GeoPriv R. Marshall, Ed.
Internet-Draft TCS
Intended status: Informational July 9, 2008
Expires: January 10, 2009
Requirements for a Location-by-Reference Mechanism
draft-ietf-geopriv-lbyr-requirements-03
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Abstract
This document defines terminology and provides requirements relating
to Location-by-Reference approach using a location URI to handle
location information within signaling and other Internet messaging.
Table of Contents
1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
2. Terminology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
3. Overview of Location-by-Reference . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
4. High-Level Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
4.1. Requirements for a Location Configuration Protocol . . . 9
4.2. Requirements for a Location Dereference Protocol . . . . 11
5. Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
6. IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
7. Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
8. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
8.1. Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
8.2. Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Appendix A. Change log . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Author's Address . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
Intellectual Property and Copyright Statements . . . . . . . . . . 21
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1. Introduction
Location-based services rely on ready access to location information,
which can be through a direct or indirect mechanism. While there are
mechanisms for providing location directly, (e.g., as part of the SIP
signaling protocol), an alternative mechanism has been developed for
handling location indirectly, via a location reference, a pointer to
the actual location information. This reference is called a location
URI, and is used by the mechanism we generally call the Location-by-
Reference mechanism, or simply, LbyR.
The use of a location URI is generally applied in one of the
following ways:
1. Creation/allocation of a location URI, by a location server based
on some request mechanism.
2. As part of a Location Configuration Protocol, between a target
and location server*.
3. The location dereference process, (between a dereference client
and dereference server).
4. Cancellation/expiration of a location URI, by a location server
based on either a direct target request or some other action (e.g.,
timer).
*In this document, we make no differentiation between a LS, per
RFC3693, and a LIS, but may refer to either of them as a location
server interchangeably.
These four things fall under two general protocol mechanisms,
location configuration protocols and location dereference protocols.
A fifth use of location URI is within the context of what is called
location conveyance. Location conveyance is defined as part of the
SIP protocol, and is out of scope for this document. (see
[I-D.ietf-sip-location-conveyance] for an explanation of conveyance
of location using a location URI.
The issues around location configuration protocols have been
documented in a location configuration protocol problem statement and
requirements document [I-D.ietf-geopriv-l7-lcp-ps].
There are currently a several examples of a location configuration
protocol. These include DHCP, LLDP-MED, and HELD
[I-D.ietf-geopriv-http-location-delivery]) protocols.
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The structure of this document includes terminology, Section 2,
followed by a discussion of the basic elements that surround how a
location URI is used. These elements, or actors, are discussed in an
overview section, Section 3, accompanied by a graph and associated
processing steps.
Requirements are outlined accordingly, separated as location
configuration requirements, Section 4.1, and location dereference
requirements, Section 4.2.
In contrast to using a location URI as the mechanism to support a
Location-by-Reference model, it may be worth mentioning the common
alternative model, that of Location-by-Value (LbyV), which provides
location directly. LbyV uses a location object, (e.g., a PIDF-LO,
[RFC4119]) within SIP signaling. Using the LbyV model for location
configuration is considered out of scope for this document (see
[I-D.ietf-sip-location-conveyance] for an explanation of location
conveyance for either LbyR or LbyV scenarios.
Location determination, different than location configuration or
dereferencing, often includes topics related to manual provisioning
processes, automated measurements, and/or location transformations,
(e.g., geo-coding), and are beyond the scope of this document.
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2. Terminology
The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
"SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this
document are to be interpreted as described in RFC 2119 [RFC2119].
This document reuses the terminology of [RFC3693], such as Location
Server (LS), Location Recipient (LR), Rule Maker (RM), Target,
Location Generator (LG), Location Object (LO), and Using Protocol:
Location-by-Value (LbyV): The mechanism of representing location
either in configuration or conveyance protocols, (i.e., the actual
included location value).
Location-by-Reference (LbyR): The mechanism of representing location
by means of a location URI for use in either a location
configuration, conveyance, or dereferencing protocol, and which
refers to a fully specified location.
Location Configuration Protocol: A protocol which is used by a
client to acquire either location or a location URI from a
location configuration server, based on information unique to the
client.
Location Dereference Protocol: A protocol which is used by a client
to query a location dereference server, based on location URI
input and which returns location information.
Location URI: An identifier which serves as a pointer to a location
record on a remote host (e.g., LIS). Used within an Location-by-
Reference mechanism, a location URI is provided by a location
configuration server, and is used as input by a dereference
protocol to retrieve location from a dereference server.
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3. Overview of Location-by-Reference
In mobile wireless networks it is not efficient for the end host to
periodically query the LIS for up-to-date location information. This
is especially the case when power is a constraint or a location
update is not immediately needed. Furthermore, the end host might
want to delegate the task of retrieving and publishing location
information to a third party, such as to a presence server. Finally,
in some deployments, the network operator may not want to make
location information widely available.
Different location scenarios, such as whether a Target is mobile and
whether a mobile device needs to be located on demand or according to
some pre-determined interval motivated the introduction of the LbyR
concept. Depending on the type of reference, such as HTTP/HTTPS or
SIP Presence URI, different operations can be performed. While an
HTTP/HTTPS URI can be resolved to location information, a SIP
Presence URI provides further benefits from the SUBSCRIBE/NOTIFY
concept that can additionally be combined with location filters
[I-D.ietf-geopriv-loc-filters].
+-----------+ Geopriv +-----------+
| | Location | Location |
| LIS +---------------+ Recipient |
| | Dereference | |
+-+---+-----+ Protocol (3) +----+------+
* | --
Rulemaker * | Geopriv --
Policy * | Location --
Exchange * | Configuration --
(1b) * | Protocol --
* | (1a) -- Geopriv
* | -- Using Protocol
+ - - - -*- - - - - -|- - - -+ -- (e.g., SIP)
|+------+----+ +-----+-----+ |-- (2)
| Rulemaker | | Target / |--
|| / owner | | End Host + |
| | | |
|+-----------+ +-----------+ |
| User of Target |
+ - - - - - - - - - - - - - -+
Figure 1: Shows the assumed communication model for both a layer 7
location configuration protocol and a dereference protocol:
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Figure 1: Shows the assumed communication model for both a layer 7
location configuration protocol and a location dereference protocol.
(1a). Target requests reference from server; and receives back, a
location URI in server response
(1b). Rulemaker policy is consulted (interface out of scope)
(2). Target conveys reference to recipient (out of scope)
(3). Recipient dereferences location URI, by a choice of methods,
including a request/response (e.g., HTTP) or publish/subscription
(e.g., SIP SUBSCRIBE/NOTIFY)
Note A. There is no requirement for using the same protocol in (1a)
and (3).
Note B. Figure 1 includes the interaction between the owner of the
Target and the LIS to establish Rulemaker policies. This is
communications path (1b). This interaction needs to be done before
the LIS will authorize anything of than default policies to a
dereference request for location of the Target.
Note C. that the Target may take on the role of the Location
Recipient whereby it would dereference the location URI to obtain its
own location information.
An example scenario of how this might work, is where the Target
obtains a location URI in the form of a subscription URI (e.g., a SIP
URI) via HELD, (a Geopriv layer 7 location configuration protocol).
Since, in this case the Target equals Recipient, then the Target can
subscribe to the URI in order to be notified of its current location
based on subscription parameters (see
[I-D.ietf-geopriv-loc-filters]). Additionally, a geospatial boundary
can be expressed (ref. [I-D.ietf-geopriv-policy]), so that the
Target/Recipient will get its updated location notification once it
crosses the specified boundary.
Location URIs may have an expiry associated to them, so that the LIS
is able to keep track of the location URIs that have been handed out,
to know whether a location URI is still valid once the LIS receives
it in a request, and in order for a recipient of such a URI from
being able to (in some cases) permanently track a host. Other
justifications for expiration of location URIs include the ability
for a LIS to do garbage collection.
Because a location URI is a pointer to the Target's location, it is
important that it be constructed in such a way that it does not
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unintentionally reveal any usable information about the Target it
represents. For example, it is important to prevent adversaries from
obtaining any information that may be revealed about a Target by
direct examination of the location URI itself, (e.g., names,
identifiers, etc.), some determinable pattern or syntax (e.g.,
sequence of numbers), or guessable codes (e.g., weak encryption).
Therefore, each location URI must be constructed with security
safeguards in mind.
How a location URI is will ultimately be used within the dereference
step is an important consideration at the time that the location URI
is requested via a location configuration protocol. Since
dereferencing of location URIs could be done according to one of two
models, an "access control" model or a "possession" model (see
below), it is important that location configuration protocols
indicate the type of a location URI that is being requested, (and
also which type is returned). Dereference protocols must support
both types.
1. Access control use type: Access to the location URI is limited by
policy. This is the case where, for location configuration, the
LIS applies (server side) authentication and access control at the
location configuration step, and repeats authentication and
authorization for each dereference operation of that location URI.
2. Possession use type: The possession use type is described as
having no authentication and/or authorization requirement aside
from only possessing the location URI itself (in this case,
possession implies authorization). Access to the location URI is
limited by distribution only. Whoever possesses the location URI
has the ability to dereference it. Possession use types may be
used within specified domains only, or might be used across wide
open public networks.
In either of the above cases, a location URI needs to be
constructed is such a way as to make it difficult to guess. The
form of the URI is constrained by the degree of randomness and
uniqueness applied to it. It is important to protect the actual
location information from an intermediate node (despite the fact
that in the possession model there would be nothing to prevent an
interceptor from seeking to dereference the location URI).
Obfuscating the location URI safeguards against the undetected
stripping off of what would otherwise be evident location
information, since it forces a dereference operation by the
location dereference server, an important step for the purpose of
providing statistics, audit trails, and general logging for many
different kinds of location based services.
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4. High-Level Requirements
This document outlines the requirements for an Location by Reference
mechanism which can be used by a number of underlying protocols.
Requirements here address two general types of such protocols, a
general location configuration protocol, and a general location
dereferencing protocol. Each of these two general protocols has
multiple specific protocol implementations. Location configuration
protocols include, HELD, DHCP, and LLDP-MED, whereas current location
dereferencing protocols include HELD Deref, HTTP GET, and SIP
SUBSCRIBE/NOTIFY. Because each of these specific protocol
implementations has its own unique client and server interactions,
the requirements here are not intended to state what a client or
server is expected to do, but rather which requirements must be met
separately by any location configuration protocol or location
dereference protocol, for the purposes of using a location URI.
The requirements are broken into two sections.
4.1. Requirements for a Location Configuration Protocol
Below, we summarize high-level design requirements needed for a
location-by-reference mechanism as used within the location
configuration protocol.
C1. Location URI support: The configuration protocol MUST support a
location reference in URI form.
Motivation: It is helpful to have a consistent form of key for the
LbyR mechanism.
C2. Location URI expiration: When a location URI has a limited
validity interval, its lifetime MUST be indicated.
Motivation: A location URI may not intend to represent a location
forever, and the identifier eventually may need to be recycled, or
may be subject to a specific window of validity, after which the
location reference fails to yield a location, or the location is
determined to be kept confidential.
C3. Location URI cancellation: The location configuration protocol
SHOULD support the ability to request a cancellation of a specific
location URI.
Motivation: If the client determines that in its best interest to
destroy the ability for a location URI to effectively be used to
dereference a location, then there should be a way to nullify the
location URI.
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C4. Location Information Masking: The location URI form MUST,
through randomization and uniqueness, ensure that any location
specific information embedded within the location URI itself is
kept obscure during location configuration.
Motivation: It is important to keep any location information
masked from a casual observing node.
C5. User Identity Protection: The location URI MUST NOT contain any
user identifying information that identifies the user, device or
address of record, (e.g., which includes phone extensions, badge
numbers, first or last names, etc.), within the URI form.
Motivation: It is important to protect caller identity or contact
address from being included in the form of the location URI itself
when it is generated.
C6. Reuse indicator: There SHOULD be a way to allow a client to
control whether a location URI can be resolved once only, or
multiple times.
Motivation: The client requesting a location URI may request a
location URI which has a 'one-time-use' only characteristic, as
opposed to a location URI having multiple reuse capability.
C7. Location URI Valid-for: A location URI validity interval, if
used, MUST include the validity time, in seconds, as an indication
of how long the client can consider a location URI to be valid.
Motivation: It is important to be able to determine how long a
location URI is to remain useful for, and when it must be
refreshed.
C8. Location URI Anonymous: The location URI MUST NOT point to any
information about the Target other than it's location.
Motivation: A user should have the option to control how much
information is revealed about them. This provides that control by
not forcing the inclusion of other information with location,
(e.g., to not include any identification information in the
location URI.)
C9. Location URI Not guessable: Where location URIs are used
publicly, any location URI MUST be constructed using properties of
uniqueness and cryptographically random sequences so that it is
not guessable. (Note that the number of bits depends to some
extent on the number of active location URIs that might exist at
the one time; 128-bit is most likely enough for the near term.)
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Motivation: Location URIs need to guard against any observing node
or individual stripping off meaningful information about the
Target.
C10. Location URI Optional: In the case of user-provided
authorization policies, where anonymous or non-guessable location
URIs are not warranted, the location configuration protocol MAY
support optional location URI forms.
Motivation: Users don't always have such strict privacy
requirements, but may opt to specify their own location URI, or
components thereof.
C11. Location URI Use Type: The location configuration protocol
MUST indicate whether the requested location URI conforms to the
access control model or the possession model.
Motivation: Downstream dereference clients and servers need to
know whether a location URI provided by the location configuration
protocol conforms to an access control model or a possession
model.
4.2. Requirements for a Location Dereference Protocol
Below, we summarize high-level design requirements needed for a
location-by-reference mechanism as used within the location
dereference protocol.
D1. Location URI support: The location dereference protocol MUST
support a location reference in URI form.
Motivation: It is required that there be consistency of use
between location URI formats used in an configuration protocol and
those used by a dereference protocol.
D2. Location URI expiration indicator: The location dereference
protocol MUST support an indicator showing that, if it is the
case, that a location URI is no longer valid due to expiration.
Motivation: Location URIs are expected to expire, based on
location configuration protocol parameters, and it is therefore
useful to convey the expired status of the location URI in the
location dereference protocol.
D3. Authentication: The location dereference protocol MUST include
mechanisms to authenticate both the client and the server.
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Motivation: Although the implementations must support
authentication of both parties, any given transaction has the
option not to authenticate one or both parties.
D4. Dereferenced Location Form: The value returned by the
dereference protocol MUST contain a well-formed PIDF-LO document.
Motivation: This is in order to ensure that adequate privacy rules
can be adhered to, since the PIDF-LO format comprises the
necessary structures to maintain location privacy.
D5. Location URI Repeated Use: The location dereference protocol
MUST support the ability for the same location URI to be resolved
more than once, based on dereference server configuration.
Motivation: Through dereference server configuration, for example,
it may be useful to not only allow more than one dereference
request, but, in some cases, to also limit the number of
dereferencing attempts by a client.
D6. Location URI Valid-for: A location URI validity interval, if
used, MUST include the validity time, in seconds, as an indication
of how long the client can consider a location URI to be valid.
Motivation: It is important to be able to determine how long a
location URI is to remain useful when dereferencing a location
URI.
D7. Location URI anonymized: Any location URI whose dereference will
not be subject to authentication and access control MUST be
anonymized.
Motivation: The dereference protocol must define an anonymized
format for location URIs. This format must identify the desired
location information via a random token with at least 128 bits of
entropy (rather than some kind of explicit identifier, such as an
IP address).
D8. Location Information Masking: The location URI form MUST,
through randomization and uniqueness, ensure that any location
specific information embedded within the location URI itself is
kept obscure during location URI dereferencing.
Motivation: It is important to keep any location information
masked from a casual observing node, requiring instead a discrete
dereference operation in order to return location information.
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D9. Location Privacy: The location dereference protocol MUST support
the application of privacy rules to the dissemination of a
requested location object.
Motivation: The dereference server must obey all provisioned
privacy rules that apply to a requested location object.
D10. Location Confidentiality: The dereference protocol MUST
support encryption of messages sent between the location
dereference client and the location dereference server, and MAY
alternatively provide messaging unencrypted.
Motivation: Environmental and local configuration policy will
guide the requirement for encryption for certain transactions. In
some cases, encryption may be the rule, in others, it may be
acceptable to send and receive messages without encryption.
D11. Location URI Use Type: The location dereference protocol MUST
indicate whether the requested location URI conforms to the access
control model or the possession model.
Motivation: Downstream dereference clients need to know whether a
location URI provided by the location configuration protocol
conforms to an access control model or a possession model in order
to save time processing dereference attempts.
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5. Security Considerations
The LbyR mechanism currently addresses security issues as follows.
A location URI, regardless of its construction, if public, by
itself, implies no safeguard against anyone being able to
dereference and get the location. The method of constructing the
location URI form to include randomization along with encryption
does help prevent some potential pattern guessing. In the case of
one time use location URIs, (referred to as a pawn ticket), the
argument can be made that possession implies permission, and
location URIs that are public are protected only by privacy rules
enforced at the dereference server.
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6. IANA Considerations
This document does not require actions by the IANA.
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7. Acknowledgements
We would like to thank the IETF GEOPRIV working group chairs, Andy
Newton, Allison Mankin and Randall Gellens, for creating the design
team which initiated this requirements work. We'd also like to thank
those design team participants for their inputs, comments, and
reviews. The design team included the following folks: Richard
Barnes; Martin Dawson; Keith Drage; Randall Gellens; Ted Hardie;
Cullen Jennings; Marc Linsner; Rohan Mahy; Allison Mankin; Roger
Marshall; Andrew Newton; Jon Peterson; James M. Polk; Brian Rosen;
John Schnizlein; Henning Schulzrinne; Barbara Stark; Hannes
Tschofenig; Martin Thomson; and James Winterbottom.
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8. References
8.1. Normative References
[RFC2119] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, March 1997.
8.2. Informative References
[I-D.ietf-geopriv-http-location-delivery]
Barnes, M., Winterbottom, J., Thomson, M., and B. Stark,
"HTTP Enabled Location Delivery (HELD)",
draft-ietf-geopriv-http-location-delivery-07 (work in
progress), April 2008.
[I-D.ietf-geopriv-l7-lcp-ps]
Tschofenig, H. and H. Schulzrinne, "GEOPRIV Layer 7
Location Configuration Protocol; Problem Statement and
Requirements", draft-ietf-geopriv-l7-lcp-ps-08 (work in
progress), June 2008.
[I-D.ietf-geopriv-loc-filters]
Mahy, R., "A Document Format for Filtering and Reporting
Location Notications in the Presence Information Document
Format Location Object (PIDF-LO)",
draft-ietf-geopriv-loc-filters-01 (work in progress),
March 2007.
[I-D.ietf-geopriv-policy]
Schulzrinne, H., Tschofenig, H., Morris, J., Cuellar, J.,
and J. Polk, "Geolocation Policy: A Document Format for
Expressing Privacy Preferences for Location Information",
draft-ietf-geopriv-policy-17 (work in progress),
June 2008.
[I-D.ietf-sip-location-conveyance]
Polk, J. and B. Rosen, "Location Conveyance for the
Session Initiation Protocol",
draft-ietf-sip-location-conveyance-10 (work in progress),
February 2008.
[RFC3693] Cuellar, J., Morris, J., Mulligan, D., Peterson, J., and
J. Polk, "Geopriv Requirements", RFC 3693, February 2004.
[RFC4119] Peterson, J., "A Presence-based GEOPRIV Location Object
Format", RFC 4119, December 2005.
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Appendix A. Change log
Changes to this draft in comparison to the previous version (-03 vs.
-02):
1. Changed wording of section 3 "Overview of Location-by-Reference"
(Polk, Thomson, Winterbottom ~ 4/1/08 list comments).
2. Added new requirement C4. "Location Information Masking:", based
on (Thomson ~4/1/08 list comment).
3. Added new requirement C11. "Location URI Use Type:", based on
(~4/1/08 list comments).
4. Added new requirement D11. "Location URI Use Type:", for deref.
based on (~4/1/08 list comments).
5. Replaced requirement D8. "Location URI Non-Anonymized" with
"Location Information Masking:".
Changes to this draft in comparison to the previous version (-02 vs.
-01):
1. Reworded Introduction (Barnes 12/6 list comments).
2. Changed name of "Basic Actors" section to "Overview of Location
by Reference" (Barnes).
3. Keeping the LCP term away (for now) since it is used as Link
Control Protocol elsewhere (IETF).
4. Changed formatting of Terminology section (Barnes).
5. Requirement C2. changed to indicate that if the URI has a
lifetime, it has to have an expiry (Barnes)
6. C7. Changed title and wording based on suggested text and dhcp-
uri-option example (Polk).
7. The new C2 req. describing valid-for, was also added into the
deref section, as D6
8. Changed C4 based on much list discussion - replaced by 3 new
requirements...
9. Reworded C5 based on the follow-on C4 thread/discussion on list
(~2/18).
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10. Changed wording of D3 based on suggestion (Barnes).
11. Reworded D4 per suggestion (Barnes).
12. Changed D5 based on comment (Barnes), and additional title and
text changes for clarity.
13. Added D9 and D10 per Richard Barnes suggestions - something
needed in addition to his own security doc.
14. Deleted reference to individual Barnes-loc-sec draft per wg list
suggestion (Barnes), but need more text for this draft's security
section.
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Author's Address
Roger Marshall (editor)
TeleCommunication Systems, Inc.
2401 Elliott Avenue
2nd Floor
Seattle, WA 98121
US
Phone: +1 206 792 2424
Email: rmarshall@telecomsys.com
URI: http://www.telecomsys.com
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Marshall Expires January 10, 2009 [Page 21]