Network Working Group T. Lemon
Internet-Draft Nominum, Inc.
Intended status: Informational R. Droms
Expires: September 14, 2017
W. Kumari
Google
March 13, 2017
Special-Use Domain Names Problem Statement
draft-ietf-dnsop-sutld-ps-03
Abstract
The Special-Use Domain Names IANA registry policy defined in RFC 6761
has been shown through experience to present unanticipated
challenges. This memo presents a list, intended to be comprehensive,
of the problems that have been identified. In addition it reviews
the history of Domain Names and summarizes current IETF publications
and some publications from other organizations relating to Special-
Use Domain Names.
Status of This Memo
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This Internet-Draft will expire on September 14, 2017.
Copyright Notice
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Table of Contents
1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
2. Terminology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
3. Problems associated with Special-Use Domain Names . . . . . . 4
4. Existing Practice Regarding Special-Use Domain Names . . . . 9
4.1. Primary Special-Use Domain Name Documents . . . . . . . . 9
4.1.1. IAB Technical Comment on the Unique DNS Root . . . . 9
4.1.2. Special-Use Domain Names . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
4.1.3. MoU Concerning the Technical Work of the IANA . . . . 12
4.1.4. Liaison Statement on Technical Use of Domain
Names . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
4.2. Secondary documents relating to the Special-Use
Domain Name question . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
4.2.1. Multicast DNS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
4.2.2. The .onion Special-Use Top-Level Domain Name . . . . 14
4.2.3. Locally Served DNS Zones . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
4.2.4. Name Collision in the DNS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
4.2.5. SSAC Advisory on the Stability of the Domain
Namespace . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
4.2.6. Discovery of the IPv6 Prefix Used for IPv6 Address
Synthesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
4.2.7. Additional Reserved Top Level Domains . . . . . . . . 16
5. History . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
6. Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
7. IANA considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
8. Contributors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
9. Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Appendix A. Change Log. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
Authors' Addresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
1. Introduction
One of the key services required to use the Internet is name
resolution. Name resolution is the process of translating a symbolic
name into some object or set of objects to which the name refers,
most typically one or more IP addresses. These names are often
referred to as Domain Names. When reading this document, care must
be taken to not assume that the term Domain Name implies the use of
the Domain Name System [RFC1034] for resolving these names. An
excellent presentation on this topic can be found in Domain Names
[I-D.lewis-domain-names].
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Special-Use Domain Names [RFC6761] created an IANA registry for
Special-Use Domain Names [SDO-IANA-SUDR], defined policies for adding
to the registry, and made some suggestions about how those policies
might be implemented. Since the publication of RFC 6761, the IETF
has been asked to designate several new Special-Use Domain Names in
this registry. During the evaluation process for these Special-Use
Domain Names, the IETF encountered several different sorts of issues.
Because of this, the IETF has decided to investigate the problem and
decide if and how the RFC 6761 process can be improved, or whether it
should be deprecated.
Based on current ICANN and IETF practice, including RFC 6761, there
are several different types of names in the root of the Domain
Namespace:
o Reserved by the IETF for technical purposes
o Assigned by ICANN to the public DNS root; some names reserved by
the IETF for technical purposes may appear in the Global DNS root
for reasons pertaining to the operation of the DNS
o ICANN Reserved Names; names that may not be applied for as TLDs
(see [SDO-ICANN-DAG], Section 2.2.1.2.1, Reserved Names,
Section 2.2.1.4.1, Treatment of Country or Territory Names, et
al.)
o Used by other organizations without following established
processes
o Names that are unused and are available for assignment to one of
the previous categories
This document presents a list, believed to be complete, of the
problems associated with the assignment of Special-Use Domain Names.
In support of its analysis of the particular set of issues described
here, the document also includes descriptions of existing practice as
it relates to the use of domain names, a brief history of domain
names, and some observations by various IETF participants who have
experience with various aspects of the current situation.
2. Terminology
This document uses the terminology from RFC 7719 [RFC7719]. Other
terms used in this document are defined here:
Domain Name This document uses the term "Domain Name" as defined in
section 2 of RFC 7719 [RFC7719].
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Domain Namespace The set of all possible Domain Names.
Special-Use Domain Name A Domain Name listed in the Special-Use
Domain Names registry.
For the sake of brevity this document uses some abbreviations, which
are expanded here:
IANA Internet Assigned Numbers Authority
ICANN Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers
TLD Top-Level Domain, as defined in in section 2 of RFC 7719
[RFC7719]
gTLD Generic Top-Level Domain, as defined in in section 2 of RFC
7719 [RFC7719]
3. Problems associated with Special-Use Domain Names
This section presents a list of problems that have been identified
with respect to the assignment of Special-Use Domain Names.
Solutions to these problems, including their costs or tradeoffs, are
out of scope for this document. They will be covered in a separate
document. New problems that might be created in the process of
solving problems described in this document are also out of scope:
these problems are expected to be addressed in the process of
evaluating potential solutions.
Special-Use Domain Names exist to solve a variety of problems. This
document has two goals: enumerate all of the problems that have been
identified to which Special-Use Domain Names are a solution and
enumerate all of the problems that have been raised in the process of
trying to use RFC 6761 as it was intended. As some of those problems
may fall into both categories, this document makes no attempt to
categorize the problems.
There is a broad diversity of opinion about this set of problems.
Not every participant agrees that each of the problems enumerated in
this document is actually a problem. This document takes no position
on the relative validity of the various problems that have been
enumerated. Its focused purposes are to enumerate those problems,
provide the reader with context for thinking about them and provide a
context for future discussion of solutions.
This is the list of problems:
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o No formal coordination process exists between the IETF and ICANN
as they follow their respective name assignment processes (see
Section 4.1.3). The lack of coordination complicates the
management of the root of the Domain Namespace and could lead to
conflicts in name assignments [SDO-ICANN-SAC090].
o There is no explicit scoping as to what can constitute a
"technical use" [RFC2860] and what cannot, and there is also no
consensus within the IETF as to what this term means.
o Not all developers of protocols on the internet agree that
authority over the entire Domain Namespace should reside solely
with the IETF and ICANN.
o Although IETF and ICANN nominally have authority over this
namespace, neither organization can enforce that authority over
any third party who wants to just start using a subset of the
namespace. Such parties may observe that the IETF has never
asserted control or authority over what protocols are "allowed" on
the internet, and that the principle of "permissionless
innovation" suggests there should be a way for people to include
new uses of domain names in new protocols and applications.
o Organizations do in fact sometimes use subsets of the Domain
Namespace without following established processes. Reasons a
third party might do this include:
* Unaware that a process exists for assigning such names
* Intended use is covered by gTLD process [SDO-ICANN-DAG], but no
gTLD process is ongoing
* Intended use is covered by gTLD process, but the third party
doesn't want to pay a fee
* Intended use is covered by some IETF process, but the third
party doesn't want to follow the process
* Intended use is covered by ICANN or IETF process, but third
party expects that the outcome will be refusal or non-action
* Unaware that a name intended to be used only locally may
nevertheless leak
* Unaware that a name used locally with informal allocation may
subsequently be allocated formally, creating operational
problems
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o There is demand for more than one name resolution protocol for
Domain Names. Domain Names contain no metadata to indicate which
protocol to use to resolve them. Domain name resolution APIs do
not provide a way to specify which protocol to use.
o When a Special-Use Domain Name is added to the Special-Use Domain
Names registry, not all software that processes such names will
understand the special use of that name. In many cases, name
resolution software will use the Domain Name System for resolution
of names not known to have a special use. Consequently, any such
use will result in queries for Special-Use Domain Names being sent
to Domain Name System authoritative servers. These queries may
constitute an operational problem for operators of root zone
authoritative name servers. These queries may also inadvertently
reveal private information through the contents of the query,
which is a privacy consideration.
o The RFC 6761 process is sufficiently uncertain that some protocol
developers have assumed they could not get a name assigned; the
process of assigning the first new name ('.local') using the RFC
6761 process took more than ten years from beginning to end:
longer by a factor of ten than any other part of the protocol
development process (largely because this ten years included time
to develop the process as well as use it). Other uses of the
process have proceeded more smoothly, but there is a reasonably
justified perception that using this process is likely to be slow
and difficult, with an uncertain outcome.
o There is strong resistance within the IETF to assigning Domain
Names to resolution systems outside of the DNS, for a variety of
reasons:
* Requires a mechanism for identifying which of a set of
resolution processes is required in order to resolve a
particular name.
* Assertion of authority: there is a sense that the Domain
Namespace is "owned" by the IETF or by ICANN, and so, if a name
is claimed outside of that process, the person or entity that
claimed that name should suffer some consequence that would,
presumably, deter future circumvention of the official process.
* More than one name resolution protocol is bad, in the sense
that a single protocol is less complicated to implement and
deploy.
* The semantics of alternative resolution protocols may differ
from the DNS protocol; DNS has the concept of RRtypes; other
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protocols may not support RRtypes, or may support some entirely
different data structuring mechanism.
* If there is an IETF process through which a TLD can be assigned
at zero cost other than time, this process will be used as an
alternative to the more costly process of getting the name
registered through ICANN.
* A name might be assigned for a particular purpose when a more
general use of the name would be more beneficial.
* If the IETF assigns a name that some third party or parties
believes belongs to them in some way, the IETF could become
embroiled in an expensive dispute with those parties.
o If there were no process for assigning names for technical use
through the IETF, there is a concern that protocols that require
such names would not be able to get them.
o In some cases where the IETF has made assignments through the RFC
6761 process, technical mistakes have been made due to
misunderstandings as to the actual process that RFC 6761 specifies
(e.g., treating the list of suggested considerations for assigning
a name as a set of requirements all of which must be met). In
other cases, the IETF has made de facto assignments of Special-Use
Domain Names without following the RFC 6761 process.
o There are several Domain Name TLDs that are in use without due
process for a variety of purposes [SDO-ICANN-COLL]. The status of
these names need to be clarified and recorded to avoid future
disputes about their use.
o In principle, the RFC 6761 process could be used to document the
existence of Domain Names that are not safe to assign, and provide
information on how those names are used in practice. However,
attempts to use RFC 6761 to accomplish this documentation have not
been successful (for example, see "Additional Reserved Top Level
Domains [I-D.chapin-additional-reserved-tlds] and Section 4.2.7).
One side effect of the lack of documentation is that any
mitigation effect on the root name servers or on privacy
considerations has been missed.
o A Domain Name can be identified as either a DNS name by placing it
in the DNS zone(s) or as a Special-Use Domain Name by adding it to
the IANA registry. Some names are in both places; for example,
some locally served zone names are in DNS zones and documented in
the Special-Use Domain Names registry. At present, the only way a
Domain Name can be added to the Special-Use Domain Name registry
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is for the IETF to take responsibility for the name and designate
it for "technical use". There are other potential uses for Domain
Names that should be recorded in the registry, but for which the
IETF should not take responsibility.
o The IETF may in some cases see the need to document that a name is
in use without claiming that the use of the name is the IETF's use
of the name. No mechanism exists in the current registry to mark
names in this way.
o There is no formal mechanism that ensures that we check to make
sure that a document being considered for publication does not
unintentionally violate the IETF process for adding Special-Use
Domain Names to the registry (e.g., RFC 7788 [RFC7788]).
o Use of the registry is inconsistent--some Special-Use Domain Name
RFCs specify registry entries, some don't; some specify
delegation, some don't.
o There exists no safe, non-process-violating mechanism for ad-hoc
assignment of Special-Use Domain Names.
o It is generally assumed that protocols that need a Special-Use
Domain Name need a mnemonic, single-label, human-readable Special-
Use Domain Name, for use in user interfaces such as command lines
or URL entry fields. While this assumption is correct in some
cases, it is likely not correct in all cases; for example, in
applications where the DNS name is never visible to a user.
o RFC 6761 uses the term "Domain Name" to describe the thing for
which special uses are registered. This creates a great deal of
confusion because some readers take "Domain Name" to imply the use
of the DNS protocol.
o The use of DNSSEC with Special-Use Domain Names is an open issue.
There is no consensus or guidance about how to use DNSSEC with
various classes of Special-Use Domain Names. Considerations in
the use of DNSSEC with Special-Use Domain Names include:
* What class of Special-Use Domain Name is under consideration:
non-DNS, locally served zone, other?
* Does the Special-Use Domain Name require a delegation in the
root zone; if so, should that delegation be signed or not? If
there is no delegation, then this will be treated by validating
resolvers as a secure denial of existence for that zone. This
would not be appropriate for a name being resolved using the
DNS protocol.
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* A process would be required through which the IETF can cause a
delegation in the root zone to be instantiated.
* What are the recommended practices for using DNS with the
specific Special-Use Domain Name?
The problems we have stated here represent the current understanding
of the authors of the document as to the complete set of problems
that have been identified during discussion by the working group on
this topic. The remainder of this document provides additional
context that will be needed for reasoning about these problems.
4. Existing Practice Regarding Special-Use Domain Names
There are three primary and numerous secondary documents to consider
when thinking about the Special-Use Domain Names process.
How names are resolved is ambiguous, in the sense that some names are
Special-Use Domain names that require special handling, and some
names can be resolved using the DNS protocol with no special
handling.
The assignment of Internet Names is not under the sole control of any
one organization. IETF has authority in some cases, but only with
respect to "technical uses." ICANN at present is the designated
administrator of the root zone, but generally not of zones other than
the root zone. And neither of these authorities can in any practical
sense exclude the practice of ad-hoc use of names. This can be done
by any entity that has control over one or more name servers or
resolvers, in the context of any hosts and services that that entity
operates. It can also be done by authors of software who decide that
a Special-Use Domain Name is the right way to indicate the use of an
alternate resolution mechanism.
4.1. Primary Special-Use Domain Name Documents
The primary documents are considered primary because they directly
address the IETF's past thoughts on this topic in a general way, and
also because they describe what the IETF does in practice. Only one
of these documents is an IETF consensus document.
4.1.1. IAB Technical Comment on the Unique DNS Root
This document [RFC2826] is not an IETF consensus document, and
appears to have been written to address a different problem than the
Special-Use Domain Name problem. However, it speaks directly to
several of the key issues that must be considered, and of course
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coming as it does from the IAB, it is rightly treated as having
significant authority despite not being an IETF consensus document.
This document should be considered required reading for IETF
participants who wish to express an informed opinion on the topic of
Special-Use Domain Names. The main points that appear relevant to
the Special-Use Domain Names problem are:
o The Internet requires a globally unique namespace
o Private networks may operate private namespaces, but still require
that names in the public namespace be globally unique.
o The Domain Name System [RFC1035] is not the only protocol that may
be used for resolving domain names.
o Users cannot be assumed to know how to distinguish between
symbolic references that have local meaning and references that
have global meaning. Users may therefore share references that
incorporate Domain Names with no global meaning (for example, a
URL of 'http://mysite.example.corp', where 'example.corp' is a
domain used privately and informally as described in
[SDO-ICANN-COLL]).
o Such references might refer to the object the user intends to
share within that user's context, but either refer to some other
object any recipient's context, or might not refer to any object
at all in a recipient's context. The effect of this is that the
user's intended communication will not be able to be understood by
the recipients of the communication.
o This same problem can also occur simply because a single user
copies a name from one context in which it has one meaning, into a
different context in which it has a different meaning-- for
example copying a '.onion' Domain Name out of a Tor Browser [TOR],
where it has meaning, and pasting this name into an ssh client
that doesn't support connecting over the Tor network.
To boil this down even further, we can take the following advice from
this document:
o Domain Names with unambiguous global meaning are preferable to
Domain Names with local meaning which will be ambiguous.
Nevertheless both globally-meaningful and locally-special names
are in use and must be supported.
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o At the time of the writing of this document the IAB was of the
opinion that there might well be more than one name resolution
protocol used to resolve Domain Names.
4.1.2. Special-Use Domain Names
The second important document is "Special-Use Domain Names"
[RFC6761]. RFC 6761 represents the current IETF consensus on
designating and recording Special-Use Domain Names. The IETF has
experienced problems with the designation process described in RFC
6761; these concerns motivate this document. Again, familiarity with
RFC 6761 is a prerequisite for having an informed opinion on the
topic of Special-Use Domain Names.
RFC 6761 defines two aspects of Special-Use Domain Names: designating
a Domain Name to have a special purpose and registering that special
use in the Special-Use Domain Names registry. The designation
process is defined in a single sentence (RFC 6761, section 4):
If it is determined that special handling of a name is required in
order to implement some desired new functionality, then an IETF
"Standards Action" or "IESG Approval" specification [RFC5226] MUST
be published describing the new functionality.
This sentence implies that any designation of a Special-Use Domain
Name is subject to the same open review and consensus process as used
to produce and publish all other IETF specifications.
The registration process is a purely mechanical process, in which the
existence of the newly designated Special-Use Domain Name is
recorded, with a pointer to a section in the relevant specification
document that defines the ways in which special handling is to be
applied to the name.
RFC 6761 provided the process whereby Multicast DNS [RFC6762]
designated ".local" as a Special-Use Domain Name and included it in
the Special-Use Domain Names registry. It itself also enumerated a
set of names that had been previously used or defined to have special
uses prior to the publication of RFC 6761. Since there had been no
registry for these names prior to the publication of RFC 6761, the
documents defining these names could not have added them to the
registry.
There are at least several important points to think of with respect
to the RFC 6761:
o A Special-Use Domain Name may be a name that should be resolved
using the DNS protocol with no special handling. An example of
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this is 'IN-ADDR.ARPA.' (which is an example of a Special-Use
Domain Name that is not a TLD).
o A Special-Use Domain Name may be a name that is resolved using the
DNS protocol, requires no special handling in the stub resolver,
but requires special handling in the recursive resolver. An
example of this would be "10.in-addr.arpa."
o A Special-Use Domain Name may be a name that requires special
handling in the stub resolver. An example would be a Special-Use
Top-Level Domain Name like '.local' which acts as a signal to
indicate that the local stub resolver should use a non-DNS
protocol for name resolution.
o The current IETF consensus (from a process perspective, not
necessarily from the perspective of what would be consensus if the
IETF were to attempt to produce a new consensus document) is that
all of these purposes for Special-Use Domain Names are valid.
The term "stub resolver" in this case does not mean "DNS protocol
stub resolver." The stub resolver is the entity within a particular
software stack that takes a question about a Domain Name and answers
it. One way a stub resolver can answer such a question is using the
DNS protocol, but it is in the stub resolver, as we are using the
term here, that the decision as to whether to use a protocol, and if
so which protocol, or whether to use a local database of some sort,
is made.
RFC 6761 does not limit Special-Use Domain Names to TLDs. However,
at present, all Special-Use Domain Names registered in the IANA
Special-Use Domain Names registry [SDO-IANA-SUDR] are either intended
to be resolved using the DNS protocol, or are TLDs, or both. That
is, at present there exist no Special-Use Domain Names which require
special handling by stub resolvers and which are not at the top level
of the naming hierarchy.
One point to take from this is that there is already a requirement in
RFC 6762 that when stub resolvers encounter the special label,
'.LOCAL' at the top level of a domain name, they can only use the
mDNS protocol be used for resolving that Domain Name.
4.1.3. MoU Concerning the Technical Work of the IANA
There exists a Memorandum of Understanding [RFC2860] between the IETF
and ICANN (Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers) which
discusses how names and numbers will be managed through the IANA
(Internet Assigned Numbers Authority). This document is important to
the discussion of Special-Use Domain Names because, while it
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delegates authority for managing the Domain Name System Namespace
generally to ICANN, it reserves to the IETF the authority that RFC
6761 formalizes:
Note that (a) assignments of Domain Names for technical uses (such
as Domain Names for inverse DNS lookup), (b) assignments of
specialised address blocks (such as multicast or anycast blocks),
and (c) experimental assignments are not considered to be policy
issues, and shall remain subject to the provisions of this
Section 4.
The above text is an addendum to the following:
Two particular assigned spaces present policy issues in addition
to the technical considerations specified by the IETF: the
assignment of Domain Names, and the assignment of IP address
blocks. These policy issues are outside the scope of this MOU.
In general, then, the assignment of names in the DNS root zone, and
the management of the DNS namespace, is a function that is performed
by ICANN. However, the MoU specifically exempts domain names
assigned for technical use, and uses the example of domains used for
inverse DNS lookup. Both 'IN-ADDR.ARPA' and 'IP6.ARPA' are in the
Special-Use Domain Names registry.
Implicit in the MoU is the fact that the IETF and ICANN retain,
between them, sole authority for assigning any names from the Domain
Namespace. Both the IETF and ICANN have internal processes for
making such assignments.
The point here is not to say what the implications of this statement
in the MoU are, but rather to call the reader's attention to the
existence of this statement.
4.1.4. Liaison Statement on Technical Use of Domain Names
As a result of processing requests to add names to the Special-Use
Domain Name registry, as documented in
[I-D.chapin-additional-reserved-tlds] and
[I-D.grothoff-iesg-special-use-p2p-names], the IAB initiated a review
of the process defined in RFC 6761 for adding names to the registry.
This review was identified as in the charter of the IETF DNSOP
working group, and the review has been conducted in that working
group. The Liaison Statement [SDO-IAB-ICANN-LS] notified ICANN of
the review, affirmed that the discussion would be "open and
transparent to participation by interested parties" and explicitly
invited members of the ICANN community to participate.
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This document is a product of the IETF DNSOP working group review of
the registry process in RFC 6761.
4.2. Secondary documents relating to the Special-Use Domain Name
question
In addition to these documents, there are several others with which
participants in this discussion should be familiar.
4.2.1. Multicast DNS
Multicast DNS [RFC6762] defines the Multicast DNS protocol, which
uses the '.LOCAL' Special-Use Top-Level Domain Name. Section 3
describes the semantics of "multicast DNS names." It is of
considerable historical importance to note that the -00 version of
this document, an individual submission, was published in July of
2001. This version contains substantially the same text in section
3, and was discussed in the DNSEXT working group at IETF 51 in August
of 2001[IETF-PRO-51]. The first version of this document designated
'.LOCAL.ARPA' as the Special-Use Domain Name. This idea was strongly
opposed by DNSEXT working group participants, and as a result the
author eventually switched to using '.LOCAL'.
The history of RFC 6762 is documented in substantial detail in
Appendix H; some notable milestones include the initial proposal to
replace Appletalk's NBP in July 1997, the chartering of the Zeroconf
working group in September 1999, assignment of a multicast address
for link-local name discovery in April of 2000. A companion
requirements document, eventually published as [RFC6760] was first
published in September of 2001.
The point of mentioning these dates is so that discussions involving
the time when the '.LOCAL' domain was first deployed, and the context
in which it was deployed, may be properly informed.
4.2.2. The .onion Special-Use Top-Level Domain Name
The .onion Special-Use Top-Level Domain Name [RFC7686] is important
because it is the most recent IETF action on the topic of Special-Use
Domain Names; although it does not set new policy, the mere fact of
its publication is worth thinking about.
Two important points to consider about this document are that:
o The IETF gained consensus to publish it
o The situation was somewhat forced, both by the fact of its
unilateral use by The Tor Project without following the RFC 6761
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process, and because a deadline had been set by the CA/Browser
Forum [SDO-CABF-INT] after which all .onion PKI certificates would
expire and no new certificates would be issued, unless the .onion
Special-Use Top-Level Domain Name were to be recognized by the
IETF.
4.2.3. Locally Served DNS Zones
Locally Served DNS Zones [RFC6303] describes a particular use case
for zones that exist by definition, and that are resolved using the
DNS protocol, but that cannot have a global meaning, because the host
IP addresses they reference are not unique. This applies to a
variety of addresses, including Private IPv4 addresses [RFC1918],
Unique Local IPv6 Unicast Addresses [RFC4193] (in which this practice
was first described) and IANA-Reserved IPv4 Prefix for Shared Address
Space [RFC6598].
This use case is distinct from the use-case for Special-Use Domain
Names like '.local' and '.onion' in that the names are resolved using
the DNS protocol (but do require extensions or exceptions to the
usual DNS resolution to enforce resolution in a local context rather
than the global DNS context). But it shares the problem that such
names cannot be assumed either to be unique or to be functional in
all contexts for all Internet-connected hosts.
4.2.4. Name Collision in the DNS
Name Collision in the DNS [SDO-ICANN-COLL] is a study commissioned by
ICANN that attempts to characterize the potential risk to the
Internet of adding global DNS delegations for names that were not
previously delegated in the DNS, not reserved under any RFC, but also
known to be (.home) or surmised to be (.corp) in significant use for
Special-Use-type reasons (local scope DNS, or other resolution
protocols altogether).
4.2.5. SSAC Advisory on the Stability of the Domain Namespace
SSAC Advisory on the Stability of the Domain Namespace
[SDO-ICANN-SAC090] reports on some issues surrounding the conflicting
uses, interested parties and processes related to the Domain
Namespace. The document recommends the development of collaborative
processes among the various interested parties to coordinate their
activities related to the Domain Namespace.
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4.2.6. Discovery of the IPv6 Prefix Used for IPv6 Address Synthesis
Discovery of the IPv6 Prefix Used for IPv6 Address Synthesis
[RFC7050] is an example of a document that successfully used the RFC
6761 process to designate '.ipv4only.arpa' as a Special-Use Domain
Name; in this case the process worked smoothly and without
controversy.
Unfortunately, while the IETF process worked smoothly, in the sense
that there was little controversy or delay in approving the new use,
it did not work correctly: the name 'ipv4only.arpa' was never added
to the Special-Use Domain Names registry. This appears to have
happened because the IAB was able to simply add the name to the .ARPA
zone, which the IAB administers. This is an illustration of one of
the problems that we have with the 6761 process: it is apparently
fairly easy to miss the step of adding the name to the registry.
4.2.7. Additional Reserved Top Level Domains
Additional Reserved Top Level Domains
[I-D.chapin-additional-reserved-tlds] is an example of a document
that attempted to reserve several TLDs identified by ICANN as
particularly at risk for collision as Special-Use Domain Names with
no documented use. This attempt failed.
Although this document failed to gain consensus to publish, the need
it was intended to fill still exists. Unfortunately, although a fair
amount is known about the use of these names, no document exists that
documents how they are used, and why it would be a problem to
delegate them. Additionally, to the extent that the uses being made
of these names are valid, no document exists indicating when it might
make sense to use them, and when it would not make sense to use them.
RFC 7788 [RFC7788] defines the Domain Name TLD ".home" for use as the
default name for name resolution relative to a home network context.
Although, as defined in RFC 7788, ".home" is a Special-Use Domain
Name, RFC 7788 did not follow the process in RFC 6761 and request the
addition of ".home" to the IANA Special-Use Domain Name registry.
Additionally, ".home" is an example of an attempt to reuse a Domain
Name that has already been put into use for other purposes without
following established processes[SDO-ICANN-COLL], which further
complicates the situation. At the time this document was written,
the IETF was developing a solution to this problem.
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5. History
Newcomers to the problem of resolving Domain Names may be under the
mistaken impression that the DNS sprang, as in the Greek legend of
Athena, directly from Paul Mockapetris' forehead. This is not the
case. At the time of the writing of the IAB technical document,
memories would have been fresh of the evolutionary process that led
to the DNS' dominance as a protocol for Domain Name resolution.
In fact, in the early days of the Internet, hostnames were resolved
using a text file, HOSTS.TXT, which was maintained by a central
authority, the Network Information Center, and distributed to all
hosts on the Internet using the File Transfer Protocol (FTP)
[RFC0959]. The inefficiency of this process is cited as a reason for
the development of the DNS [RFC0882] [RFC0883] in 1983.
However, the transition from HOSTS.TXT to the DNS was not smooth.
For example, Sun Microsystems's Network Information System
[CORP-SUN-NIS], at the time known as Yellow Pages, was an active
competitor to the DNS, although it failed to provide a complete
solution to the global naming problem.
Another example was NetBIOS Name Service, also known as WINS
[RFC1002]. This protocol was used mostly by Microsoft Windows
machines, but also by open source BSD and Linux operating systems to
do name resolution using Microsoft's own name resolution protocol.
Most modern operating systems can still use the '/etc/hosts' file for
name resolution. Many still have a name service switch that can be
configured on the host to resolve some domains using NIS or WINS.
Most have the capability to resolve names using mDNS by recognizing
the special meaning of the '.local' Special-Use Top Level Domain
Name.
The Sun Microsystems model of having private domains within a
corporate site, while supporting the global Domain Name system for
off-site, persisted even after the NIS protocol fell into disuse.
Microsoft used to recommend that site administrators use a "private"
TLD for internal use, and this practice was very much a part of the
zeitgeist at the time (see section 5.1 of [SDO-ICANN-COLL] and
Appendix G of [RFC6762]). This attitude is at the root of the
widespread practice of simply picking an unused TLD and using it for
experimental purposes, which persists even at the time of writing of
this memo.
This history is being presented because discussions about Special-Use
Domain Names in the IETF often come down to the question of why users
of new name resolution protocols choose to use Domain Names, rather
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than using some other naming concept that doesn't overlap with the
namespace that, in modern times is, by default, resolved using the
DNS.
The answer is that as a consequence of this long history of resolving
Domain Names using a wide variety of name resolution systems, Domain
Names are required in a large variety of contexts in user interfaces
and applications programming interfaces. Any name that appears in
such a context is a Domain Name. So developers of new name
resolution systems that must work in existing contexts actually have
no choice: they must use a Special-Use Domain Name to segregate a
portion of the namespace for use with their system.
6. Security Considerations
This document mentions various security and privacy considerations in
the text. However, this document creates no new security or privacy
concerns.
7. IANA considerations
This document has no actions for IANA.
8. Contributors
This document came about as a result of conversations that occurred
in the conference hotel lobby, the weekend before IETF 95, when the
original author, Ted Lemon, was trying to come up with a better
problem statement. Stuart Cheshire, Mark Andrews, David Conrad, Paul
Ebersman and Aaron Falk all made helpful and insightful observations
or patiently answered questions. This should not be taken as an
indication that any of these folks actually agree with what the
document says, but their generosity with time and thought are
appreciated in any case.
Ralph started out as an innocent bystander, but discussion with him
was the key motivating factor in the writing of this document, and he
agreed to co-author it without too much arm-twisting. Warren spent a
lot of time working with us on this document after it was first
published, and joined as an author in order to make sure that the
work got finished; without him the -01 and -02 versions might not
have happened.
This document also owes a great deal to Ed Lewis' excellent work on
what a "Domain Name" is [I-D.lewis-domain-names].
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9. Informative References
[RFC0882] Mockapetris, P., "Domain names: Concepts and facilities",
RFC 882, DOI 10.17487/RFC0882, November 1983,
<http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc882>.
[RFC0883] Mockapetris, P., "Domain names: Implementation
specification", RFC 883, DOI 10.17487/RFC0883, November
1983, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc883>.
[RFC0959] Postel, J. and J. Reynolds, "File Transfer Protocol",
STD 9, RFC 959, DOI 10.17487/RFC0959, October 1985,
<http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc959>.
[RFC1002] NetBIOS Working Group in the Defense Advanced Research
Projects Agency, Internet Activities Board, and End-to-End
Services Task Force, "Protocol standard for a NetBIOS
service on a TCP/UDP transport: Detailed specifications",
STD 19, RFC 1002, DOI 10.17487/RFC1002, March 1987,
<http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc1002>.
[RFC1034] Mockapetris, P., "Domain names - concepts and facilities",
STD 13, RFC 1034, DOI 10.17487/RFC1034, November 1987,
<http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc1034>.
[RFC1035] Mockapetris, P., "Domain names - implementation and
specification", STD 13, RFC 1035, DOI 10.17487/RFC1035,
November 1987, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc1035>.
[RFC1918] Rekhter, Y., Moskowitz, B., Karrenberg, D., de Groot, G.,
and E. Lear, "Address Allocation for Private Internets",
BCP 5, RFC 1918, DOI 10.17487/RFC1918, February 1996,
<http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc1918>.
[RFC2826] Internet Architecture Board, "IAB Technical Comment on the
Unique DNS Root", RFC 2826, DOI 10.17487/RFC2826, May
2000, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2826>.
[RFC2860] Carpenter, B., Baker, F., and M. Roberts, "Memorandum of
Understanding Concerning the Technical Work of the
Internet Assigned Numbers Authority", RFC 2860,
DOI 10.17487/RFC2860, June 2000,
<http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2860>.
[RFC4193] Hinden, R. and B. Haberman, "Unique Local IPv6 Unicast
Addresses", RFC 4193, DOI 10.17487/RFC4193, October 2005,
<http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4193>.
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[RFC6303] Andrews, M., "Locally Served DNS Zones", BCP 163,
RFC 6303, DOI 10.17487/RFC6303, July 2011,
<http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6303>.
[RFC6598] Weil, J., Kuarsingh, V., Donley, C., Liljenstolpe, C., and
M. Azinger, "IANA-Reserved IPv4 Prefix for Shared Address
Space", BCP 153, RFC 6598, DOI 10.17487/RFC6598, April
2012, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6598>.
[RFC6760] Cheshire, S. and M. Krochmal, "Requirements for a Protocol
to Replace the AppleTalk Name Binding Protocol (NBP)",
RFC 6760, DOI 10.17487/RFC6760, February 2013,
<http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6760>.
[RFC6761] Cheshire, S. and M. Krochmal, "Special-Use Domain Names",
RFC 6761, DOI 10.17487/RFC6761, February 2013,
<http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6761>.
[RFC6762] Cheshire, S. and M. Krochmal, "Multicast DNS", RFC 6762,
DOI 10.17487/RFC6762, February 2013,
<http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6762>.
[RFC7050] Savolainen, T., Korhonen, J., and D. Wing, "Discovery of
the IPv6 Prefix Used for IPv6 Address Synthesis",
RFC 7050, DOI 10.17487/RFC7050, November 2013,
<http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7050>.
[RFC7686] Appelbaum, J. and A. Muffett, "The ".onion" Special-Use
Domain Name", RFC 7686, DOI 10.17487/RFC7686, October
2015, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7686>.
[RFC7719] Hoffman, P., Sullivan, A., and K. Fujiwara, "DNS
Terminology", RFC 7719, DOI 10.17487/RFC7719, December
2015, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7719>.
[RFC7788] Stenberg, M., Barth, S., and P. Pfister, "Home Networking
Control Protocol", RFC 7788, DOI 10.17487/RFC7788, April
2016, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7788>.
[I-D.chapin-additional-reserved-tlds]
Chapin, L. and M. McFadden, "Additional Reserved Top Level
Domains", draft-chapin-additional-reserved-tlds-02 (work
in progress), March 2015.
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[I-D.grothoff-iesg-special-use-p2p-names]
Grothoff, C., Wachs, M., hellekin, h., Appelbaum, J., and
L. Ryge, "Special-Use Domain Names of Peer-to-Peer
Systems", draft-grothoff-iesg-special-use-p2p-names-04
(work in progress), January 2015.
[I-D.lewis-domain-names]
Lewis, E., "Domain Names", draft-lewis-domain-names-05
(work in progress), February 2017.
[SDO-CABF-INT]
CA/Browser Forum, "Guidance on the Deprecation of Internal
Server Names and Reserved IP Addresses", June 2012,
<https://www.digicert.com/internal-names.htm>.
[SDO-ICANN-COLL]
Interisle Consulting Group, LLC, "Name Collisions in the
DNS", August 2013,
<https://www.icann.org/en/system/files/files/name-
collision-02aug13-en.pdf>.
[SDO-ICANN-SAC090]
ICANN Security and Stability Advisory Committee, "SSAC
Advisory on the Stability of the Domain Namespace",
December 2016,
<https://www.icann.org/en/system/files/files/sac-
090-en.pdf>.
[SDO-IANA-SUDR]
Internet Assigned Numbers Authority, "Special-Use Domain
Names registry", October 2015,
<http://www.iana.org/assignments/special-use-domain-names/
special-use-domain-names.xhtml>.
[SDO-ICANN-DAG]
Internet Assigned Numbers Authority, "Special-Use Domain
Names registry", October 2015,
<https://newgtlds.icann.org/en/applicants/agb/guidebook-
full-04jun12-en.pdf>.
[SDO-IAB-ICANN-LS]
Internet Architecture Board, "Liaison Statement from the
IAB to the ICANN Board on Technical Use of Domain Names",
September 2015, <https://datatracker.ietf.org/
liaison/1351>.
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[CORP-SUN-NIS]
Sun Microsystems, "Large System and Network
Administration", March 1990.
[IETF-PRO-51]
Internet Engineering Task Force, "Proceedings of the 51st
IETF", August 2001,
<http://www.ietf.org/proceedings/51/51-45.htm#TopOfPage>.
[TOR] The Tor Project, "Tor", 2017,
<https://www.torproject.org>.
Appendix A. Change Log.
-02 to -03 (in Github):
Passes idnits except for errors resulting from a reference to an
RFC 2119 keyword and a citation of RFC 5226 with no matching
reference in quoted text at line 493.
Issue #57: Document needs an "Security Considerations" section
https://github.com/Abhayakara/draft-tldr-sutld-ps/issues/57
Numerous editorial changes for consistency; e.g. use "Special-Use
Domain Names" throughout.
Issue #58: Document needs an "IANA Considerations" section
https://github.com/Abhayakara/draft-tldr-sutld-ps/issues/58
Issue #39: Overlapping bullets in Section 3, with proposed
restructuring -- Russ Housley https://github.com/Abhayakara/draft-
tldr-sutld-ps/issues/39
Issue #55: Editorial improvement to Section 3 (4) -- John
Dickinson https://github.com/Abhayakara/draft-tldr-sutld-ps/
issues/55
Issue #34: Separate two problems in paragraph that begins "No
mechanism exists for adding a name to the registry...." (2 issues)
-- Suzanne Woolf https://github.com/Abhayakara/draft-tldr-sutld-
ps/issues/34
Issue #52: Editorial improvement to Section 3 (1) -- John
Dickinson https://github.com/Abhayakara/draft-tldr-sutld-ps/
issues/52
Issue #51: Clarification in Introduction -- John Dickinson
https://github.com/Abhayakara/draft-tldr-sutld-ps/issues/51
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Issue #49: Should cite https://datatracker.ietf.org/liaison/1351
-- George Michaelson https://github.com/Abhayakara/draft-tldr-
sutld-ps/issues/49
Issue #50: IETF precedence in Special-Use names registry -- Ted
Lemon https://github.com/Abhayakara/draft-tldr-sutld-ps/issues/50
Issue #48: 4.1.2 cites sub-domains of .ARPA arguing for special
use TLD -- George Michaelson https://github.com/Abhayakara/draft-
tldr-sutld-ps/issues/48
Issue #47: 4.3 should be made more prominent -- George Michaelson
https://github.com/Abhayakara/draft-tldr-sutld-ps/issues/47
Issue #43: Spell out SUDN and SUTLDN rather than use acronyms --
Russ Housley https://github.com/Abhayakara/draft-tldr-sutld-ps/
issues/43
Issue #41: Reword bullet in Section 3 regarding Domain Name TLDs
that have been commandeered, as reported in SDO-ICANN-COLL -- Russ
Housley https://github.com/Abhayakara/draft-tldr-sutld-ps/
issues/41
Issue #40: Note that time to publish spec for .local included
inventing SUDN registry -- Russ Housley
https://github.com/Abhayakara/draft-tldr-sutld-ps/issues/41
Issue #37: Title should be "Special-Use Domain Names Problem
Statement" -- Russ Housley https://github.com/Abhayakara/draft-
tldr-sutld-ps/issues/37
Issue #36: Expand on desire for Special-Use names to be human-
readable -- Suzanne Woolf https://github.com/Abhayakara/draft-
tldr-sutld-ps/issues/36
Issue #35: Clarify "No process exists [...]" to include both IETF
process and other process -- Suzanne Woolf
https://github.com/Abhayakara/draft-tldr-sutld-ps/issues/35
Issue #31: Add justification for concern about IETF's ability to
assign names for technical use -- Suzanne Woolf
https://github.com/Abhayakara/draft-tldr-sutld-ps/issues/31
Issue #12: Add DNSSEC to text -- John Levine
https://github.com/Abhayakara/draft-tldr-sutld-ps/issues/12
Issue #6: Without a process, we just have chaos -- Stuart Cheshire
https://github.com/Abhayakara/draft-tldr-sutld-ps/issues/6
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Issue #32: Have assignments through RFC 6761 really had "technical
mistakes"? -- Suzanne Wolff https://github.com/Abhayakara/draft-
tldr-sutld-ps/issues/32
Issue #29: Add a reason to bypass external process: expectation
for use of new name to be restricted to local scope -- Suzanne
Wolff https://github.com/Abhayakara/draft-tldr-sutld-ps/issues/29
Issue #27: Is "technical use" really ambiguous; too inclusive for
some people and too limited for others -- Suzanne Wolff
https://github.com/Abhayakara/draft-tldr-sutld-ps/issues/27
Issue #24: Replacement for "commandeer" (2 issues)-- Suzanne Wolff
https://github.com/Abhayakara/draft-tldr-sutld-ps/issues/24
Issue #22: Clarify importance of the "root of the Domain
Namespace" -- Suzanne Wolff https://github.com/Abhayakara/draft-
tldr-sutld-ps/issues/22
Issue #21: Section 3 - clarify paragraphs 2 and 3 -- Suzanne Wolff
https://github.com/Abhayakara/draft-tldr-sutld-ps/issues/21
Issue #20: Section 3: Clarify sentences beginning "Solutions to
these problems..." -- Suzanne Wolff https://github.com/Abhayakara/
draft-tldr-sutld-ps/issues/20
Issue #19: Define "default" or "assumed" use of domain names to be
within DNS -- Suzanne Wolff https://github.com/Abhayakara/draft-
tldr-sutld-ps/issues/19
Issue #18: Cite definition of RFC 7719 and domain names draft in
definition of "domain name" -- Suzanne Wolff
https://github.com/Abhayakara/draft-tldr-sutld-ps/issues/18
Issue #45: Correct usages of Tor Browser and Tor -- Russ Housley
(https://github.com/Abhayakara/draft-tldr-sutld-ps/issues/45)
Issue #46: Reformat citation of RFC 2860 -- Russ Housley
(https://github.com/Abhayakara/draft-tldr-sutld-ps/issues/46)
Issue #44: Clean up reference to SDO-ICANN-DAG in first bullet in
section 3 -- Russ Housley (https://github.com/Abhayakara/draft-
tldr-sutld-ps/issues/44)
Issue #42: Add reference to SDO-ICANN-SAC090 in section 4.2.5 --
Russ Housley (https://github.com/Abhayakara/draft-tldr-sutld-ps/
issues/42)
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Issue #30: Leaked queries aren't an operational problem in
practice -- Suzanne Wolf (https://github.com/Abhayakara/draft-
tldr-sutld-ps/issues/30)
Address some of the simpler issues, including:
Issue #13: Spelling of Tor -- Jeremy Rand
(https://github.com/Abhayakara/draft-tldr-sutld-ps/issues/13)
Issue #14: Change SDO to "organizations" -- Suzanne Woolf
(https://github.com/Abhayakara/draft-tldr-sutld-ps/issues/14)
Issue #16: Match number of "policies" and "that policy" -- Suzanne
(https://github.com/Abhayakara/draft-tldr-sutld-ps/issues/16)
Issue #17: Clarify sentence beginning with "In support of the
particular set of problems described here...." -- Suzanne.
(https://github.com/Abhayakara/draft-tldr-sutld-ps/issues/14)
Issue #23: Match number of "names" and "a TLD" -- Suzanne.
(https://github.com/Abhayakara/draft-tldr-sutld-ps/issues/23)
-01 to -02:
Language cleanup from Ted.
-00 to -01:
Improved the terminology.
Included reference to SAC090.
Added ICANN Reserved Names (e.g .icann, .iesg, .arin) to types of
names.
Improved background.
Noted that semantics may differ between resolution contexts.
Pointer to .home / .corp / .mail, other "toxic" names
Readability fixes.
-04 to ietf-00
Document adopted by WG.
Significant changes from CfA integrated, please refer to diff.
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-03 to -04:
o Replaced 'Internet Names' with 'Domain Names' - suggestion by John
Levine.
-02 to -03:
o Readability fixes, small grammar updates.
-01 to -02:
o Cleaned up the abstract.
o Fixed the case of Internet
o Reference to Ed Lewis' "Domain Names"
o Fleshed out the problems, primarily the coordination, collisions
ones.
-00 to -01:
o Large refactoring, basically a rewrite. Incorporated comments,
removed a bunch of unneeded text, etc.
Authors' Addresses
Ted Lemon
Nominum, Inc.
800 Bridge Parkway
Redwood City, California 94065
United States of America
Phone: +1 650 381 6000
Email: ted.lemon@nominum.com
Ralph Droms
Email: rdroms.ietf@gmail.com
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Warren Kumari
Google
1600 Amphitheatre Parkway
Mountain View, CA 94043
US
Email: warren@kumari.net
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