Host Identity Protocol                                           M. Komu
Internet-Draft                        Helsinki Institute for Information
Intended status: Experimental                                 Technology
Expires: January 14, 2010                                      Henderson
                                                      The Boeing Company
                                                           July 13, 2009


   Basic Socket Interface Extensions for Host Identity Protocol (HIP)
                      draft-ietf-hip-native-api-07

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Abstract

   This document defines extensions to the current sockets API for the
   Host Identity Protocol (HIP).  The extensions focus on the use of
   public-key based identifiers discovered via DNS resolution, but
   define also interfaces for manual bindings between HITs and locators.
   With the extensions, the application can also support more relaxed
   security models where the communication can be non-HIP based,
   according to local policies.  The extensions in document are
   experimental and provide basic tools for further experimentation with
   policies.


Table of Contents

   1.  Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  3
   2.  Terminology  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  4
   3.  API Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  5
     3.1.  Interaction with the Resolver  . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  5
     3.2.  Interaction without a Resolver . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  6
   4.  API Syntax and Semantics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  7
     4.1.  Socket Family and Address Structure Extensions . . . . . .  7
     4.2.  Extensions to Resolver Data Structures . . . . . . . . . .  9
     4.3.  The Use of getsockname and getpeername Functions . . . . . 11
     4.4.  Selection of Source HIT Type . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
     4.5.  Verification of Source HIT Type  . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
     4.6.  Explicit Handling of Locators  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
   5.  Summary of New Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
   6.  IANA Considerations  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
   7.  Security Considerations  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
   8.  Contributors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
   9.  Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
   10. Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
   Authors' Addresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

















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1.  Introduction

   This document defines C-based sockets Application Programming
   Interface (API) extensions for handling HIP-based identifiers
   explicitly in HIP-aware applications.  It is up to the applications,
   or high-level programming languages or libraries, to manage the
   identifiers.  The extensions in this document are mainly related to
   the use case in which a DNS resolution step has occurred prior to the
   creation of a new socket, and assumes that the system has cached or
   is otherwise able to resolve identifiers to locators (IP addresses).
   The DNS extensions for HIP are described in [RFC5205].  The
   extensions also cover the case in which an application may want to
   explicitly provide suggested locators with the identifiers, including
   supporting the opportunistic case in which the system does not know
   the peer host identity.

   The Host Identity Protocol (HIP) [RFC4423] proposes a new
   cryptographic namespace by separating the roles of end-point
   identifiers and locators by introducing a new namespace to the TCP/IP
   stack.  SHIM6 [I-D.ietf-shim6-proto] is another protocol based on
   identity-locator split.  The APIs specified in this document are
   specific to HIP, but have been designed as much as possible so as not
   to preclude its use with other protocols.  The use of these APIs with
   other protocols is, nevertheless, for further study.

   The APIs in this document are based on IPv6 addresses with the ORCHID
   prefix [RFC4843].  ORCHIDs are derived from Host Identifiers using a
   hash and fitting the result into an IPv6 address.  Such addresses are
   called Host Identity Tags (HITs) and they can be distinguished from
   other IPv6 addresses with the ORCHID prefix.

   Applications can observe the HIP layer and its identifiers in the
   networking stacks with varying degrees of visibility.  [RFC5338]
   discusses the lowest levels of visibility in which applications are
   completely unaware of the underlying HIP layer.  Such HIP-unaware
   applications in some circumstances use HIP-based identifiers, such as
   LSIs or HITs, instead of IPv4 or IPv6 addresses and cannot observe
   the identifier-locator bindings.

   This document specifies extensions to [RFC3493] to define a new
   socket address family, AF_HIP.  Similarly to other address families,
   AF_HIP can used as an alias for PF_HIP.  The extensions also describe
   a new socket address structure for sockets using HITs explicitly and
   describe how the socket calls in [RFC3493] are adapted or extended as
   a result.

   Some applications may accept incoming communications from any
   identifier.  Other applications may initiate outgoing communications



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   without the knowledge of the peer identifier in Opportunistic Mode
   (section 4.1.6 in [RFC5201]) by just relying on a peer locator.  This
   document describes how to address both situations using "wildcards"
   as described later in this document.

   There are two related API documents.  Multihoming and explicit
   locator-handling related APIs are defined in
   [I-D.ietf-shim6-multihome-shim-api].  IPsec related policy attributes
   and channel bindings APIs are defined in [I-D.ietf-btns-c-api].  Most
   of the extensions defined in this document can be used independently
   of the two mentioned API documents.

   The identity-locator split introduced by HIP introduces some policy
   related challenges with datagram oriented sockets, opportunistic
   mode, and manual bindings between HITs and locators.  The extensions
   in this document are of an experimental nature and provide basic
   tools for experimenting with policies.  Policy related issues are
   left for further experimentation.

   To recap, the extensions in this document have three goals.  The
   first goal is to allow HIP-aware applications to open sockets to
   other hosts based on the HITs alone, presuming that the underlying
   system can resolve the HITs to addresses used for initial contact.
   The second goal is that applications can explicitly initiate
   communications with unknown peer identifiers.  The third goal is to
   illustrate how HIP-aware applications can use the SHIM API
   [I-D.ietf-shim6-multihome-shim-api] to manually map locators to HITs.


2.  Terminology

   The terms used in this document are summarized in Table 1.

   +---------+---------------------------------------------------------+
   | Term    | Explanation                                             |
   +---------+---------------------------------------------------------+
   | HIP     | Host Identity Protocol                                  |
   | HIT     | Host Identity Tag, a 100-bit hash of a public key with  |
   |         | a 28 bit prefix                                         |
   | LSI     | Local Scope Identifier, a local, 32-bit descriptor for  |
   |         | a given public key.                                     |
   | Locator | Routable IPv4 or IPv6 address used at the lower layers  |
   +---------+---------------------------------------------------------+

                                  Table 1






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3.  API Overview

   This section provides an overview of how the API can be used.  First,
   the case in which a resolver is involved in name resolution is
   described, and then the case in which no resolver is involved is
   described.

3.1.  Interaction with the Resolver

   Before an application can establish network communications with the
   entity named by a given FQDN or relative host name, the application
   must translate the name into the corresponding identifier(s).  DNS-
   based hostname-to-identifier translation is illustrated in Figure 1.
   The application calls the resolver in step (a) to resolve an FQDN to
   HIT(s).  The resolver queries the DNS in step (b) to map the FQDN to
   a host identifier and locator (A and AAAA records).  It should be
   noticed that the FQDN may map to multiple host identifiers and
   locators, and this step may involve multiple DNS transactions,
   including queries for A, AAAA, HI and possibly other resource
   records.  The DNS server responds with a list of HIP resource records
   in step (c).  Optionally in step (d), the resolver caches the HIT to
   locator mapping with the HIP module.  The resolver converts the HIP
   records to HITs and returns the HITs to the application contained in
   HIP socket address structures in step (e).  Depending on the
   parameters for the resolver call, the resolver may return also other
   socket address structures to the application.  Finally, the
   application receives the socket address structure(s) from the
   resolver and uses them in socket calls such as connect() in step (f).























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                                              +----------+
                                              |          |
                                              |   DNS    |
                                              |          |
                                              +----------+
                                                  ^  |
                                   b. QNAME=FQDN  |  | c. HIP and
                                                  |  |    A/AAAA
                                                  |  v    RR(s)
       +-------------+ a. getaddrinfo(<FQDN>)  +----------+
       |             |------------------------>|          |
       | Application |                         | Resolver |
       |             |<------------------------|          |
       +-------------+        e. <HITs>        +----------+
               |                                    |
               |                                    | d. HIP and
               | f. connect(<HIT>)                  |    A/AAAA
               |    or any other socket call        |    RR(s)
               v                                    v
        +----------+                           +----------+
        |          |                           |          |
        |  TCP/IP  |                           |   HIP    |
        |  Stack   |                           |          |
        +----------+                           +----------+

                                 Figure 1

   In practice, the resolver functionality can be implemented in
   different ways.  For example, it may be implemented in existing
   resolver libraries or as a HIP-aware interposing agent.

3.2.  Interaction without a Resolver

   The extensions in this document focus on the use of the resolver to
   map host names to HITs and locators in HIP-aware applications.  The
   resolver may implicitly associate a HIT with the corresponding
   locator(s) by communicating the HIT-to-IP mapping to the HIP daemon.
   However, it is possible that an application operates directly on a
   peer HIT without interacting with the resolver.  In such a case, the
   application may resort to the system to map the peer HIT to an IP
   address.  Alternatively, the application can explicitly map the HIT
   to an IP address using socket options as specified in Section 4.6.
   Full support for all of the extensions defined in this draft requires
   a number of shim socket options [I-D.ietf-shim6-multihome-shim-api]
   to be implemented by the system.






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4.  API Syntax and Semantics

   In this section, we describe the native HIP APIs using the syntax of
   the C programming language.  We limit the description to the
   interfaces and data structures that are either modified or completely
   new, because the native HIP APIs are otherwise identical to the
   sockets API [POSIX].

4.1.  Socket Family and Address Structure Extensions

   The sockets API extensions define a new protocol family, PF_HIP, and
   a new address family, AF_HIP.  The AF_HIP and PF_HIP are aliases to
   each other.  These definition shall be defined as a result of
   including <sys/socket.h>.

   The use of the PF_HIP constant is mandatory with the socket()
   function when an application uses the native HIP APIs.  The
   application gives the PF_HIP constant as the first argument (domain)
   to the socket() function.  The system returns a positive integer
   representing a socket descriptor when the system supports HIP.
   Otherwise, the system returns -1 and sets errno to EAFNOSUPPORT.

   Figure 2 shows socket address structure for HIP.

           #include <netinet/in.h>

           typedef struct in6_addr hip_hit_t;

           struct sockaddr_hip {
                     sa_family_t    ship_family;
                     in_port_t      ship_port;
                     uint32_t       ship_pad;
                     uint64_t       ship_flags;
                     hip_hit_t      ship_hit;
                     uint8_t        ship_reserved[16];
           };

                                 Figure 2

   Figure 2 is in in 4.3BSD format.  The family of the socket,
   ship_family, is set to AF_HIP.  The port number ship_port is two
   octets in network byte order and the ship_hit is 16 octets in network
   byte order.  An implementation may have extra member(s) in this
   structure.

   The application usually sets the ship_hit field using the resolver.
   However, the application can use three special constants to set a
   wildcard value manually into the ship_hit field.  The constants are



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   HIP_HIT_ANY, HIP_HIT_ANY_PUB, HIP_HIT_ANY_TMP and HIP_ENDPOINT_ANY.
   The first three equal to a HIT value associated with a wildcard HIT
   of any type, public type, or anonymous type.  The fourth constant,
   HIP_ENDPOINT_ANY, denotes that the application accepts both HIT and
   any other type of addresses.  The HIP_HIT_ANY denotes that the
   application accepts any type of HIT.  The anonymous identifiers refer
   to the use of anonymous identifiers as specified in [RFC4423].  The
   system may designate anonymous identifiers as meta data associated
   with a HIT depending on whether it has been published or not.
   However, there is no difference in the classes of HITs from the
   protocol perspective.

   The application can use the HIP_HIT_ANY_* and HIP_ENDPOINT_ANY
   constants to accept incoming communications to all of the HITs of the
   local host.  Incoming communications refers here to functions such as
   bind(), recvfrom() and recvmsg().  The HIP_HIT_* constants are
   similar to the sockets API constants INADDR_ANY and IN6ADDR_ANY_INIT,
   but they are applicable to HITs only.  After initial contact with the
   peer, the application can discover the local and peer HITs using
   getsockname() and getpeername() calls in the context of connection
   oriented sockets.  The difference between the use of the HIP_HIT_*
   and HIP_ENDPOINT_ANY constants here is that the former allows only
   HIP-based communications but the latter also allows communications
   without HIP.

   The application also uses the HIP_HIT_ANY constant in ship_hit field
   to establish outgoing communications in Opportunistic mode [RFC5201],
   i.e., when the application knows the remote peer locator but not the
   HIT.  Outgoing communications refers here to the use of functions
   such as connect(), sendto() and sendmsg().  However, the application
   should first associate the socket with at least one IP address of the
   peer using SHIM_LOCLIST_PEER_PREF socket option.  The use of the
   HIP_HIT_ANY constant guarantees that the communications will be based
   on HIP or none at all.

   The use of HIP_ENDPOINT_ANY constant in the context of outgoing
   communications is left for further experimentation in the context of
   opportunistic mode.  It can result in a data flow with or without
   HIP.

   Some applications rely on system level access control, either
   implicit or explicit (such as accept_filter() function found on BSD-
   based systems), but such discussion is out of scope.  Other
   applications implement access control themselves by using the HITs.
   In such a case, the application can compare two HITs contained in the
   ship_hit field using memcmp() or similar function.  It should be
   noted that different connection attempts between the same two hosts
   can result in different HITs because a host is allowed to have



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   multiple HITs.

4.2.  Extensions to Resolver Data Structures

   The HIP APIs introduce a new address family, AF_HIP, that HIP aware
   applications can use to control the address type returned from
   getaddrinfo() function [RFC3493].  The getaddrinfo() function uses a
   data structure called addrinfo in its "hints" and "res" argument
   which are described in more detail in the next section.  The addrinfo
   data structure is illustrated in Figure 3.

          #include <netdb.h>

          struct addrinfo {
              int       ai_flags;          /* e.g. AI_EXTFLAGS */
              int       ai_family;         /* e.g. AF_HIP */
              int       ai_socktype;       /* e.g. SOCK_STREAM */
              int       ai_protocol;       /* 0 or IPPROTO_HIP */
              socklen_t ai_addrlen;        /* size of *ai_addr  */
              struct    sockaddr *ai_addr; /* sockaddr_hip */
              char     *ai_canonname;     /* canon. name of the host */
              struct    addrinfo *ai_next; /* next endpoint */
              int       ai_eflags;         /* RFC5014 extension */
          };

                                 Figure 3

   An application resolving with the ai_family field set to AF_UNSPEC in
   the hints argument may receive any kind of socket address structures,
   including sockaddr_hip.  When the application wants to receive only
   HITs contained in sockaddr_hip structures, it should set the
   ai_family field to AF_HIP.  Otherwise, the resolver does not return
   any sockaddr_hip structures.  The resolver returns EAI_FAMILY when
   AF_HIP is not supported.

   The resolver ignores the AI_PASSIVE flag when the application sets
   the family in hints to AF_HIP.

   The system may have a HIP-aware interposing DNS agent as described in
   section 3.2 in [RFC5338].  In such a case, the DNS agent may,
   according to local policy, return transparently LSIs or HITs in
   sockaddr_in and sockaddr_in6 structures when available.  A HIP-aware
   application can override this local policy in two ways.  First, the
   application can set the family to AF_HIP in the hints argument of
   getaddrinfo() when it requests only sockaddr_hip structures.  Second,
   the application can set AI_EXTFLAGS and AI_NO_HIT flags to prevent
   the resolver from returning HITs in any kind of data structures.




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   When getaddrinfo() returns resolved outputs the results to res
   argument, it sets the family to AF_HIP when the related structure is
   sockaddr_hip.

4.2.1.  Resolver Usage

   A HIP-aware application creates the sockaddr_hip structures manually
   or obtains them from the resolver.  The explicit configuration of
   locators is described in [I-D.ietf-shim6-multihome-shim-api].  This
   document defines "automated" resolver extensions for getaddrinfo()
   resolver [RFC3493].

           #include <netdb.h>

           int getaddrinfo(const char *nodename,
                           const char *servname,
                           const struct addrinfo *hints,
                           struct addrinfo **res)
           void free_addrinfo(struct addrinfo *res)

                                 Figure 4

   As described in [RFC3493], the getaddrinfo function takes the
   nodename, servname, and hints as its input arguments.  It places the
   result of the query into the res output argument.  The return value
   is zero on success, or a non-zero error value on error.  The nodename
   argument specifies the host name to be resolved; a NULL argument
   denotes the HITs of the local host.  The servname parameter declares
   the port number to be set in the socket addresses in the res output
   argument.  Both the nodename and servname cannot be NULL at the same
   time.

   The input argument "hints" acts like a filter that defines the
   attributes required from the resolved endpoints.  A NULL hints
   argument indicates that any kind of endpoints are acceptable.

   The output argument "res" is dynamically allocated by the resolver.
   The application frees the res argument with the free_addrinfo
   function.  The res argument contains a linked list of the resolved
   endpoints.  The linked list contains sockaddr_hip structures only
   when the input argument has the family set to AF_HIP.  When the
   family is zero, the list contains sockaddr_hip structures before
   sockaddr_in and sockaddr_in6 structures.

   Resolver can return a HIT which maps to multiple locators.  The
   resolver may cache the locator mappings with the HIP module.  The HIP
   module manages the multiple locators according to system policies of
   the host.  The multihoming document



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   [I-D.ietf-shim6-multihome-shim-api] describes how an application can
   override system default policies.

   It should be noted that the application can configure the HIT
   explicitly without setting the locator or the resolver can fail to
   resolve any locator.  In this scenario, the application relies on the
   system to map the HIT to an IP address.  When the system fails to
   provide the mapping, it returns -1 in the called sockets API function
   to the application and sets errno to EADDRNOTAVAIL.

4.3.  The Use of getsockname and getpeername Functions

   The application usually discovers the local or peer HITs from the
   sockaddr_hip structures returned by getaddrinfo().  However, the
   sockaddr_hip structure does not contain a HIT when the application
   uses the HIP_HIT_ANY_* constants.  In such a case, the application
   discovers the local and peer HITs using the getsockname() and
   getpeername() functions.  The functions return sockaddr_hip
   structures when the family of the socket is AF_HIP.

4.4.  Selection of Source HIT Type

   The Socket API for Source Address Selection [RFC5014] defines socket
   options to allow applications to influence source address selection
   mechanisms.  In some cases, HIP-aware applications may want to
   influence source HIT selection; in particular, whether an outbound
   connection should use a published or anonymous HIT.  Similar to
   IPV6_ADDR_PREFERENCES defined in RFC 5014, the following socket
   option HIT_PREFERENCES is defined for HIP-based sockets.  This socket
   option can be used with setsockopt() and getsockopt() calls to set
   and get the HIT selection preferences affecting a HIP-enabled socket.
   The socket option value (optval) is a 32-bit unsigned integer
   argument.  The argument consists of a number of flags where each flag
   indicates an address selection preference that modifies one of the
   rules in the default HIT selection; these flags are shown in Table 2.

          +---------------------------+-------------------------+
          | Socket Option             | Purpose                 |
          +---------------------------+-------------------------+
          | HIP_PREFER_SRC_HIT_TMP    | Prefer an anonymous HIT |
          | HIP_PREFER_SRC_HIT_PUBLIC | Prefer a public HIT     |
          +---------------------------+-------------------------+

                                  Table 2

   If the system is unable to assign the type of HIT that is requested,
   at HIT selection time, the socket call (connect (), sendto(), or
   sendmsg()) will fail and errno will be set to EINVAL.  If the



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   application tries to set both of the above flags for the same socket,
   this also results in the error EINVAL.

4.5.  Verification of Source HIT Type

   An application that uses the HIP_ENDPOINT_ANY constant may want to
   check whether the actual communications was based on HIP or not.
   Also, the application may want to verify whether a local HIT is
   public or anonymous.  The application accomplishes these using a new
   function called sockaddr_is_srcaddr() which is illustrated in
   Figure 5.

         #include <netinet/in.h>

         short sockaddr_is_srcaddr(struct sockaddr *srcaddr,
                                   uint64_t flags);

                                 Figure 5

   The sockaddr_is_srcaddr() function operates in the same way as
   inet6_is_srcaddr() function [RFC5014] which can be used to verify the
   type of an address belonging to the local host.  The difference is
   that the sockaddr_is_srcaddr() function handles sockaddr_hip
   structures in addition to sockaddr_in6, and possibly some other
   socket structures in further extensions.  The flags argument is also
   64 bit instead of 32 bits because new function handles the same flags
   as defined in [RFC5014] in addition to two HIP-specific flags,
   HIP_PREFER_SRC_HIT_TMP and HIP_PREFER_SRC_HIT_PUBLIC.  With these two
   flags, the application can distinguish anonymous HITs from public
   HITs.

   When given an AF_INET6 socket, sockaddr_is_srcaddr() behaves as
   inet6_is_srcaddr() function as described in [RFC5014].  With AF_HIP
   socket, the function returns 1 when the HIT contained in the socket
   address structure corresponds to a valid HIT of the local host and
   the HIT satisfies the given flags.  The function returns -1 when the
   HIT does not belong to the local host or the flags are not valid.
   The function returns 0 when the preference flags are valid but the
   HIT does not match the given flags.

4.6.  Explicit Handling of Locators

   The system resolver, or the HIP module, maps HITs to locators
   implicitly.  However, some applications may want to specify initial
   locator mappings explicitly.  In such a case, the application first
   creates a socket with AF_HIP as the domain argument.  Second, the
   application may get or set locator information with one of the
   following shim socket options as defined in the multihoming



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   extensions in [I-D.ietf-shim6-multihome-shim-api].  The related
   socket options are summarized briefly in Table 3.

   +---------------------+---------------------------------------------+
   | optname             | description                                 |
   +---------------------+---------------------------------------------+
   | SHIM_LOC_LOCAL_PREF | Get or set the preferred locator on the     |
   |                     | local side for the context associated with  |
   |                     | the socket.                                 |
   | SHIM_LOC_PEER_PREF  | Get or set the preferred locator on the     |
   |                     | remote side for the context associated with |
   |                     | the socket.                                 |
   | SHIM_LOCLIST_LOCAL  | Get or set a list of locators associated    |
   |                     | with the local EID.                         |
   | SHIM_LOCLIST_PEER   | Get or set a list of locators associated    |
   |                     | with the peer's EID.                        |
   | SHIM_LOC_LOCAL_SEND | Set or get the default source locator of    |
   |                     | outgoing IP packets.                        |
   | SHIM_LOC_PEER_SEND  | Set or get the default destination locator  |
   |                     | of outgoing IP packets.                     |
   +---------------------+---------------------------------------------+

                                  Table 3

   As an example of locator mappings, a connection-oriented application
   creates a HIP-based socket and sets the SHIM_LOCLIST_PEER socket
   option to the socket.  The HIP module uses the first address
   contained in the option if multiple are provided.  If the application
   provides one or more addresses in the SHIM_LOCLIST_PEER setsockopt
   call, the system should not connect to the host via another
   destination address, in case the application intends to restrict the
   range of addresses permissible as a policy choice.  The application
   can override the default peer locator by setting the
   SHIM_LOC_PEER_PREF socket option if necessary.  Finally, the
   application provides a specific HIT in the ship_hit field of the
   sockaddr_hip in the connect() system call.  If the system cannot
   reach the HIT at one of the addresses provided, the outbound socket
   API functions (connect, sendmsg, etc.) return -1 and set errno to
   EINVALIDLOCATOR.

   Applications may also choose to associate local addresses with
   sockets.  The procedures specified in
   [I-D.ietf-shim6-multihome-shim-api] are followed in this case.

   Another use case is to use the opportunistic mode when the
   destination HIT is specified as a wildcard.  The application sets one
   or more destination addresses using the SHIM_LOCLIST_PEER socket
   option as described above and then calls connect() with the wildcard



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   HIT.  The connect() call returns -1 and sets errno to EADDRNOTAVAIL
   when the application connects to a wildcard without specifying any
   destination address.

   Applications using datagram-oriented sockets can use ancillary data
   to control the locators.  This described in detail in
   [I-D.ietf-shim6-multihome-shim-api].


5.  Summary of New Definitions

   Table 4 summarizes the new constants and structures defined in this
   document.

                 +-----------------+---------------------+
                 | Header          | Definition          |
                 +-----------------+---------------------+
                 | <sys/socket.h>  | AF_HIP              |
                 | <sys/socket.h>  | PF_HIP              |
                 | <netinet/in.h>  | IPPROTO_HIP         |
                 | <netinet/hip.h> | HIP_HIT_ANY         |
                 | <netinet/hip.h> | HIP_HIT_ANY_PUB     |
                 | <netinet/hip.h> | HIP_HIT_ANY_TMP     |
                 | <netinet/hip.h> | HIP_ENDPOINT_ANY    |
                 | <netinet/hip.h> | HIP_HIT_PREFERENCES |
                 | <netinet/hip.h> | hip_hit_t           |
                 | <netdb.h>       | AI_NO_HIT           |
                 | <netinet/hip.h> | sockaddr_hip        |
                 | <netinet/hip.h> | sockaddr_is_srcaddr |
                 +-----------------+---------------------+

                                  Table 4


6.  IANA Considerations

   No IANA considerations.


7.  Security Considerations

   No security considerations currently.


8.  Contributors

   Thanks for Jukka Ylitalo and Pekka Nikander for their original
   contribution, time and effort to the native HIP APIs.  Thanks for



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   Yoshifuji Hideaki for his contributions to this document.


9.  Acknowledgements

   Kristian Slavov, Julien Laganier, Jaakko Kangasharju, Mika Kousa, Jan
   Melen, Andrew McGregor, Sasu Tarkoma, Lars Eggert, Joe Touch, Antti
   Jarvinen, Anthony Joseph, Teemu Koponen, Jari Arkko, Ari Keranen,
   Juha-Matti Tapio, Shinta Sugimoto, Philip Matthews, Joakim Koskela,
   Jeff Ahrenholz and Gonzalo Camarillo have also provided valuable
   ideas or feedback.  Thanks also for the APPS area folks, including
   Stephane Bortzmeyer, Chris Newman, Tony Finch, "der Mouse" and Keith
   Moore.


10.  Normative References

   [I-D.ietf-btns-c-api]
              Richardson, M., Williams, N., Komu, M., and S. Tarkoma,
              "C-Bindings for IPsec Application Programming Interfaces",
              draft-ietf-btns-c-api-04 (work in progress), March 2009.

   [I-D.ietf-shim6-multihome-shim-api]
              Komu, M., Bagnulo, M., Slavov, K., and S. Sugimoto,
              "Socket Application Program Interface (API) for
              Multihoming Shim", draft-ietf-shim6-multihome-shim-api-08
              (work in progress), May 2009.

   [I-D.ietf-shim6-proto]
              Nordmark, E. and M. Bagnulo, "Shim6: Level 3 Multihoming
              Shim Protocol for IPv6", draft-ietf-shim6-proto-12 (work
              in progress), February 2009.

   [POSIX]    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, "IEEE
              Std. 1003.1-2001 Standard for Information Technology -
              Portable Operating System Interface (POSIX)", Dec 2001.

   [RFC3493]  Gilligan, R., Thomson, S., Bound, J., McCann, J., and W.
              Stevens, "Basic Socket Interface Extensions for IPv6",
              RFC 3493, February 2003.

   [RFC4423]  Moskowitz, R. and P. Nikander, "Host Identity Protocol
              (HIP) Architecture", RFC 4423, May 2006.

   [RFC4843]  Nikander, P., Laganier, J., and F. Dupont, "An IPv6 Prefix
              for Overlay Routable Cryptographic Hash Identifiers
              (ORCHID)", RFC 4843, April 2007.




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   [RFC5014]  Nordmark, E., Chakrabarti, S., and J. Laganier, "IPv6
              Socket API for Source Address Selection", RFC 5014,
              September 2007.

   [RFC5201]  Moskowitz, R., Nikander, P., Jokela, P., and T. Henderson,
              "Host Identity Protocol", RFC 5201, April 2008.

   [RFC5205]  Nikander, P. and J. Laganier, "Host Identity Protocol
              (HIP) Domain Name System (DNS) Extensions", RFC 5205,
              April 2008.

   [RFC5338]  Henderson, T., Nikander, P., and M. Komu, "Using the Host
              Identity Protocol with Legacy Applications", RFC 5338,
              September 2008.


Authors' Addresses

   Miika Komu
   Helsinki Institute for Information Technology
   Metsanneidonkuja 4
   Helsinki
   Finland

   Phone: +358503841531
   Fax:   +35896949768
   Email: miika@iki.fi
   URI:   http://www.iki.fi/miika/


   Thomas Henderson
   The Boeing Company
   P.O. Box 3707
   Seattle, WA
   USA

   Email: thomas.r.henderson@boeing.com














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