Network Working Group                                       A. Mayrhofer
Internet-Draft                                               nic.at GmbH
Intended status: Standards Track                        December 5, 2016
Expires: June 8, 2017


                       Padding Policy for EDNS(0)
                  draft-ietf-dprive-padding-policy-00

Abstract

   RFC 7830 specifies the EDNS0 'Padding' option, but does not specify
   the amount of padding to be used in specific applications.  This memo
   lists the possible options ("Padding Policies"), discusses the
   implications of each of these options, and provides implementation
   guidance.

Status of This Memo

   This Internet-Draft is submitted in full conformance with the
   provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79.

   Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering
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   This Internet-Draft will expire on June 8, 2017.

Copyright Notice

   Copyright (c) 2016 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the
   document authors.  All rights reserved.

   This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal
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   described in the Simplified BSD License.



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Table of Contents

   1.  Introduction  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   2
   2.  Terminology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   2
   3.  General Guidance  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   2
   4.  Padding Strategies  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   3
     4.1.  No Padding  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   3
     4.2.  Fixed Length Padding  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   3
     4.3.  Block Length Padding  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   4
     4.4.  Random Length Padding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   4
     4.5.  Random Block Length Padding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   5
   5.  IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   5
   6.  Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   5
   7.  Changes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   5
     7.1.  draft-ietf-dprive-padding-policy-00 . . . . . . . . . . .   6
     7.2.  draft-mayrhofer-dprive-padding-profiles-00  . . . . . . .   6
   8.  Normative References  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   6
   Author's Address  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   6

1.  Introduction

   RFC 7830 [RFC7830] specifies the Extensions Mechanisms for DNS
   (EDNS(0)) "Padding" option, which allows DNS clients and servers to
   artificially increase the size of a DNS message by a variable number
   of bytes, hampering size-based correlation of encrypted DNS messages.

   However, RFC 7803 deliberately does not specify the actual amount of
   padding to be used.  This memo discusses options regarding the actual
   size of padding, and lists advantages and disadvantages of each of
   these "Padding Strategies".

2.  Terminology

   The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
   "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "NOT RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and
   "OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in
   [RFC2119].

3.  General Guidance

   Padding messages does not have any semantic impact on the DNS
   protocol.  However, the amount of (possible) padding does depend on
   the circumstances under which a DNS message is created, specifically
   the maximum message length as dictated by protocol negotiations.
   Therefore, in order to not impact the possibility to add other EDNS
   options, "Padding" MUST be the last ENDS option applied before a DNS
   message is sent.




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   Especially in situations with scarce computing and networking
   resources such as long-life battery powered devices, the tradeoff
   between significantly increasing the size of DNS messages by generous
   padding and the corresponding gain in confidentiality must be
   carefully considered.

4.  Padding Strategies

   This section is a non-exhaustive list of strategies with regards to
   choosing the appropriate padding length.

4.1.  No Padding

   In the "No Padding" policy, the EDNS0 Padding option is not used, and
   the size of the final (actually, "non-padded") message obviously
   corresponds exactly to the size of the unpadded messages.  Even
   though this "non-policy" could seem out of choice in this list, it
   needs to be considered for cases when either of the parties (client
   or server) does not apply padding, while the other party does.

   Note that following this "policy" is required if the message size of
   the unpadded message does not allow for the Padding option to be
   included (less than 4 octets message space left).  Therefore, this
   "non-policy" is listed here for the sake of completeness.

   Advantages: The only advantage of this approach is that this "policy"
   requires no additional resources on client, server and network side.

   Disadvantages: The original size of the message remains unchanged,
   hence this approach adds no additional entropy

   TODO: Recommend that this policy MUST NOT be used unless message size
   disallows the use of Padding.

4.2.  Fixed Length Padding

   In fixed length padding, a sender chooses to pad each message with a
   padding of constant length.

   Options: Actual length of padding

   Advantages: Since the padding is constant in length, this policy is
   very easy to implement, and at least ensures that the message length
   diverges from the length of the original packet (even only by a fixed
   value)

   Disadvantage: Obviously, the amount of padding easily discoverable
   from a single decrypted message.  When a public DNS server applies



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   this policy, the length of the padding hence must be assumed to be
   public knowledge.  Therefore, this policy is almost as bad as the "No
   Padding" option described above.

4.3.  Block Length Padding

   In Block Length Padding, a sender pads each message so that its
   padded length is a multiple of a chosen block length.  This creates a
   greatly reduced variety of message lengths.  An implementor needs to
   consider that even the zero-length EDNS0 Padding Option increases the
   length of the packet by 4 octets.

   Options: Block Length - values between 16 and 128 (Discuss!) octets
   seem reasonable

   Advantages: This policy is reasonably easy to implement, reduces the
   variety of message ("fingerprint") sizes significantly, and does not
   require a source of (pseudo) random numbers, since the amount of
   padding can be derived from the actual (unpadded) message.

   Disadvantage: Given an unpadded message and the block size of the
   padding (which is assumed to be public knowledge once a server is
   reachable), the size of a message can be predicted.  Therefore, the
   minimum and maximum length of the unpadded message is known.

   TODO: Recommended policy?

4.4.  Random Length Padding

   When using Random Length Padding, a sender pads each message with a
   random amount of padding.  Due to the size of the EDNS0 Padding
   Option itself, each message size is hence increased by at least 4
   octets.  The upper limit for pading is the maximum message size.
   However, a client or server may choose to impose a lower maximum
   padding length.

   Alternatively, pad a certain percentage of "remaining space"?

   Options: Maximum (and eventually minimum) padding length.

   Advantages: This policy should create the best "distribution" of
   message sizes

   Disadvantage: This policy requires a good source of (pseudo) random
   numbers which keeps up with the required message rates.  Especially
   on busy servers, this could be a significant hindrance.





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   TODO: Recommendation - this is (at first glance) the best policy, but
   requires significant effort

4.5.  Random Block Length Padding

   This policy combines Block Length Padding with a random component.
   Specifically, a sender randomly chooses between a few block lenght'es
   and then applies Block Length Padding based on the chosen block
   length.  The random selection of block lenght might even be
   reasonably based on a "weak" source of randomness, such as the
   transction ID of the message.

   Options: Number of size of the set of Block Lengths, source of
   "randomness"

   Advantages: Compared to Block Length Padding, this creates more
   variety in the resulting message sizes for a certain individual
   original message length.  Also, compared to "Random Length Padding",
   it might not require a "full blown" random number source.

   Disadvantage: Requires more implementation effort compared to simple
   Block Length Padding

   TODO: Recommend over simple Block Length Padding?

5.  IANA Considerations

   This document has no considerations for IANA.

6.  Security Considerations

   The choice of the right padding policy (and the right parameters for
   the chose policy) has a significant impact on the resilience of
   encrypted DNS against size-based correlation attacks.  Therefore, any
   implementor of EDNS0 Padding must carefully consider the chosen
   policy and its parameters.

   A clients carefully chosen Padding policy may be without effect if
   the corresponding server does apply an inffective (or no) Padding
   policy on the response packets.  Therefore, a client applying Padding
   may want to chose a DNS server which does apply at least an equally
   effective Padding policy on responses.

7.  Changes







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7.1.  draft-ietf-dprive-padding-policy-00

   Initial (mostly unmodified) WG version.  Changed "Profile" to
   "Policy" to avoid confusion with the (D)TLS profiles document.

7.2.  draft-mayrhofer-dprive-padding-profiles-00

   Initial version

8.  Normative References

   [RFC2119]  Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
              Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC2119, March 1997,
              <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2119>.

   [RFC7830]  Mayrhofer, A., "The EDNS(0) Padding Option", RFC 7830,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC7830, May 2016,
              <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7830>.

Author's Address

   Alexander Mayrhofer
   nic.at GmbH
   Karlsplatz 1/2/9
   Vienna  1010
   Austria

   Email: alex.mayrhofer.ietf@gmail.com






















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