ECRIT T. Hardie
Internet-Draft Qualcomm, Inc.
Intended status: Standards Track A. Newton
Expires: July 21, 2007 SunRocket
H. Schulzrinne
Columbia U.
H. Tschofenig
Siemens Networks GmbH & Co KG
January 17, 2007
LoST: A Location-to-Service Translation Protocol
draft-ietf-ecrit-lost-03.txt
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Abstract
This document describes an XML-based protocol for mapping service
identifiers and geodetic or civic location information to service
contact URIs. In particular, it can be used to determine the
location-appropriate PSAP for emergency services.
Table of Contents
1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
2. Terminology and Requirements Notation . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
3. Overview of Protocol Usage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
4. LoST Uniform Resource Locators and Their Resolution . . . . . 8
5. The <mapping> Element . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
5.1. Data source and version: The 'source', 'sourceId' and
'version' Attributes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
5.2. Time of Last Update: The 'lastUpdated' Attribute . . . . . 9
5.3. Validity: The 'expires' Attribute . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
5.4. Describing the Service with the <displayName> Element . . 10
5.5. The Mapped Service: the <service> Element . . . . . . . . 10
5.6. Defining the Service Region with the <serviceBoundary>
Element . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
5.7. Service Boundaries by Reference: the
<serviceBoundaryReference> Element . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
5.8. The Service Number . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
5.9. Service URLs: the <uri> Element . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
6. Path of Request: <path> Element . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
7. Mapping a Location and Service to URLs: <findService> . . . . 13
7.1. Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
7.2. Examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
7.2.1. Example Using Geodetic Coordinates . . . . . . . . . . 13
7.2.2. Civic Address Mapping Example . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
7.3. Components of the <findService> Request . . . . . . . . . 16
7.3.1. The <location> Element . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
7.3.2. Identifying the Service: The <service> Element . . . 17
7.3.3. Recursion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
7.3.4. Service Boundary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
7.3.5. Requesting Civic Location Validation . . . . . . . . . 17
7.4. Components of the Mapping Response
<findServiceResponse> . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
7.4.1. Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
7.4.2. Civic Address Validation: the
<locationValidation> Element . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
8. Retrieving the Service Boundary via <getServiceBoundary> . . . 21
9. List Services: <listServices> . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
10. List Services By Location: <listServicesByLocation> . . . . . 25
11. Location Profiles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
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11.1. Location Profile Usage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
11.2. Two Dimensional Geodetic Profile . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
11.3. Basic Civic Profile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
12. Errors, Warnings, and Redirects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
12.1. Errors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
12.2. Warnings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
12.3. Redirects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
13. LoST Transport . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
14. Relax NG Schema . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
15. Internationalization Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
16. IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
16.1. U-NAPTR Registrations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
16.2. Content-type registration for 'application/lost+xml' . . . 44
16.3. LoST Relax NG Schema Registration . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
16.4. LoST Namespace Registration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
16.5. URL Registration Template . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
16.6. LoST Location Profile Registry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
17. Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
18. Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
19. Open Issues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
20. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
20.1. Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
20.2. Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
Appendix A. Non-Normative RELAX NG Schema in XML Syntax . . . . . 55
Authors' Addresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
Intellectual Property and Copyright Statements . . . . . . . . . . 70
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1. Introduction
This document describes a protocol for mapping a service identifier
[10] and location information compatible with PIDF-LO [8], namely
revised civic location information [11] and GML [13]) to one or more
service URL. Example service URL schemes include sip [14], xmpp
[15], and tel [16]. While the initial focus is on providing mapping
functions for emergency services, it is likely that the protocol is
applicable to any service URN. For example, in the United States,
the "2-1-1" and "3-1-1" service numbers follow a similar location-to-
service behavior as emergency services.
This document names this protocol "LoST", for Location-to-Service
Translation. LoST Satisfies the requirements [18] for mapping
protocols. LoST provides a number of operations, centered around
mapping locations and service URNs to service URLs and associated
information. LoST mapping queries can contain either civic or
geodetic location information. For civic addresses, LoST can
indicate which parts of the civic address are known to be valid or
invalid, thus providing address validation (see Section 3.5 of [18]
for a description of validation). LoST indicates errors in the
location data to facilitate debugging and proper user feedback, but
also provides best-effort answers.
LoST queries can be resolved recursively or iteratively. To minimize
round trips and to provide robustness against network failures, LoST
caches individual mappings and indicates the region for which the
same answer would be returned ("service region").
As defined in this document, LoST messages are carried in HTTP and
HTTPS protocol exchanges, facilitating use of TLS for protecting the
integrity and confidentiality of requests and responses.
This document focuses on the description of the protocol between the
mapping client (seeker or resolver) and the mapping server (resolver
or other servers). The relationship between other functions, such as
discovery of mapping servers, data replication and the overall
mapping server architecture are described in a separate document
[19].
The query message carries location information and a service
identifier encoded as a Uniform Resource Name (URN) (see [10]) from
the LoST client to the LoST server. The LoST server uses its
database to map the input values to one or more Uniform Resource
Identifiers (URI) and returns those URIs along with optional
information, such as hints about the service boundary, in a response
message to the LoST client. If the server cannot resolve the query
itself, it may in turn query another server or return the address of
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another LoST server, identified by a LoST URL (Section 4). In
addition to the mapping function described in Section 7, the protocol
also allows to retrieve the service boundary (see Section 8) and to
list the services available for a particular location (see
Section 10) or supported by a particular server (see Section 9).
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2. Terminology and Requirements Notation
The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
"SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this
document are to be interpreted as described in [1].
This document furthermore uses the terminology defined in [18].
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3. Overview of Protocol Usage
The client may perform the mapping at any time. Among the common
triggers for mapping requests are:
1. When the client initially starts up or attaches to a network.
2. When the client detects that its location has changed
sufficiently that it is outside the bounds of the service region
returned in an earlier LoST query.
3. When cached mapping information has expired.
4. When invoking a particular service. At that time, a client may
omit requests for service boundaries or other auxiliary
information.
A service-specific Best Current Practice (BCP) document, such as
[20], governs whether a client is expected to invoke the mapping
service just before needing the service or whether to rely on cached
answers. Cache entries expire at their expiration time (see
Section 5.3), or they become invalid if the caller's device moves
beyond the boundaries of the service region.
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4. LoST Uniform Resource Locators and Their Resolution
LoST servers are identified by LoST Uniform Resource Locators (URLs),
which follow the format of URLs defined in RFC 3986 [7], with the
following ABNF:
LoST-URI = "lost:" host
'host' is defined in Section 3.2.2 of RFC 3986 [7].
An example is 'lost:lostserver.example.com'
If a LoST URL contains a host name rather than an IP address, clients
need to use U-NAPTR [12] using the U-NAPTR specification described
below to obtain a URI (indicating host and protocol) for the
applicable LoST service. In this document, only the HTTP and HTTPS
URL schemes are defined. Note that the HTTP URL can be any valid
HTTP URL, including those containing path elements.
The following two DNS entries resolve the LoST URL "lost:example.com"
to the HTTPS URL https://lostserv.example.com/secure or the HTTP URL
http://lostserver.example.com, with the former being preferred.
example.com.
IN NAPTR 100 10 "u" "LoST:https"
"!*.!https://lostserver.example.com/secure!" ""
IN NAPTR 200 10 "u" "LoST:http"
"!*.!http://lostserver.example.com!" ""
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5. The <mapping> Element
The <mapping> element is the core data element in LoST, describing a
service region and the associated service URLs. Its parameters
indicate when the mapping was last updated, how long it is valid, its
version and the authoritative source for the mapping, along with a
unique identifier. Elements within the <mapping> element then
provide a human-readable description, the service URN, a service
boundary, the service URIs, and a service number. All elements
except the service URN are optional. Below, we describe the
components in turn.
5.1. Data source and version: The 'source', 'sourceId' and 'version'
Attributes
The 'source', 'sourceId' and 'version' attributes uniquely identify a
particular mapping record. They are created by the authoritative
source for a mapping and never modified when a mapping is served from
a cache. The 'source' attribute contains a LoST URL identifying the
authoritative generator of the mapping. The 'sourceId' attribute
identifies a particular mapping. The attribute contains a token,
which is opaque, but MUST be unique among all different mappings
maintained by the authoritative source for that particular service.
For example, a UUID is a suitable format. The 'version' attribute is
a positive integer that is incremented by one for each change in the
mapping. Thus, a higher version number refers to a more recent
mapping. A mapping maintains its sourceId value as long as it
remains logically the same, e.g., represents the same service
boundary or replaces an earlier service boundary. A receiver should
be able to replace a mapping with another one having the same
'source' and 'sourceId' and a higher version number. All three
attributes are REQUIRED for all <mapping> elements.
5.2. Time of Last Update: The 'lastUpdated' Attribute
The 'lastUpdated' attribute describes when the mapping was last
changed. The contents of this attribute is a timezoned XML type
dateTime, in canonical representation. The attribute is REQUIRED.
5.3. Validity: The 'expires' Attribute
The 'expires' attribute contains the absolute time until which the
mapping is to be considered valid. The contents of this attribute is
a timezoned XML type dateTime, in canonical representation. See
Section 3 regarding how this value is to be utilized with a cache.
The 'expires' attribute is REQUIRED to be included in the <mapping>
element.
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On occasion, a resolver may be forced to return an expired mapping if
it cannot reach the authoritative server or the server fails to
return a usable answer. Seekers and resolvers MAY cache the mapping
so that they have at least some information available. Resolvers
SHOULD re-attempt the query each time a seeker requests a mapping.
5.4. Describing the Service with the <displayName> Element
The <displayName> element describes the service with a string that is
suitable for display to human users, annotated with the 'xml:lang'
attribute that contains a language tag to aid in the rendering of
text.
5.5. The Mapped Service: the <service> Element
The 'service' element identifies the service for which this mapping
applies. It is usually the same service URN as in the request.
However, if the requested service, identified by the service URN [10]
in the <service> element in the request, does not exist for the
location indicated, the server can either return an
<serviceNotImplemented> (Section 12.1) error or can provide an
alternate service that approximates the desired service for that
location. In the latter case, the server MUST include a <service>
element with the alternative service URN. The choice of service URN
is left to local policy, but the alternate service should be able to
satisfy the original service request. The <service> element may also
be required if the mapping is to be digitally signed.
5.6. Defining the Service Region with the <serviceBoundary> Element
A response can indicate the region for which the service URL returned
would be the same as in the actual query, the so-called _service
region_. The service region can be indicated by value or by
reference (see Section 5.7). If a client moves outside the service
area and wishes to obtain current service data, it MUST send a new
query with its current location. The service region is described by
value in one or more <serviceBoundary> elements, each formatted
according to a different location profile, identified by the
'profile' atribute. The client only processes the first element that
it can understand according to its list of supported location
profiles. Thus, the elements are alternative descriptions of the
same service region, not additive geometries.
The server returns all suitable service regions, using all available
location profiles, so that intermediate caches have this information
available for future queries.
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5.7. Service Boundaries by Reference: the <serviceBoundaryReference>
Element
Since geodetic service boundaries may contain thousands of points and
thus be quite large, clients may opt to conserve bandwidth and
request a reference to the service boundary instead of the value
described in Section 5.6. The identifier of the service boundary is
returned as an attribute of the <serviceBoundaryReference> element,
along with a LoST URL identifying the server from where it can be
retrieved. The actual value of the service boundary is then
retrieved with the getServiceBoundary (Section 8) request.
The identifier is a random token with at least 128 bits of entropy
and can be assumed to be globally unique. It uniquely references a
particular boundary. If the boundary changes, a new identifier MUST
be chosen. Because of these properties, a client receiving a mapping
response can simply check if it already has a copy of the boundary
with that identifier. If so, it can skip checking with the server
whether the boundary has been updated. Since service boundaries are
likely to remain unchanged for extended periods of time, possibly
exceeding the normal lifetime of the service URL, this approach
avoids refreshing the boundary information even if the cached service
response has gotten stale.
5.8. The Service Number
The service number is returned in the optional <serviceNumber>
element. It contains a string of digits, * and # that a user on a
device with a 12-key dial pad could use to reach that particular
service.
5.9. Service URLs: the <uri> Element
The response returns the service URLs in one or more <uri> elements.
The URLs MUST be absolute URLs. The ordering of the URLs has no
particular significance. Each URL scheme MUST only appear at most
once, but it is permissible to include both secured and regular
versions of a protocol, such as both 'http' and 'https' or 'sip' and
'sips'.
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6. Path of Request: <path> Element
To prevent loops and to allow tracing of request and response paths,
all requests that allow recursion include a <path> element that
contains one or more <via> elements, each possessing an attribute
containing a LoST URL. The order of <via> elements corresponds to
the order of LoST servers, i.e., the first <via> element identifies
the server that first received the request from the seeker. The
authoritative server copies the <path> element verbatim into the
response.
If a query is answered iteratively, the querier includes all servers
that it has already contacted.
The example in Figure 5 indicates that the answer was given to the
responding server by the LoST server at esgw.ueber-110.de.example,
which got the answer from the LoST server at
polizei.muenchen.de.example.
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7. Mapping a Location and Service to URLs: <findService>
7.1. Overview
The <findService> query constitutes the core of the LoST
functionality, mapping civic or geodetic locations to URLs and
associated data. After giving an example, we enumerate the elements
of the query and response.
7.2. Examples
7.2.1. Example Using Geodetic Coordinates
The following is an example of mapping a service to a location using
geodetic coordinates, for the service associated with the police
(urn:service:sos.police).
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<findService
xmlns="urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:lost1"
xmlns:p2="http://www.opengis.net/gml"
serviceBoundary="value"
recursive="true">
<location profile="geodetic-2d">
<p2:Point id="point1" srsName="urn:ogc:def:crs:EPSG::4326">
<p2:pos>37.775 -122.422</p2:pos>
</p2:Point>
</location>
<service>urn:service:sos.police</service>
</findService>
Figure 2: A <findService> geodetic query
Given the query above, a server would respond with a service, and
information related to that service. In the example below, the
server has mapped the location given by the client for a police
service to the New York City Police Deparment, instructing the client
that it may contact them via the URIs "sip:nypd@example.com" and
"xmpp:nypd@example.com". The server has also given the client a
geodetic, two-dimensional boundary for this service. The mapping was
last updated on November 1, 2006 and expires on January 1, 2007.
This instructs the client that if its location changes beyond the
give service boundary or the expiration time has been reached, it
would need to requery for this information.
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<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<findServiceResponse xmlns="urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:lost1"
xmlns:p2="http://www.opengis.net/gml">
<mapping
expires="2007-01-01T01:44:33Z"
lastUpdated="2006-11-01T01:00:00Z"
source="lost:authoritative.example"
sourceId="7e3f40b098c711dbb6060800200c9a66" version="1">
<displayName xml:lang="en">
New York City Police Department
</displayName>
<service>urn:service:sos.police</service>
<serviceBoundary profile="geodetic-2d">
<p2:Polygon srsName="urn:ogc:def::crs:EPSG::4326">
<p2:exterior>
<p2:LinearRing>
<p2:pos>37.775 -122.4194</p2:pos>
<p2:pos>37.555 -122.4194</p2:pos>
<p2:pos>37.555 -122.4264</p2:pos>
<p2:pos>37.775 -122.4264</p2:pos>
<p2:pos>37.775 -122.4194</p2:pos>
</p2:LinearRing>
</p2:exterior>
</p2:Polygon>
</serviceBoundary>
<uri>sip:nypd@example.com</uri>
<uri>xmpp:nypd@example.com</uri>
<serviceNumber>911</serviceNumber>
</mapping>
<path>
<via source="lost:authoritative.example"/>
<via source="lost:resolver.example"/>
</path>
</findServiceResponse>
Figure 3: A <findServiceResponse> geodetic answer
7.2.2. Civic Address Mapping Example
The following is an example of mapping a service to a location much
like the example in Section 7.2.1, but using civic address location
information. In this example, the client requests the service
associated with police (urn:service:sos.police) along with a specific
civic address (house number 6 on a street named Otto-Hahn-Ring in
Munich, Germany).
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<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<findService xmlns="urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:lost1"
recursive="true" serviceBoundary="value">
<location
profile="civic">
<civicAddress
xmlns="urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:pidf:geopriv10:civicAddr">
<country>Germany</country>
<A1>Bavaria</A1>
<A3>Munich</A3>
<A6>Otto-Hahn-Ring</A6>
<HNO>6</HNO>
<PC>81675</PC>
</civicAddress>
</location>
<service>urn:service:sos.police</service>
</findService>
Figure 4: A <findService> civic address query
Given the query above, a server would respond with a service, and
information related to that service. In the example below, the
server has mapped the location given by the client for a police
service to the Muenchen Polizei-Abteilung, instructing the client
that it may contact them via the URIs sip:munich-police@example.com
and xmpp:munich-police@example.com. The server has also given the
client a civic address boundary (the city of Munich) for this
service. The mapping was last updated on November 1, 2006 by the
authoritative source "lost:polizei.muenchen.de.example" and expires
on January 1, 2007. This instructs the client to requery for the
information if its location changes beyond the given service boundary
(i.e., beyond the city of Munich) or after January 1, 2007.
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<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<findServiceResponse xmlns="urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:lost1">
<mapping
expires="2007-01-01T01:44:33Z"
lastUpdated="2006-11-01T01:00:00Z"
source="lost:esgw.ueber-110.de.example"
sourceId="e8b05a41d8d1415b80f2cdbb96ccf109" version="1" >
<displayName xml:lang="de">
Muenchen Polizei-Abteilung
</displayName>
<service>urn:service:sos.police</service>
<serviceBoundary
profile="urn:ietf:params:lost:location-profile:basic-civic">
<civicAddress
xmlns="urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:pidf:geopriv10:civicAddr">
<country>Germany</country>
<A1>Bavaria</A1>
<A3>Munich</A3>
<PC>81675</PC>
</civicAddress>
</serviceBoundary>
<uri>sip:munich-police@example.com</uri>
<uri>xmpp:munich-police@example.com</uri>
<serviceNumber>110</serviceNumber>
</mapping>
<path>
<via source="lost:esgw.ueber-110.de.example"/>
<via source="lost:polizei.muenchen.de.example"/>
</path>
</findServiceResponse>
Figure 5: A <findServiceResponse> civic address answer
7.3. Components of the <findService> Request
The <findService> request includes attributes that govern whether the
request is handled iteratively or recursively, whether location
validation is performed and which elements must be contained in the
response.
7.3.1. The <location> Element
The <findService> query communicates location using one or more
<location> elements, which MUST conform to a location profile (see
Section 11). There MUST be no more than one location element for
each distinct location profile. The order of location objects is
significant; the server uses the first location object where it
understands the location profile.
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7.3.2. Identifying the Service: The <service> Element
The type of service desired is specified by the <service> element.
It contains service URNs from the registry established in [10].
7.3.3. Recursion
LoST <findService> and <listServicesByLocation> queries can be
recursive, as indicated by the 'recursive' attribute. A value of
"true" indicates a recursive query, with the default being "false"
when the attribute is omitted. In recursive mode, the LoST server
initiates queries on behalf of the requester and returns the result
to the requester, inserting a <via> element to track the response
chain. The <via> elements are appended in responses in order of
visit, i.e., the first <via> element contains the authoritative
server and <via> elements below indicate servers that the response
traversed on its way back to the original querier.
7.3.4. Service Boundary
LoST <mapping> elements can describe the service boundary either by
value or by reference. Returning a service boundary reference is
generally more space-efficient for geospatial (polygon) boundaries
and if the boundaries change rarely, but does incur an additional
<getServiceBoundary> request. The querier can express a preference
for one or the other modality with the 'serviceBoundary' attribute in
the <findService> request, but the server makes the final decision as
to whether to return a reference or a value. Servers SHOULD NOT
return a by-value service boundaries if the querier requested a
reference.
7.3.5. Requesting Civic Location Validation
Civic address validation is requested by setting the optional
attribute 'validateLocation' to true. If the attribute is omitted,
it is assumed to be false. The response is described in
Section 7.4.2. The example in Figure 6 demonstrates address
validation, omitting the standard response elements.
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<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<findService
xmlns="urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:lost1"
recursive="true"
validateLocation="true"
serviceBoundary="value">
<location profile="civic">
<civicAddress
xmlns="urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:pidf:geopriv10:civicAddr">
<country>DE</country>
<A1>Bavaria</A1>
<A3>Munich</A3>
<A6>Otto-Hahn-Ring</A6>
<HNO>6</HNO>
<PC>81675</PC>
</civicAddress>
</location>
<service>urn:service:sos.police</service>
</findService>
Figure 6: A <findService> query with address validation request
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<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<findServiceResponse xmlns="urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:lost1">
<mapping
expires="2007-01-01T01:44:33Z"
lastUpdated="2006-11-01T01:00:00Z"
source="lost:authoritative.example"
sourceId="4db898df52b84edfa9b6445ea8a0328e"
version="1" >
<displayName xml:lang="de">
Muenchen Polizei-Abteilung
</displayName>
<service>urn:service:sos.police</service>
<serviceBoundary profile="civic">
<civicAddress
xmlns="urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:pidf:geopriv10:civicAddr">
<country>Germany</country>
<A1>Bavaria</A1>
<A3>Munich</A3>
<PC>81675</PC>
</civicAddress>
</serviceBoundary>
<uri>sip:munich-police@example.com</uri>
<uri>xmpp:munich-police@example.com</uri>
<serviceNumber>110</serviceNumber>
</mapping>
<locationValidation>
<valid>country A1 A3 A6</valid>
<invalid>PC</invalid>
</locationValidation>
<path>
<via source="lost:authoritative.example"/>
<via source="lost:resolver.example"/>
</path>
</findServiceResponse>
Figure 7: A <findServiceResponse> message with address validation
information
7.4. Components of the Mapping Response <findServiceResponse>
7.4.1. Overview
Mapping responses consist of the <mapping> element (Section 5)
describing the mapping itself, possibly followed by warnings
(Section 12.2), location validation information (Section 7.4.2), and
an indication of the path (Section 6) the response has taken.
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7.4.2. Civic Address Validation: the <locationValidation> Element
A server can indicate in its response which civic address elements it
has recognized as valid, which ones it has ignored and which ones it
has checked and found to be invalid. The server MUST include this
information if the 'validateLocation' attribute in the request was
true. Each element contains a list of tokens separated by white
space, enumerating the civic location lables used in child elements
of the <civicAddress> element. The <valid> element enumerates those
civic address elements that have been recognized as valid by the LoST
server and that have been used to determine the mapping. The
<unchecked> elements enumerates the civic address elements that the
server did not check and that were not used in determining the
response. The <invalid> element enumerate civic address elements
that the server attempted to check, but that did not match the other
civic address elements found in the <valid> list.
Note that the same address can yield different responses if parts of
the civic address contradict each other. For example, if the postal
code does not match the city, local server policy determines whether
the postal code or the city is considered valid. The mapping
naturally corresponds to the valid elements.
The example (Figure 6) indicates that the tokens 'country', 'A1',
'A3', and 'A6' have been validated by the LoST server. The server
considered the postal code 81675 in the <PC> element as not valid for
this location.
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8. Retrieving the Service Boundary via <getServiceBoundary>
As discussed in Section 5.6, the <findServiceResponse> can return a
globally unique identifier in the 'serviceBoundary' attribute that
can be used to retrieve the service boundary, rather than returning
the boundary by value. This is shown in the example in Figure 8.
The client can then retrieve the boundary using the
<getServiceBoundary> request and obtains the boundary in the
<getServiceBoundaryResponse>, illustrated in the example in
Figure 10. The client issues the request to the server identified in
the 'server' attribute of the <serviceBoundaryReference> element.
These requests are always directed to the authoritative server and do
not recurse.
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<findService
xmlns="urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:lost1"
xmlns:p2="http://www.opengis.net/gml"
recursive="true"
serviceBoundary="reference">
<location profile="geodetic-2d">
<p2:Point id="point1" srsName="urn:ogc:def:crs:EPSG:4326">
<p2:pos>37.775 -122.422</p2:pos>
</p2:Point>
</location>
<service>urn:service:sos.police</service>
</findService>
Figure 8: <findService> request and response with service boundary
reference
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<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<findServiceResponse xmlns="urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:lost1"
xmlns:p2="http://www.opengis.net/gml">
<mapping
expires="2007-01-01T01:44:33Z"
lastUpdated="2006-11-01T01:00:00Z"
source="lost:authoritative.example"
sourceId="7e3f40b098c711dbb6060800200c9a66"
version="1">
<displayName xml:lang="en">
New York City Police Department
</displayName>
<service>urn:service:sos.police</service>
<serviceBoundaryReference
source="lost:authoritative.example"
key="7214148E0433AFE2FA2D48003D31172E" />
<uri>sip:nypd@example.com</uri>
<uri>xmpp:nypd@example.com</uri>
<serviceNumber>911</serviceNumber>
</mapping>
<path>
<via source="lost:authoritative.example"/>
<via source="lost:resolver.example"/>
</path>
</findServiceResponse>
Figure 9: <findServiceResponse> message with service boundary
reference
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<getServiceBoundary xmlns="urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:lost1"
key="7214148E0433AFE2FA2D48003D31172E"/>
Figure 10: Requesting a service boundary with <getServiceBoundary>
The <getServiceBoundary> request may also be used to retrieve service
boundaries that are expressed as civic addresses, as illustrated in
Figure 11.
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<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<getServiceBoundaryResponse
xmlns="urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:lost1">
<serviceBoundary
profile="civic">
<civicAddress
xmlns="urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:pidf:geopriv10:civicAddr">
<country>US</country>
<A1>New York</A1>
<A3>New York</A3>
</civicAddress>
</serviceBoundary>
<path>
<via source="lost:authoritative.example"/>
<via source="lost:resolver.example"/>
</path>
</getServiceBoundaryResponse>
Figure 11: Civic Address Service Boundary Response
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9. List Services: <listServices>
A LoST client can ask a LoST server for the list of services that it
understands, primarily for diagnostic purposes. The query does not
contain location information, as it simply provides an indication of
which services the server can look up, not whether a particular
service is offered for a particular area. Typically, only top-level
services are included in the answer, implying support for all sub-
services. Since the query is answered by the queried server, there
is no notion of recursion or indirection and no path indication. The
<listServicesByLocation (Section 10) query below can be used to find
out whether a particular service is offered for a specific location.
An example request and response are shown in Figure 12.
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<listServices
xmlns="urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:lost1">
<service>urn:service:sos</service>
</listServices>
Figure 12: Example of <ListServices> query
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<listServicesResponse
xmlns="urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:lost1">
<serviceList>
urn:service:sos.ambulance
urn:service:sos.animal-control
urn:service:sos.fire
urn:service:sos.gas
urn:service:sos.mountain
urn:service:sos.marine
urn:service:sos.physician
urn:service:sos.poison
urn:service:sos.police
urn:service:sos.suicide
</serviceList>
</listServicesResponse>
Figure 13: Example of <ListServiceResponse>
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10. List Services By Location: <listServicesByLocation>
A LoST client can ask a LoST server for the list of services it knows
about for a particular area. The <listServicesByLocation> query
contains one or more <location> elements, each from a different
location profile (Section 11), and may contain the <service> element.
As for <findService>, the server selects the first location element
that has a profile the server understands and it can operate either
recursively or iteratively; < via> elements track the progress of the
request. By its nature, the query can only indicate the services
that a particular server can determine, not all possible services
that might be offered. Unlike <ListServices>, the answer describes
the services available at a specific location, not just those
understood by the server.
If the query contains the <service> element, the LoST server returns
only immediate child services of the queried service that are
available for the provided location. If the <service> element is
absent, the LoST service returns all top-level services available for
the provided location that it knows about.
A server responds to this query with a
<listServicesByLocationResponse> response. This response MAY contain
<via> elements (see Section 6) and MUST contain a <serviceList>
element, consisting of a whitespace-separated list of service URNs.
The query and response are illustrated in Figure 14 and in Figure 15,
respectively.
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<listServicesByLocation
xmlns="urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:lost1"
xmlns:p2="http://www.opengis.net/gml"
recursive="true">
<location profile="geodetic-2d">
<p2:Point id="point1" srsName="epsg:4326">
<p2:coordinates>37:46:30N 122:25:10W</p2:coordinates>
</p2:Point>
</location>
<service>urn:service:sos</service>
</listServicesByLocation>
Figure 14: Example of <ListServicesbyLocation> query
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<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<listServicesByLocationResponse
xmlns="urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:lost1">
<serviceList>
urn:service:sos.ambulance
urn:service:sos.animal-control
urn:service:sos.fire
urn:service:sos.gas
urn:service:sos.mountain
urn:service:sos.marine
urn:service:sos.physician
urn:service:sos.poison
urn:service:sos.police
urn:service:sos.suicide
</serviceList>
<path>
<via source="lost:authoritative.example"/>
<via source="lost:resolver.example"/>
</path>
</listServicesByLocationResponse>
Figure 15: Example of <ListServices> response
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11. Location Profiles
LoST uses location information in <location> elements in requests and
<serviceBoundary> elements in responses. Such location information
may be expressed in a variety of ways. This variety can cause
interoperability problems where a request or response contains
location information in a format not understood by the server or the
client, respectively. To achieve interoperability, this document
defines two mandatory-to-implement baseline location profiles to
define the manner in which location information is transmitted. It
possible to standardize other profiles in the future. The two
baseline profiles are:
geodetic-2d:
a simple profile for two-dimensional geodetic location
information, as described in Section 11.2;
civic:
a profile consisting of civic address location information, as
described in Section 11.3.
Requests and responses containing <location> or <serviceBoundary>
elements MUST contain location information in exactly one of the two
baseline profiles, in addition to zero or more additional profiles.
The ordering of location information indicates a preference on the
part of the sender.
Standards action is required for defining new profiles. A location
profile MUST define:
1. The token identifying it in the LoST location profile registry;
2. The formal definition of the XML to be used in requests, i.e., an
enumeration and definition of the XML child elements of the
<location> element;
3. The formal definition of the XML to be used in responses, i.e.,
an enumeration and definition of the XML child elements of the
<serviceBoundary> element;
4. The declaration of whether geodetic-2d or civic is to be used as
the baseline profile. It is necessary to explicitly declare the
baseline profile as future profiles may be combinations of
geodetic and civic location information.
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11.1. Location Profile Usage
A location profile is identified by a token in an IANA-maintained
registry (Section 16.6). Clients send location information compliant
with a location profile, and servers respond with location
information compliant with that same location profile.
When a LoST client sends a <findService> request that provides
location information, it includes one or more <location> elements.
Each of these elements contains location information compliant with a
location profile and specifies which profile has been used in the
'profile' attribute. This allows the client to convey location
information for multiple location profiles in the same request.
When a LoST server sends a response that contains location
information, it uses the <serviceBoundary> elements much like the
client uses the <location> elements. Each <serviceBoundary> element
contains location information conformant to the location profile
specified in the 'profile' attribute. This allows the server to send
location information compliant with multiple location profiles.
Using the location profiles defined in this document, the following
rules insure basic interoperatiblity between clients and servers:
1. A client MUST be capable of understanding the response for the
baseline profiles it used in the request.
2. If a client sends location information conformant to any location
profile other than geodetic-2d or civic, it MUST also send, in
the same request, location information conformant to one of the
baseline profiles. Otherwise, the server might not be able to
understand the request.
3. There can only be one instance of each location profile in a
query.
4. Servers MUST implement the geodetic-2d and civic profiles.
5. A server uses the first-listed location profile that it
understands and ignores the others.
6. If a server receives a request that only contains location
information using profiles it does not understand, the server
responds with a <locationProfileError> (Section 12.1).
7. The <serviceBoundary> element MUST use the same location profile
that was used to retrieve the answer and indicates which profile
has been used with the 'profile' attribute.
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These rules enable the use of location profiles not yet specified,
while ensuring baseline interoperability. Take, for example, this
scenario. Client X has had its firmware upgraded to support the
uber-complex-3D location profile. Client X sends location
information to Server Y, which does not understand the
uber-complex-3D location profile. If Client X also sends location
information using the geodetic-2D baseline profile, then Server Y
will still be able to understand the request and provide an
understandable response, though with location information that might
not be as precise or expressive as desired. This is possible because
both Client X and Server Y understand the baseline profile.
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<findService
xmlns="urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:lost1"
xmlns:p2="http://www.opengis.net/gml"
recursive="true"
serviceBoundary="value">
<location profile="uber-complex-3d">
<p2:Point id="point1" srsName="urn:ogc:def:crs:EPSG:4326">
<p2:pos>37.775 -122.422</p2:pos>
</p2:Point>
<p2:Polygon srsName="urn:ogc:def::crs:EPSG::4326">
<p2:exterior>
<p2:LinearRing>
<p2:pos>37.775 -122.4194</p2:pos>
<p2:pos>37.555 -122.4194</p2:pos>
<p2:pos>37.555 -122.4264</p2:pos>
<p2:pos>37.775 -122.4264</p2:pos>
<p2:pos>37.775 -122.4194</p2:pos>
</p2:LinearRing>
</p2:exterior>
</p2:Polygon>
<p2:Point id="point1" srsName="urn:ogc:def:crs:EPSG:4326">
<p2:pos>-122.422 37.775</p2:pos>
</p2:Point>
</location>
<location profile="geodetic-2d">
<p2:Point id="point1" srsName="urn:ogc:def:crs:EPSG:4326">
<p2:pos>37.775 -122.422</p2:pos>
</p2:Point>
</location>
<service>urn:service:sos.police</service>
</findService>
Figure 16: Example of a <findServices> query with baseline profile
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interoperability
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<findServiceResponse
xmlns="urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:lost1"
xmlns:p2="http://www.opengis.net/">
<mapping
expires="2007-01-01T01:44:33Z"
lastUpdated="2006-11-01T01:00:00Z"
source="lost:authoritative.example"
sourceId="cf19bbb038fb4ade95852795f045387d"
version="1">
<displayName xml:lang="en">
New York City Police Department
</displayName>
<service>urn:service:sos.police</service>
<serviceBoundary profile="geodetic-2d">
<p2:Polygon srsName="urn:ogc:def::crs:EPSG::4326">
<p2:exterior>
<p2:LinearRing>
<p2:pos>37.775 -122.4194</p2:pos>
<p2:pos>37.555 -122.4194</p2:pos>
<p2:pos>37.555 -122.4264</p2:pos>
<p2:pos>37.775 -122.4264</p2:pos>
<p2:pos>37.775 -122.4194</p2:pos>
</p2:LinearRing>
</p2:exterior>
</p2:Polygon>
</serviceBoundary>
<uri>sip:nypd@example.com</uri>
</mapping>
<path>
<via source="lost:authoritative.example"/>
<via source="lost:resolver.example"/>
</path>
</findServiceResponse>
Figure 17: Example of a <findServiceResponse> message with baseline
profile interoperability
11.2. Two Dimensional Geodetic Profile
The geodetic-2d location profile is identified by geodetic-2d.
Clients use this profile by placing a GML [13] <position> element
within the <location> element. This is defined by the 'point2D'
pattern in the LoST schema (see Section 14).
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Servers use this profile by placing a GML [13] <Polygon> element
within the <serviceBoundary> element. This is defined by the
'polygon' pattern in the LoST schema (see Section 14).
11.3. Basic Civic Profile
The basic-civic location profile is identified by the token 'civic'.
Clients use this profile by placing a <civicAddress> element, defined
in [11], within the <location> element.
Servers use this profile by placing a <civicAddress> element, defined
in [11], within the <serviceBoundary> element.
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12. Errors, Warnings, and Redirects
When a LoST server cannot fulfill a request completely, it can return
either an error or a warning, depending on the severity of the
problem. It returns an error element if no useful response can be
returned for the query. It returns a <warnings> element as part of
another response element if it was able to respond in part, but the
response may not be quite what the client had desired. For both
elements, the 'source' attribute names the server that originally
generated the error or warning, such as the authoritative server.
Unless otherwise noted, all elements below can be either an error or
a warning, depending on whether a default response, such as a
mapping, is included.
12.1. Errors
LoST defines a pattern for errors, defined as <errors> elements in
the Relax NG schema. This pattern defines a 'message' attribute
containing human readable text and an 'xml:lang' attribute denoting
the language of the human readable text. One or more such error
elements are contained in the <errors> element.
The following errors follow this basic pattern:
badRequest
The server could not parse or otherwise understand a request,
e.g., because the XML was malformed.
forbidden
The server refused to send an answer. This generally only occurs
for recursive queries, namely if the resolver tried to contact the
authoritative server and was refused. (For HTTP as the underlying
protocol, an HTTP 401 error would be returned.)
internalError
The server could not satisfy a request due to misconfiguration or
other operational and non-protocol related reasons.
locationProfileUnrecognized
None of the profiles in the request were recognized by the server
(see Section 11).
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loop
During a recursive query, the server was about to visit a server
that was already in the server list in the <path> element,
indicating a request loop.
notFound
The server could not find an answer to the query.
serverError
An answer was received from another LoST server, but it could not
be parsed or otherwise understood. This error occurs only for
recursive queries.
serverTimeout
A time out occurred before an answer was received.
serviceNotImplemented
The requested service URN is not implemented and no substitution
was available.
An example is below:
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<errors xmlns="urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:lost1"
source="lost:resolver.example">
<internalError message="Software bug." xml:lang="en"/>
</errors>
Figure 18: Example of an error resonse
12.2. Warnings
A response MAY contain zero or more warnings. This pattern defines a
'message' attribute containing human readable text and an 'xml:lang'
attribute denoting the language of the human readable text. One or
more such warning elements are contained in the <warnings> element.
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This version of the specification does not define any warning
elements.
12.3. Redirects
A LoST server can respond indicating that the querier should redirect
the query to another server, using the <redirect> element. The
element includes a 'target' attribute indicating the LoST URL that
the client SHOULD be contacting next, as well as the 'source'
attribute indicating the server that generated the redirect response
and a 'message' attribute explaining the reason for the redirect
response. During a recursive query, a server receiving a <redirect>
response can decide whether it wants to follow the redirection or
simply return the response to its upstream querier.
An example is below:
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<redirect xmlns="urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:lost1"
target="lost:eastpsap.example"
source="lost:westpsap.example"
message="We have temporarily failed over." xml:lang="en"/>
Figure 19: Example of a redirect resonse
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13. LoST Transport
LoST needs an underlying protocol transport mechanisms to carry
requests and responses. This document defines the use of LoST over
HTTP and LoST over HTTP-over-TLS; other mechanisms are left to future
documents. The available transport mechanisms are determined through
the use of the LoST U-NAPTR application. In protocols that support
content type indication, LoST uses the media type application/
lost+xml.
When using HTTP [3] and HTTP-over-TLS [5], LoST requests use the HTTP
POST method. All HTTP responses are applicable. The HTTP URL is
derived from the LoST URL via U-NAPTR application, as discussed in
Section 4.
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14. Relax NG Schema
This section provides the Relax NG schema used by LoST protocol in
the compact form. The verbose form is included in Appendix A.
default namespace = "http://www.opengis.net/gml"
namespace a = "http://relaxng.org/ns/compatibility/annotations/1.0"
namespace ns1 = "urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:lost1"
##
## Location-to-Service Translation Protocol (LoST)
##
## A LoST XML instance has three request types, each with
## a cooresponding response type: find service, list services,
## and get service boundary.
##
start =
findService
| listServices
| listServicesByLocation
| getServiceBoundary
| findServiceResponse
| listServicesResponse
| listServicesByLocationResponse
| getServiceBoundaryResponse
| errors
| redirect
##
## The queries.
##
div {
findService =
element ns1:findService {
element ns1:location { locationInformation }+,
commonRequestPattern,
attribute validateLocation {
xsd:boolean >> a:defaultValue [ "false" ]
}?,
attribute serviceBoundary {
("reference" | "value") >> a:defaultValue [ "reference" ]
}?,
attribute recursive { xsd:boolean >> a:defaultValue [ "true" ] }?
}
listServices = element ns1:listServices { commonRequestPattern }
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listServicesByLocation =
element ns1:listServicesByLocation {
element ns1:location { locationInformation }*,
commonRequestPattern,
attribute recursive { xsd:boolean >> a:defaultValue [ "true" ] }?
}
getServiceBoundary =
element ns1:getServiceBoundary {
serviceBoundaryKey, extensionPoint
}
}
##
## The responses.
##
div {
findServiceResponse =
element ns1:findServiceResponse {
mapping+, locationValidation?, commonResponsePattern
}
listServicesResponse =
element ns1:listServicesResponse {
serviceList, commonResponsePattern
}
listServicesByLocationResponse =
element ns1:listServicesByLocationResponse {
serviceList, commonResponsePattern
}
getServiceBoundaryResponse =
element ns1:getServiceBoundaryResponse {
serviceBoundary, commonResponsePattern
}
}
##
## A pattern common to some of the queries.
##
div {
commonRequestPattern = service, extensionPoint
}
##
## A pattern common to responses.
##
div {
commonResponsePattern = warnings*, path, extensionPoint
}
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##
## Location Information
##
div {
locationInformation =
extensionPoint+,
attribute profile { xsd:NMTOKEN }
}
##
## Service Boundary
##
div {
serviceBoundary = element ns1:serviceBoundary { locationInformation }+
}
##
## Service Boundary Reference
##
div {
serviceBoundaryReference =
element ns1:serviceBoundaryReference {
source, serviceBoundaryKey, extensionPoint
}
serviceBoundaryKey = attribute key { xsd:token }
}
##
## Path -
## Contains a list of via elements -
## places through which information flowed
##
div {
path =
element ns1:path {
element ns1:via { source, extensionPoint }*
}
}
##
## Expires pattern
##
div {
expires = attribute expires { xsd:dateTime }
}
##
## A QName list
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##
div {
qnameList = list { xsd:QName* }
}
##
## A location-to-service mapping.
##
div {
mapping =
element ns1:mapping {
element ns1:displayName {
xsd:string,
attribute xml:lang { xsd:language }
}*,
service,
(serviceBoundary | serviceBoundaryReference)?,
element ns1:uri { xsd:anyURI }*,
element ns1:serviceNumber {
xsd:string { pattern = "[0-9*#]+" }
}?,
extensionPoint,
expires,
attribute lastUpdated { xsd:dateTime },
source,
attribute sourceId { xsd:token },
attribute version { xsd:positiveInteger },
message
}
}
##
## Location validation
##
div {
locationValidation =
element ns1:locationValidation {
element ns1:valid { qnameList }?,
element ns1:invalid { qnameList }?,
element ns1:unchecked { qnameList }?,
extensionPoint
}
}
##
## Errors and Warnings Container.
##
div {
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errorContainer =
(badRequest?
& internalError?
& serviceSubstitution?
& forbidden?
& notFound?
& loop?
& serviceNotImplemented?
& serverTimeout?
& serverError?
& locationProfileUnrecognized?),
extensionPoint,
source
errors = element ns1:errors { errorContainer }
warnings = element ns1:warnings { errorContainer }
}
##
## Basic Errors
##
div {
##
## Error pattern.
##
basicError = message, extensionPoint
badRequest = element ns1:badRequest { basicError }
internalError = element ns1:internalError { basicError }
serviceSubstitution = element ns1:serviceSubstitution { basicError }
forbidden = element ns1:forbidden { basicError }
notFound = element ns1:notFound { basicError }
loop = element ns1:loop { basicError }
serviceNotImplemented =
element ns1:serviceNotImplemented { basicError }
serverTimeout = element ns1:serverTimeout { basicError }
serverError = element ns1:serverError { basicError }
locationProfileUnrecognized =
element ns1:locationProfileUnrecognized {
attribute unsupportedProfiles { xsd:NMTOKENS },
basicError
}
}
##
## Redirect.
##
div {
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##
## Redirect pattern
##
redirect =
element ns1:redirect {
attribute target { xsd:anyURI },
source,
message,
extensionPoint
}
}
##
## Some common patterns.
##
div {
message =
(attribute message { xsd:string },
attribute xml:lang { xsd:language })?
service = element ns1:service { xsd:anyURI }?
source = attribute source { xsd:anyURI }
serviceList =
element ns1:serviceList {
list { xsd:anyURI* }
}
}
##
## Patterns for inclusion of elements from schemas in
## other namespaces.
##
div {
##
## Any element not in the LoST namespace.
##
notLost = element * - (ns1:* | ns1:*) { anyElement }
##
## A wildcard pattern for including any element
## from any other namespace.
##
anyElement =
(element * { anyElement }
| attribute * { text }
| text)*
##
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## A point where future extensions
## (elements from other namespaces)
## can be added.
##
extensionPoint = notLost*
##
## A 2D point from GML.
##
point2d =
element Point {
attribute srsName { "urn:ogc:def:crs:EPSG::4326" },
pos
}
##
## A GML position
##
pos =
element pos {
list { xsd:double }
}
##
## A Linear Ring from GML.
##
linearRing = element LinearRing { pos, pos, pos, pos+ }
##
## A Polygon from GML.
##
polygon =
element Polygon {
attribute srsName { "urn:ogc:def:crs:EPSG::4326" },
element exterior { linearRing },
element interior { linearRing }*
}
}
Figure 20: RelaxNG schema
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15. Internationalization Considerations
This mechanism is largely for passing protocol information from one
subsystem to another; as such, most of its elements are tokens not
meant for direct human consumption. If these tokens are presented to
the end user, some localization may need to occur. The content of
the <displayName> element and the 'message' attributes may be
displayed to the end user, and they are thus a complex types designed
for this purpose.
LoST exchanges information using XML. All XML processors are
required to understand UTF-8 and UTF-16 encodings, and therefore all
LoST clients and servers MUST understand UTF-8 and UTF-16 encoded
XML. Additionally, LoST servers and clients MUST NOT encode XML with
encodings other than UTF-8 or UTF-16.
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16. IANA Considerations
16.1. U-NAPTR Registrations
This document registers the following U-NAPTR application service
tag:
Application Service Tag: LoST
Defining Publication: The specification contained within this
document.
This document registers the following U-NAPTR application protocol
tags:
o
Application Protocol Tag: http
Defining Publication: RFC 2616 [3]
o
Application Protocol Tag: https
Defining Publication: RFC 2818 [5]
16.2. Content-type registration for 'application/lost+xml'
This specification requests the registration of a new MIME type
according to the procedures of RFC 4288 [9] and guidelines in RFC
3023 [6].
MIME media type name: application
MIME subtype name: lost+xml
Mandatory parameters: none
Optional parameters: charset
Indicates the character encoding of enclosed XML.
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Encoding considerations:
Uses XML, which can employ 8-bit characters, depending on the
character encoding used. See RFC 3023 [6], Section 3.2.
Security considerations:
This content type is designed to carry LoST protocol payloads.
Interoperability considerations: None
Published specification: RFCXXXX [NOTE TO IANA/RFC-EDITOR: Please
replace XXXX with the RFC number of this specification.] this
document
Applications which use this media type:
Emergency and Location-based Systems
Additional information:
Magic Number: None
File Extension: .lostxml
Macintosh file type code: 'TEXT'
Personal and email address for further information: Hannes
Tschofenig, Hannes.Tschofenig@siemens.com
Intended usage: LIMITED USE
Author:
This specification is a work item of the IETF ECRIT working group,
with mailing list address <ecrit@ietf.org>.
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Change controller:
The IESG <iesg@ietf.org>
16.3. LoST Relax NG Schema Registration
URI: urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:lost1
Registrant Contact: IETF ECRIT Working Group, Hannes Tschofenig
(Hannes.Tschofenig@siemens.com).
Relax NG Schema: The Relax NG schema to be registered is contained
in Section 14. Its first line is
default namespace = "urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:lost1"
and its last line is
}
16.4. LoST Namespace Registration
URI: urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:lost1
Registrant Contact: IETF ECRIT Working Group, Hannes Tschofenig
(Hannes.Tschofenig@siemens.com).
XML:
BEGIN
<?xml version="1.0"?>
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML Basic 1.0//EN"
"http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml-basic/xhtml-basic10.dtd">
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">
<head>
<meta http-equiv="content-type"
content="text/html;charset=iso-8859-1"/>
<title>LoST Namespace</title>
</head>
<body>
<h1>Namespace for LoST</h1>
<h2>urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:lost1</h2>
<p>See <a href="[URL of published RFC]">RFCXXXX
[NOTE TO IANA/RFC-EDITOR:
Please replace XXXX with the RFC number of this
specification.]</a>.</p>
</body>
</html>
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END
16.5. URL Registration Template
This registration template is in accordance with [4].
URL scheme name:
lost
URL scheme syntax:
See Section 4
Character encoding considerations:
See Section 4
Intended Use:
The intended usage is described in this document.
Application and protocols which use this scheme:
The usage of the LoST URL scheme is targeted for this document and
hence for location-based services that make use of the mapping
protocol specified in this document.
Interoperability considerations:
None
Security considerations:
See Section 17
Relevant publications:
This document provides the relevant context for this URL scheme.
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Contact:
Hannes Tschofenig, Hannes.Tschofenig@siemens.com
Author/Change controller:
The IESG <iesg@ietf.org>
16.6. LoST Location Profile Registry
This document seeks to create a registry of location profile names
for the LoST protocol. Profile names are XML tokens. This registry
will operate in accordance with RFC 2434 [2], Standards Action.
geodetic-2d:
Defined in Section 11.2
civic:
Defined in Section 11.3
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17. Security Considerations
There are multiple threats to the overall system of which service
mapping forms a part. An attacker that can obtain service contact
URIs can use those URIs to attempt to disrupt those services. An
attacker that can prevent the lookup of contact URIs can impair the
reachability of such services. An attacker that can eavesdrop on the
communication requesting this lookup can surmise the existence of an
emergency and possibly its nature, and may be able to use this to
launch a physical attack on the caller.
To avoid that an attacker can modify the query or its result, the use
of channels security, such as TLS, is RECOMMENDED.
A more detailed description of threats and security requirements are
provided in [17].
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18. Acknowledgments
We would like to the thank the following working group members for
the detailed review of previous LoST document versions:
o Barbara Stark (Review in Jan. 2007)
o Martin Thomson (Review in Dec. 2006, Review Jul. 2006)
o Shida Schubert (Review Nov. 2006)
o Leslie Daigle (Review Sep. 2006)
o Jonathan Rosenberg (Review Jul. 2006)
We would also like to thank the following working group members for
their input to selected design aspects of the LoST protocol:
o Leslie Daigle and Martin Thomson (Input to DNS-based LoST
discovery procedure)
o John Schnizlein (Authoritive LoST Answers)
o Rohan Mahy (Display Names)
o James Polk (Error Handling)
o Ron Watro and Richard Barnes (Expiry of cached data)
o Stephen Edge, Keith Drage, Tom Taylor, Martin Thomson and James
Winterbottom (Indication of PSAP Confidence Level)
o Martin Thomson (Service Boundary references)
o Martin Thomson (Service URN in LoST response message)
o Cullen Jennings (Service Boundaries)
o Clive D.W. Feather, Martin Thomson (Validation Functionality)
o Roger Marshall (PSAP Preference in LoST response)
o James Winterbottom, Marc Linsner, Keith Drage, Tom-PT Taylor,
Martin Thomson, John Schnizlein, Shida Schubert, Clive D.W.
Feather, Richard Stastny, John Hearty, Roger Marshall, Jean-
Francois Mule, Pierre Desjardins (Location Profiles)
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o Michael Hammer, Patrik Faeltstroem, Stastny Richard, Thomson,
Martin, Roger Marshall, Tom-PT Taylor, Spencer Dawkins, Drage,
Keith (List Services functionality)
o Thomson, Martin, Michael Hammer (Mapping of Services)
o Shida Schubert, James Winterbottom, Keith Drage (default service
URN)
o Otmar Lendl (LoST aggregation)
The following working group members provided miscellaneous input to
the design of the protocol:
o Klaus Darilion
o Marc Linsner
Finally, we would like to particularly thank Brian Rosen as a long
term contributor who participated in almost every discussion thread.
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19. Open Issues
Please find open issues at: http://www.ietf-ecrit.org:8080/lost/
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20. References
20.1. Normative References
[1] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate Requirement
Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, March 1997.
[2] Narten, T. and H. Alvestrand, "Guidelines for Writing an IANA
Considerations Section in RFCs", BCP 26, RFC 2434,
October 1998.
[3] Fielding, R., Gettys, J., Mogul, J., Frystyk, H., Masinter, L.,
Leach, P., and T. Berners-Lee, "Hypertext Transfer Protocol --
HTTP/1.1", RFC 2616, June 1999.
[4] Petke, R. and I. King, "Registration Procedures for URL Scheme
Names", BCP 35, RFC 2717, November 1999.
[5] Rescorla, E., "HTTP Over TLS", RFC 2818, May 2000.
[6] Murata, M., St. Laurent, S., and D. Kohn, "XML Media Types",
RFC 3023, January 2001.
[7] Berners-Lee, T., Fielding, R., and L. Masinter, "Uniform
Resource Identifier (URI): Generic Syntax", STD 66, RFC 3986,
January 2005.
[8] Peterson, J., "A Presence-based GEOPRIV Location Object
Format", RFC 4119, December 2005.
[9] Freed, N. and J. Klensin, "Media Type Specifications and
Registration Procedures", BCP 13, RFC 4288, December 2005.
[10] Schulzrinne, H., "A Uniform Resource Name (URN) for Services",
draft-ietf-ecrit-service-urn-05 (work in progress),
August 2006.
[11] Thomson, M. and J. Winterbottom, "Revised Civic Location Format
for PIDF-LO", draft-ietf-geopriv-revised-civic-lo-04 (work in
progress), September 2006.
[12] Daigle, L., "Domain-based Application Service Location Using
URIs and the Dynamic Delegation Discovery Service (DDDS)",
draft-daigle-unaptr-01 (work in progress), October 2006.
[13] OpenGIS, "Open Geography Markup Language (GML) Implementation
Specification", OGC OGC 02-023r4, January 2003.
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20.2. Informative References
[14] Rosenberg, J., Schulzrinne, H., Camarillo, G., Johnston, A.,
Peterson, J., Sparks, R., Handley, M., and E. Schooler, "SIP:
Session Initiation Protocol", RFC 3261, June 2002.
[15] Saint-Andre, P., Ed., "Extensible Messaging and Presence
Protocol (XMPP): Instant Messaging and Presence", RFC 3921,
October 2004.
[16] Schulzrinne, H., "The tel URI for Telephone Numbers", RFC 3966,
December 2004.
[17] Taylor, T., "Security Threats and Requirements for Emergency
Call Marking and Mapping", draft-ietf-ecrit-security-threats-03
(work in progress), July 2006.
[18] Schulzrinne, H. and R. Marshall, "Requirements for Emergency
Context Resolution with Internet Technologies",
draft-ietf-ecrit-requirements-12 (work in progress),
August 2006.
[19] Schulzrinne, H., "Location-to-URL Mapping Architecture and
Framework", draft-ietf-ecrit-mapping-arch-01 (work in
progress), December 2006.
[20] Rosen, B. and J. Polk, "Best Current Practice for
Communications Services in support of Emergency Calling",
draft-ietf-ecrit-phonebcp-00 (work in progress), October 2006.
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Appendix A. Non-Normative RELAX NG Schema in XML Syntax
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<grammar ns="urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:lost1"
xmlns="http://relaxng.org/ns/structure/1.0"
xmlns:a="http://relaxng.org/ns/compatibility/annotations/1.0"
datatypeLibrary="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-datatypes">
<start>
<a:documentation>
Location-to-Service Translation Protocol (LoST)
A LoST XML instance has three request types, each with
a cooresponding response type: find service, list services,
and get service boundary.
</a:documentation>
<choice>
<ref name="findService" />
<ref name="listServices" />
<ref name="listServicesByLocation" />
<ref name="getServiceBoundary" />
<ref name="findServiceResponse" />
<ref name="listServicesResponse" />
<ref name="listServicesByLocationResponse" />
<ref name="getServiceBoundaryResponse" />
<ref name="errors" />
<ref name="redirect" />
</choice>
</start>
<div>
<a:documentation>
The queries.
</a:documentation>
<define name="findService">
<element name="findService">
<oneOrMore>
<element name="location">
<ref name="locationInformation" />
</element>
</oneOrMore>
<ref name="commonRequestPattern" />
<optional>
<attribute name="validateLocation">
<data type="boolean" />
<a:defaultValue>false</a:defaultValue>
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</attribute>
</optional>
<optional>
<attribute name="serviceBoundary">
<choice>
<value>reference</value>
<value>value</value>
</choice>
<a:defaultValue>reference</a:defaultValue>
</attribute>
</optional>
<optional>
<attribute name="recursive">
<data type="boolean" />
<a:defaultValue>true</a:defaultValue>
</attribute>
</optional>
</element>
</define>
<define name="listServices">
<element name="listServices">
<ref name="commonRequestPattern" />
</element>
</define>
<define name="listServicesByLocation">
<element name="listServicesByLocation">
<zeroOrMore>
<element name="location">
<ref name="locationInformation" />
</element>
</zeroOrMore>
<ref name="commonRequestPattern" />
<optional>
<attribute name="recursive">
<data type="boolean" />
<a:defaultValue>true</a:defaultValue>
</attribute>
</optional>
</element>
</define>
<define name="getServiceBoundary">
<element name="getServiceBoundary">
<ref name="serviceBoundaryKey" />
<ref name="extensionPoint" />
</element>
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</define>
</div>
<div>
<a:documentation>
The responses.
</a:documentation>
<define name="findServiceResponse">
<element name="findServiceResponse">
<oneOrMore>
<ref name="mapping" />
</oneOrMore>
<optional>
<ref name="locationValidation" />
</optional>
<ref name="commonResponsePattern" />
</element>
</define>
<define name="listServicesResponse">
<element name="listServicesResponse">
<ref name="serviceList" />
<ref name="commonResponsePattern" />
</element>
</define>
<define name="listServicesByLocationResponse">
<element name="listServicesByLocationResponse">
<ref name="serviceList" />
<ref name="commonResponsePattern" />
</element>
</define>
<define name="getServiceBoundaryResponse">
<element name="getServiceBoundaryResponse">
<ref name="serviceBoundary"/>
<ref name="commonResponsePattern" />
</element>
</define>
</div>
<div>
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<a:documentation>
A pattern common to some of the queries.
</a:documentation>
<define name="commonRequestPattern">
<ref name="service" />
<ref name="extensionPoint" />
</define>
</div>
<div>
<a:documentation>
A pattern common to responses.
</a:documentation>
<define name="commonResponsePattern">
<zeroOrMore>
<ref name="warnings" />
</zeroOrMore>
<ref name="path" />
<ref name="extensionPoint" />
</define>
</div>
<div>
<a:documentation>
Location Information
</a:documentation>
<define name="locationInformation">
<oneOrMore>
<ref name="extensionPoint"/>
</oneOrMore>
<attribute name="profile">
<data type="NMTOKEN" />
</attribute>
</define>
</div>
<div>
<a:documentation>
Service Boundary
</a:documentation>
<define name="serviceBoundary">
<oneOrMore>
<element name="serviceBoundary">
<ref name="locationInformation" />
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</element>
</oneOrMore>
</define>
</div>
<div>
<a:documentation>
Service Boundary Reference
</a:documentation>
<define name="serviceBoundaryReference">
<element name="serviceBoundaryReference">
<ref name="source" />
<ref name="serviceBoundaryKey" />
<ref name="extensionPoint" />
</element>
</define>
<define name="serviceBoundaryKey">
<attribute name="key">
<data type="token" />
</attribute>
</define>
</div>
<div>
<a:documentation>
Path -
Contains a list of via elements -
places through which information flowed
</a:documentation>
<define name="path">
<element name="path">
<zeroOrMore>
<element name="via">
<ref name="source" />
<ref name="extensionPoint" />
</element>
</zeroOrMore>
</element>
</define>
</div>
<div>
<a:documentation>
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Expires pattern
</a:documentation>
<define name="expires">
<attribute name="expires">
<data type="dateTime"/>
</attribute>
</define>
</div>
<div>
<a:documentation>
A QName list
</a:documentation>
<define name="qnameList">
<list>
<zeroOrMore>
<data type="QName"/>
</zeroOrMore>
</list>
</define>
</div>
<div>
<a:documentation>
A location-to-service mapping.
</a:documentation>
<define name="mapping">
<element name="mapping">
<zeroOrMore>
<element name="displayName">
<data type="string"/>
<attribute name="xml:lang">
<data type="language"/>
</attribute>
</element>
</zeroOrMore>
<ref name="service" />
<optional>
<choice>
<ref name="serviceBoundary"/>
<ref name="serviceBoundaryReference"/>
</choice>
</optional>
<zeroOrMore>
<element name="uri">
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<data type="anyURI"/>
</element>
</zeroOrMore>
<optional>
<element name="serviceNumber">
<data type="string">
<param name="pattern">[0-9*#]+</param>
</data>
</element>
</optional>
<ref name="extensionPoint"/>
<ref name="expires"/>
<attribute name="lastUpdated">
<data type="dateTime"/>
</attribute>
<ref name="source" />
<attribute name="sourceId">
<data type="token" />
</attribute>
<attribute name="version">
<data type="positiveInteger" />
</attribute>
<ref name="message"/>
</element>
</define>
</div>
<div>
<a:documentation>
Location validation
</a:documentation>
<define name="locationValidation">
<element name="locationValidation">
<optional>
<element name="valid">
<ref name="qnameList" />
</element>
</optional>
<optional>
<element name="invalid">
<ref name="qnameList" />
</element>
</optional>
<optional>
<element name="unchecked">
<ref name="qnameList" />
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</element>
</optional>
<ref name="extensionPoint"/>
</element>
</define>
</div>
<div>
<a:documentation>
Errors and Warnings Container.
</a:documentation>
<define name="errorContainer">
<interleave>
<optional>
<ref name="badRequest" />
</optional>
<optional>
<ref name="internalError" />
</optional>
<optional>
<ref name="serviceSubstitution" />
</optional>
<optional>
<ref name="forbidden" />
</optional>
<optional>
<ref name="notFound" />
</optional>
<optional>
<ref name="loop" />
</optional>
<optional>
<ref name="serviceNotImplemented" />
</optional>
<optional>
<ref name="serverTimeout" />
</optional>
<optional>
<ref name="serverError" />
</optional>
<optional>
<ref name="locationProfileUnrecognized" />
</optional>
</interleave>
<ref name="extensionPoint" />
<ref name="source" />
</define>
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<define name="errors">
<element name="errors">
<ref name="errorContainer" />
</element>
</define>
<define name="warnings">
<element name="warnings">
<ref name="errorContainer" />
</element>
</define>
</div>
<div>
<a:documentation>
Basic Errors
</a:documentation>
<define name="basicError">
<a:documentation>
Error pattern.
</a:documentation>
<ref name="message"/>
<ref name="extensionPoint" />
</define>
<define name="badRequest">
<element name="badRequest">
<ref name="basicError"/>
</element>
</define>
<define name="internalError">
<element name="internalError">
<ref name="basicError"/>
</element>
</define>
<define name="serviceSubstitution">
<element name="serviceSubstitution">
<ref name="basicError"/>
</element>
</define>
<define name="forbidden">
<element name="forbidden">
<ref name="basicError"/>
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</element>
</define>
<define name="notFound">
<element name="notFound">
<ref name="basicError"/>
</element>
</define>
<define name="loop">
<element name="loop">
<ref name="basicError" />
</element>
</define>
<define name="serviceNotImplemented">
<element name="serviceNotImplemented">
<ref name="basicError"/>
</element>
</define>
<define name="serverTimeout">
<element name="serverTimeout">
<ref name="basicError"/>
</element>
</define>
<define name="serverError">
<element name="serverError">
<ref name="basicError"/>
</element>
</define>
<define name="locationProfileUnrecognized">
<element name="locationProfileUnrecognized">
<attribute name="unsupportedProfiles">
<data type="NMTOKENS" />
</attribute>
<ref name="basicError"/>
</element>
</define>
</div>
<div>
<a:documentation>
Redirect.
</a:documentation>
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<define name="redirect">
<a:documentation>
Redirect pattern
</a:documentation>
<element name="redirect">
<attribute name="target">
<data type="anyURI" />
</attribute>
<ref name="source" />
<ref name="message" />
<ref name="extensionPoint" />
</element>
</define>
</div>
<div>
<a:documentation>
Some common patterns.
</a:documentation>
<define name="message">
<optional>
<group>
<attribute name="message">
<data type="string"/>
</attribute>
<attribute name="xml:lang">
<data type="language"/>
</attribute>
</group>
</optional>
</define>
<define name="service">
<optional>
<element name="service">
<data type="anyURI"/>
</element>
</optional>
</define>
<define name="source">
<attribute name="source">
<data type="anyURI" />
</attribute>
</define>
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<define name="serviceList" >
<element name="serviceList">
<list>
<zeroOrMore>
<data type="anyURI" />
</zeroOrMore>
</list>
</element>
</define>
</div>
<div>
<a:documentation>
Patterns for inclusion of elements from schemas in
other namespaces.
</a:documentation>
<define name="notLost">
<a:documentation>
Any element not in the LoST namespace.
</a:documentation>
<element>
<anyName>
<except>
<nsName ns="urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:lost1"/>
<nsName/>
</except>
</anyName>
<ref name="anyElement"/>
</element>
</define>
<define name="anyElement">
<a:documentation>
A wildcard pattern for including any element
from any other namespace.
</a:documentation>
<zeroOrMore>
<choice>
<element>
<anyName/>
<ref name="anyElement"/>
</element>
<attribute>
<anyName/>
</attribute>
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<text/>
</choice>
</zeroOrMore>
</define>
<define name="extensionPoint">
<a:documentation>
A point where future extensions
(elements from other namespaces)
can be added.
</a:documentation>
<zeroOrMore>
<ref name="notLost" />
</zeroOrMore>
</define>
<define name="point2d">
<a:documentation>
A 2D point from GML.
</a:documentation>
<element name="Point" ns="http://www.opengis.net/gml">
<attribute name="srsName">
<value>urn:ogc:def:crs:EPSG::4326</value>
</attribute>
<ref name="pos"/>
</element>
</define>
<define name="pos">
<a:documentation>
A GML position
</a:documentation>
<element name="pos" ns="http://www.opengis.net/gml">
<list>
<data type="double"/>
</list>
</element>
</define>
<define name="linearRing">
<a:documentation>
A Linear Ring from GML.
</a:documentation>
<element name="LinearRing"
ns="http://www.opengis.net/gml">
<ref name="pos"/>
<ref name="pos"/>
<ref name="pos"/>
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<oneOrMore>
<ref name="pos"/>
</oneOrMore>
</element>
</define>
<define name="polygon">
<a:documentation>
A Polygon from GML.
</a:documentation>
<element name="Polygon"
ns="http://www.opengis.net/gml">
<attribute name="srsName">
<value>urn:ogc:def:crs:EPSG::4326</value>
</attribute>
<element name="exterior">
<ref name="linearRing"/>
</element>
<zeroOrMore>
<element name="interior">
<ref name="linearRing"/>
</element>
</zeroOrMore>
</element>
</define>
</div>
</grammar>
Figure 24
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Authors' Addresses
Ted Hardie
Qualcomm, Inc.
Email: hardie@qualcomm.com
Andrew Newton
SunRocket
8045 Leesburg Pike, Suite 300
Vienna, VA 22182
US
Phone: +1 703 636 0852
Email: andy@hxr.us
Henning Schulzrinne
Columbia University
Department of Computer Science
450 Computer Science Building
New York, NY 10027
US
Phone: +1 212 939 7004
Email: hgs+ecrit@cs.columbia.edu
URI: http://www.cs.columbia.edu
Hannes Tschofenig
Siemens Networks GmbH & Co KG
Otto-Hahn-Ring 6
Munich, Bavaria 81739
Germany
Phone: +49 89 636 40390
Email: Hannes.Tschofenig@siemens.com
URI: http://www.tschofenig.com
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Full Copyright Statement
Copyright (C) The IETF Trust (2007).
This document is subject to the rights, licenses and restrictions
contained in BCP 78, and except as set forth therein, the authors
retain all their rights.
This document and the information contained herein are provided on an
"AS IS" basis and THE CONTRIBUTOR, THE ORGANIZATION HE/SHE REPRESENTS
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OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO ANY WARRANTY THAT THE USE OF
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on the procedures with respect to rights in RFC documents can be
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Funding for the RFC Editor function is provided by the IETF
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Hardie, et al. Expires July 21, 2007 [Page 70]
