FTPEXT Working Group                                              R. Elz
Internet Draft                                   University of Melbourne
Expiration Date: June 1999
                                                              P. Hethmon
                                                        Hethmon Brothers

                                                           December 1998


                           Extensions to FTP


                     draft-ietf-ftpext-mlst-05.txt

Status of this Memo

   This document is an Internet-Draft.  Internet-Drafts are working
   documents of the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF), its areas,
   and its working groups.  Note that other groups may also distribute
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Abstract

   In order to overcome the problems caused by the undefined format of
   the current FTP LIST command output, a new command is needed to
   transfer standardized listing information from Server-FTP to Client-
   FTP.  Commands to enable this are defined in this document.

   In order to allow consenting clients and servers to interact more
   freely, a quite basic, and optional, virtual file store structure is
   defined.

   This proposal also extends the FTP protocol to allow character sets
   other than US-ASCII[1] by allowing the transmission of 8-bit
   characters and the recommended use of UTF-8[2] encoding.

   Much implemented, but long undocumented, mechanisms to permit
   restarts of interrupted data transfers in STREAM mode, are also
   included here.

   Lastly, the HOST command has been added to allow a style of 'virtual
   site' to be constructed.

   In this version of this draft all previously open questions have been
   given answers, and thus deleted from the draft.  The HOST command
   appears for the first time in this draft, but the previous extended
   definition of the STAT command has been removed.  MLST now uses the
   control connection.  Some error response have been specified more
   precisely.  A few examples have been added, finally!  This paragraph
   will be deleted from the final version of this document.






















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Table of Contents

          Abstract  ................................................   2
    1     Introduction  ............................................   4
    2     Document Conventions  ....................................   4
    2.1   Basic Tokens  ............................................   5
    2.2   Pathnames  ...............................................   5
    2.3   Times  ...................................................   7
    2.4   Server Replies  ..........................................   8
    3     File Modification Time (MDTM)  ...........................   8
    3.1   Syntax  ..................................................   9
    3.2   Error responses  .........................................   9
    3.3   FEAT response for MDTM  ..................................   9
    3.4   MDTM Examples  ...........................................  10
    4     File SIZE  ...............................................  10
    4.1   Syntax  ..................................................  11
    4.2   Error responses  .........................................  11
    4.3   FEAT response for SIZE  ..................................  11
    4.4   Size Examples  ...........................................  12
    5     Restart of Interrupted Transfer (REST)  ..................  12
    5.1   Restarting in STREAM Mode  ...............................  13
    5.2   Error Recovery and Restart  ..............................  14
    5.3   Syntax  ..................................................  14
    5.4   FEAT response for REST  ..................................  15
    5.5   REST Example  ............................................  16
    6     Virtual FTP servers  .....................................  16
    6.1   The HOST command  ........................................  17
    6.2   Syntax of the HOST command  ..............................  18
    6.3   HOST command semantics  ..................................  19
    6.4   HOST command errors  .....................................  20
    6.5   FEAT response for HOST command  ..........................  21
    7     A Trivial Virtual File Store (TVFS)  .....................  22
    7.1   TVFS File Names  .........................................  22
    7.2   TVFS Path Names  .........................................  23
    7.3   FEAT Response for TVFS  ..................................  24
    7.4   OPTS for TVFS  ...........................................  25
    7.5   TVFS Examples  ...........................................  25
    8     Listings for Machine Processing (MLST and MLSD)  .........  27
    8.1   Format of MLSx Requests  .................................  28
    8.2   Format of MLSx Response  .................................  28
    8.3   Filename encoding  .......................................  30
    8.4   Format of Facts  .........................................  32
    8.5   Standard Facts  ..........................................  32
    8.6   FEAT response for MLSx  ..................................  40
    8.7   OPTS parameters for MLST  ................................  41
    9     Impact On Other FTP Commands  ............................  42



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   10     Character sets and Internationalization  .................  42
   11     IANA Considerations  .....................................  43
   12     Security Considerations  .................................  43
   13     References  ..............................................  44
          Acknowledgements  ........................................  45
          Copyright  ...............................................  45
          Editors' Addresses  ......................................  46




1. Introduction

   This document amends the File Transfer Protocol (FTP) [3].  Five new
   commands are added: "SIZE", "HOST", "MDTM", "MLST", and "MLSD".  The
   existing command "REST" is modified.  Of those, the "SIZE" and "MDTM"
   commands, and the modifications to "REST" have been in wide use for
   many years.  The others are new.

   These commands allow a client to restart an interrupted transfer in
   transfer modes not previously supported in any documented way, to
   support the notion of virtual hosts, and to obtain a directory
   listing in a machine friendly, predictable, format.

   An optional structure for the server's file store (NVFS) is also
   defined, allowing servers that support such a structure to convey
   that information to clients in a standard way, thus allowing clients
   more certainty in constructing and interpreting path names.

2. Document Conventions

   This document makes use of the document conventions defined in BCP14
   [4].  That provides the interpretation of capitalized imperative
   words like MUST, SHOULD, etc.

   This document also uses notation defined in STD 9 [3].  In
   particular, the terms "reply", "user", "NVFS", "file", "pathname",
   "FTP commands", "DTP", "user-FTP process", "user-PI", "user-DTP",
   "server-FTP process", "server-PI", "server-DTP", "mode", "type",
   "NVT", "control connection", "data connection", and "ASCII", are all
   used here as defined there.

   Syntax required is defined using the Augmented BNF defined in [5].
   Some general ABNF definitions are required throughout the document,
   those will be defined later in this section.  At first reading, it
   may be wise to simply recall that these definitions exist here, and
   skip to the next section.




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2.1. Basic Tokens

   This document imports the core definitions given in Appendix A of
   [5].  There definitions will be found for basic ABNF elements like
   ALPHA, DIGIT, SP, etc.  To that, the following terms are added for
   use in this document.

        TCHAR          = VCHAR / SP / HTAB    ; visible plus white space
        RCHAR          = ALPHA / DIGIT / "," / "." / ":" / "!" /
                         "@" / "#" / "$" / "%" / "^" /
                         "&" / "(" / ")" / "-" / "_" /
                         "+" / "?" / "/" / "\" / "'" /
                         DQUOTE   ; <"> -- double quote character (%x22)

   The VCHAR (from [5]), TCHAR, and RCHAR types give basic character
   types from varying sub-sets of the ASCII character set for use in
   various commands and responses.

        token          = 1*RCHAR

   A "token" is a string whose precise meaning depends upon the context
   in which it is used.  In some cases it will be a value from a set of
   possible values maintained elsewhere.  In others it might be a string
   invented by one party to an FTP conversation from whatever sources it
   finds relevant.

   Note that in ABNF, string literals are case insensitive.  That
   convention is preserved in this document, and implies that FTP
   commands added by this specification have names that can be
   represented in any case.  That is, "MDTM" is the same as "mdtm",
   "Mdtm" and "MdTm" etc.  However note that ALPHA, in particular, is
   case sensitive.  That implies that a "token" is a case sensitive
   value.  That implication is correct.

2.2. Pathnames

   Various FTP commands take pathnames as arguments, or return pathnames
   in responses.  When the MLST command is supported, as indicated in
   the response to the FEAT command [6], pathnames are to be transferred
   in one of the following two formats.

        pathname       = utf-8-name / raw
        utf-8-name     = <a UTF-8 encoded Unicode string>
        raw            = <any string not being a valid UTF-8 encoding>

   Which format is used is at the option of the user-PI or server-PI
   sending the pathname.  UTF-8 encodings [2] contain enough internal
   structure that it is always, in practice, possible to determine



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   whether a UTF-8 or raw encoding has been used, in those cases where
   it matters.  While it is useful for the user-PI to be able to
   correctly display a pathname received from the server-PI to the user,
   it is far more important for the user-PI to be able to retain and
   retransmit the identical pathname when required.  Implementations are
   advised against converting a UTF-8 pathname to a local encoding, and
   then attempting to invert the encoding later.  Note that ASCII is a
   subset of UTF-8.

   Unless otherwise specified, the pathname is terminated by the CRLF
   that terminates the FTP command, or by the CRLF that ends a reply.
   Any trailing spaces preceding that CRLF form part of the name.
   Exactly one space will precede the pathname and serve as a separator
   from the preceding syntax element.  Any additional spaces form part
   of the pathname.  See [7] for a fuller explanation of the character
   encoding issues.  All implementations supporting MLST MUST support
   [7].

   Implementations should also beware that the control connection uses
   Telnet NVT conventions [8], and that the Telnet IAC character, if
   part of a pathname sent over the control connection, MUST be
   correctly escaped as defined by the Telnet protocol.

   Implementors should also be aware that although Telnet NVT
   conventions are used over the control connections, Telnet option
   negotiation MUST NOT be attempted.  See section 4.1.2.12 of [9].

2.2.1. Pathname Syntax

   Except where TVFS is supported (see section 7) this specification
   imposes no syntax upon pathnames.  Nor does it restrict the the
   character set from which pathnames are created.  This does not imply
   that the NVFS is required to make sense of all possible pathnames.
   Server-PIs may restrict the syntax of valid pathnames in their NVFS
   in any manner appropriate to their implementation or underlying
   filesystem.  Similarly, a server-PI may parse the pathname, and
   assign meaning to the components detected.

2.2.2. Wildcarding

   For the commands defined in this specification, all pathnames are to
   be treated literally.  That is, for a pathname given as a parameter
   to a command, the file whose name is identical to the pathname given
   is implied.  No characters from the pathname may be treated as
   special or "magic", thus no pattern matching (other than for exact
   equality) between the pathname given and the files present in the
   NVFS of the Server-FTP is permitted.




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   Clients that desire some form of pattern matching functionality must
   obtain a listing of the relevant directory, or directories, and
   implement their own filename selection procedures.

2.3. Times

   The syntax of a time value is:

        time-val       = 12DIGIT [ "." 1*DIGIT ]

   The leading, mandatory, twelve digits are to be interpreted as, in
   order from the leftmost, four digits giving the year, with a range of
   1000-9999, two digits giving the month of the year, with a range of
   01-12, two digits giving the day of the month, with a range of 01-31,
   two digits giving the hour of the day, with a range of 00-23, two
   digits giving minutes past the hour, with a range of 00-59, and
   finally, two digits giving seconds past the minute, with a range of
   00-60 (with 60 being used only at a leap second).  Years in the tenth
   century, and earlier, cannot be expressed.  This is not considered a
   serious defect of the protocol.

   The optional digits, which are preceded by a period, give decimal
   fractions of a second.  These may be given to whatever precision is
   appropriate to the circumstance, however implementations MUST NOT add
   precision to time-vals where that precision does not exist in the
   underlying value being transmitted.

   Symbolically, a time-val may be viewed as

        YYYYMMDDHHMMSS.sss

   The "." and subsequent digits are optional.

   Time values are always represented in UTC (GMT), and in the Gregorian
   calendar regardless of what calendar may have been in use at the date
   and time indicated at the location of the server-PI.

   The technical differences between GMT, TAI, UTC, UT1, UT2, etc, are
   not considered here.  A server-FTP process should always use the same
   time reference, so the times it returns will be consistent.  Clients
   are not expected to be time synchronized with the server, so the
   possible difference in times that might be reported by the different
   time standards is not considered important.








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2.4. Server Replies

   Section 4.2 of [3] defines the format and meaning of replies by the
   server-PI to FTP commands from the user-PI.  Those reply conventions
   are used here without change.

        error-response = error-code SP *TCHAR CRLF
        error-code     = ("4" / "5") 2DIGIT

   Implementors should note that the ABNF syntax (which was not used in
   [3]) used in this document, and other FTP related documents,
   sometimes shows replies using the one line format.  Unless otherwise
   explicitly stated, that is not intended to imply that multi-line
   responses are not permitted.  Implementors should assume that, unless
   stated to the contrary, any reply to any FTP command (including QUIT)
   may be of the multiline format described in [3].

   Throughout this document, replies will be identified by the three
   digit code that is their first element.  Thus the term "500 reply"
   means a reply from the server-PI using the three digit code "500".

3. File Modification Time (MDTM)

   The FTP command, MODIFICATION TIME (MDTM), can be used to determine
   when a file in the server NVFS was last modified.  This command has
   existed in many FTP servers for many years, as an adjunct to the REST
   command for STREAM mode, thus is widely available.  However, where
   supported, the "mtime" fact which can be provided in the result from
   the new MLST command is recommended as a superior alternative.

   When attempting to restart a RETRieve, if the User FTP makes use of
   the MDTM command, or "mtime" fact, it can check and see if the
   modification time of the source file is more recent than the
   modification time of the partially transferred file.  If it is, then
   most likely the source file has changed and it would be unsafe to
   restart in the middle of the file transfer.

   When attempting to restart a STORe, the User FTP can use the MDTM
   command to discover the modification time of the partially
   transferred file.  If it is older than the modification time of the
   file that is about to be STORed, then most likely the source file has
   changed and it would be unsafe to restart in the middle of the file
   transfer.

   Note that using MLST (described below) where available, can provide
   this information, and much more, thus giving an even better
   indication that a file has changed, and that restarting a transfer
   would not give valid results.



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   Note that this is applicable to any RESTart attempt, regardless of
   the mode of the file transfer.

3.1. Syntax

   The syntax for the MDTM command is:

        mdtm          = "MdTm" SP pathname CRLF

   As with all FTP commands, the "MDTM" command label is interpreted in
   a case insensitive manner.

   The "pathname" specifies an object in the NVFS which may be the
   object of a RETR command.  Attempts to query the modification time of
   files that are unable to be retrieved generate undefined responses.

   The server-PI will respond to the MDTM command with a 213 reply
   giving the last modification time of the file whose pathname was
   supplied, or a 550 reply if the file does not exist, the modification
   time is unavailable, or some other error has occurred.

        mdtm-response = "213" SP time-val CRLF /
                        error-response

3.2. Error responses

   Where the command is correctly parsed, but the modification time is
   not available, either because the pathname identifies no existing
   entity, or because the information is not available for the entity
   named, then a 550 reply should be sent.  Where the command cannot be
   correctly parsed, a 500 or 501 reply should be sent, as specified in
   [3].

3.3. FEAT response for MDTM

   When replying to the FEAT command [6], a FTP server process that
   supports the MDTM command MUST include a line containing the single
   word "MDTM".  This MAY be sent in upper or lower case, or a mixture
   of both (it is case insensitive) but SHOULD be transmitted in upper
   case only.  That is, the response SHOULD be

        C> Feat
        S> 211- <any descriptive text>
        S>  ...
        S>  MDTM
        S>  ...
        S> 211 End




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   The ellipses indicate placeholders where other features may be
   included, and are not required.  The one space indentation of the
   feature lines is mandatory [6].

3.4. MDTM Examples

   If we assume the existence of three files, A B and C, and a directory
   D, and no other files at all, then the MTDM command may behave as
   indicated.  The "C>" lines are commands from user-PI to server-PI,
   the "S>" lines are server-PI replies.

        C> MDTM A
        S> 213 19980615100045.014
        C> MDTM B
        S> 213 19980615100045.014
        C> MDTM C
        S> 213 19980705132316
        C> MDTM D
        S> 550 D is not retrievable
        C> MDTM E
        S> 550 No file named "E"

   From that we can conclude that both A and B were last modified at the
   same time (to the nearest millisecond), and that C was modified 21
   days and several hours later.

   The times are in GMT, so file A was modified on the 15th of June,
   1998, at approximately 11am in London (summer time was then in
   effect), or perhaps at 8pm in Melbourne, Australia, or at 6am in New
   York.  All of those represent the same absolute time of course.  The
   location where the file was modified, and consequently the local wall
   clock time at that location, is not available.

4. File SIZE

   The FTP command, SIZE OF FILE (SIZE), is used to obtain the transfer
   size of a file from the server-FTP process.  That is, the exact
   number of octets (8 bit bytes) which would be transmitted over the
   data connection should that file be transmitted.  This value will
   change depending on the current STRUcture, MODE and TYPE of the data
   connection, or a data connection which would be created were one
   created now.  Thus, the result of the SIZE command is dependent on
   the currently established STRU, MODE and TYPE parameters.

   The SIZE command returns how many octets would be transferred if the
   file were to be transferred using the current transfer structure,
   mode and type.  This command is normally used in conjunction with the
   RESTART (REST) command.  The server-PI might need to read the



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   partially transferred file, do any appropriate conversion, and count
   the number of octets that would be generated when sending the file in
   order to correctly respond to this command.  Estimates of the file
   transfer size MUST NOT be returned, only precise information is
   acceptable.

4.1. Syntax

   The syntax of the SIZE command is:

        size          = "Size" SP pathname CRLF

   The server-PI will respond to the SIZE command with a 213 reply
   giving the transfer size of the file whose pathname was supplied, or
   an error response if the file does not exist, the size is
   unavailable, or some other error has occurred.  The value returned is
   in a format suitable for use with the RESTART (REST) command for mode
   STREAM, provided the transfer mode and type are not altered.

        size-response = "213" SP 1*DIGIT CRLF /
                        error-response

4.2. Error responses

   Where the command is correctly parsed, but the size is not available,
   either because the pathname identifies no existing entity, or because
   the entity named cannot be transferred in the current MODE and TYPE
   (or at all), then a 550 reply should be sent.  Where the command
   cannot be correctly parsed, a 500 or 501 reply should be sent, as
   specified in [3].

4.3. FEAT response for SIZE

   When replying to the FEAT command [6], a FTP server process that
   supports the SIZE command MUST include a line containing the single
   word "SIZE".  This word is case insensitive, and MAY be sent in any
   mixture of upper or lower case, however it SHOULD be sent in upper
   case.  That is, the response SHOULD be

        C> FEAT
        S> 211- <any descriptive text>
        S>  ...
        S>  SIZE
        S>  ...
        S> 211 END






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   The ellipses indicate placeholders where other features may be
   included, and are not required.  The one space indentation of the
   feature lines is mandatory [6].

4.4. Size Examples

   Consider a text file "A" stored on a Unix(TM) server where each end
   of line is represented by a single octet.  Assume the file contains
   112 lines, and 1830 octets total.  Then the SIZE command would
   produce:

        C> TYPE I
        S> 200 Type set to I.
        C> size A
        S> 213 1830
        C> TYPE A
        S> 200 Type set to A.
        C> Size A
        S> 213 1942

   Notice that with TYPE=A the SIZE command reports an extra 112 octets.
   Those are the extra octets that need to be inserted, one at the end
   of each line, to provide correct end of line semantics for a transfer
   using TYPE=A.  Other systems might need to make other changes to the
   transfer format of files when converting between TYPEs and MODEs.
   The SIZE command takes all of that into account.

   Since calculating the size of a file with this degree of precision
   may take considerable effort on the part of the server-PI, user-PIs
   should not used this command unless this precision is essential (such
   as when about to restart an interrupted transfer).  For other uses,
   the "Size" fact of the MLST command (see section 8.5.7) ought be
   requested.

5. Restart of Interrupted Transfer (REST)

   To avoid having to resend the entire file if the file is only
   partially transferred, both sides need some way to be able to agree
   on where in the data stream to restart the data transfer.

   The FTP specification [3] includes three modes of data transfer,
   Stream, Block and Compressed.  In Block and Compressed modes, the
   data stream that is transferred over the data connection is
   formatted, allowing the embedding of restart markers into the stream.
   The sending DTP can include a restart marker with whatever
   information it needs to be able to restart a file transfer at that
   point.  The receiving DTP can keep a list of these restart markers,
   and correlate them with how the file is being saved.  To restart the



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   file transfer, the receiver just sends back that last restart marker,
   and both sides know how to resume the data transfer.  Note that there
   are some flaws in the description of the restart mechanism in RFC 959
   [3].  See section 4.1.3.4 of RFC 1123 [9] for the corrections.

5.1. Restarting in STREAM Mode

   In Stream mode, the data connection contains just a stream of
   unformatted octets of data.  Explicit restart markers thus cannot be
   inserted into the data stream, they would be indistinguishable from
   data.  For this reason, the FTP specification [3] did not provide the
   ability to do restarts in stream mode.  However, there is not really
   a need to have explicit restart markers in this case, as restart
   markers can be implied by the octet offset into the data stream.

   Because the data stream defines the file in STREAM mode, a different
   data stream would represent a different file.  Thus, an offset will
   always represent the same position within a file.  On the other hand,
   in other modes than STREAM, the same file can be transferred using
   quite different octet sequences, and yet be reconstructed into the
   one identical file.  Thus an offset into the data stream in transfer
   modes other than STREAM would not give an unambiguous restart point.

   If the data representation TYPE is IMAGE, and the STRUcture is File,
   for many systems the file will be stored exactly in the same format
   as it is sent across the data connection.  It is then usually very
   easy for the receiver to determine how much data was previously
   received, and notify the sender the offset where the transfer should
   be restarted.  In other representation types and structures more
   effort will be required, but it remains always possible to determine
   the offset with finite, but perhaps non-negligible, effort.  In the
   worst case an FTP process may need to open a data connection to
   itself, set the appropriate transfer type and structure, and actually
   transmit the file, counting the transmitted octets.

   If the user-FTP process is intending to restart a retrieve, it will
   directly calculate the restart marker, and send that information in
   the RESTart command.  However, if the user-FTP process is intending
   to restart sending the file, it needs to be able to determine how
   much data was previously sent, and correctly received and saved.  A
   new FTP command is needed to get this information.  This is the
   purpose of the SIZE command, as documented in section 4.









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5.2. Error Recovery and Restart

   STREAM MODE transfers with FILE STRUcture may be restarted even
   though no restart marker has been transferred in addition to the data
   itself.  This is done by using the SIZE command, if needed, in
   combination with the RESTART (REST) command, and one of the standard
   file transfer commands.

   When using TYPE ASCII or IMAGE, the SIZE command will return the
   number of octets that would actually be transferred if the file were
   to be sent between the two systems.  I.e. with type IMAGE, the SIZE
   normally would be the number of octets in the file.  With type ASCII,
   the SIZE would be the number of octets in the file including any
   modifications required to satisfy the TYPE ASCII CR-LF end of line
   convention.

5.3. Syntax

   The syntax for the REST command when the current transfer mode is
   STREAM is:

        rest          = "Rest" SP 1*DIGIT CRLF

   The numeric value gives the number of octets of the immediately
   following transfer to not actually send, effectively causing the
   transmission to be restarted at a later point.  A value of zero
   effectively disables restart, causing the entire file to be
   transmitted.  The server-PI will respond to the REST command with a
   350 reply, indicating that the REST parameter has been saved, and
   that another command, which should be either RETR or STOR, should
   then follow to complete the restart.

        rest-response = "350" SP *TCHAR CRLF /
                        error-response

   Server-FTP processes may permit transfer commands other than RETR and
   STOR, such as APPE and STOU, to complete a restart, however, this is
   not recommended.  STOU (store unique) is undefined in this usage, as
   storing the remainder of a file into a unique filename is rarely
   going to be useful.  If APPE (append) is permitted, it MUST act
   identically to STOR when a restart marker has been set.  That is, in
   both cases, octets from the data connection are placed into the file
   at the location indicated by the restart marker value.

   The REST command must be the last command issued before the data
   transfer command which is to cause a restarted rather than complete
   file transfer.  The effect of issuing a REST command at any other
   time is undefined.  The server-PI may react to a badly positioned



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   REST command by issuing an error response to the following command,
   not being a restartable data transfer command, or it may save the
   restart value and apply it to the next data transfer command, or it
   may silently ignore the inappropriate restart attempt.  Because of
   this, a user-PI that has issued a REST command, but which has not
   successfully transmitted the following data transfer command for any
   reason, should send another REST command before the next data
   transfer command.  If that transfer is not to be restarted, then
   "REST 0" should be issued.

   An error-response will follow a REST command only when the server
   does not implement the command, or the restart marker value is
   syntactically invalid for the current transfer mode.  That is, in
   STREAM mode, if something other than one or more digits appears in
   the parameter to the REST command.  Any other errors, including such
   problems as restart marker out of range, should be reported when the
   following transfer command is issued.  Such errors will cause that
   transfer request to be rejected with an error indicating the invalid
   restart attempt.

5.4. FEAT response for REST

   Where a server-FTP process supports RESTart in STREAM mode, as
   specified here, it MUST include in the response to the FEAT command
   [6], a line containing exactly the string "REST STREAM".  This string
   is not case sensitive, but SHOULD be transmitted in upper case.
   Where REST is not supported at all, or supported only in block or
   compressed modes, the REST line MUST NOT be included in the FEAT
   response.  Where required, the response SHOULD be

        C> feat
        S> 211- <any descriptive text>
        S>  ...
        S>  REST STREAM
        S>  ...
        S> 211 end

   The ellipses indicate placeholders where other features may be
   included, and are not required.  The one space indentation of the
   feature lines is mandatory [6].











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5.5. REST Example

   Assume that the transfer of a largish file has previously been
   interrupted after 802816 octets had been received, that the previous
   transfer was with TYPE=I, and that it has been verified that the file
   on the server has not since changed.

        C> TYPE I
        S> 200 Type set to I.
        C> PORT 127,0,0,1,15,107
        S> 200 PORT command successful.
        C> REST 802816
        S> 350 Restarting at 802816. Send STORE or RETRIEVE
        C> RETR cap60.pl198.tar
        S> 150 Opening BINARY mode data connection
        [...]
        S> 226 Transfer complete.

6. Virtual FTP servers

   It has become common in the Internet for many domain names to be
   allocated to a single IP address.  This has introduced the concept of
   a "virtual host", where a host appears to exist as an independent
   entity, but in reality shares all of its resources with one, or more,
   other such hosts.

   Such an arrangement presents some problems for FTP Servers, as all
   the FTP Server can detect is an incoming FTP connection to a
   particular IP address.  That is, all domain names which share the IP
   address also share the FTP server, and more importantly, its NVFS.
   This means that the various virtual hosts cannot offer different
   virtual file systems to clients, nor can they offer different
   authentication systems.

   No scheme can overcome this without modifications of some kind to the
   user-PI and the user-FTP process.  That process is the only entity
   that knows which virtual host is required.  It has performed the
   domain name to IP address translation, and thus has the original
   domain name available.

   One method which could be used to allow a style of virtual host would
   be for the client to simply send a "CWD" command after connecting,
   using the virtual host name as the argument to the CWD command.  This
   would allow the server-FTP process to implement the filestores of the
   virtual hosts as sub-directories in its NVFS.  This is simple, and
   supported by essentially all server-FTP implementations without
   requiring any code changes.




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   While that method is simple to describe, and to implement, it suffers
   from several drawbacks.  First, the "CWD" command is available only
   after the user-PI has authenticated itself to the server-FTP process.
   Thus, all virtual hosts would be required to share a common
   authentication scheme.  Second, either the server-FTP process needs
   to be modified to understand the special nature of this first CWD
   command, negating most of the advantage of this scheme, or all users
   must see the same identical NVFS view upon connecting (they must
   connect in the same initial directory) or the NVFS must implement the
   full set of virtual host directories at each possible initial
   directory for any possible user, or the virtual host will not be
   truly transparent.  Third, and again unless the server is specially
   modified, a user connecting this way to a virtual host would be able
   to trivially move to any other virtual host supported at the same
   server-FTP process, exposing the nature of the virtual host.

   Other schemes overloading other existing FTP commands have also been
   proposed.  None of those have sufficient merit to be worth
   discussion.

   The conclusion from the examination of the possibilities seems to be
   that to obtain an adequate emulation of "real" FTP servers, server
   modifications to support virtual hosts are required.  A new command
   seems most likely to provide the support required.

6.1. The HOST command

   A new command "HOST" is added to the FTP command set to allow
   server-FTP process to determine to which of possibly many virtual
   hosts the client wishes to connect.  This command is intended to be
   issued before the user is authenticated, allowing the authentication
   scheme, and set of legal users, to be dependent upon the virtual host
   chosen.  Server-FTP processes may, if they desire, permit the HOST
   command to be issued after the user has been authenticated, or may
   treat that as an erroneous sequence of commands.  The behavior of the
   server-FTP process which does allow late HOST commands is undefined.
   One reasonable interpretation would be for the user-PI to be returned
   to the state it existed after the TCP connection was first
   established, before user authentication.

   Servers should note that the response to the HOST command is the
   ideal time to send their "welcome" message.  This allows the message
   to be personalized for any virtual hosts that are supported, and also
   allows the client to have determined supported languages, or
   representations, for the message, and other messages, via the FEAT
   response, and selected an appropriate one via the OPTS command.  See
   [7] for more information.




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6.2. Syntax of the HOST command

   The HOST command is defined as follows.

        host-command     = "Host" SP hostname CRLF
        hostname         = 1*DNCHAR 1*( "." 1*DNCHAR ) [ "." ]
        DNCHAR           = ALPHA / DIGIT / "-" / "_" / "$" /
                           "!" / "%" / "[" / "]" / ":"
        host-response    = host-ok / error-response
        host-ok          = "234" [ SP *TCHAR ] CRLF

   As with all FTP commands, the "host" command word is case
   independent, and may be specified in any character case desired.

   The "hostname" given as a parameter specifies the virtual host to
   which access is desired.  It should normally be the same name that
   was used to obtain the IP address to which the FTP control connection
   was made, after any client conversions to convert an abbreviated or
   local alias to a complete (fully qualified) domain name, but before
   resolving a DNS alias (owner of a CNAME resource record) to its
   canonical name.

   If the client was given a network literal address, and consequently
   was not required to derive it from a hostname, it should send the
   HOST command with the network address, as specified to it, enclosed
   in brackets (after eliminating any syntax, which might also be
   brackets, but is not required to be, from which the server deduced
   that a literal address had been specified.) That is, for example

                         HOST [10.1.2.3]

   should be sent if the client had been instructed to connect to
   "10.1.2.3", or "[10.1.2.3]", or perhaps even IPv4:10.1.2.3.  The
   method of indicating to a client that a literal address is to be used
   is beyond the scope of this specification.

   The parameter is otherwise to be treated as a "complete domain name",
   as that term is defined in section 3.1 of RFC 1034 [10].  That
   implies that the name is to be treated as a case independent string,
   in that upper case ASCII characters are to be treated as equivalent
   to the corresponding lower case ASCII characters, but otherwise
   preserved as given.  It also implies some limits on the length of the
   parameter and of the components that create its internal structure.
   Those limits are not altered in any way here.

   RFC 1034 imposes no other restrictions upon what kinds of names can
   be stored in the DNS.  Nor does RFC 1035.  This specification,
   however, allows only a restricted set of names for the purposes of



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   the HOST command.  Those restrictions can be inferred from the ABNF
   grammar given for the "hostname".

6.3. HOST command semantics

   Upon receiving the HOST command, before authenticating the user-PI, a
   server-FTP process should validate that the hostname given represents
   a valid virtual host for that server, and if so, establish the
   appropriate environment for that virtual host.  The meaning of that
   is not specified here, and may range from doing nothing at all, or
   performing a simple change of working directory, to much more
   elaborate state changes, as required.

   If the hostname specified is unknown at the server, or if the server
   is otherwise unwilling to treat the particular connection as a
   connection to the hostname specified, the server will respond with a
   504 reply.

   Note: servers may require that the name specified is in some sense
   equivalent to the particular network address that was used to reach
   the server.

6.3.1. The REIN command

   As specified in [3], the REIN command returns the state of the
   connection to that it was immediately after the transport connection
   was opened.  That is not changed here.  The effect of a HOST command
   will be lost if a REIN command is performed, a new HOST command must
   be issued.

6.3.2. User-PI usage of HOST

   A user-PI that conforms to this specification, MUST send the HOST
   command after opening the transport connection, or after any REIN
   command, before attempting to authenticate the user with the USER
   command.

   The following state diagram shows a typical sequence of flow of
   control, where the "B" (begin) state is assumed to occur after the
   transport connection has opened, or a REIN command has succeeded.
   Other commands (such as FEAT [6]) which require no authentication may
   have intervened.  This diagram is modeled upon (and largely borrowed
   from) the similar diagram in section 6 of [3].

   In this diagram, a three digit reply indicates that precise server
   reply code, a single digit on a reply path indicates any server reply
   beginning with that digit, other than any three digit replies that
   might take another path.



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              +---+   HOST    +---+ 1,3,5
              | B |---------->| W |-----------------
              +---+           +---+                 |
                               | |                  |
                     2,500,502 | | 4,501,503,504    |
                 --------------   -------------     |
                |                              |    |
                V                   1          |    V
              +---+   USER    +---+-------------->+---+
              |   |---------->| W | 2       ----->| E |
              +---+           +---+------  |  --->+---+
                               | |       | | | |
                             3 | | 4,5   | | | |
                 --------------   -----  | | | |
                |                      | | | | |
                |                      | | | | |
                |                 ---------  | |
                |               1|     | |   | |
                V                |     | |   | |
              +---+   PASS    +---+ 2  |  ------->+---+
              |   |---------->| W |-------------->| S |
              +---+           +---+   ----------->+---+
                               | |   | |     | |
                             3 | |4,5| |     | |
                 --------------   --------   | |
                |                    | |  |  |  ----
                |                    | |  |  |      |
                |                 -----------       |
                |             1,3|   | |  |         |
                V                |  2| |  |         V
              +---+   ACCT    +---+--  |   ------>+---+
              |   |---------->| W | 4,5 --------->| F |
              +---+           +---+-------------->+---+

6.4. HOST command errors

   The server-PI shall reply with a 500 or 502 reply if the HOST command
   is unrecognized or unimplemented.  A 503 reply may be sent if the
   HOST command is given after a previous HOST command, or after a user
   has been authenticated.  Alternately, the server may accept the
   command at such a time, with server defined behavior.  A 501 reply
   should be sent if the hostname given is syntactically invalid, and a
   504 reply if a syntactically valid hostname is not a valid virtual
   host name for the server.

   In all such cases the server-FTP process should act as if no HOST
   command had been given.



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   A user-PI receiving a 500 or 502 reply should assume that the
   server-PI does not implement the HOST command style virtual server.
   It may then proceed to login as if the HOST command had succeeded,
   and perhaps, attempt a CWD command to the hostname after
   authenticating the user.

   A user-PI receiving some other error reply should assume that the
   virtual HOST is unavailable, and terminate communications.

   A server-PI that receives a USER command, beginning the
   authentication sequence, without having received a HOST command MUST
   NOT reject the USER command.  Clients conforming to earlier FTP
   specifications do not send HOST commands.  In this case the server
   may act as if some default virtual host had been explicitly selected,
   or may enter an environment different from that of all supported
   virtual hosts, perhaps one in which a union of all available accounts
   exists, and which presents a NVFS which appears to contain sub-
   directories containing the NVFS for all virtual hosts supported.

6.5. FEAT response for HOST command

   A server-FTP process that supports the host command, and virtual FTP
   servers, MUST include in the response to the FEAT command [6], a
   feature line indicating that the HOST command is supported.  This
   line should contain the single word "HOST".  This MAY be sent in
   upper or lower case, or a mixture of both (it is case insensitive)
   but SHOULD be transmitted in upper case only.  That is, the response
   SHOULD be

        C> Feat
        S> 211- <any descriptive text>
        S>  ...
        S>  HOST
        S>  ...
        S> 211 End

   The ellipses indicate placeholders where other features may be
   included, and are not required.  The one space indentation of the
   feature lines is mandatory [6].












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7. A Trivial Virtual File Store (TVFS)

   Traditionally, FTP has placed almost no constraints upon the file
   store (NVFS) provided by a server.  This specification does not alter
   that.  However, it has become common for servers to attempt to
   provide at least file system naming conventions modeled loosely upon
   those of the UNIX(TM) filesystem.  That is, a tree structured
   filesystem, built of directories, each of which can contain other
   directories, or other kinds of files, or both.  Each file and
   directory has a file name relative to the directory that contains it,
   except for the directory at the root of the tree, which is contained
   in no other directory, and hence has no name of its own.

   That which has so far been described is perfectly consistent with the
   standard FTP NVFS and access mechanisms.  The "CWD" command is used
   to move from one directory to an embedded directory.  "CDUP" may be
   provided to return to the parent directory, and the various file
   manipulation commands ("RETR", "STOR", the rename commands, etc) are
   used to manipulate files within the current directory.

   However, it is often useful to be able to reference files other than
   by changing directories, especially as FTP provides no guaranteed
   mechanism to return to a previous directory.  The Trivial Virtual
   File Store (TVFS), if implemented, provides that mechanism.

7.1. TVFS File Names

   Where a server implements the TVFS, no elementary filename shall
   contain the character "/".  Where the underlying natural file store
   permits files, or directories, to contain the "/" character in their
   names, a server-PI implementing TVFS must encode that character in
   some manner whenever file or directory names are being returned to
   the user-PI, and reverse that encoding whenever such names are being
   accepted from the user-PI.

   The encoding method to be used is not specified here.  Where some
   other character is illegal in file and directory names in the
   underlying filestore, a simple transliteration may be sufficient.
   Where there is no suitable substitute character a more complex
   encoding scheme, possibly using an escape character, is likely to be
   required.

   With the one exception of the unnamed root directory, a TVFS file
   name may not be empty.  That is, all other file names contain at
   least one character.

   With the sole exception of the "/" character, any valid IS10646
   character [11] may be used in a TVFS filename.  When transmitted,



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   file name characters are encoded using the UTF-8 encoding [2].

7.2. TVFS Path Names

   A TVFS "Path Name" combines the file or directory name of a target
   file or directory, with the directory names of zero or more enclosing
   directories, so as to allow the target file or directory to be
   referenced other than when the server's "current working directory"
   is the directory directly containing the target file or directory.

   By definition, every TVFS file or directory name is also a TVFS path
   name.  Such a path name is valid to reference the file from the
   directory containing the name, that is, when that directory is the
   server-FTP's current working directory.

   Other TVFS path names are constructed by prefixing a path name by a
   name of a directory from which the path is valid, and separating the
   two with the "/" character.  Such a path name is valid to reference
   the file or directory from the directory containing the newly added
   directory name.

   Where a path name has been extended to the point where the directory
   added is the unnamed root directory, the path name will begin with
   the "/" character.  Such a path is known as a fully qualified path
   name.  Fully qualified paths may, obviously, not be further extended,
   as, by definition, no directory contains the root directory.  Being
   unnamed, it cannot be represented in any other directory.  A fully
   qualified path name is valid to reference the named file or directory
   from any location (that is, regardless of what the current working
   directory may be) in the virtual file store.

   Any path name which is not a fully qualified path name may be
   referred to as a "relative path name" and will only correctly
   reference the intended file when the current working directory of the
   server-FTP is a directory from which the relative path name is valid.

   As a special case, the path name "/" is defined to be a fully
   qualified path name referring to the root directory.  That is, the
   root directory does not have a directory (or file) name, but does
   have a path name.  This special path name may be used only as is as a
   reference to the root directory.  It may not be combined with other
   path names using the rules above, as doing so would lead to a path
   name containing two consecutive "/" characters, which is an undefined
   sequence.







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7.2.1. Notes

     + It is not required, or expected, that there be only one fully
       qualified path name that will reference any particular file or
       directory.
     + As a caveat, though the TVFS file store is basically tree
       structured, there is no requirement that any file or directory
       have only one parent directory.
     + As defined, no TVFS path name will ever contain two consecutive
       "/" characters.  Such a name is not illegal however, and may be
       defined by the server for any purpose that suits it.  Clients
       implementing this specification should not assume any semantics
       at all for such names.
     + Similarly, other than the special case path that refers to the
       root directory, no TVFS path name constructed as defined here
       will ever end with the "/" character.  Such names are also not
       illegal, but are undefined.
     + While any legal IS10646 character is permitted to occur in a TVFS
       file or directory name, other than "/", server FTP
       implementations are not required to support all possible IS10646
       characters.  The subset supported is entirely at the discretion
       of the server.  The case (where it exists) of the characters that
       make up file, directory, and path names may be significant.
       Unless determined otherwise by means unspecified here, clients
       should assume that all such names are comprised of characters
       whose case is significant.  Servers are free to treat case (or
       any other attribute) of a name as irrelevant, and hence map two
       names which appear to be distinct onto the same underlying file.
     + There are no defined "magic" names, like ".", ".." or "C:".
       Servers may implement such names, with any semantics they choose,
       but are not required to do so.
     + TVFS imposes no particular semantics or properties upon files,
       guarantees no access control schemes, or any of the other common
       properties of a file store.  Only the naming scheme is defined.

7.3. FEAT Response for TVFS

   In response to the the FEAT command [6] a server that wishes to
   indicate support for the TVFS as defined here will include a line
   that begins with the four characters "TVFS" (in any case, or mixture
   of cases, upper case is not required).  Servers SHOULD send upper
   case.

   Such a response to the FEAT command MUST NOT be returned unless the
   server implements TVFS as defined here.

   Later specifications may add to the TVFS definition.  Such additions
   should be notified by means of additional text appended to the TVFS



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   feature line.  Such specifications, if any, will define the extra
   text.

   Until such a specification is defined, servers should not include
   anything after "TVFS" in the TVFS feature line.  Clients, however,
   should be prepared to deal with arbitrary text following the four
   defined characters, and simply ignore it if unrecognized.

   A typical response to the FEAT command issued by a server
   implementing only this specification would be:

        C> feat
        S> 211- <any descriptive text>
        S>  ...
        S>  TVFS
        S>  ...
        S> 211 end

   The ellipses indicate placeholders where other features may be
   included, and are not required.  The one space indentation of the
   feature lines is mandatory [6], and is not counted as one of the
   first four characters for the purposes of this feature listing.

   The TVFS feature adds no new commands to the FTP command repertoire.

7.4. OPTS for TVFS

   There are no options in this TVFS specification, and hence there is
   no OPTS command defined.

7.5. TVFS Examples

   Assume a TVFS file store is comprised of a root directory, which
   contains two directories (A and B) and two non-directory files (X and
   Y).  The A directory contains two directories (C and D) and one other
   file (Z).  The B directory contains just two non-directory files (P
   and Q) and the C directory also two non-directory files (also named P
   and Q, by chance).  The D directory is empty, that is, contains no
   files or directories.












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           This structure may depicted graphically as...

                              (unnamed root)
                                /  |  \   \
                               /   |   \   \
                              A    X    B   Y
                             /|\       / \
                            / | \     /   \
                           C  D  Z   P     Q
                          / \
                         /   \
                        P     Q



   Given this structure, the following fully qualified path names exist.

        /
        /A
        /B
        /X
        /Y
        /A/C
        /A/D
        /A/Z
        /A/C/P
        /A/C/Q
        /B/P
        /B/Q

   It is clear that none of the paths / /A /B or /A/D refer to the same
   directory, as the contents of each is different.  Nor do any of / /A
   /A/C or /A/D.  However /A/C and /B might be the same directory, there
   is insufficient information given to tell.  Any of the other path
   names (/X /Y /A/Z /A/C/P /A/C/Q /B/P and /B/Q) may refer to the same
   underlying files, in almost any combination.

   If the current working directory of the server-FTP is /A then the
   following path names, in addition to all the fully qualified path
   names, are valid

        C
        D
        Z
        C/P
        C/Q



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   These all refer to the same files or directories as the corresponding
   fully qualified path with "/A/" prepended.

   That those path names all exist does not imply that the TVFS sever
   will necessarily grant any kind of access rights to the named paths,
   or that access to the same file via different path names will
   necessarily be granted equal rights.

   None of the following relative paths are valid when the current
   directory is /A

        A
        B
        X
        Y
        B/P
        B/Q
        P
        Q

   Any of those could be made valid by changing the server-FTP's current
   working directory to the appropriate directory.  Note that the paths
   "P" and "Q" might refer to different files depending upon which
   directory is selected to cause those to become valid TVFS relative
   paths.

8. Listings for Machine Processing (MLST and MLSD)

   The MLST and MLSD commands are intended to standardize the file and
   directory information returned by the Server-FTP process.  These
   commands differ from the LIST command in that the format of the
   replies is strictly defined although extensible.

   Two commands are defined, MLST which provides data about exactly the
   object named on its command line, and no others.  MLSD on the other
   hand will list the contents of a directory if a directory is named,
   otherwise a 501 reply will be returned.  In either case, if no object
   is named, the current directory is assumed.  That will cause MLST to
   send a one line response, describing the current directory itself,
   and MLSD to list the contents of the current directory.

   In the following, the term MLSx will be used wherever either MLST or
   MLSD may be inserted.

   The MLST and MLSD commands also extend the FTP protocol as presented
   in RFC 959 [3] and RFC 1123 [9] to allow that transmission of 8-bit
   data over the control connection.  Note this is not specifying
   character sets which are 8-bit, but specifying that FTP



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   implementations are to specifically allow the transmission and
   reception of 8-bit bytes, with all bits significant, over the control
   connection.  That is, all 256 possible octet values are permitted.
   The MLSx command allows both UTF-8/Unicode and "raw" forms as
   arguments, and in responses both to the MLST and MLSD commands, and
   all other FTP commands which take pathnames as arguments.

8.1. Format of MLSx Requests

   The MLST and MLSD commands each allow a single optional argument.
   This argument may be either a directory name or, for MLST only, a
   filename.  For these purposes, a "filename" is the name of any entity
   in the server NVFS which is not a directory.  Where TVFS is
   supported, any TVFS relative path name valid in the current working
   directory, or any TVFS fully qualified path name, may be given.  If a
   directory name is given then MLSD must return a listing of the
   contents of the named directory, otherwise it issues a 501 reply, and
   does not open a data connection.  In all cases for MLST, a single
   fact line containing the information about the named file or
   directory shall be returned over the control connection, without
   opening a data connection.

   If no argument is given then MLSD must return a listing of the
   contents of the current working directory, and MLST must return a
   listing giving information about the current working directory
   itself.

   No title, header, or summary, lines, or any other formatting, other
   than as is specified below, is ever returned in the output of an MLST
   or MLSD command.

   If the Client-FTP sends an invalid argument, the Server-FTP MUST
   reply with an error code of 501.

   The syntax for the MLSx command is:

        mlst             = "MLst" [ SP pathname ] CRLF
        mlsd             = "MLsD" [ SP pathname ] CRLF

8.2. Format of MLSx Response

   The format of a response to an MLSx command is as follows:

        mlst-response    = control-response / error-response
        mlsd-response    = ( initial-response final-response ) /
                           error-response





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        control-response = "250-" [ response-message ] CRLF
                           1*( SP entry CRLF )
                           "250" [ SP response-message ] CRLF

        initial-response = "150" [ SP response-message ] CRLF
        final-response   = "226" SP response-message CRLF

        response-message = *TCHAR

        data-response    = *( entry CRLF )

        entry            = [ facts ] SP pathname
        facts            = fact *( ";" fact )
        fact             = factname "=" value
        factname         = "Size" / "Modify" / "Create" /
                           "Type" / "Unique" / "Perm" /
                           "Lang" / "Media-Type" / "CharSet" /
                           os-depend-fact / local-fact
        os-depend-fact   = <IANA assigned OS name> "." 1*RCHAR
        local-fact       = "X." 1*RCHAR
        value            = 1*RCHAR

   Upon receipt of a MLSx command, the server will verify the parameter,
   and if invalid return an error-response.

   If valid, then for an MLST command, the server-PI will send the first
   (leading) line of the control response, the entry for the pathname
   given, or the current directory if no pathname was provided, and the
   terminating line.  Normally exactly one entry would be returned, more
   entries are permitted only when required to represent a file that is
   to have multiple "Type" facts returned.

   Note that for MLST the fact set is preceded by a space.  That is
   provided to guarantee that the fact set cannot be accidentally
   interpreted as the terminating line of the control response, but is
   required even when that would not be possible.  Exactly one space
   exists between the set of facts and the pathname.  Where no facts are
   present, there will be exactly two leading spaces before the
   pathname.  No spaces are permitted in the facts, any other spaces in
   the response are to be treated as being a part of the pathname.

   If the command was an MLSD command, the server will open a data
   connection as indicated in section 3.2 of RFC959 [3].  If that fails,
   the server will return an error-response.  If all is OK, the server
   will return the initial-response, send the appropriate data-response
   over the new data connection, close that connection, and then send
   the final-response over the control connection.  The grammar above
   defines the format for the data-response, which defines the format of



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   the data returned over the data connection established.

   The data connection opened for a MLSD response shall be a connection
   as if the "TYPE L 8", "MODE S", and "STRU F" commands had been given,
   whatever FTP transfer type, mode and structure had actually been set,
   and without causing those settings to be altered for future commands.
   That is, this transfer type shall be set for the duration of the data
   connection established for this command only.  While the content of
   the data sent can be viewed as a series of lines, implementations
   should note that there is no maximum line length defined.
   Implementations should be prepared to deal with arbitrarily long
   lines.

   The facts part of the specification would contain a series of "file
   facts" about the file or directory named on the same line.  Typical
   information to be presented would include file size, last
   modification time, creation time, a unique identifier, and a
   file/directory flag.

   The complete format for a successful reply to the MLSD command would
   be:

        facts SP pathname CRLF
        facts SP pathname CRLF
        facts SP pathname CRLF
        ...

   Note that the format is intended for machine processing, not human
   viewing, and as such the format is very rigid.  Implementations MUST
   NOT vary the format by, for example, inserting extra spaces for
   readability, replacing spaces by tabs, including header or title
   lines, or inserting blank lines, or in any other way alter this
   format.  Exactly one space is always required after the set of facts
   (which may be empty).  More spaces may be present on a line if, and
   only if, the file name presented contains significant spaces.  The
   set of facts must not contain any spaces anywhere inside it.

8.3. Filename encoding

   A FTP implementation supporting the MLSx commands must be 8-bit
   clean.  This is necessary in order to transmit UTF-8 encoded
   filenames.  This specification recommends the use of UTF-8 encoded
   filenames.  FTP implementations SHOULD use UTF-8 whenever possible to
   encourage the maximum interoperability.

   Filenames are not restricted to UTF-8, however treatment of arbitrary
   character encodings is not specified by this standard.  Applications
   are encouraged to treat non-UTF-8 encodings of filenames as octet



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   sequences.

   Note that this encoding is unrelated to that of the contents of the
   file, even if the file contains character data.

   Further information about filename encoding for FTP may be found in
   "Internationalization of the File Transfer Protocol" [7].

8.3.1. Notes about the Filename

   The filename returned in the MLST response should be the same name as
   was specified in the MLST command, or, where TVFS is supported, a
   fully qualified TVFS path naming the same file.  Where no argument
   was given to the MLST command, the server-PI may either include an
   empty filename in the response, or it may supply a name that refers
   to the current directory, if such a name is available.  Where TVFS is
   supported, a fully qualified path name of the current directory
   SHOULD be returned.

   Filenames returned in the output from an MLSD command should be
   unqualified names within the directory named, or the current
   directory if no argument was given.  That is, the directory named in
   the MLSD command SHOULD NOT appear as a component of the filenames
   returned.

   If the server-FTP process is able, and the "type" fact is being
   returned, it MAY return in the MLSD response, an entry whose type is
   "cdir", which names the directory from which the contents of the
   listing were obtained.  Where TVFS is supported, the name may be the
   fully qualified path name of the directory, or may be any other path
   name which is valid to refer to that directory from the current
   working directory of the server-FTP.  Where more than one name
   exists, multiple of these entries may be returned.  In a sense, the
   "cdir" entry can be viewed as a heading for the MLSD output.
   However, it is not required to be the first entry returned, and may
   occur anywhere withing the listing.

   When TVFS is supported, a user-PI can refer to any file or directory
   in the listing by combining a type "cdir" name, with the appropriate
   name from the directory listing using the procedure defined in
   section 7.2.

   Alternatively, whether TVFS is supported or not, the user-PI can
   issue a CWD command ([3]) giving a name of type "cdir" from the
   listing returned, and from that point reference the files returned in
   the MLSD response from which the cdir was obtained by using the
   filename components of the listing.




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8.3.2. Examples

   Once upon a (future) time, examples existed here.

8.4. Format of Facts

   The "facts" for a file in a reply to a MLSx command consist of
   information about that file.  The facts are a series of keyword=value
   pairs separated by semi-colon (";") characters.  An individual fact
   may not contain a semi-colon in its name or value.  The complete
   series of facts may not contain the space character, nor are leading
   nor trailing semi-colons included.

   A sample of a typical series of facts would be: (spread over two
   lines for presentation here only)

        size=4161;lang=en-us;modify=19970214165800;create=19961001124534;
        type=file;x.myfact=foo,bar

8.5. Standard Facts

   This document defines a standard set of facts as follows:

        size       -- Size in octets
        modify     -- Last modification time
        create     -- Creation time
        type       -- Entry type
        unique     -- Unique id of file/directory
        perm       -- File permissions, whether read, write, execute is
                      allowed for the login id.
        lang       -- Language of the filename per IANA[12] registry.
        media-type -- MIME media-type of file contents per IANA registry.
        charset    -- Character set per IANA registry (if not UTF-8)

   Fact names are case-insensitive.  Size, size, SIZE, and SiZe are the
   same fact.

   Further operating system specific keywords could be specified by
   using the IANA operating system name as a prefix (examples only):

        OS/2.ea   -- OS/2 extended attributes
        MACOS.rf  -- MacIntosh resource forks
        UNIX.mode -- Unix file modes (permissions)

   Implementations may define keywords for experimental, or private use.
   All such keywords MUST begin with the two character sequence "x.".
   As type names are case independent, "x." and "X." are equivalent.
   For example:



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        x.ver  -- Version information
        x.desc -- File description
        x.type -- File type

8.5.1. The type Fact

   The type fact needs a special description.  Part of the problem with
   current practices is deciding when a file is a directory.  If it is a
   directory, is it the current directory, a regular directory, or a
   parent directory?  The MLST specification makes this unambiguous
   using the type fact.  The type fact given specifies information about
   the object listed on the same line of the MLST response.

   Five values are possible for the type fact:

        file         -- a file entry
        cdir         -- the listed directory
        pdir         -- a parent directory
        dir          -- a directory or sub-directory
        OS.name=type -- an OS or file system dependent file type

   The syntax is defined to be:

        type-fact       = type-label "=" type-val
        type-label      = "Type"
        type-val        = "File" / "cdir" / "pdir" / "dir" /
                          os-type

8.5.1.1. type=file

   The presence of the type=file fact indicates the listed entry is a
   file containing non-system data.  That is, it may be transferred from
   one system to another of quite different characteristics, and perhaps
   still be meaningful.

8.5.1.2. type=cdir

   The type=cdir fact indicates the listed entry contains a pathname of
   the directory whose contents are listed.  This type will only be
   returned as a part of the result of an MLSD command, and provides a
   name for the listed directory, and facts about that directory.  In a
   sense, it can be viewed as representing the title of the listing, in
   a machine friendly format.  It may appear at any point of the
   listing, it is not restricted to appearing at the start, though
   frequently may do so, and may occur multiple times.

   Where TVFS is supported by the server-FTP, this name may be used to
   construct path names with which to refer to the files and directories



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   returned in the same MLSD output (see section 7.2).  These path names
   are only expected to work when the server-PI's position in the NFVS
   file tree is the same as its position when the MLSD command was
   issued, unless a fully qualified path name results.

   Where TVFS is not supported, the only defined semantics associated
   with a "type=cdir" entry are that, provided the current working
   directory of the server-PI has not been changed, a pathname of type
   "cdir" may be used as an argument to a CWD command, which will cause
   the current directory of the server-PI to change so that the
   directory which was listed in its current working directory.

8.5.1.3. type=dir

   If present, the type=dir entry gives the name of a directory.  Such
   an entry typically cannot be transferred from one system to another
   using RETR, etc, but should (permissions permitting) be able to be
   the object of an MLSD command.

8.5.1.4. type=pdir

   If present, which will occur only in the response to a MLSD command,
   the type=pdir entry represents a pathname of the parent directory of
   the listed directory.  As well as having the properties of a
   type=dir, a CWD command that uses the pathname from this entry should
   change the user to a parent directory of the listed directory.  If
   the listed directory is the current directory, a CDUP command may
   also have the effect of changing to the named directory.  User-FTP
   processes should note not all responses will include this
   information, and that some systems may provide multiple type=pdir
   responses.

   Where TVFS is supported, a "type=pdir" name may be a relative path
   name, or a fully qualified path name.

   For the purposes of this type value, a "parent directory" is any
   directory in which there is an entry of type=dir which refers to the
   directory in which the type=pdir entity was found.  Thus it is not
   required that all entities with type=pdir refer to the same
   directory.  The "unique" fact (if supported) can be used to determine
   whether there is a relationship between the type=pdir entries or not.

8.5.1.5. System defined types

   Files types that are specific to a specific operating system, or file
   system, can be encoded using the "OS." type names.  The format is:





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        os-type   = "OS." os-name "=" localtype
        os-name   = <an IANA registered operating system name>
        localtype = 1*RCHAR

   The "os-name" indicates the specific system type which supports the
   particular localtype.  It should be taken from the IANA maintained
   list of operating systems wherever possible.  The "localtype"
   provides the system dependent information as to the type of the file
   listed.  The os-name and localtype strings in an os-type are case
   independent.  "OS.unix=block" and "OS.Unix=BLOCK" represent the same
   type.

   Note: Where the underlying system supports a file type which is
   essentially an indirect pointer to another file, the NVFS
   representation of that type should normally be to represent the file
   which the reference indicates.  That is, the underlying basic file
   will appear more than once in the NVFS, each time with the "unique"
   fact (see immediately following section) containing the same value,
   indicating that the same file is represented by all such names.
   User-PIs transferring the file need then transfer it only once, and
   then insert their own form of indirect reference to construct
   alternate names where desired, or perhaps even copy the local file if
   that is the only way to provide two names with the same content.  A
   file which would be a reference to another file, if only the other
   file actually existed, may be represented in any OS dependent manner
   appropriate, or not represented at all.

8.5.1.6. Multiple types

   Where a file is such that it may validly, and sensibly, treated by
   the server-PI as being of more than one of the above types, then
   multiple entries should be returned, each with its own "Type" fact of
   the appropriate type, and each containing the same pathname.  This
   may occur, for example, with a structured file, which may contain
   sub-files, and where the server-PI permits the structured file to be
   treated as a unit, or treated as a directory allowing the sub-files
   within it to be referenced.

8.5.2. The unique Fact

   The unique fact is used to present a unique identifier for a file or
   directory in the NVFS accessed via a server-FTP process.  The value
   of this fact should be the same for any number of pathnames that
   refer to the same underlying file.  The fact should have different
   values for names which reference distinct files.  The mapping between
   files, and unique fact tokens should be maintained, and remain
   consistent, for at least the lifetime of the control connection from
   user-PI to server-PI.



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        unique-fact  = "Unique" "=" token

   This fact would be expected to be used by Server-FTPs whose host
   system allows things such as symbolic links so that the same file may
   be represented in more than one directory on the server.  The only
   conclusion that should be drawn is that if two different names each
   have the same value for the unique fact, they refer to the same
   underlying object.  The value of the unique fact (the token) should
   be considered an opaque string for comparison purposes, and is a case
   dependent value.  The tokens "A" and "a" do not represent the same
   underlying object.

8.5.3. The modify Fact

   The modify fact is used to determine the last time the content of the
   file (or directory) indicated was modified.  Any change of substance
   to the file should cause this value to alter.  That is, if a change
   is made to a file such that the results of a RETR command would
   differ, then the value of the modify fact should alter.  User-PIs
   should not assume that a different modify fact value indicates that
   the file contents are necessarily different than when last retrieved.
   Some systems may alter the value of the modify fact for other
   reasons, though this is discouraged wherever possible.  Also a file
   may alter, and then be returned to its previous content, which would
   often be indicated as two incremental alterations to the value of the
   modify fact.

   For directories, this value should alter whenever a change occurs to
   the directory such that different filenames would (or might) be
   included in MLSD output of that directory.

        modify-fact  = "Modify" "=" time-val

8.5.4. The create Fact

   The create fact indicates when a file, or directory, was first
   created.  Exactly what "creation" is for this purpose is not
   specified here, and may vary from server to server.  About all that
   can be said about the value returned is that it can never indicate a
   later time than the mtime fact.

        create-fact  = "Create" "=" time-val

   Implementation Note: Implementors of this fact on UNIX(TM) systems
        should note that the unix "stat" "st_ctime" field does not give
        creation time, and that unix filesystems do not record creation
        time at all.  Unix (and POSIX) implementations will normally not
        include this fact.



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8.5.5. The perm Fact

   The perm fact is used to indicate access rights the current FTP user
   has over the object listed.  Its value is always an unordered
   sequence of alphabetic characters.

        perm-fact    = "Perm" "=" pvals
        pvals        = "a" / "c" / "d" / "e" / "f" /
                       "l" / "m" / "p" / "r" / "w"

   There are ten permission indicators currently defined.  Many are
   meaningful only when used with a particular type of object.  The
   indicators are case independent, "d" and "D" are the same indicator.

   The "a" permission applies to objects of type=file, and indicates
   that the APPE (append) command may be applied to the file named.

   The "c" permission applies to objects of type=dir (and type=pdir,
   type=cdir).  It indicates that files may be created in the directory
   named.  That is, that a STOU command is likely to succeed, and that
   STOR and APPE commands might succeed if the file named did not
   previously exist, but is to be created in the directory object that
   has the "c" permission.  It also indicates that the RNTO command is
   likely to succeed for names in the directory.

   The "d" permission applies to all types.  It indicates that the
   object named may be deleted, that is, that the RMD command may be
   applied to it if it is a directory, and otherwise that the DELE
   command may be applied to it.

   The "e" permission applies to the directory types.  When set on an
   object of type=dir, type=cdir, or type=pdir it indicates that a CWD
   command naming the object should succeed, and the user should be able
   to enter the directory named.  For type=pdir it also indicates that
   the CDUP command may succeed (if this particular pathname is the one
   to which a CDUP would apply).

   The "f" permission for objects indicates that the object named may be
   renamed - that is, may be the object of an RNFR command.

   The "l" permission applies to the directory file types, and indicates
   that the listing commands, LIST, NLST, and MLSD may be applied to the
   directory in question, and that MLST, LIST, NLST, and STAT may be
   applied to objects in the directory.

   The "m" permission applies to directory types, and indicates that the
   MKD command may be used to create a new directory within the
   directory under consideration.



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   The "p" permission applies to directory types, and indicates that
   objects in the directory may be deleted, or (stretching naming a
   little) that the directory may be purged.  Note: it does not indicate
   that the RMD command may be used to remove the directory named, the
   "d" permission indicator indicates that.

   The "r" permission applies to type=file objects, and for some
   systems, perhaps to other types of objects, and indicates that the
   RETR command may be applied to that object.

   The "w" permission applies to type=file objects, and for some
   systems, perhaps to other types of objects, and indicates that the
   STOR command may be applied to the object named.

   Note: That a permission indicator is set can never imply that the
        appropriate command is guaranteed to work - just that it might.
        Other system specific limitations, such as limitations on
        available space for storing files, may cause an operation to
        fail, where the permission flags may have indicated that it was
        likely to succeed.  The permissions are a guide only.

   Implementation note: The permissions are described here as they apply
        to FTP commands.  They may not map easily into particular
        permissions available on the server's operating system.  Servers
        are expected to synthesize these permission bits from the
        permission information available from operating system.  For
        example, to correctly determine whether the "D" permission bit
        should be set on a directory for a server running on the
        UNIX(TM) operating system, the server should check that the
        directory named is empty, and that the user has write permission
        on both the directory under consideration, and its parent
        directory.

        Some systems may have more specific permissions than those
        listed here, such systems should map those to the flags defined
        as best they are able.  Other systems may have only more broad
        access controls.  They will generally have just a few possible
        permutations of permission flags, however they should attempt to
        correctly represent what is permitted.

8.5.6. The lang Fact

   The lang fact describes the natural language of the filename for use
   in display purposes.  Values used here should be taken from the
   language registry of the IANA.  See [13] for the syntax, and
   procedures, related to language tags.





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        lang-fact  = "Lang" "=" token

   Server-FTP implementations MUST NOT guess language values.  Language
   values must be determined in an unambiguous way such as filesystem
   tagging of language or by user configuration.  Note that the lang
   fact provides no information at all about the content of a file, only
   about the encoding of its name.

8.5.7. The size Fact

   The size should always reflect the approximate size of the file.
   This should be as accurate as the server can make it, without going
   to extraordinary lengths, such as reading the entire file.  The size
   is expressed in units of octets.

   Given limitations in some systems, Client-FTP implementations must
   understand this size may not be precise and may change between the
   time of a MLST and RETR operation.

   Clients that need highly accurate size information for some
   particular reason should use the SIZE command as defined in section
   4.  The most common need for this accuracy is likely to be in
   conjunction with the REST command described in section 5.  The size
   fact, on the other hand, should be used for purposes such as
   indicating to a human user the approximate size of the file to be
   transferred, and perhaps to give an idea of expected transfer
   completion time.

        size-fact  = "Size" "=" 1*DIGIT

8.5.8. The media-type Fact

   The media-type fact represents the IANA media type of the file.  The
   list of values used must follow the guidelines set by the IANA
   registry.

        media-type  = "Media-Type" "=" <per IANA guidelines>

   Server-FTP implementations MUST NOT guess media type values.  Media
   type values must be determined in an unambiguous way such as
   filesystem tagging of media-type or by user configuration.

8.5.9. The charset Fact

   The charset fact represents the IANA character set name for the
   encoded names in a MLSx response.  The default character set is UTF-8
   unless specified otherwise.  FTP implementations SHOULD use UTF-8 if
   possible to encourage maximum interoperability.  The value of this



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   fact applies to the pathname only, and provides no information about
   the contents of the file.

        charset-type  = "Charset" "=" token

8.5.10. Required facts

   Servers are not required to support any particular set of the
   available facts.  However, servers SHOULD, if conceivably possible,
   support at least the type, perm, size, unique, and modify facts.

8.6. FEAT response for MLSx

   When responding to the FEAT command, a server-FTP process that
   supports MLST, and MLSD, plus internationalization of pathnames, MUST
   indicate that this support exists.  It does this by including a MLST
   feature line.  As well as indicating the basic support, the MLST
   feature line indicates which MLST facts are available from the
   server, and which of those will be returned if no subsequent "OPTS
   MLST" command is sent.

        mlst-feat     = SP "MLST" [SP factlist] CRLF
        factlist      = factname ["*"] *( ";" factname ["*"] )

   The initial space shown in the mlst-feat response is that required by
   the FEAT command, two spaces are not permitted.  If no factlist is
   given, then the server-FTP process is indicating that it supports
   MLST, but implements no facts.  Only pathnames can be returned.  This
   would be a minimal MLST implementation, and useless for most
   practical purposes.  Where the factlist is present, the factnames
   included indicate the facts supported by the server.  Where the
   optional asterisk appears after a factname, that fact will be
   included in MLST format responses, until an "OPTS MLST" is given to
   alter the list of facts returned.  After that, subsequent FEAT
   commands will return the asterisk to show the facts selected by the
   most recent "OPTS MLST".

   Note that there is no distinct FEAT output for MLSD.  The presence of
   the MLST feature indicates that both MLST and MLSD are both
   supported.











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8.7. OPTS parameters for MLST

   For the MLST command, the Client-FTP may specify a list of facts it
   wishes to be returned in all subsequent MLST commands until another
   OPTS MLST command is sent.  The format is specified by:

        mlst-opts     = "OPTS" SP "MLST"
                        [ SP factname *(";" factname) ]

   By sending the "OPTS MLST" command, the client requests the server to
   include only the facts listed as arguments to the command in
   subsequent output from MLST commands.  Facts not included in the
   "OPTS MLST" command must not be returned by the server.  Facts that
   are included should be returned for each entry returned from the MLST
   command where they apply.  Facts requested that are not supported, or
   which are inappropriate to the file or directory being listed should
   simply be omitted from the MLST output.  This is not an error.  Note
   that where no factname arguments are present, the client is
   requesting that only the file names be returned.  In this case, and
   in any other case where no facts are included in the result, the
   space that separates the fact names and their values from the file
   name is still required.  That is, the first character of the output
   line will be a space, (or two characters when the line is returned
   over the control connection,) and the file name will start
   immediately thereafter.

   Clients should note that generating values for some facts can be
   possible, but very expensive, for some servers.  It is generally
   acceptable to retrieve any of the facts that the server offers as its
   default set before any "OPTS MLST" command has been given, however
   clients should use particular caution before requesting any facts not
   in that set.  That is, while other facts may be available from the
   server, clients should refrain from requesting such facts unless
   there is a particular operational requirement for that particular
   information, which ought be more significant than perhaps simply
   improving the information displayed to an end user.

   Note, there is no "OPTS MLSD" command, the fact names set with the
   "OPTS MLST" command apply to both MLST and MLSD commands.












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9. Impact On Other FTP Commands

   Along with the introduction of MLST, traditional FTP commands must be
   extended to allow for the use of more than US-ASCII or EBCDIC
   character sets.  In general, the support of MLST requires support for
   arbitrary character sets wherever filenames and directory names are
   allowed.  This applies equally to both arguments given to the
   following commands and to the replies from them, as appropriate.

        CWD
        RETR
        STOR
        STOU
        APPE
        RNFR
        RNTO
        DELE
        RMD
        MKD
        PWD
        STAT

   The arguments to all of these commands should be processed the same
   way that MLST commands and responses are processed with respect to
   handling embedded CRs and NULs.  See section 2.2.

10. Character sets and Internationalization

   FTP commands are protocol elements, and are always expressed in
   ASCII.  FTP responses are composed of the numeric code, which is a
   protocol element, and a message, which is often expected to convey
   information to the user.  It is not expected that users normally
   interact directly with the protocol elements, rather the user FTP-
   process constructs the commands, and interprets the results, in the
   manner best suited for the particular user.  Explanatory text in
   responses generally has no particular meaning to the protocol.  The
   numeric codes provide all necessary information.  Server-PIs are free
   to provide the text in any language that can be adequately
   represented in ASCII, or where an alternative language and
   representation has been negotiated (see [7]) in that language and
   representation.

   Pathnames are expected to be encoded in UTF-8 allowing essentially
   any character to be represented in a pathname.  Meaningful pathnames
   are defined by the server NFVS.

   No restrictions at all are placed upon the contents of files
   transferred using the FTP protocols.  Unless the "media-type" fact is



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   provided in a MLSx response nor is any advice given here which would
   allow determining the content type.  That information is assumed to
   be obtained via other means.

11. IANA Considerations

   This specification makes use of some lists of values currently
   maintained by the IANA, but does not create any new lists for the
   IANA to maintain.  It does not add any values to any existing
   registries.

   The IANA registries used by this specification are modified using
   mechanisms specified elsewhere.

12. Security Considerations

   This memo does not directly concern security.  It is not believed
   that any of the mechanisms documented here impact in any particular
   way upon the security of FTP.

   Implementing the SIZE command, and perhaps some of the facts of the
   MDLx commands, may impose a considerable load on the server, which
   could lead to denial of service attacks.  Servers have, however,
   implemented this for many years, without significant reported
   difficulties.

   With the introduction of virtual hosts to FTP, and the possible
   accompanying multiple authentication environments, server implemetors
   will need to take some care to ensure that integrity is maintained.

   The FEAT and OPTS commands may be issued before the FTP
   authentication has occurred [6].  This allows unauthenticated clients
   to determine which of the features defined here are supported, and to
   negotiate the fact list for MLSx output.  No actual MLSx commands may
   be issued however, and no problems with permitting the selection of
   the format prior to authentication are forseen.

   A general discussion of issues related to the security of FTP can be
   found in [14].












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13. References

   [1]  Coded Character Set--7-bit American Standard Code for Information
        Interchange, ANSI X3.4-1986.

   [2]  Yergeau, F., "UTF-8, a transformation format of Unicode and ISO
        10646", RFC 2044, October 1996.

   [3]  Postel, J., Reynolds, J., "File Transfer Protocol (FTP)",
        STD 9, RFC 959, October 1985

   [4]  Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
        Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, March 1997

   [5]  Crocker, D., Overell, P., "Augmented BNF for Syntax
        Specifications: ABNF", RFC 2234, November 1997

   [6]  Hethmon, P., Elz, R., "Feature negotiation mechanism for the
        File Transfer Protocol", RFC 2389, August 1998

   [7]  Curtin, W., "Internationalization of the File Transfer Protocol",
        Work In Progress <draft-ietf-ftpext-intl-ftp-05.txt>, August 1998

   [8]  Postel, J., Reynolds, J., "Telnet protocol Specification"
        STD 8, RFC 854, May 1983

   [9]  Braden, R,. "Requirements for Internet Hosts -- Application
        and Support", STD 3, RFC 1123, October 1989

   [10] Mockapetris, P., "Domain Names - Concepts and Facilities"
        STD 13, RFC 1034, November 1987

   [11] ISO/IEC 10646-1:1993  "Universal multiple-octet coded character set
        (UCS) -- Part 1: Architecture and basic multilingual plane",
        International Standard -- Information Technology, 1993

   [12] Internet Assigned Numbers Authority.  http://www.iana.org
        Email: iana@iana.org.

   [13] Alvestrand, H., "Tags for the Identification of Languages"
        RFC 1766, March 1995

   [14] Allman, M., Ostermann, S., "FTP Security Considerations"
        Work in progress, <draft-ietf-ftpext-sec-consider-02.txt>, October 1998







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Acknowledgements

   This document is a product of the FTPEXT working group of the IETF.

   The following people are among those who have contributed to this
   document:

        Alex Belits
        D. J. Berstein
        Dave Cridland
        Martin J. Duerst
        Mike Gleason
        Mark Harris
        Alun Jones
        James Matthews
        Keith Moore
        Buz Owen
        Stephen Tihor
        and the entire FTPEXT working group of the IETF.

   Apologies are offered to any inadvertently omitted.

   Bernhard Rosenkraenzer suggested the HOST command, and initially
   described it.

   The description of the modifications to the REST command and the MDTM
   and SIZE commands comes from a set of modifications suggested for
   RFC959 by Rick Adams in 1989.  A draft containing just those
   commands, edited by David Borman, has been merged with this document.

Copyright

   This document is in the public domain.  Any and all copyright
   protection that might apply in any jurisdiction is expressly
   disclaimed.
















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Editors' Addresses

   Robert Elz
   University of Melbourne
   Department of Computer Science
   Parkville, Vic   3052
   Australia

   Email: kre@munnari.OZ.AU


   Paul Hethmon
   Hethmon Brothers
   2305 Chukar Road
   Knoxville, TN 37923 USA

   Phone: +1 423 690 8990
   Email: phethmon@hethmon.com

































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