Network Working Group T. Chown, Ed.
Internet-Draft University of Southampton
Intended status: Informational J. Arkko
Expires: April 22, 2013 Ericsson
A. Brandt
Sigma Designs
O. Troan
Cisco Systems, Inc.
J. Weil
Time Warner Cable
October 19, 2012
Home Networking Architecture for IPv6
draft-ietf-homenet-arch-05
Abstract
This text describes evolving networking technology within
increasingly large residential home networks. The goal of this
document is to define an architecture for IPv6-based home networking,
while describing the associated principles, considerations and
requirements. The text briefly highlights the specific implications
of the introduction of IPv6 for home networking, discusses the
elements of the architecture, and suggests how standard IPv6
mechanisms and addressing can be employed in home networking. The
architecture describes the need for specific protocol extensions for
certain additional functionality. It is assumed that the IPv6 home
network is not actively managed, and runs as an IPv6-only or dual-
stack network. There are no recommendations in this text for the
IPv4 part of the network.
Status of this Memo
This Internet-Draft is submitted in full conformance with the
provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79.
Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering
Task Force (IETF). Note that other groups may also distribute
working documents as Internet-Drafts. The list of current Internet-
Drafts is at http://datatracker.ietf.org/drafts/current/.
Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months
and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any
time. It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference
material or to cite them other than as "work in progress."
This Internet-Draft will expire on April 22, 2013.
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Copyright Notice
Copyright (c) 2012 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the
document authors. All rights reserved.
This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal
Provisions Relating to IETF Documents
(http://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of
publication of this document. Please review these documents
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to this document. Code Components extracted from this document must
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the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as
described in the Simplified BSD License.
Table of Contents
1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.1. Terminology and Abbreviations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
2. Effects of IPv6 on Home Networking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
2.1. Multiple subnets and routers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
2.2. Global addressability and elimination of NAT . . . . . . . 7
2.3. Multi-Addressing of devices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
2.4. Unique Local Addresses (ULAs) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
2.5. Naming, and manual configuration of IP addresses . . . . . 9
2.6. IPv6-only operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
3. Homenet Architecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
3.1. General Principles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
3.1.1. Reuse existing protocols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
3.1.2. Minimise changes to hosts and routers . . . . . . . . 11
3.2. Homenet Topology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
3.2.1. Supporting arbitrary topologies . . . . . . . . . . . 11
3.2.2. Network topology models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
3.2.3. Dual-stack topologies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
3.2.4. Multihoming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
3.3. A Self-Organising Network . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
3.3.1. Homenet realms and borders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
3.3.2. Largest practical subnets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
3.3.3. Handling multiple homenets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
3.3.4. Coordination of configuration information . . . . . . 20
3.4. Homenet Addressing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
3.4.1. Use of ISP-delegated IPv6 prefixes . . . . . . . . . . 21
3.4.2. Stable internal IP addresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
3.4.3. Internal prefix delegation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
3.4.4. Privacy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
3.5. Routing functionality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
3.5.1. Multicast routing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
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3.6. Security . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
3.6.1. Addressability vs reachability . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
3.6.2. Filtering at borders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
3.6.3. Marginal Effectiveness of NAT and Firewalls . . . . . 28
3.6.4. Device capabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
3.6.5. ULAs as a hint of connection origin . . . . . . . . . 28
3.7. Naming and Service Discovery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
3.7.1. Discovering services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
3.7.2. Assigning names to devices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
3.7.3. Name spaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
3.7.4. The homenet name service . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
3.7.5. Independent operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
3.7.6. Considerations for LLNs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
3.7.7. DNS resolver discovery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
3.8. Other Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
3.8.1. Proxy or Extend? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
3.8.2. Quality of Service . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
3.8.3. Operations and Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
3.9. Implementing the Architecture on IPv6 . . . . . . . . . . 35
4. Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
5. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
5.1. Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
5.2. Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
Appendix A. Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
Appendix B. Changes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
B.1. Version 05 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
B.2. Version 04 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
B.3. Version 03 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
B.4. Version 02 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
Authors' Addresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
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1. Introduction
This document focuses on evolving networking technology within
increasingly large residential home networks and the associated
challenges with their deployment and operation. There is a growing
trend in home networking for the proliferation of networking
technology in an increasingly broad range of devices and media. This
evolution in scale and diversity sets requirements on IETF protocols.
Some of these requirements relate to the introduction of IPv6, others
to the introduction of specialised networks for home automation and
sensors.
While at the time of writing some complex home network topologies
exist, most operate based on IPv4, employ solutions that we would
like to avoid such as (cascaded) network address translation (NAT),
or require expert assistance to set up. In IPv6 home networks, there
are likely to be scenarios where internal routing is required, for
example to support private and guest networks, in which case such
networks may use increasing numbers of subnets, and require methods
for IPv6 prefixes to be delegated to those subnets. The assumption
of this document is that the homenet is as far as possible self-
organising and self-configuring, and is thus need not be pro-actively
managed by the residential user.
The architectural constructs in this document are focused on the
problems to be solved when introducing IPv6 with an eye towards a
better result than what we have today with IPv4, as well as a better
result than if the IETF had not given this specific guidance. The
document aims to provide the basis and guiding principles for how
standard IPv6 mechanisms and addressing [RFC2460] [RFC4291] can be
employed in home networking, while coexisting with existing IPv4
mechanisms. In emerging dual-stack home networks it is vital that
introducing IPv6 does not adversely affect IPv4 operation. We assume
that the IPv4 network architecture in home networks is what it is,
and can not be affected by new recommendations. Future deployments,
or specific subnets within an otherwise dual-stack home network, may
be IPv6-only, in which case considerations for IPv4 impact would not
apply.
This architecture document proposes a baseline homenet architecture,
based on protocols and implementations that are as far as possible
proven and robust. The scope of the document is primarily the
network layer technologies that provide the basic functionality to
enable addressing, connectivity, routing, naming and service
discovery. While it may, for example, state that homenet components
must be simple to deploy and use, it does not discuss specific user
interfaces, nor does it discuss specific physical, wireless or data-
link layer considerations.
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[RFC6204] defines basic requirements for customer edge routers
(CERs). The scope of this text is the internal homenet, and thus
specific features on the CER are out of scope for this text. While
the network may be dual-stack or IPv6-only, the definition of
specific transition tools on the CER, as introduced in RFC 6204-bis
[I-D.ietf-v6ops-6204bis] with DS-Lite [RFC6333] and 6rd [RFC5969],
are considered issues for that RFC, and are thus also out of scope of
this text.
1.1. Terminology and Abbreviations
In this section we define terminology and abbreviations used
throughout the text.
o "Advanced Security". Describes advanced security functions for a
CER, as defined in [I-D.vyncke-advanced-ipv6-security], where the
default inbound connection policy is generally "default allow".
o ALQDN: Ambiguous Locally Qualified Domain Name. An example would
be .sitelocal.
o CER: Customer Edge Router. A border router at the edge of the
homenet.
o FQDN: Fully Qualified Domain Name. A globally unique name space.
o LLN: Low-power and lossy network.
o LQDN: Locally Qualified Domain Name. A name space local to the
homenet.
o NAT: Network Address Translation. Typically referring to IPv4
Network Address and Port Translation (NAPT) [RFC3022].
o NPTv6: Network Prefix Translation for IPv6 [RFC6296].
o PCP: Port Control Protocol [I-D.ietf-pcp-base].
o "Simple Security". Defined in [RFC4864] and expanded further in
[RFC6092]; describes recommended perimeter security capabilities
for IPv6 networks.
o ULA: IPv6 Unique Local Addresses [RFC4193].
o ULQDN: Unique Locally Qualified Domain Name. An example might be
.<UniqueString>.sitelocal.
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o UPnP: Universal Plug and Play. Includes the Internet Gateway
Device (IGD) function, which for IPv6 is UPnP IGD Version 2
[IGD-2].
o VM: Virtual machine.
o WPA2: Wi-Fi Protected Access, as defined by the Wi-Fi Alliance.
2. Effects of IPv6 on Home Networking
While IPv6 resembles IPv4 in many ways, it changes address allocation
principles, making multi-addressing the norm, and allowing direct IP
addressability of home networking devices from the Internet. This
section presents an overview of some of the key implications of the
introduction of IPv6 for home networking, that are simultaneously
both promising and problematic.
2.1. Multiple subnets and routers
The introduction of IPv6 for home networking enables the potential
for every home network to be delegated enough address space to
provision globally unique prefixes for each subnet in the home. Such
subnetting is not common practice in existing IPv4 homenets, but is
very likely to become increasingly standard in future IPv6 homenets.
While simple layer 3 topologies involving as few subnets as possible
are preferred in home networks, the incorporation of dedicated
(routed) subnets remains necessary for a variety of reasons. For
instance, an increasingly common feature in modern home routers is
the ability to support both guest and private network subnets.
Likewise, there may be a need to separate building control or
corporate extensions from the main Internet access network, or
different subnets may in general be associated with parts of the
homenet that have different routing and security policies. Further,
link layer networking technology is poised to become more
heterogeneous, as networks begin to employ both traditional Ethernet
technology and link layers designed for low-power and lossy networks
(LLNs), such as those used for certain types of sensor devices.
Constraining the flow of certain traffic from Ethernet links to much
lower capacity links thus becomes an important topic.
The addition of routing between subnets raises the issue of how to
extend mechanisms such as service discovery which currently rely on
link-local addressing to limit scope. There are two broad choices;
extend existing protocols to work across the scope of the homenet, or
introduce proxies for existing link layer protocols. This topic is
discussed later in the document.
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There will also be the need to discover which routers in the homenet
are the border router(s) by an appropriate mechanism. Here, there
are a number of choices, including the use of an appropriate service
discovery protocol. Whatever method is chosen would likely have to
deal with handling more than one router responding in multihomed
environments.
2.2. Global addressability and elimination of NAT
Current IPv4 home networks typically receive a single global IPv4
address from their ISP and use NAT with private [RFC1918] addresses
for devices within the network. An IPv6 home network removes the
need to use NAT given the ISP offers a sufficiently large globally
unique IPv6 prefix to the homenet, allowing every device on every
subnet to be assigned a globally unique IPv6 address.
The end-to-end communication that is potentially enabled with IPv6 is
on the one hand an incredible opportunity for innovation and simpler
network operation, but it is also a concern as it exposes nodes in
the internal networks to receipt of otherwise unwanted traffic from
the Internet. While devices and applications can potentially talk
directly to each other when all devices have globally unique
addresses, there may be an expectation of improved host security to
compensate for this. It should be noted that many devices may (for
example) ship with default settings that make them readily vulnerable
to compromise by external attackers if globally accessible, or may
simply not have robustness designed-in because it was either assumed
such devices would only be used on private networks or the device
itself doesn't have the computing power to apply the necessary
security methods.
IPv6 networks may or may not have filters applied at their borders,
i.e. at the homenet CER. [RFC4864], [RFC6092] and
[I-D.vyncke-advanced-ipv6-security] discuss such filtering, and the
merits of "default allow" against "default deny" policies for
external traffic initiated into a homenet. It is important to
distinguish between addressability and reachability. While IPv6
offers global addressability through use of globally unique addresses
in the home, whether they are globally reachable or not would depend
on the firewall or filtering configuration, and not, as is commonly
the case with IPv4, the presence or use of NAT.
2.3. Multi-Addressing of devices
In an IPv6 network, devices may acquire multiple addresses, typically
at least a link-local address and a globally unique address. They
may also have an IPv4 address if the network is dual-stack, a Unique
Local Address (ULA) [RFC4193] (see below), and one or more IPv6
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Privacy Addresses [RFC4941].
Thus it should be considered the norm for devices on IPv6 home
networks to be multi-addressed, and to need to make appropriate
address selection decisions for the candidate source and destination
address pairs. Default Address Selection for IPv6 [RFC6724] provides
a solution for this, though it may face problems in the event of
multihoming, where nodes will be configured with one address from
each upstream ISP prefix. In such cases the presence of upstream
ingress filtering requires multi-addressed nodes to select the
correct source address to be used for the corresponding uplink, to
avoid ISP BCP 38 ingress filtering, but the node may not have the
information it needs to make that decision based on addresses alone.
We discuss such challenges in the multihoming section later in this
document.
2.4. Unique Local Addresses (ULAs)
[RFC4193] defines Unique Local Addresses (ULAs) for IPv6 that may be
used to address devices within the scope of a single site. Support
for ULAs for IPv6 CERs is described in [RFC6204]. A home network
running IPv6 may deploy ULAs for stable communication between devices
(on different subnets) within the network where the externally
allocated global prefix changes over time (e.g. due to renumbering
within the subscriber's ISP) or where external connectivity is
temporarily unavailable.
A counter-argument to using ULAs is that it is undesirable to
aggressively deprecate global prefixes for temporary loss of
connectivity, so for a host to lose its global address there would
have to be a connection breakage longer than the lease period, and
even then, deprecating prefixes when there is no connectivity may not
be advisable. It should also be noted that there may be timers on
the prefix lease to the homenet, on the internal prefix delegations,
and on the Router Advertisements to the hosts. Despite this counter-
argument, while setting a network up there may be a period with no
connectivity, in which case ULAs would be required for inter-subnet
communication. In the case where LLNs are being set up in a new
home/deployment, individual LLNs may, at least initially, each use
their own /48 ULA prefix.
Default address selection mechanisms should ensure a ULA source
address is used to communicate with ULA destination addresses when
appropriate, in particular when the ULA destination lies within a /48
ULA prefix known to be used within the same homenet. Note that
unlike the IPv4 private RFC 1918 space, the use of ULAs does not
imply use of host-based IPv6 NAT, or NPTv6 prefix-based NAT
[RFC6296], rather that external communications should use a node's
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additional globally unique IPv6 source address.
2.5. Naming, and manual configuration of IP addresses
Some IPv4 home networking devices expose IPv4 addresses to users,
e.g. the IPv4 address of a home IPv4 CER that may be configured via a
web interface. Users should not be expected to enter IPv6 literal
addresses in homenet devices or applications, given their much
greater length and apparent randomness to a typical home user. While
shorter addresses, perhaps ones registered with IANA from ULA-C space
[I-D.hain-ipv6-ulac], could be used for specific devices/services, in
general it is better to not expose users to real IPv6 addresses.
Thus, even for the simplest of functions, simple naming and the
associated (ideally zero configuration) discovery of services is
imperative for the easy deployment and use of homenet devices and
applications.
In a multi-subnet homenet, naming and service discovery should be
expected to be capable of operating across the scope of the entire
home network, and thus be able to cross subnet boundaries. It should
be noted that in IPv4, such services do not generally function across
home router NAT boundaries, so this is one area where there is room
for improvement in IPv6.
2.6. IPv6-only operation
It is likely that IPv6-only networking will be deployed first in
"greenfield" homenet scenarios, or perhaps as one element of an
otherwise dual-stack network. Running IPv6-only adds additional
requirements, e.g. for devices to get configuration information via
IPv6 transport (not relying on an IPv4 protocol such as IPv4 DHCP),
and for devices to be able to initiate communications to external
devices that are IPv4-only. Thus, for example, the following
requirements are amongst those that should be considered in IPv6-only
environments:
o Ensuring there is a way to access content in the IPv4 Internet.
This can be arranged through appropriate use of NAT64 [RFC6144]
and DNS64 [RFC6145], for example, or via a node-based DS-Lite
[RFC6333] approach.
o DNS discovery mechanisms are enabled for IPv6. Both stateless
DHCPv6 [RFC3736] [RFC3646] and Router Advertisement options
[RFC6106] may have to be supported and turned on by default to
ensure maximum compatibility with all types of hosts in the
network. This requires, however, that a working DNS server is
known and addressable via IPv6, and that the automatic discovery
of such a server is possible through multiple routers in the
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homenet.
o All nodes in the home network support operations in IPv6-only
mode. Some current devices work well with dual-stack but fail to
recognise connectivity when IPv4 DHCP fails, for instance.
The widespread availability of robust solutions to these types of
requirements will help accelerate the uptake of IPv6-only homenets.
The specifics of these are however beyond the scope of this document,
especially those functions that reside on the CPE.
3. Homenet Architecture
The aim of this architecture text is to outline how to construct
advanced IPv6-based home networks involving multiple routers and
subnets using standard IPv6 protocols and addressing [RFC2460]
[RFC4291]. In this section, we present the elements of such a home
networking architecture, with discussion of the associated design
principles.
Existing IETF work [RFC6204] defines the "basic" requirements for
Customer Edge Routers, while [I-D.ietf-v6ops-6204bis] extends RFC
6204 to describe additional features. The homenet architecture is
focused on the internal homenet, rather than the CER(s). In general,
home network equipment needs to be able to operate in networks with a
range of different properties and topologies, where home users may
plug components together in arbitrary ways and expect the resulting
network to operate. Significant manual configuration is rarely, if
at all, possible, given the knowledge level of typical home users.
Thus the network should, as far as possible, be self-configuring.
The equipment also needs to be prepared to handle at least
o Routing
o Prefix configuration for routers
o Name resolution
o Service discovery
o Network security
The remainder of this document describes the principles by which a
homenet architecture may deliver these properties.
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3.1. General Principles
There is little that the Internet standards community can do about
the physical topologies or the need for some networks to be separated
at the network layer for policy or link layer compatibility reasons.
However, there is a lot of flexibility in using IP addressing and
inter-networking mechanisms. This architecture text discusses how
this flexibility should be used to provide the best user experience
and ensure that the network can evolve with new applications in the
future. The principles described in this text should be followed
when designing homenet solutions.
3.1.1. Reuse existing protocols
It is desirable to reuse existing protocols where possible, but at
the same time to avoid consciously precluding the introduction of new
or emerging protocols. A generally conservative approach, giving
weight to running code, is preferable. Where new protocols are
required, evidence of commitment to implementation by appropriate
vendors or development communities is highly desirable. Protocols
used should be backwardly compatible, and forward compatible where
changes are made.
3.1.2. Minimise changes to hosts and routers
Where possible, any requirement for changes to hosts and routers
should be minimised, though solutions which, for example,
incrementally improve with host changes may be acceptable.
3.2. Homenet Topology
This section considers homenet topologies, and the principles that
may be applied in designing an architecture to support as wide a
range as possible of such topologies.
3.2.1. Supporting arbitrary topologies
There should ideally be no built-in assumptions about the topology in
home networks, as users are capable of connecting their devices in
"ingenious" ways. Thus arbitrary topologies and arbitrary routing
will need to be supported, or at least the failure mode for when the
user makes a mistake should be as robust as possible, e.g. de-
activating a certain part of the infrastructure to allow the rest to
operate. In such cases, the user should ideally have some useful
indication of the failure mode encountered.
There are no topology secenarios which could cause loss of
connectivity, except when the user creates a physical island within
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the topology. Some potentially pathological cases that can be
created include bridging ports of a router together, however this
case can be detected and dealt with by the router. Routing cycles
within a topology are in a sense good in that they offer redundancy.
Bridging cyslces can be dangerous but are also detectable when a
switch learns the MAC of one of its interfaces on another or runs a
spanning tree or link state protocol. It is only cycles using simple
repeaters that are truly pathological.
3.2.2. Network topology models
Most IPv4 home network models at the time of writing tend to be
relatively simple, typically a single NAT router to the ISP and a
single internal subnet but, as discussed earlier, evolution in
network architectures is driving more complex topologies, such as the
separation of guest and private networks. There may also be some
cascaded IPv4 NAT scenarios, which we mention in the next section.
In general, the models described in [RFC6204] and its successor RFC
6204-bis [I-D.ietf-v6ops-6204bis] should be supported by the IPv6
home networking architecture. The functions resident on the CER
itself are, as stated previously, out of scope of this text.
There are a number of properties or attributes of a home network that
we can use to describe its topology and operation. The following
properties apply to any IPv6 home network:
o Presence of internal routers. The homenet may have one or more
internal routers, or may only provide subnetting from interfaces
on the CER.
o Presence of isolated internal subnets. There may be isolated
internal subnets, with no direct connectivity between them within
the homenet. Isolation may be physical, or implemented via IEEE
802.1q VLANs. The latter is however not something a typical user
would be expected to configure.
o Demarcation of the CER. The CER(s) may or may not be managed by
the ISP. If the demarcation point is such that the customer can
provide or manage the CER, its configuration must be simple. Both
models must be supported.
Various forms of multihoming are likely to be more prevalent with
IPv6 home networks, as discussed further below. Thus the following
properties should also be considered for such networks:
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o Number of upstream providers. A typical homenet might just have a
single upstream ISP, but it may become more common for there to be
multiple ISPs, whether for resilience or provision of additional
services. Each would offer its own prefix. Some may or may not
be walled gardens.
o Number of CERs. The homenet may have a single CER, which might be
used for one or more providers, or multiple CERs. The presence of
multiple CERs adds additional complexity for multihoming
scenarios, and protocols like PCP that need to manage connection-
oriented state mappings.
In the following sections we give some examples of the types of
homenet topologies we may see in the future. This is not intended to
be an exhaustive or complete list, rather an indicative one to
facilitate the discussion in this text.
3.2.2.1. A: Single ISP, Single CER, Internal routers
Figure 1 shows a network with multiple local area networks. These
may be needed for reasons relating to different link layer
technologies in use or for policy reasons, e.g. classic Ethernet in
one subnet and a LLN link layer technology in another. In this
example there is no single router that a priori understands the
entire topology. The topology itself may also be complex, and it may
not be possible to assume a pure tree form, for instance (home users
may plug routers together to form arbitrary topologies including
loops).
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+-------+-------+ \
| Service | \
| Provider | | Service
| Router | | Provider
+-------+-------+ | network
| /
| Customer /
| Internet connection
|
+------+--------+ \
| IPv6 | \
| Customer Edge | \
| Router | |
+----+-+---+----+ |
Network A | | | Network B(E) |
----+-------------+----+ | +---+-------------+------+ |
| | | | | | |
+----+-----+ +-----+----+ | +----+-----+ +-----+----+ | |
|IPv6 Host | |IPv6 Host | | | IPv6 Host| |IPv6 Host | | |
| H1 | | H2 | | | H3 | | H4 | | |
+----------+ +----------+ | +----------+ +----------+ | |
| | | | |
Link F | ---+------+------+-----+ |
| | Network E(B) |
+------+--------+ | | End-User
| IPv6 | | | networks
| Interior +------+ |
| Router | |
+---+-------+-+-+ |
Network C | | Network D |
----+-------------+---+ +---+-------------+--- |
| | | | |
+----+-----+ +-----+----+ +----+-----+ +-----+----+ |
|IPv6 Host | |IPv6 Host | | IPv6 Host| |IPv6 Host | |
| H5 | | H6 | | H7 | | H8 | /
+----------+ +----------+ +----------+ +----------+ /
Figure 1
In this diagram there is one CER. It has a single uplink interface.
It has three additional interfaces connected to Network A, Link F,
and Network B. IPv6 Internal Router (IR) has four interfaces
connected to Link F, Network C, Network D and Network E. Network B
and Network E have been bridged, likely inadvertedly. This could be
as a result of connecting a wire between a switch for Network B and a
switch for Network E.
Any of logical Networks A through F might be wired or wireless.
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Where multiple hosts are shown, this might be through one or more
physical ports on the CER or IPv6 (IR), wireless networks, or through
one or more layer-2 only ethernet switches.
3.2.2.2. B: Two ISPs, Two CERs, Shared subnet
+-------+-------+ +-------+-------+ \
| Service | | Service | \
| Provider A | | Provider B | | Service
| Router | | Router | | Provider
+------+--------+ +-------+-------+ | network
| | /
| Customer | /
| Internet connections | /
| |
+------+--------+ +-------+-------+ \
| IPv6 | | IPv6 | \
| Customer Edge | | Customer Edge | \
| Router 1 | | Router 2 | /
+------+--------+ +-------+-------+ /
| | /
| | | End-User
---+---------+---+---------------+--+----------+--- | network(s)
| | | | \
+----+-----+ +-----+----+ +----+-----+ +-----+----+ \
|IPv6 Host | |IPv6 Host | | IPv6 Host| |IPv6 Host | /
| H1 | | H2 | | H3 | | H4 | /
+----------+ +----------+ +----------+ +----------+
Figure 2
Figure 2 illustrates a multihomed homenet model, where the customer
has connectivity via CER1 to ISP A and via CER2 to ISP B. This
example shows one shared subnet where IPv6 nodes would potentially be
multihomed and receive multiple IPv6 global addresses, one per ISP.
This model may also be combined with that shown in Figure 1 to create
a more complex scenario with multiple internal routers. Or the above
shared subnet may be split in two, such that each CER serves a
separate isolated subnet, which is a scenario seen with some IPv4
networks today.
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3.2.2.3. C: Two ISPs, One CER, Shared subnet
+-------+-------+ +-------+-------+ \
| Service | | Service | \
| Provider A | | Provider B | | Service
| Router | | Router | | Provider
+-------+-------+ +-------+-------+ | network
| | /
| Customer | /
| Internet | /
| connections | |
+---------+---------+ \
| IPv6 | \
| Customer Edge | \
| Router | /
+---------+---------+ /
| /
| | End-User
---+------------+-------+--------+-------------+--- | network(s)
| | | | \
+----+-----+ +----+-----+ +----+-----+ +-----+----+ \
|IPv6 Host | |IPv6 Host | | IPv6 Host| |IPv6 Host | /
| H1 | | H2 | | H3 | | H4 | /
+----------+ +----------+ +----------+ +----------+
Figure 3
Figure 3 illustrates a model where a home network may have multiple
connections to multiple providers or multiple logical connections to
the same provider, with shared internal subnets.
In general, while the architecture may focus on likely common
topologies, it should not preclude any arbitrary topology from being
constructed.
3.2.3. Dual-stack topologies
It is expected that most homenet deployments will for the immediate
future be dual-stack IPv4/IPv6. In such networks it is important not
to introduce new IPv6 capabilities that would cause a failure if used
alongside IPv4+NAT, given that such dual-stack homenets will be
commonplace for some time. That said, it is desirable that IPv6
works better than IPv4 in as many scenarios as possible. Further,
the homenet architecture must operate in the absence of IPv4.
A general recommendation is to follow the same topology for IPv6 as
is used for IPv4, but not to use NAT. Thus there should be routed
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IPv6 where an IPv4 NAT is used, and where there is no NAT routing or
bridging may be used. Routing may have advantages when compared to
bridging together high speed and lower speed shared media, and in
addition bridging may not be suitable for some media, such as ad-hoc
mobile networks.
In some cases IPv4 NAT home networks may feature cascaded NATs, which
may include cases where NAT routers are included within VMs, or where
Internet connection sharing services are used. IPv6 routed versions
of such cases will be required. We should thus note that routers in
the homenet may not be separate physical devices; they may be
embedded within other devices.
3.2.4. Multihoming
A homenet may be multihomed to multiple providers, as the network
models above illustrate. This may either take a form where there are
multiple isolated networks within the home or a more integrated
network where the connectivity selection needs to be dynamic.
Current practice is typically of the former kind, but the latter is
expected to become more commonplace.
The general multihoming problem is broad, and solutions suggested to
date within the IETF may include complex architectures for monitoring
connectivity, traffic engineering, identifier-locator separation,
connection survivability across multihoming events, and so on. It is
thus important that the homenet architecture should as far as
possible minimise the complexity of any multihoming support. So we
should limit the support to the smallest subset of the overall
problem to meet the requirements of the topologies described above.
This means that the homenet architecture should not try to make
another attempt at solving complex multihoming, and we should prefer
to support scenarios for which solutions exist today.
In the general homenet architecture, hosts should be multi-addressed
with globally unique prefixes from each ISP they may communicate with
or through. An alternative for a homenet would be to deploy NPTv6
[RFC6296] at the CER, with ULAs then typically used internally, but
this mode is not considered by this text. If NPTv6 is used, the
internal part of the homenet (which is the scope of this text) simply
sees only the one (ULA) prefix in use. It should be noted that
running NPTv6 has an architectural cost, due to the prefix
translation used.
When multi-addressing is in use, hosts need some way to pick source
and destination address pairs for connections. A host may choose a
source address to use by various methods, which would typically
include [RFC6724]. Applications may of course do different things,
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and this should not be precluded.
For the single CER Network Model C, multihoming may be offered by
source routing at the CER. With multiple exit routers, the
complexity rises. Given a packet with a source address on the
network, the packet must be routed to the proper egress to avoid BCP
38 [RFC2827] filtering at an ISP that did not delegate the prefix the
address is chosen from. While the packet might not take an optimal
path to the correct exit CER, the minimum requirement is that the
packet is not dropped. It is of course highly desirable that the
packet is routed in the most efficient manner to the correct exit.
There are various potential approaches to this problem, one example
being described in [I-D.ietf-v6ops-ipv6-multihoming-without-ipv6nat].
Another is discussed in [I-D.baker-fun-multi-router], which explores
support for source routing throughout the homenet. This approach
would however likely require relatively significant routing changes
to route the packet to the correct exit given the source address.
Such changes should preferably be minimised.
There are some other multihoming considerations for homenet
scenarios. First, it may be the case that multihoming applies due to
an ISP migration from a transition method to a native deployment,
e.g. a 6rd [RFC5969] sunset scenario. Second, one upstream may be a
"walled garden", and thus only appropriate to be used for
connectivity to the services of that provider; an example may be a
VPN service that only routes back to the enterprise business network
of a user in the homenet. While we should not specifically target
walled garden multihoming as a principal goal, it should not be
precluded.
Host-based methods such as Shim6 [RFC5533] have been defined, but of
course require support in the hosts. There are also application-
oriented approaches such as Happy Eyeballs [RFC6555]; simplified
versions of this are for example already implemented in some
commonly-used web browsers. The homenet architecture should not
preclude use of such tools should hosts include their support.
3.3. A Self-Organising Network
A home network architecture should be naturally self-organising and
self-configuring under different circumstances relating to the
connectivity status to the Internet, number of devices, and physical
topology. While the homenet should be self-organising, it should be
possible to manually adjust (override) the current configuration.
While a goal of the homenet architecture is for the network to be as
self-organising as possible, there may be instances where some manual
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configuration is required, e.g. the entry of a WPA2 key to apply
wireless security, or to configure a shared routing secret. The
latter may be relevant when considering how to bootstrap a routing
configuration. It is highly desirable that only one such key is
needed for any set of functions, to increase usability for the
homenet user.
3.3.1. Homenet realms and borders
The homenet will need to be aware of the extent of its own "site",
which will define the borders for ULAs, site scope multicast, service
discovery and security policies. The homenet will have one or more
borders with external connectivity providers and potentially also
have borders within the internal network (e.g. for policy-based
reasons). It should be possible to automatically perform border
discovery for the different borders. Such borders determine for
example the scope of where prefixes, routing information, network
traffic, service discovery and naming may be shared. The default
mode internally should be to share everything.
It is expected that a realm would span at least an entire subnet, and
thus be associated to one delegated prefix within the homenet. It is
also desirable for a richer security model that hosts, which may be
running in a transparent communication mode, are able to make
decisions based on available realm and associated prefix information
in the same way that routers at realm borders can.
A simple homenet model may just consider three types of realm and the
borders between them. For example if the realms are the homenet, the
ISP and the guest network, then the borders will include that from
the homenet to the ISP, and that from the homenet to a guest network.
Regardless, it should be possible for additional types of realms and
borders to be defined, e.g. for some specific Grid or LLN-based
network, and for these to be detected automatically, and for an
appropriate default policy to be applied as to what type of traffic/
data can flow across such borders.
It is desirable to classify the external border of the home network
as a unique logical interface separating the home network from
service provider network/s. This border interface may be a single
physical interface to a single service provider, multiple layer 2
sub-interfaces to a single service provider, or multiple connections
to a single or multiple providers. This border makes it possible to
describe edge operations and interface requirements across multiple
functional areas including security, routing, service discovery, and
router discovery.
It should be possible for the homenet user to override any
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automatically determined borders and the default policies applied
between them.
Some initial proposals towards border discovery are presented in
[I-D.kline-default-perimeter].
3.3.2. Largest practical subnets
Today's IPv4 home networks generally have a single subnet, and early
dual-stack deployments have a single congruent IPv6 subnet, possibly
with some bridging functionality. More recently, some vendors have
started to introduce "home" and "guest" functions, which in IPv6
would be implemented as two subnets.
Future home networks are highly likely to have one or more internal
routers and thus need multiple subnets, for the reasons described
earlier. As part of the self-organisation of the network, the
homenet should subdivide itself to the largest practical subnets that
can be constructed within the constraints of link layer mechanisms,
bridging, physical connectivity, and policy, and where applicable
performance or other criteria. For example, bridging a busy Gigabit
Ethernet subnet and a wireless subnet together may impact wireless
performance.
While it may be desirable to maximise the chance of link-local
protocols operating across a homenet by maximising the size of a
subnet, multi-subnet home networks are inevitable, so their support
must be included.
3.3.3. Handling multiple homenets
It is important that self-configuration with "unintended" devices is
avoided. Methods are needed for devices to know whether they are
intended to be part of the same homenet site or not. Thus methods to
ensure separation between neighbouring homenets are required. This
may require use of some unique "secret" for devices/protocols in each
homenet. Some existing mechanisms exist to assist home users to
associate devices as simply as possible, e.g. "connect" button
support.
3.3.4. Coordination of configuration information
The network elements will need to be integrated in a way that takes
account of the various lifetimes on timers that are used on different
elements, e.g. DHCPv6 PD, router, valid prefix and preferred prefix
timers.
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3.4. Homenet Addressing
The IPv6 addressing scheme used within a homenet must conform to the
IPv6 addressing architecture [RFC4291]. The homenet will need to
adapt to the prefixes made available to it through the prefix
delegation method used by its upstream ISP.
3.4.1. Use of ISP-delegated IPv6 prefixes
A homenet may receive an arbitrary length IPv6 prefix from its
provider, e.g. /60, /56 or /48. The offered prefix may be stable or
change from time to time. Some ISPs may offer relatively stable
prefixes, while others may change the prefix whenever the CER is
reset. Some discussion of IPv6 prefix allocation policies is
included in [RFC6177] which discusses why, for example, a one-size-
fits-all /48 allocation is not desirable.
The home network needs to be adaptable to such ISP policies, and thus
make no assumptions about the stability of the prefix received from
an ISP, or the length of the prefix that may be offered. However, if
only a /64 is offered by the ISP, the homenet may be severely
constrained (with IPv6 not reaching all devices in the home, or use
of some form of IPv6 NAT being forced), or even unable to function.
While it may be possible to operate a DHCPv6-only network with
prefixes longer than /64, doing so would break SLAAC, and is thus not
recommended.
A DHCPv6-PD capable router should "hint" that it would like a /48
prefix from its ISP, i.e. the CPE asks the ISP for the maximum size
prefix it might expect to be offered, but in practice it may
typically only be offered a /56 or /60.
The internal operation of the home network should also not depend on
the availability of the ISP network at any given time, other than for
connectivity to services or systems off the home network. This
implies the use of ULAs for stable internal communication, as
described in the next section.
In practice, it is expected that ISPs will deliver a relatively
stable home prefix to customers. The norm for residential customers
of large ISPs may be similar to their single IPv4 address provision;
by default it is likely to remain persistent for some time, but
changes in the ISP's own provisioning systems may lead to the
customer's IP (and in the IPv6 case their prefix pool) changing. It
is not expected that ISPs will support Provider Independent (PI)
addressing for general residential homenets.
When an ISP needs to restructure and in doing so renumber its
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customer homenets, "flash" renumbering is likely to be imposed. This
implies a need for the homenet to be able to handle a sudden
renumbering event which, unlike the process described in [RFC4192],
would be a "flag day" event, which means that a graceful renumbering
process moving through a state with two active prefixes in use would
not be possible. While renumbering is an extended version of an
initial numbering process, the difference between flash renumbering
and an initial "cold start" is the need to provide service
continuity. The deprecated addresses may remain usable for a short
period of time within the homenet.
There may be cases where local law means some ISPs are required to
change IPv6 prefixes (current IPv4 addresses) for privacy reasons for
their customers. In such cases it may be possible to avoid an
instant "flash" renumbering and plan a non-flag day renumbering as
per RFC 4192.
The customer may of course also choose to move to a new ISP, and thus
begin using a new prefix. In such cases the customer should expect a
discontinuity, and not only may the prefix change, but potentially
also the prefix length, if the new ISP offers a different default
size prefix, e.g. a /60 rather than a /56. Regardless, it's
desirable that homenet protocols support rapid renumbering and that
operational processes don't add unnecessary complexity for the
renumbering process.
The 6renum WG has studied IPv6 renumbering for enterprise networks.
It has not as yet targetted homenets, but may produce outputs that
are relevant. The introduction of any new homenet protocols should
not make any form of renumbering any more complex than it already is.
3.4.2. Stable internal IP addresses
The network should by default attempt to provide IP-layer
connectivity between all internal parts of the homenet as well as to
and from the external Internet, subject to the filtering policies or
other policy constraints discussed later in the security section.
ULAs should be used within the scope of a homenet to support routing
between subnets regardless of whether a globally unique ISP-provided
prefix is available. It would be expected that ULAs would be used
alongside one or more such global prefixes in a homenet, such that
hosts become multi-addressed with both globally unique and ULA
prefixes. Default address selection would then enable ULAs to be
preferred for internal communications between devices that are using
ULA prefixes generated within the same homenet.
ULA addresses will allow constrained LLN devices to create permanent
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relationships between IPv6 addresses, e.g. from a wall controller to
a lamp. Symbolic host names would require additional non-volatile
memory. Updating global prefixes in sleeping LLN devices might also
be problematic.
ULAs may be used for all devices, not just those intended to only
have internal connectivity. ULAs used in this way provide stable
internal communications should the ISP-provided prefix (suddenly)
change, or external connectivity be temporarily lost. The use of
ULAs should be restricted to the homenet scope through filtering at
the border(s) of the homenet, as described in RFC 6092.
3.4.3. Internal prefix delegation
As mentioned above, there are various sources of prefixes, e.g. they
may be globally unique prefixes originating from ISP(s), they may be
globally unique or ULA prefixes allocated by "master" router(s) in
the homenet, or they may be ULAs allocated by LLN gateways. There
may also be a prefix associated with NAT64, if in use in the homenet.
From the homenet perspective, a single prefix from each ISP should be
received on the border CER [RFC3633]. Then each subnet in the
homenet should receive a prefix from within the ISP-provided
prefix(es). The ISP should only see the aggregate from the homenet,
and not single /64 prefixes allocated within the homenet.
Delegation should be autonomous, and not assume a flat or
hierarchical model. This text makes no assumption about whether the
delegation of prefixes is distributed or centralised. The assignment
mechanism should provide reasonable efficiency, so that typical home
network prefix allocation sizes can accommodate all the necessary /64
allocations in most cases, and not waste prefixes. A currently
typical /60 allocation gives 16 /64 subnets. Duplicate assignment of
multiple /64s to the same network should be avoided. The network
should behave as gracefully as possible in the event of prefix
exhaustion, though the options in such cases may be limited.
Where multiple CERs exist with multiple ISP prefix pools, it is
expected that routers within the homenet would assign themselves
prefixes from each ISP they communicate with/through.
Where ULAs are used, most likely but not necessarily in parallel with
global prefixes, one router should be elected to offer ULA prefixes
for the homenet. The router should generate a /48 ULA for the site,
and then delegate /64's from that ULA prefix to subnets. In the
normal state, a single /48 ULA should be used within the homenet. In
cases where two /48 ULAs are generated within a homenet, the network
should still continue to function.
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Delegation within the homenet should give each subnet a prefix that
is persistent across reboots, power outages and similar short-term
outages. Addition of a new routing device should not affect existing
persistent prefixes, but persistence may not be expected in the face
of significant "replumbing" of the homenet. Persistent prefixes
should not depend on router boot order. Such persistent prefixes may
imply the need for stable storage on routing devices, and also a
method for a home user to "reset" the stored prefix should a
significant reconfiguration be required (though ideally the home user
should not be involved at all).
The delegation method should support renumbering, which would
typically be "flash" renumbering in that the homenet would not have
advance notice of the event or thus be able to apply the types of
approach described in [RFC4192]. As a minimum, delegated ULA
prefixes within the homenet should remain persistent through an ISP-
driven renumbering event.
Several proposals have been made for prefix delegation within a
homenet. One group of proposals is based on DHCPv6 PD, as described
in [I-D.baker-homenet-prefix-assignment],
[I-D.chakrabarti-homenet-prefix-alloc], [RFC3315] and [RFC3633]. The
other uses OSPFv3, as described in
[I-D.arkko-homenet-prefix-assignment]. More detailed analysis of
these approaches needs to be made against the requirements/principles
described above. For example, DHCPv6 solutions may have problems in
multihomed scenarios with loops in the topology.
3.4.4. Privacy
There are no specific privacy concerns discussed in this text. It
should be noted as above that many ISPs are expected to offer
relatively stable IPv6 prefixes to customers, and thus the network
prefix associated with the host addresses they use may not change
over a reasonably long period of time. This exposure is similar to
IPv4 networks that expose the same IPv4 global address via use of
NAT, where the IPv4 address received from the ISP may change over
time, but not necessarily that frequently.
Hosts inside an IPv6 homenet may get new IPv6 addresses over time
regardless, e.g. through Privacy Addresses [RFC4941].
3.5. Routing functionality
Routing functionality is required when there are multiple routers
deployed within the internal home network. This functionality could
be as simple as the current "default route is up" model of IPv4 NAT,
or, more likely, it would involve running an appropriate routing
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protocol.
The homenet unicast routing protocol should preferably be an existing
deployed protocol that has been shown to be reliable and robust, and
it is preferable that the protocol is "lightweight". It is desirable
that the routing protocol has knowledge of the homenet topology,
which implies a link-state protocol is preferable. If so, it is also
desirable that the announcements and use of LSAs and RAs are
appropriately coordinated. This would mean the routing protocol
gives a consistent view of the network, and that it can pass around
more than just routing information.
Multiple interface PHYs must be accounted for in the homenet routed
topology. Technologies such as Ethernet, WiFi, MoCA, etc must be
capable of coexisting in the same environment and should be treated
as part of any routed deployment. The inclusion of the PHY layer
characteristics including bandwidth, loss, and latency in path
computation should be considered for optimising communication in the
homenet. Multiple upstreams should be supported, as described in the
multihoming section earlier. This should include load-balancing to
multiple providers, and failover from a primary to a backup link when
available. The protocol however should not require upstream ISP
connectivity to be established to continue routing within the
homenet.
To support multihoming within a homenet, a routing protocol that can
make routing decisions based on source and destination addresses is
desirable, to avoid upstream ISP ingress filtering problems. In
general the routing protocol should support multiple ISP uplinks and
delegated prefixes in concurrent use.
The routing environment should be self-configuring, as discussed
previously. An example of how OSPFv3 can be self-configuring in a
homenet is described in [I-D.acee-ospf-ospfv3-autoconfig].
Minimising convergence time should be a goal in any routed
environment, but as a guideline a maximum convergence time of around
30 seconds should be the target.
Any routed solution will require a means for determining the
boundaries of the homenet. Borders may include but are not limited
to the interface to the upstream ISP, or a gateway device to a
separate home network such as a LLN network. In some cases there may
be no border present, which may for example occur before an upstream
connection has been established. The border discovery functionality
may be integrated into the routing protocol itself, but may also be
imported via a separate discovery mechanism.
In general, LLN or other networks should be able to attach and
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participate the same way as the main homenet, or alternatively map/be
gatewayed to the main homenet. Current home deployments use largely
different mechanisms in sensor and basic Internet connectivity
networks. IPv6 VM solutions may also add additional routing
requirements.
3.5.1. Multicast routing
It is also desirable that multicast routing is supported across the
homenet. The natural scopes for multicast would be link-local or
site-local, with the latter constrained within the homenet, but other
policy borders, e.g. to a guest subnet, may also affect where
specific multicast traffic is routed.
Where multicast is routed cross a homenet an appropriate multicast
routing protocol is required, one that as per the unicast routing
protocol should be self-configuring. The multicast environment
should support the ability for applications to pick a unique
multicast group to use.
3.6. Security
The security of an IPv6 homenet is an important consideration. The
most notable difference to the IPv4 operational model is the removal
of NAT, the introduction of global addressability of devices, and
thus a need to consider whether devices should have global
reachability. However, there are other challenges introduced, e.g.
default filtering policies at the borders between other homenet
realms.
There is no defined "threat model" as such for the type of IPv6
homenet described in this text. Such a document may be very useful.
It may include a variety of perspectives, from probing for specific
types of home appliance being present, to potential denial of service
attacks. Hosts need to be able to operate securely, end-to-end where
required, but also be robust against malicious traffic direct towards
them. We simply note at this point that software on home devices are
likely to have an increase in security if it allows its software to
be updated regularly.
3.6.1. Addressability vs reachability
An IPv6-based home network architecture should embrace and naturally
offer a transparent end-to-end communications model as described in
[RFC2775]. Each device should be addressable by a globally unique
address, and those addresses must not be altered in transit.
Security perimeters can (via policy) restrict end-to-end
communications, and thus while a host may be globally addressable it
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may not be globally reachable.
In IPv4 NAT networks, the NAT provides an implicit firewall function.
[RFC4864] describes a "Simple Security" model for IPv6 networks,
whereby stateful perimeter filtering can be applied instead where
global addresses are used. RFC 4864 implies an IPv6 "default deny"
policy for inbound connections be used for similar functionality to
IPv4 NAT. It should be noted that such a "default deny" approach
would effectively replace the need for IPv4 NAT traversal protocols
with a need to use a signalling protocol to request a firewall hole
be opened. Thus to support applications wanting to accept
connections initiated into home networks where a "default deny"
policy is in place support for a signalling protocol such as UPnP or
PCP [I-D.ietf-pcp-base] is required. In networks with multiple CERs,
the signalling would need to handle the cases of flows that may use
one or more exit routers. CERs would need to be able to advertise
their existence for such protocols.
[RFC6092] expands on RFC 4864, giving a more detailed discussion of
IPv6 perimeter security recommendations, without mandating a "default
deny" approach. Indeed, RFC 6092 does not prescribe a particular
mode of operation, instead stating that CERs must provide an easily
selected configuration option that permits a "transparent" mode of
operation, thus ensuring a "default allow" model is available. The
homenet architecture text makes no recommendation on the default
setting, and refers the reader to RFC 6092.
Advanced Security for IPv6 CPEs [I-D.vyncke-advanced-ipv6-security]
takes the approach that in order to provide the greatest end-to-end
transparency as well as security, security policies must be updated
by a trusted party which can provide intrusion signatures and other
"active" information on security threats. This might for example
allow different malware detection profiles to be configured on a CER.
Such methods should be able to be automatically updating.
3.6.2. Filtering at borders
It is desirable that there are mechanisms to detect different types
of borders within the homenet, as discussed previously, and then the
means to apply different types of filtering policies at those
borders, e.g. whether naming and service discovery should pass a
given border. Any such policies should be able to be easily applied
by typical home users, e.g. to give a user in a guest network access
to media services in the home, or access to a printer. Simple
mechanisms to apply policy changes, or associations between devices,
will be required.
There are cases where full internal connectivity may not be
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desirable, e.g. in certain utility networking scenarios, or where
filtering is required for policy reasons against guest network
subnet(s). Some scenarios/models may as a result involve running
isolated subnet(s) with their own CERs. In such cases connectivity
would only be expected within each isolated network (though traffic
may potentially pass between them via external providers).
LLNs provide an another example of where there may be secure
perimeters inside the homenet. Constrained LLN nodes may implement
WPA2-style network key security but may depend on access policies
enforced by the LLN border router.
3.6.3. Marginal Effectiveness of NAT and Firewalls
Security by way of obscurity (address translation) or through
firewalls (filtering) is at best marginally effective. The very poor
security track record of home computer, home networking and business
PC computers and networking is testomony to its ineffectiveness. A
compromise behind the firewall of any device exposes all others,
making an entire network that relies on obscurity or a firewall as
vulnerable as the most insecure device on the private side of the
network.
However, given home network products with very poor security, putting
a firewall in place does provide some protection, even if only
marginally effective. IPv6 global reachability may increase the need
to solve the underlying problem of certain insecure home and business
computer and network products. The use of firewalls today, whether a
good practice or not, is common practice and whatever protection
afforded, even if marginally effective, must not be lost.
3.6.4. Device capabilities
In terms of the devices, homenet hosts should implement their own
security policies in accordance to their computing capabilities.
They should have the means to request transparent communications to
be initiated to them, either for all ports or for specific services.
Users should have simple methods to associate devices to services
that they wish to operate transparently through (CER) borders.
3.6.5. ULAs as a hint of connection origin
It has been suggested that using ULAs would provide an indication to
applications that received traffic is locally sourced. This could
then be used with security settings to designate where a particular
application is allowed to connect to or receive traffic from.
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3.7. Naming and Service Discovery
Naming and service discovery must be supported in the homenet, and
the service(s) providing this function must support unmanaged
operation.
The naming system will be required to work internally or externally,
be the user within the homenet or outside it. The most natural way
to think about such naming and service discovery is to enable it to
work across the entire homenet residence (site), disregarding
technical borders such as subnets but respecting policy borders such
as those between guest and other internal network realms.
3.7.1. Discovering services
Users will typically perform service discovery through GUI interfaces
that allow them to browse services on their network in an appropriate
and intuitive way. Such interfaces are beyond the scope of this
document, but the interface should have an appropriate API for the
discovery to be performed.
Such interfaces may also typically hide the local domain name element
from users, especially where only one name space is available. As we
discuss below, in some cases the ability to discover available
domains may be useful.
We note that current service discovery protocols are generally aimed
at single subnets. There is thus a choice to make for multi-subnet
homenets as to whether such protocols should be proxied or extended
to operate across a whole homenet. This issue is discussed in more
detail in a later section of this text. The outcome may have an
impact, for example, on whether support may be required for IPv6
multicast routing across the scope of the whole homenet. In general
we should prefer approaches that are backwardly compatible, and allow
current implementations to continue to be used.
3.7.2. Assigning names to devices
Given the large number of devices that may be networked in the
future, devices should have a means to generate their own unique
names within a homenet, and to detect clashes should they arise, e.g.
where two devices of the same type are deployed with the same default
name, or where two running network elements are suddenly joined.
Users will also want simple ways to (re)name devices, again most
likely through an appropriate and intuitive interface that is beyond
the scope of this document. Note the name a user assigns to a device
may be a label that is stored on the device as an attribute of the
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device, and may be distinct from the name used in a name service,
e.g. 'Laser Printer in the Study Room' as opposed to
printer2.sitelocal.
3.7.3. Name spaces
It is desirable that only one name space is in use in the homenet,
and that this name space is served authoritatively by a server in the
homenet, most likely resident on the CER.
If a user wishes to access their home devices remotely from elsewhere
on the Internet a globally unique name space is required. This may
be acquired by the user or provided/generated by their ISP. It is
expected that the default case is that a homenet will use a global
domain provided by the ISP, but users wishing to use a name space
that is independent of their provider in the longer term may seek
their own domain name. Examples of provider name space delegation
approaches are described in [I-D.mglt-homenet-naming-delegation] and
[I-D.mglt-homenet-front-end-naming-delegation]. For users wanting to
use their own independent domain names, such services are already
available.
If however a global name space is not available, the homenet will
need to uck and tse a local name space, which would only have meaning
within the local homenet (i.e. it would not be used for remote access
to the homenet). The .local name space has a special meaning for
certain existing protocols which have link-local scope, and is thus
not appropriate for multi-subnet home networks. A differently named
name space is thus required for the homenet.
One approach for picking a local name space is to use an Ambiguous
Local Qualified Domain Name (ALQDN) space, such as .sitelocal (or an
appropriate name reserved for the purpose). While this is a simple
approach, there is the potential for devices that are bookmarked
somehow by an application in one homenet to be confused with a device
with the same name in another homenet.
An alternative approach for local name space would be to use a Unique
Locally Qualified Domain Name (ULQDN) space such as
.<UniqueString>.sitelocal. The <UniqueString> could be generated in
a variety of ways, one potentially being based on the local ULA
prefix across the homenet. Such a <UniqueString> should survive a
cold start, or if an existing value is not set on startup, the CER or
device running the name service should generate a default value. It
could be desirable for the homenet user to be able to override the
<UniqueString> with a value of their choice, but that would increase
the likelihood of a name conflict.
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Whichever approach is used, the intent is to disambiguate the name
space across different homenets, not to create a new IANA name space
for such networks. If remote access to the homenet is required, a
global domain is required.
With the introduction of new "dotless" top level domains, there is
potential for ambiguity between for example a local host called
"computer" and (if it is registered) a .computer gTLD. Thus
qualified names should always be used, whether these are exposed to
the user or not.
There may be use cases where segmentation of the name space is
desirable, e.g. for use in different realms within the homenet. Thus
hierarchical name space management is likely to be required.
Where a user may be in a remote network wishing to access devices in
their home network, there may be a requirement to consider the domain
search order presented where two name spaces exist. In such cases, a
GUI may present the user a choice of domains to use, where the name
of their devices is thus relative to that domain. This implies that
a domain discovery function is desirable.
It may be the case that not all devices in the homenet are made
available by name via an Internet name space, and that a 'split view'
is preferred for certain devices.
This document makes no assumption about the presence or omission of a
reverse lookup service. There is an argument that it may be useful
for presenting logging information to users with meaningful device
names rather than literal addresses.
3.7.4. The homenet name service
The homenet name service should support both lookups and discovery.
A lookup would operate via a direct query to a known service, while
discovery may use multicast messages or a service where applications
register in order to be found.
It is highly desirable that the homenet name service must at the very
least co-exist with the Internet name service. There should also be
a bias towards proven, existing solutions. The strong implication is
thus that the homenet service is DNS-based, or DNS-compatible. There
are naming protocols that are designed to be configured and operate
Internet-wide, like unicast-based DNS, but also protocols that are
designed for zero-configuration local environments, like mDNS.
As described in [I-D.mglt-homenet-naming-delegation], one approach is
to run an authoritative name service in the homenet, most likely on
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the CER, which caches results, and to have the homenet's ISP provide
a secondary name service.
For a service such as mDNS to coexist with an Internet name service,
where the homenet is preferably using a global domain name, it is
desirable that the zeroconf devices have a way to add their names to
the global name space in use. Zeroconf protocols could be used to
indicate global FQDNs, e.g. an mDNS service could return a FQDN in a
SRV record.
Regardless, a method for local name service entries to be populated
automatically by devices is desirable. Interfaces to devices might
choose to give users the option as to whether the device should
register itself in the global name space. There should also be a
defined mechanism for device entries to be removed or expired from
the global name space.
It has been suggested for example that Dynamic DNS could be made to
operate in a zero-configuration mode using a locally significant root
domain and with minimal configuration or using a DHCPv6 based
(details to-be-defined) means of automated delegation populate a
global DNS zone.
To protect against attacks such as cache poisoning, it is desirable
to support appropriate name service security methods, including
DNSSEC.
The impact of a change in CER must be considered. It would be
desirable to retain any relevant state (configuration) that was held
in the old CER. This might imply that state information should be
distributed in the homenet, to be recoverable by/to the new CER.
3.7.5. Independent operation
Name resolution and service discovery for reachable devices must
continue to function if the local network is disconnected from the
global Internet, e.g. a local media server should still be available
even if the Internet link is down for an extended period. This
implies the local network should also be able to perform a complete
restart in the absence of external connectivity, and have local
naming and service discovery operate correctly.
The approach described above of a local authoritative name service
with a cache would allow local operation for sustained ISP outages.
Having an independent local trust anchor is desirable, to support
secure exchanges should external connectivity be unavailable.
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A change in ISP should should not affect local naming and service
discovery. However, if the homenet uses a global name space provided
by the ISP, then this will obviously have an impact if the user
changes their network provider.
3.7.6. Considerations for LLNs
In some parts of the homenet, in particular LLNs, devices may be
sleeping, in which case a proxy for such nodes may be required, that
can respond (for example) to multicast service discovery requests.
Those same parts of the network may have less capacity for multicast
traffic that may be flooded from other parts of the network. In
general, message utilisation should be efficient considering the
network technologies the service may need to operate over.
There are efforts underway to determine naming and dicovery solutions
for use by the Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP) in LLN
networks. These are outside the scope of this document.
3.7.7. DNS resolver discovery
Automatic discovery of a name service to allow client devices in the
homenet to resolve external domains on the Internet is required, and
such discovery must support clients that may be a number of router
hops away from the name service.
3.8. Other Considerations
This section discusses some other considerations for home networking
that may affect the architecture.
3.8.1. Proxy or Extend?
There are two broad choices for allowing services that would
otherwise be link-local to work across a homenet site. In the
example of service discovery, one is to take protocols like mDNS and
have them run over site multicast within the homenet, as described in
the Extended mDNS proposal (xmDNS) [I-D.lynn-homenet-site-mdns].
This is fine if all hosts support the extension, and the scope within
any internal borders is well-understood. But it's not backwards-
compatible with existing link-local protocols. The alternative is to
proxy service discovery across subnets to propagate it. This is more
complex, but is backwards-compatible. It would need to work with
IPv6, and dual-stack.
The homenet architecture proposes that any existing protocols that
are designed to only work within a subnet should be extended to work
across subnets, rather than defining proxy capabilities for each of
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those functions. However, while it is desirable to extend protocols
to site scope operation rather than providing proxy functions on
subnet boundaries, the reality is that until all hosts can use site-
scope discovery protocols, existing link-local protocols would need
to be proxied anyway.
Some protocols already have proxy functions defined and in use, e.g.
DHCPv6 relays, in which case those protocols would be expected to
continue to operate that way.
3.8.2. Quality of Service
Support for QoS in a multi-service homenet may be a requirement, e.g.
for a critical system (perhaps healthcare related), or for
differentiation between different types of traffic (file sharing,
cloud storage, live streaming, VoIP, etc). Different media types may
have different such properties or capabilities.
However, homenet scenarios should require no new QoS protocols. A
DiffServ [RFC2475] approach with a small number of predefined traffic
classes should generally be sufficient, though at present there is
little experience of QoS deployment in home networks. It is likely
that QoS, or traffic prioritisation, methods will be required at the
CER, and potentially around boundaries between different media types
(where for example some traffic may simply not be appropriate for
some media, and need to be dropped to avoid drowning the constrained
media).
There may also be complementary mechanisms that could be beneficial
to application performance and behaviour in the homenet domain, such
as ensuring proper buffering algorithms are used as described in
[Gettys11].
3.8.3. Operations and Management
The homenet should be self-organising and configuring as far as
possible, and thus not be pro-actively managed by the home user.
Thus protocols to manage the network are not discussed in this
architecture text.
However, users may be interested in the status of their networks and
devices on the network, in which case simplified monitoring
mechanisms may be desirable. It may also be the case that an ISP, or
a third party, might offer management of the homenet on behalf of a
user, in which case management protocols would be required. How such
management is done is out of scope of this document; many solutions
exist.
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3.9. Implementing the Architecture on IPv6
This architecture text encourages re-use of existing protocols. Thus
the necessary mechanisms are largely already part of the IPv6
protocol set and common implementations. There are though some
exceptions. For automatic routing, it is expected that existing
routing protocols can be used as is. However, a new mechanism may be
needed in order to turn a selected protocol on by default.
Some functionality, if required by the architecture, would add
significant changes or require development of new protocols, e.g.
support for multihoming with multiple exit routers would likely
require extensions to support source and destination address based
routing within the homenet.
Some protocol changes are however required in the architecture, e.g.
for name resolution and service discovery, extensions to existing
multicast-based name resolution protocols are needed to enable them
to work across subnets, within the scope of the home network site.
Some of the hardest problems in developing solutions for home
networking IPv6 architectures include discovering the right borders
where the "home" domain ends and the service provider domain begins,
deciding whether some of the necessary discovery mechanism extensions
should affect only the network infrastructure or also hosts, and the
ability to turn on routing, prefix delegation and other functions in
a backwards compatible manner.
4. Conclusions
This text defines principles and requirements for a homenet
architecture. The principles and requirements documented here should
be observed by any future texts describing homenet protocols for
routing, prefix management, security, naming or service discovery.
5. References
5.1. Normative References
[RFC2460] Deering, S. and R. Hinden, "Internet Protocol, Version 6
(IPv6) Specification", RFC 2460, December 1998.
[RFC3315] Droms, R., Bound, J., Volz, B., Lemon, T., Perkins, C.,
and M. Carney, "Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol for
IPv6 (DHCPv6)", RFC 3315, July 2003.
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[RFC3633] Troan, O. and R. Droms, "IPv6 Prefix Options for Dynamic
Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) version 6", RFC 3633,
December 2003.
[RFC3736] Droms, R., "Stateless Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol
(DHCP) Service for IPv6", RFC 3736, April 2004.
[RFC4193] Hinden, R. and B. Haberman, "Unique Local IPv6 Unicast
Addresses", RFC 4193, October 2005.
[RFC4291] Hinden, R. and S. Deering, "IP Version 6 Addressing
Architecture", RFC 4291, February 2006.
[RFC4864] Van de Velde, G., Hain, T., Droms, R., Carpenter, B., and
E. Klein, "Local Network Protection for IPv6", RFC 4864,
May 2007.
[RFC4941] Narten, T., Draves, R., and S. Krishnan, "Privacy
Extensions for Stateless Address Autoconfiguration in
IPv6", RFC 4941, September 2007.
[RFC6092] Woodyatt, J., "Recommended Simple Security Capabilities in
Customer Premises Equipment (CPE) for Providing
Residential IPv6 Internet Service", RFC 6092,
January 2011.
5.2. Informative References
[RFC1918] Rekhter, Y., Moskowitz, R., Karrenberg, D., Groot, G., and
E. Lear, "Address Allocation for Private Internets",
BCP 5, RFC 1918, February 1996.
[RFC2475] Blake, S., Black, D., Carlson, M., Davies, E., Wang, Z.,
and W. Weiss, "An Architecture for Differentiated
Services", RFC 2475, December 1998.
[RFC2775] Carpenter, B., "Internet Transparency", RFC 2775,
February 2000.
[RFC2827] Ferguson, P. and D. Senie, "Network Ingress Filtering:
Defeating Denial of Service Attacks which employ IP Source
Address Spoofing", BCP 38, RFC 2827, May 2000.
[RFC3022] Srisuresh, P. and K. Egevang, "Traditional IP Network
Address Translator (Traditional NAT)", RFC 3022,
January 2001.
[RFC3646] Droms, R., "DNS Configuration options for Dynamic Host
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Configuration Protocol for IPv6 (DHCPv6)", RFC 3646,
December 2003.
[RFC4192] Baker, F., Lear, E., and R. Droms, "Procedures for
Renumbering an IPv6 Network without a Flag Day", RFC 4192,
September 2005.
[RFC5533] Nordmark, E. and M. Bagnulo, "Shim6: Level 3 Multihoming
Shim Protocol for IPv6", RFC 5533, June 2009.
[RFC5969] Townsley, W. and O. Troan, "IPv6 Rapid Deployment on IPv4
Infrastructures (6rd) -- Protocol Specification",
RFC 5969, August 2010.
[RFC6106] Jeong, J., Park, S., Beloeil, L., and S. Madanapalli,
"IPv6 Router Advertisement Options for DNS Configuration",
RFC 6106, November 2010.
[RFC6144] Baker, F., Li, X., Bao, C., and K. Yin, "Framework for
IPv4/IPv6 Translation", RFC 6144, April 2011.
[RFC6145] Li, X., Bao, C., and F. Baker, "IP/ICMP Translation
Algorithm", RFC 6145, April 2011.
[RFC6177] Narten, T., Huston, G., and L. Roberts, "IPv6 Address
Assignment to End Sites", BCP 157, RFC 6177, March 2011.
[RFC6204] Singh, H., Beebee, W., Donley, C., Stark, B., and O.
Troan, "Basic Requirements for IPv6 Customer Edge
Routers", RFC 6204, April 2011.
[RFC6296] Wasserman, M. and F. Baker, "IPv6-to-IPv6 Network Prefix
Translation", RFC 6296, June 2011.
[RFC6333] Durand, A., Droms, R., Woodyatt, J., and Y. Lee, "Dual-
Stack Lite Broadband Deployments Following IPv4
Exhaustion", RFC 6333, August 2011.
[RFC6555] Wing, D. and A. Yourtchenko, "Happy Eyeballs: Success with
Dual-Stack Hosts", RFC 6555, April 2012.
[RFC6724] Thaler, D., Draves, R., Matsumoto, A., and T. Chown,
"Default Address Selection for Internet Protocol Version 6
(IPv6)", RFC 6724, September 2012.
[I-D.mglt-homenet-front-end-naming-delegation]
Cloetens, W., Lemordant, P., and D. Migault, "IPv6 Home
Network Front End Naming Delegation",
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draft-mglt-homenet-front-end-naming-delegation-00 (work in
progress), July 2012.
[I-D.mglt-homenet-naming-delegation]
Cloetens, W., Lemordant, P., and D. Migault, "IPv6 Home
Network Naming Delegation Architecture",
draft-mglt-homenet-naming-delegation-00 (work in
progress), July 2012.
[I-D.baker-fun-multi-router]
Baker, F., "Exploring the multi-router SOHO network",
draft-baker-fun-multi-router-00 (work in progress),
July 2011.
[I-D.lynn-homenet-site-mdns]
Lynn, K. and D. Sturek, "Extended Multicast DNS",
draft-lynn-homenet-site-mdns-01 (work in progress),
September 2012.
[I-D.vyncke-advanced-ipv6-security]
Vyncke, E., Yourtchenko, A., and M. Townsley, "Advanced
Security for IPv6 CPE",
draft-vyncke-advanced-ipv6-security-03 (work in progress),
October 2011.
[I-D.ietf-v6ops-ipv6-multihoming-without-ipv6nat]
Matsushima, S., Okimoto, T., Troan, O., Miles, D., and D.
Wing, "IPv6 Multihoming without Network Address
Translation",
draft-ietf-v6ops-ipv6-multihoming-without-ipv6nat-04 (work
in progress), February 2012.
[I-D.baker-homenet-prefix-assignment]
Baker, F. and R. Droms, "IPv6 Prefix Assignment in Small
Networks", draft-baker-homenet-prefix-assignment-01 (work
in progress), March 2012.
[I-D.arkko-homenet-prefix-assignment]
Arkko, J., Lindem, A., and B. Paterson, "Prefix Assignment
in a Home Network",
draft-arkko-homenet-prefix-assignment-02 (work in
progress), July 2012.
[I-D.acee-ospf-ospfv3-autoconfig]
Lindem, A. and J. Arkko, "OSPFv3 Auto-Configuration",
draft-acee-ospf-ospfv3-autoconfig-03 (work in progress),
July 2012.
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[I-D.ietf-pcp-base]
Wing, D., Cheshire, S., Boucadair, M., Penno, R., and P.
Selkirk, "Port Control Protocol (PCP)",
draft-ietf-pcp-base-28 (work in progress), October 2012.
[I-D.kline-default-perimeter]
Kline, E., "Default Perimeter Identification",
draft-kline-default-perimeter-00 (work in progress),
July 2012.
[I-D.hain-ipv6-ulac]
Hain, T., Hinden, R., and G. Huston, "Centrally Assigned
IPv6 Unicast Unique Local Address Prefixes",
draft-hain-ipv6-ulac-02 (work in progress), July 2010.
[I-D.chakrabarti-homenet-prefix-alloc]
Nordmark, E., Chakrabarti, S., Krishnan, S., and W.
Haddad, "Simple Approach to Prefix Distribution in Basic
Home Networks", draft-chakrabarti-homenet-prefix-alloc-01
(work in progress), October 2011.
[I-D.ietf-v6ops-6204bis]
Singh, H., Beebee, W., Donley, C., and B. Stark, "Basic
Requirements for IPv6 Customer Edge Routers",
draft-ietf-v6ops-6204bis-11 (work in progress),
September 2012.
[Gettys11]
Gettys, J., "Bufferbloat: Dark Buffers in the Internet",
March 2011,
<http://www.ietf.org/proceedings/80/slides/tsvarea-1.pdf>.
[IGD-2] UPnP Gateway Committee, "Internet Gateway Device (IGD) V
2.0", September 2010, <http://upnp.org/specs/gw/
UPnP-gw-WANIPConnection-v2-Service.pdf>.
Appendix A. Acknowledgments
The authors would like to thank Aamer Akhter, Mark Andrews, Dmitry
Anipko, Fred Baker, Ray Bellis, Cameron Byrne, Brian Carpenter,
Stuart Cheshire, Lorenzo Colitti, Robert Cragie, Ralph Droms, Lars
Eggert, Jim Gettys, olafur Gudmundsson, Wassim Haddad, Joel M.
Halpern, David Harrington, Lee Howard, Ray Hunter, Joel Jaeggli,
Heather Kirksey, Ted Lemon, Acee Lindem, Kerry Lynn, Erik Nordmark,
Michael Richardson, Barbara Stark, Sander Steffann, Don Sturek, Dave
Taht, Dave Thaler, Michael Thomas, Mark Townsley, JP Vasseur, Curtis
Villamizar, Dan Wing, Russ White, and James Woodyatt for their
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comments and contributions within homenet WG meetings and on the WG
mailing list.
Appendix B. Changes
This section will be removed in the final version of the text.
B.1. Version 05
Changes made include:
o Some significant changes to naming and SD section.
o Removed some expired drafts.
o Added notes about issues caused by ISP only delegating a /64.
o Recommended against using prefixes longer than /64.
o Suggested CPE asks for /48 by DHCP-PD, even if it only receives
less.
o Added note about DS-Lite but emphasised transition is out of
scope.
o Added text about multicast routing.
B.2. Version 04
Changes made include:
o Moved border section from IPv6 differences to principles section.
o Restructured principles into areas.
o Added summary of naming and service discovery discussion from WG
list.
B.3. Version 03
Changes made include:
o Various improvements to the readability.
o Removed bullet lists of requirements, as requested by chair.
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o Noted 6204bis has replaced advanced-cpe draft.
o Clarified the topology examples are just that.
o Emphasised we are not targetting walled gardens, but they should
not be precluded.
o Also changed text about requiring support for walled gardens.
o Noted that avoiding falling foul of ingress filtering when
multihomed is desirable.
o Improved text about realms, detecting borders and policies at
borders.
o Stated this text makes no recommendation about default security
model.
o Added some text about failure modes for users plugging things
arbitrarily.
o Expanded naming and service discovery text.
o Added more text about ULAs.
o Removed reference to version 1 on chair feedback.
o Stated that NPTv6 adds architectural cost but is not a homenet
matter if deployed at the CER. This text only considers the
internal homenet.
o Noted multihoming is supported.
o Noted routers may not by separate devices, they may be embedded in
devices.
o Clarified simple and advanced security some more, and RFC 4864 and
6092.
o Stated that there should be just one secret key, if any are used
at all.
o For multihoming, support multiple CERs but note that routing to
the correct CER to avoid ISP filtering may not be optimal within
the homenet.
o Added some ISPs renumber due to privacy laws.
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o Removed extra repeated references to Simple Security.
o Removed some solution creep on RIOs/RAs.
o Load-balancing scenario added as to be supported.
B.4. Version 02
Changes made include:
o Made the IPv6 implications section briefer.
o Changed Network Models section to describe properties of the
homenet with illustrative examples, rather than implying the
number of models was fixed to the six shown in 01.
o Text to state multihoming support focused on single CER model.
Multiple CER support is desirable, but not required.
o Stated that NPTv6 not supported.
o Added considerations section for operations and management.
o Added bullet point principles/requirements to Section 3.4.
o Changed IPv6 solutions must not adversely affect IPv4 to should
not.
o End-to-end section expanded to talk about "Simple Security" and
borders.
o Extended text on naming and service discovery.
o Added reference to RFC 2775, RFC 6177.
o Added reference to the new xmDNS draft.
o Added naming/SD requirements from Ralph Droms.
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Authors' Addresses
Tim Chown (editor)
University of Southampton
Highfield
Southampton, Hampshire SO17 1BJ
United Kingdom
Email: tjc@ecs.soton.ac.uk
Jari Arkko
Ericsson
Jorvas 02420
Finland
Email: jari.arkko@piuha.net
Anders Brandt
Sigma Designs
Emdrupvej 26A, 1
Copenhagen DK-2100
Denmark
Email: abr@sdesigns.dk
Ole Troan
Cisco Systems, Inc.
Drammensveien 145A
Oslo N-0212
Norway
Email: ot@cisco.com
Jason Weil
Time Warner Cable
13820 Sunrise Valley Drive
Herndon, VA 20171
USA
Email: jason.weil@twcable.com
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