Network Working Group C. Newman
Internet-Draft Sun Microsystems
Updates: 3461,3464,3798 (if January 25, 2007
approved)
Expires: July 29, 2007
International Delivery and Disposition Notifications
draft-ietf-eai-dsn-00.txt
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Copyright Notice
Copyright (C) The Internet Society (2007).
Abstract
Delivery status notifications (DSNs) are critical to the correct
operation of an email system. However, the existing draft standard
is presently limited to US-ASCII text in the machine readable
portions of the protocol. This specification adds a new address type
for international email addresses so an original recipient address
with non-US-ASCII characters can be correctly preserved even after
downgrading. This also provides updated content return media types
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for delivery status notifications and message disposition
notifications to support use of the new address type.
Table of Contents
1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
2. Conventions Used in this Document . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
3. UTF-8 Address Type . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
4. UTF-8 Encoded Address Type . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
5. UTF-8 Delivery Status Notifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
6. UTF-8 Message Disposition Notifications . . . . . . . . . . . 6
7. IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
7.1. UTF-8 Mail Address Type Registration . . . . . . . . . . . 7
7.2. UTF-8-ENC Mail Address Type Registration . . . . . . . . . 7
7.3. Update to 'smtp' Diagnostic Type Registration . . . . . . 8
7.4. message/utf-8-headers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
7.5. message/utf-8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
7.6. message/utf-8-delivery-status . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
7.7. message/utf-8-disposition-notification . . . . . . . . . . 12
8. Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
9. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
9.1. Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
9.2. Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Appendix A. Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Appendix B. Open Issues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Author's Address . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Intellectual Property and Copyright Statements . . . . . . . . . . 17
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1. Introduction
When an email message is transmitted using the UTF8SMTP [I-D.ietf-
eai-smtpext] extension and Internationalized Email Headers [I-D.ietf-
eai-utf8headers], it is sometimes necessary to return that message or
generate a Message Disposition Notification [RFC3798] (MDN). As a
message sent to multiple recipients can generate a status and
disposition notification for each recipient, it is helpful if a
client can correlate these returns based on the recipient address it
provided, thus preservation of the original recipient is important.
This specification describes how to preserve the original recipient
and updates the MDN and DSN formats to support the new address types.
2. Conventions Used in this Document
The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", and "MAY"
in this document are to be interpreted as defined in "Key words for
use in RFCs to Indicate Requirement Levels" [RFC2119].
The formal syntax use the Augmented Backus-Naur Form (ABNF) [RFC4234]
notation including the core rules defined in Appendix B of RFC 4234
and the rules in section 4 of RFC 3629.
3. UTF-8 Address Type
An Extensible Message Format for Delivery Status Notifications
[RFC3464] defines the concept of an address type. The address format
introduced in Internationalized Email Headers [I-D.ietf-eai-
utf8headers] is a new address type. The syntax for the new address
type follows in the context of status notifications follows:
utf-8-type-addr = "utf-8;" utf-8-address
utf-8-address = "<" Mailbox [ *WSP "<" Mailbox ">" ] ">"
; The first occurrence of 'Mailbox' is defined in [utf8smtp]
; The second occurrence of 'Mailbox' is defined in RFC 2821
This address type definition requires 8-bit characters and provides
no encoding mechanism. As a result, it is only suitable for use in
newly defined protocols capable of native representation of 8-bit
characters. This address type MUST NOT be used in the SMTP ORCPT
parameter or a message/delivery-status body part field, but SHOULD be
used in a message/utf-8-delivery-status body part Original-Recipient
or Final-Recipient field.
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4. UTF-8 Encoded Address Type
An SMTP [RFC2821] server which advertises both the UTF8SMTP extension
[I-D.ietf-eai-smtpext] and the DSN extension [RFC3461] MUST accept a
utf-8-enc address type in the ORCPT parameter including 8-bit UTF-8
characters. This address type also includes a 7-bit encoding
suitable for use in a message/delivery-status body part or an ORCPT
parameter sent to an SMTP server which does not advertise UTF8SMTP.
The utf-8-enc address type requires that US-ASCII CTLs, SP, %, + and
= be encoded using '%' encoding as described in the ABNF below. As a
result, the xtext encoding defined in section 4 of the SMTP DSN
extension [RFC3461] is not used with the utf-8-enc address type
because it is never necessary. In addition, plane 1 Unicode
characters MAY be included in a utf-8-enc address type using a
"%u####" syntax (QMIDCHAR, where # is a hexadecimal digit) and other
Unicode characters MAY be encoded using "%U########" syntax
(QHIGHCHAR). When sending data to a UTF8SMTP capable server, native
UTF-8 characters SHOULD be used instead of the QMIDCHAR and QHIGHCHAR
encodings described below. When sending data to an SMTP server which
does not advertise UTF8SMTP, then the QMIDCHAR and QHIGHCHAR
encodings MUST be used instead of UTF-8.
When the ORCPT parameter is placed in a message/utf-8-delivery-status
Original-Recipient field, the utf-8-enc address type SHOULD be
converted to a utf-8 address type by removing all '%' encoding.
However, if an address is labeled with the utf-8-enc address type but
does not conform to utf-8-enc syntax, then it MUST be copied into the
message/utf-8-delivery-status field without alteration.
The ability to encode characters with the QMIDCHAR or QHIGHCHAR
encodings should be viewed as a transitional mechanism. It is hoped
that as systems lacking support for UTF8SMTP become less common over
time, these encodings can eventually be phased out.
The formal syntax for this address type follows:
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utf-8-enc-type-addr = "utf-8-enc;" utf-8-enc-addr
utf-8-enc-addr = 1*(QUCHAR / QLOWCHAR / QMIDCHAR / QHIGHCHAR)
; MUST follow utf-8-address ABNF when dequoted
QUCHAR = %x21-24 / %x26-2a / %x2c-3c / %x3e-7e /
UTF8-2 / UTF8-3 / UTF8-4
; Printable except CTLs SP, %, + and =
QLOWCHAR = ("%0" NZHEXDIG) / ("%1" HEXDIG) / "%20" / "%25"
/ "%2B" / "%3D" / "%7F"
; Only permitted for CTLs, SPACE, %, + and =
QMIDCHAR = "%" %x75 UCHAR-HEX-QUAD
; %u#### excluding surrogates and US-ASCII
QHIGHCHAR = "%" %x55 (UCHAR-HEX-5 / UCHAR-HEX-6)
; %U######## excluding plane 1
UCHAR-HEX-QUAD = UCHAR-HEX-2 / UCHAR-HEX-3
/ UCHAR-HEX-4 / UCHAR-HEX-4D
UCHAR-HEX-2 = "00" HEXDIG8 HEXDIG
UCHAR-HEX-3 = "0" NZHEXDIG 2(HEXDIG)
UCHAR-HEX-4 = NZDHEXDIG 3(HEXDIG)
UCHAR-HEX-4D = "D" %x30-37 2(HEXDIG)
UCHAR-HEX-5 = "000" NZHEXDIG 4(HEXDIG)
UCHAR-HEX-6 = "00" NZHEXDIG 5(HEXDIG)
HEXDIG8 = %x38-39 / "A" / "B" / "C" / "D" / "E" / "F"
; HEXDIG excluding 0-7
NZHEXDIG = %x31-39 / "A" / "B" / "C" / "D" / "E" / "F"
; HEXDIG excluding "0"
NZDHEXDIG = %x31-39 / "A" / "B" / "C" / "E" / "F"
; HEXDIG excluding "0" and "D"
5. UTF-8 Delivery Status Notifications
A traditional delivery status notification [RFC3464] comes in a
three-part multipart/report [RFC3462] container, where the first part
is human readable text describing the error, the second part is a
7-bit-only message/delivery-status and the optional third part is
used for content (message/rfc822) or header (text/rfc822-headers)
return. An SMTP server which advertises both UTF8SMTP and DSN SHOULD
return an undeliverable UTF8SMTP message without downgrading it
(assuming the return SMTP server supports UTF8SMTP). As the present
DSN format does not permit this, three new media types are needed.
The first type, message/utf-8-delivery-status has the syntax of
message/delivery-status with two modifications. First, the charset
for message/utf-8-delivery-status is UTF-8 and thus any field MAY
contain UTF-8 characters when appropriate. Second, systems
generating a message/utf-8-delivery-status body part SHOULD use the
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utf-8 address type for all addresses containing characters outside
the US-ASCII repertoire. These systems SHOULD up-convert a utf-8-enc
address type in the ORCPT parameter to a utf-8 address type in the
Original-Recipient field.
The second type, used for content return, is message/utf-8 is similar
to message/rfc822, except it contains a message with UTF-8 headers.
This type has profound implications on the email infrastructure.
First, Internet Message Access Protocol [RFC3501] servers MUST NOT
descend a message/utf-8 when generating the message BODYSTRUCTURE, it
is likely a new variant on BODYSTRUCTURE will be necessary that does
descend message/utf-8 body parts. Second, if this type is sent to a
7-bit-only system, it could be encoded in base64 or quoted-printable
[RFC2045]. As a result, SMTP servers and other systems which
transfer a message/utf-8 body part MAY choose to down-convert it to a
message/rfc822 body part using the rules described in Downgrading
mechanism for Email Address Internationalization [I-D.ietf-eai-
downgrade].
The third type, used for header return, is message/utf-8-headers and
contains only the UTF-8 headers of a message (all lines prior to the
first blank line in a UTF8SMTP message). Unlike message/utf-8, this
body part provides no difficulties for present infrastructure.
6. UTF-8 Message Disposition Notifications
Message Disposition Notifications [RFC3798] have a similar design and
structure to DSNs. As a result, they use the same basic return
format. When generating a MDN for a UTF-8 header message, content or
header return is the same as for DSNs. The second part of the
multipart/report uses a new media type, message/
utf-8-disposition-notification, which has the syntax of message/
disposition-notification with two modifications. First, the charset
for message/utf-8-disposition-notification is UTF-8 and thus any
field MAY contain UTF-8 characters when appropriate. Second, systems
generating a message/utf-8-disposition-notification body part
(typically a mail user agent) SHOULD use the utf-8 address type for
all addresses containing characters outside the US-ASCII repertoire.
The MDN specification also defines the Original-Recipient header
which is added with a copy of the contents of ORCPT at delivery time.
A delivery agent writing a UTF-8 header message in native format
SHOULD convert a utf-8-enc address type in the ORCPT parameter to a
utf-8 address type when generating an Original-Recipient header
field.
The MDN specification also defines the Disposition-Notification-To
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header which is an address header and thus follows the same 8-bit
rules as other address headers such as "From" and "To" when used in a
UTF-8 header message.
7. IANA Considerations
This specification does not create any new IANA registries. However
the following items are registered as a result of this document:
7.1. UTF-8 Mail Address Type Registration
The mail address type registry was created by RFC 3464. The
registration template response follows:
(a) The proposed address-type name.
UTF-8
(b) The syntax for mailbox addresses of this type, specified using
BNF, regular expressions, ASN.1, or other non-ambiguous language.
See Section 3.
(c) If addresses of this type are not composed entirely of graphic
characters from the US-ASCII repertoire, a specification for how they
are to be encoded as graphic US-ASCII characters in a DSN Original-
Recipient or Final-Recipient DSN field.
This address type MUST NOT be used in the ORCPT parameter or in a
7-bit transport environment including a message/delivery-status
Original-Recipient or Final-Recipient field. The UTF-8-ENC address
type is used for that purpose. This address type MAY be used in a
message/utf-8-delivery-status Original-Recipient or Final-Recipient
DSN field or an Original-Recipient header [RFC3798] if the message is
a UTF-8 header message.
7.2. UTF-8-ENC Mail Address Type Registration
(a) The proposed address-type name.
UTF-8-ENC
(b) The syntax for mailbox addresses of this type, specified using
BNF, regular expressions, ASN.1, or other non-ambiguous language.
See Section 4.
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(c) If addresses of this type are not composed entirely of graphic
characters from the US-ASCII repertoire, a specification for how they
are to be encoded as graphic US-ASCII characters in a DSN Original-
Recipient or Final-Recipient DSN field.
When it is necessary to transport a UTF-8 address type in a 7-bit
context or in a context where not all legal US-ASCII characters are
permitted (e.g. the ORCPT parameter forbids SP and =), this encoding
MUST be used.
7.3. Update to 'smtp' Diagnostic Type Registration
The mail diagnostic type registry was created by RFC 3464. The
registration for the 'smtp' diagnostic type should be updated to
reference RFC XXXX in addition to RFC 3464.
When the 'smtp' diagnostic type is used in the context of a message/
delivery-status body part, it remains as presently defined. When the
'smtp' diagnostic type is used in the context of a message/
utf-8-delivery-status body part, the codes remain the same, but the
text portion MAY contain UTF-8 characters.
7.4. message/utf-8-headers
Type name: message
Subtype name: utf-8-headers
Required parameters: none
Optional parameters: none
Encoding considerations: This media type contains Internationalized
Email Headers [I-D.ietf-eai-utf8headers] with no message body.
Whenever possible, the 8-bit content transfer encoding SHOULD be
used. When this media type passes through a 7-bit-only SMTP
infrastructure it MAY be encoded with the base64 or quoted-
printable content transfer encoding.
Security considerations: See Section 8
Interoperability considerations: It is important this media type is
not converted to a charset other than UTF-8. As a result,
implementations MUST NOT include a charset parameter with this
media type. Although it might be possible to downconvert this
media type to the text/rfc822-header media type, such conversion
is discouraged as it loses information.
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Published specification: RFC XXXX
Applications that use this media type: UTF8SMTP servers and email
clients that support multipart/report generation or parsing.
Additional information:
Magic number(s): none
File extension(s): In the event this is saved to a file, the
extension ".u8hdr" is suggested.
Macintosh file type code(s): The 'TEXT' type code is suggested as
files of this type are typically used for diagnostic purposes and
suitable for analysis in a UTF-8 aware text editor. A uniform
type identifier (UTI) of "public.utf8-email-message-header" is
suggested. This type conforms to "public.utf8-plain-text" and
"public.plain-text".
Person & email address to contact for further information: See the
Author's address section of this document.
Intended usage: COMMON
Restrictions on usage: This media type contains textual data in the
UTF-8 charset. It typically contains octets with the 8th bit set.
As a result a transfer encoding is required when a 7-bit transport
is used.
Author: See Author's Address section of this document.
Change controller: IETF Standards Process
7.5. message/utf-8
Type name: message
Subtype name: utf-8
Required parameters: none
Optional parameters: none
Encoding considerations: This media type contains Internationalized
Email Headers [I-D.ietf-eai-utf8headers] and MIME message body
content. The 8-bit or binary content-transfer-encoding MUST be
used unless this media type is sent over a 7-bit only transport.
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Security considerations: See Section 8
Interoperability considerations: The media type provides
functionality similar to the message/rfc822 content type for email
messages with international email headers. When there is a need
to embed or return such content in another message, there is
generally an option to use this media type and leave the content
unchanged or downconvert the content to message/rfc822. Both of
these choices will interoperate with the installed base, but with
different properties. Systems unaware of international headers
will typically treat a message/utf-8 body part as an unknown
attachment, while they will understand the structure of a message/
rfc822. However, systems which understand message/utf-8 will
provide functionality superior to the result of a down-conversion
to message/rfc822. The most interoperable choice depends on the
deployed software.
Published specification: RFC XXXX
Applications that use this media type: SMTP servers and email clients
that support multipart/report generation or parsing. Email
clients which forward messages with international headers as
attachments.
Additional information:
Magic number(s): none
File extension(s): The extension ".u8msg" is suggested.
Macintosh file type code(s): A uniform type identifier (UTI) of
"public.utf8-email-message" is suggested. This conforms to
"public.message" and "public.composite-content" but does not
necessarily conform to "public.utf8-plain-text".
Person & email address to contact for further information: See the
Author's address section of this document.
Intended usage: COMMON
Restrictions on usage: This is a structured media type which embeds
other MIME media types. The 8-bit or binary content-transfer-
encoding MUST be used unless this media type is sent over a 7-bit
only transport.
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Author: See Author's Address section of this document.
Change controller: IETF Standards Process
7.6. message/utf-8-delivery-status
Type name: message
Subtype name: utf-8-delivery-status
Required parameters: none
Optional parameters: none
Encoding considerations: This media type contains delivery status
notification attributes in the UTF-8 charset. The 8-bit content
transfer encoding MUST be used with this content-type, unless it
is sent over a 7-bit transport environment in which case quoted-
printable or base 64 may be necessary.
Security considerations: See Section 8
Interoperability considerations: This media type provides
functionality similar to the message/delivery-status content type
for email message return information. Clients of the previous
format will need to be upgraded to interpret the new format,
however the new media type makes it simple to identify the
difference.
Published specification: RFC XXXX
Applications that use this media type: SMTP servers and email clients
that support delivery status notification generation or parsing.
Additional information:
Magic number(s): none
File extension(s): The extension ".u8dsn" is suggested.
Macintosh file type code(s): A uniform type identifier (UTI) of
"public.utf8-email-message-delivery-status" is suggested. This
type conforms to "public.utf8-plain-text".
Person & email address to contact for further information: See the
Author's address section of this document.
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Intended usage: COMMON
Restrictions on usage: This is expected to be the second part of a
multipart/report.
Author: See Author's Address section of this document.
Change controller: IETF Standards Process
7.7. message/utf-8-disposition-notification
Type name: message
Subtype name: utf-8-disposition-notification
Required parameters: none
Optional parameters: none
Encoding considerations: This media type contains disposition
notification attributes in the UTF-8 charset. The 8-bit content
transfer encoding MUST be used with this content-type, unless it
is sent over a 7-bit transport environment in which case quoted-
printable or base 64 may be necessary.
Security considerations: See Section 8
Interoperability considerations: This media type provides
functionality similar to the message/disposition-notification
content type for email message disposition information. Clients
of the previous format will need to be upgraded to interpret the
new format, however the new media type makes it simple to identify
the difference.
Published specification: RFC XXXX
Applications that use this media type: Email clients or servers that
support message disposition notification generation or parsing.
Additional information:
Magic number(s): none
File extension(s): The extension ".u8mdn" is suggested.
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Macintosh file type code(s): A uniform type identifier (UTI) of
"public.utf8-email-message-disposition-notification" is suggested.
This type conforms to "public.utf8-plain-text".
Person & email address to contact for further information: See the
Author's address section of this document.
Intended usage: COMMON
Restrictions on usage: This is expected to be the second part of a
multipart/report.
Author: See Author's Address section of this document.
Change controller: IETF Standards Process
8. Security Considerations
Automated use of report types without authentication presents several
security issues. Forging negative reports presents the opportunity
for denial-of-service attacks when the reports are used for automated
maintenance of directories or mailing lists. Forging positive
reports may cause the sender to incorrectly believe a message was
delivered when it was not.
Malicious users can generate report structures designed to trigger
coding flaws in report parsers. Report parsers need to use secure
coding techniques to avoid the risk of buffer overflow or denial-of-
service attacks against parser coding mistakes. Code reviews of such
parsers are also recommended.
Malicious users of the email system regularly send messages with
forged envelope return paths and these messages trigger delivery
status reports that result in a large amount of unwanted traffic on
the Internet. Many users choose to ignore delivery status
notifications because they are usually the result of "blowback" from
forged messages and thus never notice when messages they sent go
undelivered. As a result, support for correlation of delivery status
and message disposition notification messages with sent-messages has
become a critical feature of mail clients and possibly mail stores if
the email infrastructure is to remain reliable. In the short term,
simply correlating message-IDs may be sufficient to distinguish true
status notifications from those resulting from forged originator
addresses. But in the longer term, including cryptographic signature
material that can securely associate the status notification with the
original message is advisable.
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As this specification permits UTF-8 in additional fields, the
security considerations of UTF-8 [RFC3629] apply.
9. References
9.1. Normative References
[RFC2119] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, March 1997.
[RFC2821] Klensin, J., "Simple Mail Transfer Protocol", RFC 2821,
April 2001.
[RFC3461] Moore, K., "Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) Service
Extension for Delivery Status Notifications (DSNs)",
RFC 3461, January 2003.
[RFC3462] Vaudreuil, G., "The Multipart/Report Content Type for the
Reporting of Mail System Administrative Messages",
RFC 3462, January 2003.
[RFC3464] Moore, K. and G. Vaudreuil, "An Extensible Message Format
for Delivery Status Notifications", RFC 3464,
January 2003.
[RFC3629] Yergeau, F., "UTF-8, a transformation format of ISO
10646", STD 63, RFC 3629, November 2003.
[RFC3798] Hansen, T. and G. Vaudreuil, "Message Disposition
Notification", RFC 3798, May 2004.
[RFC4234] Crocker, D. and P. Overell, "Augmented BNF for Syntax
Specifications: ABNF", RFC 4234, October 2005.
[]
Yeh, J., "Internationalized Email Headers",
draft-ietf-eai-utf8headers-02 (work in progress),
October 2006.
[I-D.ietf-eai-smtpext]
Yao, J. and W. Mao, "SMTP extension for internationalized
email address", draft-ietf-eai-smtpext-02 (work in
progress), October 2006.
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9.2. Informative References
[RFC2045] Freed, N. and N. Borenstein, "Multipurpose Internet Mail
Extensions (MIME) Part One: Format of Internet Message
Bodies", RFC 2045, November 1996.
[RFC3501] Crispin, M., "INTERNET MESSAGE ACCESS PROTOCOL - VERSION
4rev1", RFC 3501, March 2003.
[I-D.ietf-eai-downgrade]
Yoneya, Y. and K. Fujiwara, "Downgrading mechanism for
Email Address Internationalization (EAI)",
draft-ietf-eai-downgrade-02 (work in progress), Aug 2006.
Appendix A. Acknowledgements
Many thanks for input provided by Alexey Melnikov, Pete Resnick,
James Galvin, Ned Freed, John Klensin and members of the EAI WG to
help solidify this proposal.
Appendix B. Open Issues
Suggestion to change the utf-8-enc-addr format from %-encoded Unicode
to %-encoded UTF-8 as used in URIs.
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Author's Address
Chris Newman
Sun Microsystems
3401 Centrelake Dr., Suite 410
Ontario, CA 91761
US
Email: chris.newman@sun.com
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Intellectual Property Statement
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Intellectual Property Rights or other rights that might be claimed to
pertain to the implementation or use of the technology described in
this document or the extent to which any license under such rights
might or might not be available; nor does it represent that it has
made any independent effort to identify any such rights. Information
on the procedures with respect to rights in RFC documents can be
found in BCP 78 and BCP 79.
Copies of IPR disclosures made to the IETF Secretariat and any
assurances of licenses to be made available, or the result of an
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Acknowledgment
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Newman Expires July 29, 2007 [Page 17]
