log  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  13
   Authors' Addresses  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  15

1.  Introduction and motivation

   This document defines a Negative Trust Anchor, which can be used
   during the transition to ubiquitous DNSSEC deployment.  Negative
   Trust Anchors (NTAs) are configured locally on a validating DNS



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   recursive resolver to shield end users from DNSSEC-related
   authoritative name server operational errors.  Negative Trust Anchors
   are intended to be temporary, and should not be distributed by IANA
   or any other organization outside of the administrative boundary of
   the organization locally implementing a Negative Trust Anchor.
   Finally, Negative Trust Anchors pertain only to DNSSEC and not to
   Public Key Infrastructures (PKI) such as X.509.

   DNSSEC has now entered widespread deployment.  However, the DNSSEC
   signing tools and processes are less mature and reliable than those
   for non-DNSSEC-related administration.  As a result, operators of DNS
   recursive resolvers, such as Internet Service Providers (ISPs),
   occasionally observe domains incorrectly managing DNSSEC-related
   resource records.  This mismanagement triggers DNSSEC validation
   failures, and then causes large numbers of end users to be unable to
   reach a domain.  Many end users tend to interpret this as a failure
   of their ISP or resolver operator, and may switch to a non-validating
   resolver or contact their ISP to complain, rather than seeing this as
   a failure on the part of the domain they wanted to reach.  Without
   the techniques in this document, this pressure may cause the resolver
   operator to disable (or simply not deploy) DNSSEC validation.  Use of
   a Negative Trust Anchor to temporarily disable DNSSEC validation for
   a specific misconfigured domain name immediately restores access for
   end users.  This allows the domain's administrators to fix their
   misconfiguration, while also allowing the organization using the
   Negative Trust Anchor to keep DNSSEC validation enabled and still
   reach the misconfigured domain.

   It is worth noting the following text from RFC4033 [RFC4033] - "In
   the final analysis, however, authenticating both DNS keys and data is
   a matter of local policy, which may extend or even override the
   protocol extensions defined in this document set."  A responsibility
   (one of many) of a caching server operator is to "protect the
   integrity of the cache."

1.1.  Definition of a Negative Trust Anchor

   Trust Anchors are defined in [RFC5914].  A trust anchor should be
   used by a validating caching resolver as a starting point for
   building the authentication chain for a signed DNS response.  By way
   of analogy, negative trust anchors stop validation of the
   authentication chain.  Instead, the resolver sends the response as if
   the zone is unsigned and does not set the AD bit.  Note that this is
   a behavior, and not a separate resource record.  This Negative Trust
   Anchor can potentially be implemented at any level within the chain
   of trust and would stop validation from that point in the chain down.
   Validation starts again if there is a positive trust anchor further
   down in the chain.  For example, if there is a NTA at example.com,



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   and a positive trust anchor at foo.bar.example.com, then validation
   resumes for foo.bar.example.com and anything below it.

1.2.  Domain Validation Failures

   A domain name can fail validation for two general reasons: a
   legitimate security failure such as due to an attack or compromise of
   some sort, or as a result of misconfiguration on the part of an
   domain administrator.  As domains transition to DNSSEC, the most
   likely reason for a validation failure will be misconfiguration.
   Thus, domain administrators should be sure to read [RFC6781] in full.
   They should also pay special attention to Section 4.2, pertaining to
   key rollovers, which appear to be the cause of many recent validation
   failures.

   It is also possible that some DNSSEC validation failures could arise
   due to differences in how different software developers interpret
   DNSSEC standards and/or how those developers choose to implement
   support for DNSSEC.  For example, it is conceivable that a domain may
   be DNSSEC signed properly, and one vendor's DNS recursive resolvers
   will validate the domain but other vendors' software may fail to
   validate the domain.

1.3.  End User Reaction

   End users generally do not know of, understand, or care about the
   resolution process that causes connections to happen.  This is by
   design: the point of the DNS is to insulate users from having to
   remember IP addresses through a friendlier way of naming systems.  It
   follows from this that end users do not, and should not, be expected
   to know about DNSSEC, validation, or anything of the sort.  As a
   result, end users may misinterpret the failure to reach a domain due
   to DNSSEC-related misconfiguration . They may (incorrectly) assume
   that their ISP is purposely blocking access to the domain or that it
   is a performance failure on the part of their ISP (especially of the
   ISP's DNS servers).  They may contact their ISP to complain, which
   will incur cost for their ISP.  In addition, they may use online
   tools and sites to complain of this problem, such as via a blog, web
   forum, or social media site, which may lead to dissatisfaction on the
   part of other end users or general criticism of an ISP or operator of
   a DNS recursive resolver.

   As end users publicize these failures, others may recommend they
   switch from security-aware DNS resolvers to resolvers not performing
   DNSSEC validation.  This is a shame since the ISP or other DNS
   recursive resolver operator is actually doing exactly what they are
   supposed to do in failing to resolve a domain name; this is the
   expected result when a domain can no longer be validated and it



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   protects end users from a potential security threat.  Use of a
   Negative Trust Anchor would allow the ISP to specifically remedy the
   failure to reach that domain, without compromising security for other
   sites.  This would result in a satisfied end user, with minimal
   impact to the ISP, while maintaining the security of DNSSEC for
   correctly maintained domains.

1.4.  Switching to a Non-Validating Resolver is Not Recommended

   As noted in Section 1.3, some people may consider switching to an
   alternative, non-validating resolver themselves, or may recommend
   that others do so.  But if a domain fails DNSSEC validation and is
   inaccessible, this could very well be due to a security-related
   issue.  In order to be as safe and secure as possible, end users
   should not change to DNS servers that do not perform DNSSEC
   validation as a workaround, and people should not recommend that
   others do so either.  Domains that fail DNSSEC for legitimate reasons
   (versus misconfiguration) may be in control of hackers or there could
   be other significant security issues with the domain.

   Thus, switching to a non-validating resolver to restore access to a
   domain that fails DNSSEC validation is not a recommended practice, is
   bad advice to others, is potentially harmful to end user security.

2.  Use of a Negative Trust Anchor

   Technical personnel trained in the operation of DNS servers MUST
   confirm that a failure is due to misconfiguration, as a similar
   breakage could have occurred if an attacker gained access to a
   domain's authoritative servers and modified those records or had the
   domain pointed to their own rogue authoritative servers.  They should
   also confirm that the domain is not intentionally broken, such as for
   testing purposes as noted in Section 6.  Finally, they should make a
   reasonable attempt to contact the domain owner of the misconfigured
   zone, preferably prior to implementing the Negative Trust Anchor.
   Involving trained technical personnel is costly, but operational
   experience suggests that this is a very rare event such as around
   once per quarter (or even less).

   In the case of a validation failure due to misconfiguration of a TLD
   or popular domain name (such as a top 100 website), content or
   services in the affected TLD or domain could be inaccessible for a
   large number of users.  In such cases, it may be appropriate to use a
   Negative Trust Anchor as soon as the misconfiguration is confirmed.

   Once a domain has been confirmed to fail DNSSEC validation due to a
   DNSSEC-related misconfiguration, an ISP or other DNS recursive
   resolver operator may elect to use a Negative Trust Anchor for that



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   domain or sub-domain.  This instructs their DNS recursive resolver to
   temporarily NOT perform DNSSEC validation at or in the misconfigured
   domain.  This immediately restores access to the domain for end users
   while the domain's administrator corrects the misconfiguration(s).
   It does not and should not involve turning off validation more
   broadly.

   A Negative Trust Anchor MUST only be used for a limited duration.
   Implementors SHOULD allow the operator using the Negative Trust
   Anchor to set an end time and date associated with any Negative Trust
   Anchor.  Optimally, this time and date is set in a DNS recursive
   resolver's configuration, though in the short-term this may also be
   achieved via other systems or supporting processes.  Use of a
   Negative Trust Anchor MUST NOT be automatic.

   Finally, a Negative Trust Anchor SHOULD be used only in a specific
   domain or sub-domain and MUST NOT affect validation of other names up
   the authentication chain.  For example, a Negative Trust Anchor for
   zone1.example.com would affect only names at or below
   zone1.example.com, and validation would still be performed on
   example.com, .com, and the root (".").  This Negative Trust Anchor
   also SHOULD NOT affect names in another branch of the tree (such as
   example.net).  In another example, a Negative Trust Anchor for
   example.com would affect only names within example.com, and
   validation would still be performed on .com, and the root (".").  In
   this scenario, if there is a (probably manually configured) trust
   anchor for zone1.example.com, validation would be performed for
   zone1.example.com and subdomains of zone1.example.com.

        Root (.)              <======
            |                       ||
            |                       ||<======>+----+----+    DNSSEC
            |                       ||        |Recursive|   Validation
        TLD (com)             <=====||        |Resolver |<============>
            |                        +<------>+---------+
            |                        |                     DNS NTA
            |                        |                   (example.com)
    SUB TLD (example.com)     <------|                 <-------------->
            |                        |
            |                        |
            |                        |
            (zone1.example.com <-----|

                  Figure 1: Negative Trust Anchor Diagram







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3.  Managing Negative Trust Anchors

   While Negative Trust Anchors have proven useful during the early
   stages of DNSSEC adoption, domain owners are ultimately responsible
   for managing and ensuring their DNS records are configured correctly.

   Most current implementations of DNS validating resolvers currently
   follow [RFC4033] on defining the implementation of Trust Anchor as
   either using Delegation Signer (DS), Key Signing Key (KSK), or Zone
   Signing Key (ZSK).  A Negative Trust Anchor should use domain name
   formatting that signifies where in a delegation a validation process
   should be stopped.

   Different DNS recursive resolvers may have different configuration
   names for a Negative Trust Anchor.  For example, Unbound calls their
   configuration "domain-insecure."[Unbound-Configuration]

4.  Removal of a Negative Trust Anchor

   As explored in Section 7.1, using an NTA once the zone correctly
   validates can have security considerations.  It is therefore
   RECOMMENDED that NTA implementors SHOULD periodically attempt to
   validate the domain in question, for the period of time that the
   Negative Trust Anchor is in place, until such validation is again
   successful.  NTAs MUST expire automatically when their configured
   lifetime ends.  The lifetime MUST NOT exceed a week.  Before removing
   the Negative Trust Anchor, all authoritative resolvers listed in the
   zone should be checked (due to anycast and load balancers it may not
   be possible to check all instances).

   Once all testing succeeds, a Negative Trust Anchor should be removed
   as soon as is reasonably possible.  One possible method to
   automatically determine when the NTA can be removed is to send a
   periodic query for type SOA at the NTA node; if it gets a response
   that it can validate (whether the response was an actual SOA answer
   or a NOERROR/NODATA with appropriate NSEC/NSEC3 records), the NTA is
   presumed no longer to be necessary and is removed.  Implementations
   SHOULD, by default, perform this operation.  Note that under some
   circumstances this is undesirable behavior (for example, if
   www.example.com has a bad signature, but example.com/SOA is fine) and
   so implementations may wish to allow the operator to override this
   spot-check / behavior.

   When removing the NTA, the implementation SHOULD remove all cached
   entries below the NTA node.






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5.  Comparison to Other DNS Misconfigurations

   Domain administrators are ultimately responsible for managing and
   ensuring their DNS records are configured correctly.  ISPs or other
   DNS recursive resolver operators cannot and should not correct
   misconfigured A, CNAME, MX, or other resource records of domains for
   which they are not authoritative.  Expecting non-authoritative
   entities to protect domain administrators from any misconfiguration
   of resource records is therefore unrealistic and unreasonable, and in
   the long-term is harmful to the delegated design of the DNS and could
   lead to extensive operational instability and/or variation.

6.  Intentionally Broken Domains

   Some domains, such as dnssec-failed.org, have been intentionally
   broken for testing purposes
   [Measuring-DNSSEC-Validation-of-Website-Visitors] [Netalyzr].  For
   example, dnssec-failed.org is a DNSSEC-signed domain that is broken.
   If an end user is querying a validating DNS recursive resolver, then
   this or other similarly intentionally broken domains should fail to
   resolve and should result in a "Server Failure" error (RCODE 2, also
   known as 'SERVFAIL').  If such a domain resolved successfully, then
   it is a sign that the DNS recursive resolver is not fully validating.

   Organizations that utilize Negative Trust Anchors should not add a
   Negative Trust Anchor for any intentionally broken domain.

   Organizations operating an intentionally broken domain may wish to
   consider adding a TXT record for the domain to the effect of "This
   domain is purposely DNSSEC broken for testing purposes".

7.  Other Considerations

7.1.  Security Considerations

   End to end DNSSEC validation will be disabled during the time that a
   Negative Trust Anchor is used.  In addition, the Negative Trust
   Anchor may be in place after the point in time when the DNS
   misconfiguration that caused validation to break has been fixed.
   Thus, there may be a gap between when a domain has been re-secured
   and when a Negative Trust Anchor is removed.  In addition, a Negative
   Trust Anchor may be put in place by DNS recursive resolver operators
   without the knowledge of the authoritative domain administrator for a
   given domain name.  However, attempts SHOULD be made to contact and
   inform the domain administrator prior to putting the NTA in place.

   End users of a DNS recursive resolver or other people may wonder why
   a domain that fails DNSSEC validation resolves with a supposedly



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   validating resolver.  As a result, implementors should consider
   transparently disclosing those Negative Trust Anchors which are
   currently in place or were in place in the past, such as on a website
   [Disclosure-Example].  This is particularly important since there is
   currently no special DNS query response code that could indicate to
   end users or applications that a Negative Trust Anchor is in place.
   Such disclosures should optimally include both the data and time that
   the Negative Trust Anchor was put in place and when it was removed.

7.2.  Privacy Considerations

   There are no privacy considerations in this document.

7.3.  IANA Considerations

   There are no IANA considerations in this document.

8.  Acknowledgements

   Several people made contributions of text to this document and/or
   played an important role in the development and evolution of this
   document.  This in some cases included performing a detailed review
   of this document and then providing feedback and constructive
   criticism for future revisions, or engaging in a healthy debate over
   the subject of the document.  All of this was helpful and therefore
   the following individuals merit acknowledgement: Joe Abley,John
   Barnitz, Tom Creighton, Marco Davids, Brian Dickson, Patrik Falstrom,
   Tony Finch, Chris Ganster, Olafur Gudmundsson, Peter Hagopian, Wes
   Hardaker, Paul Hoffman, Shane Kerr, Murray Kucherawy, Rick Lamb, Marc
   Lampo, Ted Lemon, Antoin Verschuren, Paul Vixie, Patrik Wallstrom,
   Nick Weaver

   Edward Lewis, Evan Hunt, Andew Sullivan and Tatuya Jinmei provided
   especially large amounts of text and / or detailed review.

9.  References

9.1.  Normative References

   [RFC4033]  Arends, R., Austein, R., Larson, M., Massey, D., and S.
              Rose, "DNS Security Introduction and Requirements", RFC
              4033, March 2005.

   [RFC5914]  Housley, R., Ashmore, S., and C. Wallace, "Trust Anchor
              Format", RFC 5914, June 2010.






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   [RFC6781]  Kolkman, O., Mekking, W., and R. Gieben, "DNSSEC
              Operational Practices, Version 2", RFC 6781, December
              2012.

9.2.  Informative References

   [Disclosure-Example]
              Comcast, "faa.gov Failing DNSSEC Validation (Fixed)",
              Comcast , February 2013,
              <http://dns.comcast.net/index.php/entry/
              faa-gov-failing-dnssec-validation-fixed>.

   [Measuring-DNSSEC-Validation-of-Website-Visitors]
              Mens, J., "Is my Web site being used via a DNSSEC-
              validator?", July 2012, <http://jpmens.net/2012/07/30/
              is-my-web-site-being-used-via-dnssec-validator/>.

   [Netalyzr]
              Weaver, N., Kreibich, C., Nechaev, B., and V. Paxson,
              "Implications of Netalyzr's DNS Measurements", Securing
              and Trusting Internet Names, SATIN 2011 SATIN 2011, April
              2011, <http://conferences.npl.co.uk/satin/presentations/
              satin2011slides-Weaver.pdf>.

   [Unbound-Configuration]
              Wijngaards, W., "Unbound: How to Turn Off DNSSEC", June
              2010, <http://unbound.net/documentation/
              howto_turnoff_dnssec.html>.

Appendix A.  Configuration Examples

   The section contains example configurations to achieve Negative Trust
   Anchor functionality for the zone foo.example.com.

   Note: These are simply examples - nameserver operators are expected
   to test and understand the implications of these operations.  Note
   also that some of available implementations may not implement all
   recommended functionality in this document.  In that case it is
   advisable to request the developer or vendor of the implementation to
   support the missing feature, rather than start using the incomplete
   implementation.

A.1.  NLNet Labs Unbound

   Unbound lets us simply disable validation checking for a specific
   zone.  See: <http://unbound.net/documentation/
   howto_turnoff_dnssec.html>




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   server:
           domain-insecure: "foo.example.com"

A.2.  ISC BIND

   Use the "rndc" command:

  nta -dump
                List all negative trust anchors.
  nta [-lifetime duration] [-force] domain [view]
                Set a negative trust anchor, disabling DNSSEC validation
                for the given domain.
                Using -lifetime specifies the duration of the NTA, up
                to one week. The default is one hour.
                Using -force prevents the NTA from expiring before its
                full lifetime, even if the domain can validate sooner.
  nta -remove domain [view]
                Remove a negative trust anchor, re-enabling validation
                for the given domain.

A.3.  Nominum Vantio

   **

   *negative-trust-anchors*

   _Format_: name

   _Command Channel_: view.update name=world negative-trust-
   anchors=(foo.example.com)

   _Command Channel_: resolver.update name=res1 negative-trust-
   anchors=(foo.example.com)

   *Description*: Disables DNSSEC validation for a domain, even if the
   domain is under an existing security root.

Appendix B.  Discovering broken domains

   Discovering that a domain is DNSSEC broken as result of an operator
   error instead of an attack is not trivial, and the examples here
   should be vetted by an experienced professional before taking the
   decision on implementing an negative trust anchor.

   One of the key thing to look for when looking at a DNSSEC broken
   domain is consistency and history.  It therefore is good if you have
   the ability to look at the server's DNS traffic over a long period of
   time or have a database that stores DNS names associated answers



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   (this is often referred to as a "passive DNS database").  Another
   invaluable tool is dnsviz (http://www.dnsivz.net) which also stores
   DNSSEC related data historically.  The drawback here is that you need
   to have it test the domain before the incident occurs.

   The first and easiest thing to check is if the failure of the domain
   is consistent across different software implementations.  If not, you
   want to inform the vendor where it fails so that the vendor can look
   more deeply into the issue.

   The next thing is to figure out what the actual failure mode is.
   There are several tools do this, an incomplete list includes:

   o  DNSViz (http://dnsviz.net)

   o  Verisign DNSSEC debugger (http://dnssec-debugger.verisignlabs.com)

   o  iis.se DNS check (http://dnscheck.iis.se)

   most of these tools are open source and can be installed locally.
   However, using the tools over the Internet has the advantage of
   providing visibility from a different point.

   Once you figure out what the error is, you need to check if it shows
   consistently around the world and from all authoritative servers.
   Use DNS Tools (dig) or DNS looking glasses to verify this.  An error
   that is consistently the same is more likely to be operator caused
   than an attack.  Also if the output from the authoritative server is
   consistently different from the resolvers output this hints to an
   attack rather then an error, unless there is EDNS0 client subnet
   (draft-ietf-dnsop-edns-client-subnet) applied to the domain.

   A last check is to look at the actual DNS data.  Is the result of the
   query still the same or has it changed?  While a lot of DNSSEC errors
   occur on events that change DNSSEC data, the actual record someone
   wants to go to often stays the same.  If the data is the same, this
   is an indication (not a guarantee) that the error is operator caused.
   Keep in mind that with DNS being used to globally balance traffic the
   data associated to a name might be different in different parts of
   the Internet.

   Here are some examples of common DNSSEC failures that have been seen
   as operator signing errors on the Internet:

   o  RRSIG timing issue.  Each signature has an inception time and
      expiry time, between which it is valid.  Letting this time expire
      without creating a new signature is one of the most common DNSSEC
      errors.  To a lesser extent, this also occurs if signatures were



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      made active before the inception time.  For all of these errors
      your primary check is to check on the data.  Signature expiration
      is also about the only error we see on actual data (like
      www.example.com).  All other errors are more or less related to
      dealing with the chain of trust established by DS records in the
      parent zone and DNSKEYs in the child zones.  These mostly occur
      during key rollovers, but are not limited to that.

   o  DNSKEYs in child zone don't match the DS record in the parent
      zone.  There is a big variation of this that can happen at any
      point in the key lifecycle.  DNSViz is the best tools to show
      problems in the chain.  If you debug yourself use dig +multiline
      so that you can see the key id of a DNSKEY.  Common Variations of
      this can be:

   o  DS pointing to a non existent key in the child zone.  Questions
      for consideration here include: Has there ever been a key (and, if
      so, was it used)?  Has there been a recent change in the DNSKEY
      RRSet (indicating a key rollover)?  Has the actual data in the
      zone changed?  Is the zone DNSSEC signed at all and has it been in
      the past?

   o  DS pointing to an existent key, but no signatures are made with
      the key.  The checks above should be done, with the addition of
      checking if another key in the DNSKEY RRSet is now used to sign
      the records.

   o  Data in DS or DNSKEY doesn't match the other.  This is more common
      in initial setup when there was a copy and paste error.  Again
      checking history on data is the best you can do there.

   All of the above is just a starting point for consideration when
   deciding whether or not to deploy a trust anchor.  It is not possible
   to provide a simple checklist to run through to determine if a domain
   is broken because of an attack or an operator error.

Appendix C.  Document Change Log

   [RFC Editor: This section is to be removed before publication]

   -04 to -05

   o  A large bunch of cleanups from Jinmei.  Thanks!

   o  Also clarified that if there is an NTA at foo.bar.baz.example, and
      a positive *trust anchor* at bar.baz.example, the most specific
      wins.  I'm not very happy with this text, any additional text
      gratefully accepted...



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   -03 to -04:

   o  Addressed some comment from an email from Jinmei that I had
      missed.  Turns out others had made many of the same comments, and
      so most had already been addressed.

   -02 to -03:

   o  Included text from Ralph into Appendix B

   o  A bunch of comments from Andrew Sullivan ('[DNSOP] negative-trust-
      anchors-02" - Mar 18th)

   o  Updated keywords

   -01 to -02:

   o  Gah!  I forgot to run spell check.  And I type like a chimpanzee
      with bad hand-eye coordination...

   -00 to -01:

   o  Stole chunks of text from Ed Lewis' mailing list "tirade" :-)

   o  New rndc usage text from Evan.

   o  Deleted the (already resolved) open issues from Appendix C, moved
      the unresolved issues into github, resolved them!

   o  Clarification that automated removal is best removal method, and
      how to implement (Evan Hunt)

   o  Clarify that an NTA is not a RR (Rick Lamb)

   o  Grammar fixes.

   Ind-07 - WG-00:

   o  Simply updated name to reflect WG doc.

   Individual-00: First version published as an individual draft.

   Individual-01: Fixed minor typos and grammatical nits.  Closed all
   open editorial items.

   Individual-02: Simple date change to keep doc from expiring.
   Substantive updates planned.




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   Individual-03: Changes to address feedback from Paul Vixie, by adding
   a new section "Limited Time and Scope of Use".  Changes to address
   issues raised by Antoin Verschuren and Patrik Wallstrom, by adding a
   new section "Intentionally Broken Domains" and added two related
   references.  Added text to address the need for manual investigation,
   as suggested by Patrik Falstrom.  Added a suggestion on notification
   as suggested by Marc Lampo.  Made several additions and changes
   suggested by Ralf Weber, Wes Hardaker, Nick Weaver, Tony Finch, Shane
   Kerr, Joe Abley, Murray Kucherawy, Olafur Gudmundsson.

   Individual-04: Moved the section defining a NTA forward, and added
   new text to the Abstract and Introduction per feedback from Paul
   Hoffman.

   Individual-05: Incorporated feedback from the DNSOP WG list received
   on 2/17/13 and 2/18/13.  This is likely the final version before the
   IETF 86 draft cutoff date.  Updated references to RFC6781 to RFC6781,
   per March Davids.

   Individual-06: Added more OPEN issues to continue tracking WG
   discussion.  No changes in the main document - just expanded issue
   tracking.

   Individual-07: Refresh document - needs revision and rework before
   IETF-91.  Planning to add more contributors.

   o  Using github issue tracker - go see https://github.com/wkumari/
      draft-livingood-dnsop-negative-trust-anchors for more details.

   o  A bunch of readability improvments.

   o  Issue: Notify the domain owner of the validation failure -
      resolved.

   o  Issue: Make the NTA as specific as possible - resolved.

Authors' Addresses

   Paul Ebersman
   Comcast
   One Comcast Center
   1701 John F. Kennedy Boulevard
   Philadelphia, PA  19103
   US

   Email: ebersman-ietf@dragon.net





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   Chris Griffiths

   Email: cgriffiths@gmail.com


   Warren Kumari
   Google
   1600 Amphitheatre Parkway
   Mountain View, CA  94043
   US

   Email: warren@kumari.net
   URI:   http://www.google.com


   Jason Livingood
   Comcast
   One Comcast Center
   1701 John F. Kennedy Boulevard
   Philadelphia, PA  19103
   US

   Email: jason_livingood@cable.comcast.com
   URI:   http://www.comcast.com


   Ralf Weber
   Nominum

   Email: Ralf.Weber@nominum.com
   URI:   http://www.nominum.com




















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