HTML Working Group T. Berners-Lee
INTERNET-DRAFT MIT/W3C
<draft-ietf-html-spec-05.txt> D. Connolly
Expires: In six months August 8, 1995
Hypertext Markup Language - 2.0
Status of this Memo
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ABSTRACT
The Hypertext Markup Language (HTML) is a simple markup language
used to create hypertext documents that are platform
independent. HTML documents are SGML documents with generic
semantics that are appropriate for representing information from
a wide range of domains. HTML markup can represent hypertext
news, mail, documentation, and hypermedia; menus of options;
database query results; simple structured documents with
in-lined graphics; and hypertext views of existing bodies of
information.
HTML has been in use by the World Wide Web (WWW) global
information initiative since 1990. This specification roughly
corresponds to the capabilities of HTML in common use prior to
June 1994. HTML is an application of ISO Standard 8879:1986
Information Processing Text and Office Systems; Standard
Generalized Markup Language (SGML).
The `text/html' Internet Media Type (RFC 1590) and MIME Content
Type (RFC 1521) is defined by this specification.
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CONTENTS
1 Introduction .......................................... 3
1.1 Scope ................................................. 3
1.2 Conformance ........................................... 3
2 Terms ................................................. 5
3 HTML as an Application of SGML ........................ 9
3.1 SGML Documents ........................................ 9
3.2 HTML Lexical Syntax .................................. 11
3.3 HTML Public Text Identifiers ......................... 15
3.4 Example HTML Document ................................ 16
4 HTML as an Internet Media Type ....................... 16
4.1 text/html media type ................................. 16
4.2 HTML Document Representation ......................... 17
5 Document Structure ................................... 18
5.1 Document Element: HTML ............................... 19
5.2 Head: HEAD ........................................... 19
5.3 Body: BODY ........................................... 22
5.4 Headings: H1 ... H6 .................................. 22
5.5 Block Structuring Elements ........................... 23
5.6 List Elements ........................................ 25
5.7 Phrase Markup ........................................ 28
5.8 Line Break: BR ....................................... 31
5.9 Horizontal Rule: HR .................................. 31
5.10 Image: IMG ........................................... 31
6 Characters, Words, and Paragraphs .................... 33
6.1 The HTML Document Character Set ...................... 33
7 Hyperlinks ........................................... 34
7.1 Accessing Resources .................................. 34
7.2 Activation of Hyperlinks ............................. 35
7.3 Simultaneous Presentation of Image Resources ......... 35
7.4 Fragment Identifiers ................................. 36
7.5 Queries and Indexes .................................. 36
7.6 Image Maps ........................................... 37
8 Forms ................................................ 37
8.1 Form Elements ........................................ 37
8.2 Form Submission ...................................... 42
9 HTML Public Text ..................................... 45
9.1 HTML DTD ............................................. 46
9.2 Strict HTML DTD ...................................... 57
9.3 Level 1 HTML DTD ..................................... 57
9.4 Strict Level 1 HTML DTD .............................. 58
9.5 SGML Declaration for HTML ............................ 59
9.6 Sample SGML Open Entity Catalog for HTML ............. 61
9.7 Character Entity Sets ................................ 62
10 Security Considerations .............................. 64
11 References ........................................... 64
12 Acknowledgments ...................................... 66
12.1 Authors' Addresses ................................... 66
13 The HTML Coded Character Set ......................... 66
14 Proposed Entities .................................... 69
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1. Introduction
The HyperText Markup Language (HTML) is a simple data format
used to create hypertext documents that are portable from one
platform to another. HTML documents are SGML documents with
generic semantics that are appropriate for representing
information from a wide range of domains.
As HTML is an application of SGML, this specification assumes a
working knowledge of [SGML].
1.1. Scope
HTML has been in use by the World-Wide Web (WWW) global
information initiative since 1990. This specification
corresponds to the capabilities of HTML in common use prior to
June 1994 and referred to as ``HTML 2.0''.
HTML is an application of ISO Standard 8879:1986 _Information
Processing Text and Office Systems; Standard Generalized Markup
Language_ (SGML). The HTML Document Type Definition (DTD) is a
formal definition of the HTML syntax in terms of SGML.
This specification also defines HTML as an Internet Media
Type[IMEDIA] and MIME Content Type[MIME] called `text/html'. As
such, it defines the semantics of the HTML syntax and how that
syntax should be interpreted by user agents.
1.2. Conformance
This specification governs the syntax of HTML documents and
aspects of the behavior of HTML user agents.
1.2.1. Documents
A document is a conforming HTML document if:
* It is a conforming SGML document, and it conforms to the
HTML DTD (see 9.1, "HTML DTD").
NOTE - There are a number of syntactic idioms that
are not supported or are supported inconsistently in
some historical user agent implementations. These
idioms are identified in notes like this throughout
this specification.
* It conforms to the application conventions in this
specification. For example, the value of the HREF attribute
of the <A> element must conform to the URI syntax.
* Its document character set includes [ISO-8859-1] and
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agrees with [ISO-10646]; that is, each code position listed
in 13, "The HTML Coded Character Set" is included, and each
code position in the document character set is mapped to the
same character as [ISO-10646] designates for that code
position.
NOTE - The document character set is somewhat
independent of the character encoding scheme used to
represent a document. For example, the `ISO-2022-JP'
character encoding scheme can be used for HTML
documents, since its repertoire is a subset of the
[ISO-10646] repertoire. The critical distinction is
that numeric character references agree with
[ISO-10646] regardless of how the document is
encoded.
1.2.2. Feature Test Entities
The HTML DTD defines a standard HTML document type and several
variations, by way of feature test entities. Feature test
entities are declarations in the HTML DTD that control the
inclusion or exclusion of portions of the DTD.
HTML.Recommended
Certain features of the language are necessary for
compatibility with widespread usage, but they may
compromise the structural integrity of a document. This
feature test entity selects a more prescriptive document
type definition that eliminates those features. It is
set to `IGNORE' by default.
For example, in order to preserve the structure of a
document, an editing user agent may translate HTML
documents to the recommended subset, or it may require
that the documents be in the recommended subset for
import.
HTML.Deprecated
Certain features of the language are necessary for
compatibility with earlier versions of the
specification, but they tend to be used and implemented
inconsistently, and their use is deprecated. This
feature test entity enables a document type definition
that allows these features. It is set to `INCLUDE' by
default.
Documents generated by translation software or editing
software should not contain deprecated idioms.
1.2.3. User Agents
An HTML user agent conforms to this specification if:
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* It parses the characters of an HTML document into data
characters and markup according to [SGML].
NOTE - In the interest of robustness and
extensibility, there are a number of widely deployed
conventions for handling non-conforming documents.
See 4.2.1, "Undeclared Markup Error Handling" for
details.
* It supports the `ISO-8859-1' character encoding scheme and
processes each character in the ISO Latin Alphabet No. 1 as
specified in 6.1, "The HTML Document Character Set".
NOTE - To support non-western writing systems, HTML
user agents are encouraged to support
`ISO-10646-UCS-2' or similar character encoding
schemes and as much of the character repertoire of
[ISO-10646] as is practical.
* It behaves identically for documents whose parsed token
sequences are identical.
For example, comments and the whitespace in tags disappear
during tokenization, and hence they do not influence the
behavior of conforming user agents.
* It allows the user to traverse (or at least attempt to
traverse, resources permitting) all hyperlinks from <A>
elements in an HTML document.
An HTML user agent is a level 2 user agent if, additionally:
* It allows the user to express all form field values
specified in an HTML document and to (attempt to) submit the
values as requests to information services.
2. Terms
absolute URI
a URI in absolute form; for example, as per [URL]
anchor
one of two ends of a hyperlink; typically, a phrase
marked as an <A> element.
base URI
an absolute URI used in combination with a relative URI
to determine another absolute URI.
character
An atom of information, for example a letter or a digit.
Graphic characters have associated glyphs, where as
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control characters have associated processing semantics.
character encoding
scheme
A function whose domain is the set of sequences of
octets, and whose range is the set of sequences of
characters from a character repertoire; that is, a
sequence of octets and a character encoding scheme
determines a sequence of characters.
character repertoire
A finite set of characters; e.g. the range of a coded
character set.
code position
An integer. A coded character set and a code position
from its domain determine a character.
coded character set
A function whose domain is a subset of the integers and
whose range is a character repertoire. That is, for some
set of integers (usually of the form {0, 1, 2, ..., N}
), a coded character set and an integer in that set
determine a character. Conversely, a character and a
coded character set determine the character's code
position (or, in rare cases, a few code positions).
conforming HTML user
agent
A user agent that conforms to this specification in its
processing of the Internet Media Type `text/html'.
data character
Characters other than markup, which make up the content
of elements.
document character set
a coded character set whose range includes all
characters used in a document. Every SGML document has
exactly one document character set. Numeric character
references are resolved via the document character set.
DTD
document type definition. Rules that apply SGML to the
markup of documents of a particular type, including a
set of element and entity declarations. [SGML]
element
A component of the hierarchical structure defined by a
document type definition; it is identified in a document
instance by descriptive markup, usually a start-tag and
end-tag. [SGML]
end-tag
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Descriptive markup that identifies the end of an
element. [SGML]
entity
data with an associated notation or interpretation; for
example, a sequence of octets associated with an
Internet Media Type. [SGML]
fragment identifier
the portion of an HREF attribute value following the `#'
character which modifies the presentation of the
destination of a hyperlink.
form data set
a sequence of name/value pairs; the names are given by
an HTML document and the values are given by a user.
HTML document
An SGML document conforming to this document type
definition.
hyperlink
a relationship between two anchors, called the tail and
the head.
markup
Syntactically delimited characters added to the data of
a document to represent its structure. There are four
different kinds of markup: descriptive markup (tags),
references, markup declarations, and processing
instructions. [SGML]
may
A document or user interface is conforming whether this
statement applies or not.
media type
an Internet Media Type, as per [IMEDIA].
message entity
a head and body. The head is a collection of name/value
fields, and the body is a sequence of octets. The head
defines the content type and content transfer encoding
of the body. [MIME]
minimally conforming
HTML user agent
A user agent that conforms to this specification except
for form processing. It may only process level 1 HTML
documents.
must
Documents or user agents in conflict with this statement
are not conforming.
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numeric character
reference
markup that refers to a character by its code position
in the document character set.
SGML document
A sequence of characters organized physically as a set
of entities and logically into a hierarchy of elements.
An SGML document consists of data characters and markup;
the markup describes the structure of the information
and an instance of that structure. [SGML]
shall
If a document or user agent conflicts with this
statement, it does not conform to this specification.
should
If a document or user agent conflicts with this
statement, undesirable results may occur in practice
even though it conforms to this specification.
start-tag
Descriptive markup that identifies the start of an
element and specifies its generic identifier and
attributes. [SGML]
syntax-reference
character set
A coded character set whose range includes all
characters used for markup; e.g. name characters and
delimiter characters.
tag
Markup that delimits an element. A tag includes a name
which refers to an element declaration in the DTD, and
may include attributes. [SGML]
text entity
A finite sequence of characters. A text entity typically
takes the form of a sequence of octets with some
associated character encoding scheme, transmitted over
the network or stored in a file. [SGML]
typical
Typical processing is described for many elements. This
is not a mandatory part of the specification but is
given as guidance for designers and to help explain the
uses for which the elements were intended.
URI
A Uniform Resource Identifier is a formatted string that
serves as an identifier for a resource, typically on the
Internet. URIs are used in HTML to identify the anchors
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of hyperlinks. URIs in common practice include Uniform
Resource Locators (URLs)[URL] and Relative URLs
[RELURL].
user agent
A component of a distributed system that presents an
interface and processes requests on behalf of a user;
for example, a www browser or a mail user agent.
WWW
The World-Wide Web is a hypertext-based, distributed
information system created by researchers at CERN in
Switzerland. <URL:http://www.w3.org/>
3. HTML as an Application of SGML
HTML is an application of ISO 8879:1986 -- Standard Generalized
Markup Language (SGML). SGML is a system for defining structured
document types and markup languages to represent instances of
those document types[SGML]. The public text -- DTD and SGML
declaration -- of the HTML document type definition are provided
in 9, "HTML Public Text".
The term _HTML_ refers to both the document type defined here
and the markup language for representing instances of this
document type.
3.1. SGML Documents
An HTML document is an SGML document; that is, a sequence of
characters organized physically into a set of entities, and
logically as a hierarchy of elements.
In the SGML specification, the first production of the SGML
syntax grammar separates an SGML document into three parts: an
SGML declaration, a prologue, and an instance. For the purposes
of this specification, the prologue is a DTD. This DTD describes
another grammar: the start symbol is given in the doctype
declaration, the terminals are data characters and tags, and the
productions are determined by the element declarations. The
instance must conform to the DTD, that is, it must be in the
language defined by this grammar.
The SGML declaration determines the lexicon of the grammar. It
specifies the document character set, which determines a
character repertoire that contains all characters that occur in
all text entities in the document, and the code positions
associated with those characters.
The SGML declaration also specifies the syntax-reference
character set of the document, and a few other parameters that
bind the abstract syntax of SGML to a concrete syntax. This
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concrete syntax determines how the sequence of characters of the
document is mapped to a sequence of terminals in the grammar of
the prologue.
For example, consider the following document:
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//IETF//DTD HTML 2.0//EN">
<title>Parsing Example</title>
<p>Some text. <em>*wow*</em></p>
An HTML user agent should use the SGML declaration that is given
in 9.5, "SGML Declaration for HTML". According to its document
character set, `*' refers to an asterisk character, `*'.
The instance above is regarded as the following sequence of
terminals:
1. start-tag: TITLE
2. data characters: ``Parsing Example''
3. end-tag: TITLE
4. start-tag: P
5. data characters ``Some text. ''
6. start-tag: EM
7. data characters: ``*wow*''
8. end-tag: EM
9. end-tag: P
The start symbol of the DTD grammar is HTML, and the productions
are given in the public text identified by `-//IETF//DTD HTML
2.0//EN' (9.1, "HTML DTD"). The terminals above parse as:
HTML
|
\-HEAD
| |
| \-TITLE
| |
| \-<TITLE>
| |
| \-"Parsing Example"
| |
| \-</TITLE>
|
\-BODY
|
\-P
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|
\-<P>
|
\-"Some text. "
|
\-EM
| |
| \-<EM>
| |
| \-"*wow*"
| |
| \-</EM>
|
\-</P>
Some of the elements are delimited explicity by tags, while the
boundaries of others are inferred. The <HTML> element contains a
<HEAD> element and a <BODY> element. The <HEAD> contains
<TITLE>, which is explicitly delimited by start- and end-tags.
3.2. HTML Lexical Syntax
SGML specifies an abstract syntax and a reference concrete
syntax. Aside from certain quantities and capacities (e.g. the
limit on the length of a name), all HTML documents use the
reference concrete syntax. In particular, all markup characters
are in the repertoire of [ISO-646]. Data characters are drawn
from the document character set (see 6, "Characters, Words, and
Paragraphs").
A complete discussion of SGML parsing, e.g. the mapping of a
sequence of characters to a sequence of tags and data, is left
to the SGML standard[SGML]. This section is only a summary.
3.2.1. Data Characters
Any sequence of characters that do not constitute markup (see
9.6 ``Delimiter Recognition'' of [SGML]) are mapped directly to
strings of data characters. Some markup also maps to data
character strings. Numeric character references map to
single-character strings, via the document character set. Each
reference to one of the general entities defined in the HTML DTD
maps to a single-character string.
For example,
abc<def => "abc","<","def"
abc<def => "abc","<","def"
The terminating semicolon on entity or numeric character
references is only necessary when the character following the
reference would otherwise be recognized as part of the name (see
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9.4.5 ``Reference End'' in [SGML]).
abc < def => "abc ","<"," def"
abc < def => "abc ","<"," def"
An ampersand is only recognized as markup when it is followed by
a letter or a `#' and a digit:
abc & lt def => "abc & lt def"
abc &# 60 def => "abc &# 60 def"
A useful technique for translating plain text to HTML is to
replace each '<', '&', and '>' by an entity reference or numeric
character reference as follows:
ENTITY NUMERIC
CHARACTER REFERENCE CHAR REF CHARACTER DESCRIPTION
--------- ---------- ----------- ---------------------
& & & Ampersand
< < < Less than
> > > Greater than
NOTE - There are SGML mechanisms, CDATA and RCDATA
declared content, that allow most `<', `>', and `&'
characters to be entered without the use of entity
references. Because these mechanisms tend to be used and
implemented inconsistently, and because they conflict
with techniques for reducing HTML to 7 bit ASCII for
transport, they are deprecated in this version of HTML.
See 5.5.2.1, "Example and Listing: XMP, LISTING".
3.2.2. Tags
Tags delimit elements such as headings, paragraphs, lists,
character highlighting, and links. Most HTML elements are
identified in a document as a start-tag, which gives the element
name and attributes, followed by the content, followed by the
end tag. Start-tags are delimited by `<' and `>'; end tags are
delimited by `</' and `>'. An example is:
<H1>This is a Heading</H1>
Some elements only have a start-tag without an end-tag. For
example, to create a line break, you use the `<BR>' tag.
Additionally, the end tags of some other elements, such as
Paragraph (`</P>'), List Item (`</LI>'), Definition Term
(`</DT>'), and Definition Description (`<DD>') elements, may be
omitted.
The content of an element is a sequence of data character
strings and nested elements. Some elements, such as anchors,
cannot be nested. Anchors and character highlighting may be put
inside other constructs. See the HTML DTD, 9.1, "HTML DTD" for
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full details.
NOTE - The SGML declaration for HTML specifies SHORTTAG
YES, which means that there are other valid syntaxes for
tags, such as NET tags, `<EM/.../'; empty start tags,
`<>'; and empty end-tags, `</>'. Until support for these
idioms is widely deployed, their use is strongly
discouraged.
3.2.3. Names
A name consists of a letter followed by letters, digits,
periods, or hyphens. The length of a name is limited to 72
characters by the `NAMELEN' parameter in the SGML delcaration
for HTML, 9.5, "SGML Declaration for HTML". Element and
attribute names are not case sensitive, but entity names are.
For example, `<BLOCKQUOTE>', `<BlockQuote>', and `<blockquote>'
are equivalent, whereas `&' is different from `&'.
In a start-tag, the element name must immediately follow the tag
open delimiter `<'.
3.2.4. Attributes
In a start-tag, white space and attributes are allowed between
the element name and the closing delimiter. An attribute
specification typically consists of an attribute name, an equal
sign, and a value, though some attribute specifications may be
just a name token. White space is allowed around the equal sign.
The value of the attribute may be either:
* A string literal, delimited by single quotes or double
quotes and not containing any occurrences of the delimiting
character.
NOTE - Some historical implementations consider any
occurrence of the `>' character to signal the end of
a tag. For compatibility with such implementations,
when `>' appears in an attribute value, it should be
represented with a numeric character reference. For
example, `<IMG SRC="eq1.jpg" alt="a>b">' should be
written `<IMG SRC="eq1.jpg" alt="a>b">' or `<IMG
SRC="eq1.jpg" alt="a>b">'.
* A name token (a sequence of letters, digits, periods, or
hyphens). Name tokens are not case sensitive.
NOTE - Some historical implementations allow any
character except space or `>' in a name token.
In this example, <img> is the element name, src is the attribute
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name, and `http://host/dir/file.gif' is the attribute value:
<img src='http://host/dir/file.gif'>
A useful technique for computing an attribute value literal for
a given string is to replace each quote and white space
character by an entity reference or numeric character reference
as follows:
ENTITY NUMERIC
CHARACTER REFERENCE CHAR REF CHARACTER DESCRIPTION
--------- ---------- ----------- ---------------------
HT 	 Tab
LF Line Feed
CR Carriage Return
SP   Space
" " " Quotation mark
& & & Ampersand
For example:
<IMG SRC="image.jpg" alt="First "real" example">
The `NAMELEN' parameter in the SGML declaration (9.5, "SGML
Declaration for HTML") limits the length of an attribute value
to 1024 characters.
Attributes such as ISMAP and COMPACT may be written using a
minimized syntax (see 7.9.1.2 ``Omitted Attribute Name'' in
[SGML]). The markup:
<UL COMPACT="compact">
can be written using a minimized syntax:
<UL COMPACT>
NOTE - Some historical implementations only understand
the minimized syntax.
3.2.5. Comments
To include comments in an HTML document, use a comment
declaration. A comment declaration consists of `<!' followed by
zero or more comments followed by `>'. Each comment starts with
`--' and includes all text up to and including the next
occurrence of `--'. In a comment declaration, white space is
allowed after each comment, but not before the first comment.
The entire comment declaration is ignored.
NOTE - Some historical HTML implementations incorrectly
consider any `>' character to be the termination of a
comment.
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For example:
<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//IETF//DTD HTML 2.0//EN">
<HEAD>
<TITLE>HTML Comment Example</TITLE>
<!-- Id: html-sgml.sgm,v 1.5 1995/05/26 21:29:50 connolly Exp -->
<!-- another -- -- comment -->
<!>
</HEAD>
<BODY>
<p> <!- not a comment, just regular old data characters ->
3.3. HTML Public Text Identifiers
To identify information as an HTML document conforming to this
specification, each document must start with one of the
following document type declarations.
<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//IETF//DTD HTML 2.0//EN">
This document type declaration refers to the HTML DTD in 9.1,
"HTML DTD".
NOTE - If the body of a `text/html' message entity does
not begin with a document type declaration, an HTML user
agent should infer the above document type declaration.
<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//IETF//DTD HTML 2.0 Level 2//EN">
This document type declaration also refers to the HTML DTD which
appears in 9.1, "HTML DTD".
<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//IETF//DTD HTML 2.0 Level 1//EN">
This document type declaration refers to the level 1 HTML DTD in
9.3, "Level 1 HTML DTD". Form elements must not occur in level 1
documents.
<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//IETF//DTD HTML 2.0 Strict//EN">
<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//IETF//DTD HTML 2.0 Strict Level 1//EN">
These two document type declarations refer to the HTML DTD in
9.2, "Strict HTML DTD" and 9.4, "Strict Level 1 HTML DTD". They
refer to the more structurally rigid definition of HTML.
HTML user agents may support other document types. In
particular, they may support other formal public identifiers, or
other document types altogether. They may support an internal
declaration subset with supplemental entity, element, and other
markup declarations.
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3.4. Example HTML Document
<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//IETF//DTD HTML 2.0//EN">
<HTML>
<!-- Here's a good place to put a comment. -->
<HEAD>
<TITLE>Structural Example</TITLE>
</HEAD><BODY>
<H1>First Header</H1>
<P>This is a paragraph in the example HTML file. Keep in mind
that the title does not appear in the document text, but that
the header (defined by H1) does.</P>
<OL>
<LI>First item in an ordered list.
<LI>Second item in an ordered list.
<UL COMPACT>
<LI> Note that lists can be nested;
<LI> Whitespace may be used to assist in reading the
HTML source.
</UL>
<LI>Third item in an ordered list.
</OL>
<P>This is an additional paragraph. Technically, end tags are
not required for paragraphs, although they are allowed. You can
include character highlighting in a paragraph. <EM>This sentence
of the paragraph is emphasized.</EM> Note that the </P>
end tag has been omitted.
<P>
<IMG SRC ="triangle.xbm" alt="Warning: ">
Be sure to read these <b>bold instructions</b>.
</BODY></HTML>
4. HTML as an Internet Media Type
An HTML user agent allows users to interact with resources which
have HTML representations. At a minimum, it must allow users to
examine and navigate the content of HTML level 1 documents. HTML
user agents should be able to preserve all formatting
distinctions represented in an HTML document, and be able to
simultaneously present resources referred to by IMG elements
(they may ignore some formatting distinctions or IMG resources
at the request of the user). Level 2 HTML user agents should
support form entry and submission.
4.1. text/html media type
This specification defines the Internet Media Type[IMEDIA]
(formerly referred to as the Content Type[MIME]) called
`text/html'. The following is to be registered with [IANA].
Media Type name
text
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Media subtype name
html
Required parameters
none
Optional parameters
level, charset
Encoding considerations
any encoding is allowed
Security considerations
see 10, "Security Considerations"
The optional parameters are defined as follows:
Level
The level parameter specifies the feature set used in
the document. The level is an integer number, implying
that any features of same or lower level may be present
in the document. Level 1 is all features defined in this
specification except those that require the <FORM>
element. Level 2 includes form processing. Level 2 is
the default.
Charset
The charset parameter (as defined in section 7.1.1 of
RFC 1521[MIME]) may be given to specify the character
encoding scheme used to represent the HTML document as a
sequence of octets. The default value is outside the
scope of this specification; but for example, the
default is `US-ASCII' in the context of MIME mail, and
`ISO-8859-1' in the context of HTTP.
4.2. HTML Document Representation
A message entity with a content type of `text/html' represents
an HTML document, consisting of a single text entity. The
`charset' parameter (whether implicit or explicit) identifies a
character encoding scheme. The text entity consists of the
characters determined by this character encoding scheme and the
octets of the body of the message entity.
4.2.1. Undeclared Markup Error Handling
To facilitate experimentation and interoperability between
implementations of various versions of HTML, the installed base
of HTML user agents supports a superset of the HTML 2.0 language
by reducing it to HTML 2.0: markup in the form of a start-tag or
end-tag, whose generic identifier is not declared is mapped to
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nothing during tokenization. Undeclared attributes are treated
similarly. The entire attribute specification of an unknown
attribute (i.e., the unknown attribute and its value, if any)
should be ignored. On the other hand, references to undeclared
entities should be treated as data characters.
For example:
<div class=chapter><h1>foo</h1><p>...</div>
=> <H1>,"foo",</H1>,<P>,"..."
xxx <P ID=z23> yyy
=> "xxx ",<P>," yyy
Let α & β be finite sets.
=> "Let α & β be finite sets."
Support for notifying the user of such errors is encouraged.
Information providers are warned that this convention is not
binding: unspecified behavior may result, as such markup does
not conform to this specification.
4.2.2. Conventional Representation of Newlines
SGML specifies that a text entity is a sequence of records, each
beginning with a record start character and ending with a record
end character (code positions 10 and 13 respectively) (section
7.6.1, ``Record Boundaries'' in [SGML]).
[MIME] specifies that a body of type `text/*' is a sequence of
lines, each terminated by CRLF, that is, octets 13, 10.
In practice, HTML documents are frequently represented and
transmitted using an end of line convention that depends on the
conventions of the source of the document; frequently, that
representation consists of CR only, LF only, or a CR LF
sequence. Hence the decoding of the octets will often result in
a text entity with some missing record start and record end
characters.
Since there is no ambiguity, HTML user agents are encouraged to
infer the missing record start and end characters.
An HTML user agent should treat end of line in any of its
variations as a word space in all contexts except preformatted
text. Within preformatted text, an HTML user agent should treat
any of the three common representations of end-of-line as
starting a new line.
5. Document Structure
An HTML document is a tree of elements, including a head and
body, headings, paragraphs, lists, etc. Form elements are
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discussed in 8, "Forms".
5.1. Document Element: HTML
The HTML document element consists of a head and a body, much
like a memo or a mail message. The head contains the title and
optional elements. The body is a text flow consisting of
paragraphs, lists, and other elements.
5.2. Head: HEAD
The head of an HTML document is an unordered collection of
information about the document. For example:
<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//IETF//DTD HTML 2.0//EN">
<HEAD>
<TITLE>Introduction to HTML</TITLE>
</HEAD>
...
5.2.1. Title: TITLE
Every HTML document must contain a <TITLE> element.
The title should identify the contents of the document in a
global context. A short title, such as ``Introduction'' may be
meaningless out of context. A title such as ``Introduction to
HTML Elements'' is more appropriate.
NOTE - The length of a title is not limited; however,
long titles may be truncated in some applications. To
minimize this possibility, titles should be fewer than
64 characters.
A user agent may display the title of a document in a history
list or as a label for the window displaying the document. This
differs from headings (5.4, "Headings: H1 ... H6"), which are
typically displayed within the body text flow.
5.2.2. Base Address: BASE
The optional <BASE> element allows the address of a document to
be recorded in situations in which the document may be read out
of context. The required HREF attribute specifies the base URI
(see 7, "Hyperlinks") for navigating the document, overriding
any context otherwise known to the user agent. The value of the
HREF attribute must be an absolute URI.
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5.2.3. Keyword Index: ISINDEX
The <ISINDEX> element indicates that the user agent should allow
the user to search an index by giving keywords. See 7.5,
"Queries and Indexes" for details.
5.2.4. Link: LINK
The <LINK> element represents a hyperlink (see 7, "Hyperlinks").
It has the same attributes as the <A> element (see 5.7.3,
"Anchor: A").
The <LINK> element is typically used to indicate authorship,
related indexes and glossaries, older or more recent versions,
style sheets, document hierarchy etc.
5.2.5. Associated Meta-information: META
The <META> element is an extensible container for use in
identifying specialized document meta-information.
Meta-information has two main functions:
* to provide a means to discover that the data set exists
and how it might be obtained or accessed; and
* to document the content, quality, and features of a data
set, indicating its fitness for use.
Each <META> element specifies a name/value pair. If multiple
META elements are provided with the same name, their combined
contents--concatenated as a comma-separated list--is the value
associated with that name.
NOTE - The <META> element should not be used where a
specific element, such as <TITLE>, would be more
appropriate.
HTTP servers may read the content of the document <HEAD> to
generate header fields corresponding to any elements defining a
value for the attribute HTTP-EQUIV.
NOTE - The method by which the server extracts document
meta-information is unspecified and not mandatory. The
<META> element only provides an extensible mechanism for
identifying and embedding document meta-information --
how it may be used is up to the individual server
implementation and the HTML user agent.
Attributes of the META element:
HTTP-EQUIV
binds the element to an HTTP header field. An HTTP
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server may use this information to process the document.
In particular, it may include a header field in the
responses to requests for this document: the header name
is taken from the HTTP-EQUIV attribute value, and the
header value is taken from the value of the CONTENT
attribute. HTTP header names are not case sensitive.
NAME
specifies the name of the name/value pair. If not
present, HTTP-EQUIV gives the name.
CONTENT
specifies the value of the name/value pair.
Examples
If the document contains:
<META HTTP-EQUIV="Expires"
CONTENT="Tue, 04 Dec 1993 21:29:02 GMT">
<meta http-equiv="Keywords" CONTENT="Fred">
<META HTTP-EQUIV="Reply-to"
content="fielding@ics.uci.edu (Roy Fielding)">
<Meta Http-equiv="Keywords" CONTENT="Barney">
then the server may include the following header fields:
Expires: Tue, 04 Dec 1993 21:29:02 GMT
Keywords: Fred, Barney
Reply-to: fielding@ics.uci.edu (Roy Fielding)
as part of the HTTP response to a `GET' or `HEAD' request for
that document.
An HTTP server must not use the <META> element to form an HTTP
response header unless the HTTP-EQUIV attribute is present.
An HTTP server may disregard any <META> elements that specify
information controlled by the HTTP server, for example `Server',
`Date', and `Last-modified'.
5.2.6. Next Id: NEXTID
The <NEXTID> element is included for historical reasons only.
HTML document should not contain <NEXTID> elements.
The <NEXTID> element gives a hint for the name to use for a new
<A> element when editing an HTML document. It should be distinct
from all NAME attribute values on <A> elements. For example:
<NEXTID N=Z27>
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5.3. Body: BODY
The <BODY> element contains the text flow of the document,
including headings, paragraphs, lists, etc.
For example:
<BODY>
<h1>Important Stuff</h1>
<p>Explanation about important stuff...
</BODY>
5.4. Headings: H1 ... H6
The six heading elements, <H1> through <H6>, denote section
headings. Although the order and occurrence of headings is not
constrained by the HTML DTD, documents should not skip levels
(for example, from H1 to H3), as converting such documents to
other representations is often problematic.
Example of use:
<H1>This is a heading</H1>
Here is some text
<H2>Second level heading</H2>
Here is some more text.
Typical renderings are:
H1
Bold, very-large font, centered. One or two blank lines
above and below.
H2
Bold, large font, flush-left. One or two blank lines
above and below.
H3
Italic, large font, slightly indented from the left
margin. One or two blank lines above and below.
H4
Bold, normal font, indented more than H3. One blank line
above and below.
H5
Italic, normal font, indented as H4. One blank line
above.
H6
Bold, indented same as normal text, more than H5. One
blank line above.
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5.5. Block Structuring Elements
Block structuring elements include paragraphs, lists, and block
quotes. They must not contain heading elements, but they may
contain phrase markup, and in some cases, they may be nested.
5.5.1. Paragraph: P
The <P> element indicates a paragraph. The exact indentation,
leading space, etc. of a paragraph is not specified and may be a
function of other tags, style sheets, etc.
Typically, paragraphs are surrounded by a vertical space of one
line or half a line. The first line in a paragraph is indented
in some cases.
Example of use:
<H1>This Heading Precedes the Paragraph</H1>
<P>This is the text of the first paragraph.
<P>This is the text of the second paragraph. Although you do not
need to start paragraphs on new lines, maintaining this
convention facilitates document maintenance.</P>
<P>This is the text of a third paragraph.</P>
5.5.2. Preformatted Text: PRE
The <PRE> element represents a character cell block of text and
is suitable for text that has been formatted for a monospaced
font.
The <PRE> tag may be used with the optional WIDTH attribute. The
WIDTH attribute specifies the maximum number of characters for a
line and allows the HTML user agent to select a suitable font
and indentation.
Within preformatted text:
* Line breaks within the text are rendered as a move to the
beginning of the next line.
NOTE - References to the ``beginning of a new line''
do not imply that the renderer is forbidden from
using a constant left indent for rendering
preformatted text. The left indent may be
constrained by the width required.
* Anchor elements and phrase markup may be used.
NOTE - Constraints on the processing of <PRE>
content may may limit or prevent the ability of the
HTML user agent to faithfully render phrase markup.
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* Elements that define paragraph formatting (headings,
address, etc.) must not be used.
NOTE - Some historical documents contain <P> tags in
<PRE> elements. User agents are encouraged to treat
this as a line break. A <P> tag followed by a
newline character should produce only one line
break, not a line break plus a blank line.
* The horizontal tab character (code position 9 in the HTML
document character set) must be interpreted as the smallest
positive nonzero number of spaces which will leave the
number of characters so far on the line as a multiple of 8.
Documents should not contain tab characters, as they are not
supported consistently.
Example of use:
<PRE>
Line 1.
Line 2 is to the right of line 1. <a href="abc">abc</a>
Line 3 aligns with line 2. <a href="def">def</a>
</PRE>
5.5.2.1. Example and Listing: XMP, LISTING
The <XMP> and <LISTING> elements are similar to the <PRE>
element, but they have a different syntax. Their content is
declared as CDATA, which means that no markup except the end-tag
open delimiter-in-context is recognized (see 9.6 ``Delimiter
Recognition'' of [SGML]).
NOTE - In a previous draft of the HTML specification,
the syntax of <XMP> and <LISTING> elements allowed
closing tags to be treated as data characters, as long
as the tag name was not <XMP> or <LISTING>,
respectively.
Since CDATA declared content has a number of unfortunate
interactions with processing techniques and tends to be used and
implemented inconsistently, HTML documents should not contain
<XMP> nor <LISTING> elements -- the <PRE> tag is more expressive
and more consistently supported.
The <LISTING> element should be rendered so that at least 132
characters fit on a line. The <XMP> element should be rendered
so that at least 80 characters fit on a line but is otherwise
identical to the <LISTING> element.
NOTE - In a previous draft, HTML included a <PLAINTEXT>
element that is similar to the <LISTING> element, except
that there is no closing tag: all characters after the
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<PLAINTEXT> start-tag are data.
5.5.3. Address: ADDRESS
The <ADDRESS> element contains such information as address,
signature and authorship, often at the beginning or end of the
body of a document.
Typically, the <ADDRESS> element is rendered in an italic
typeface and may be indented.
Example of use:
<ADDRESS>
Newsletter editor<BR>
J.R. Brown<BR>
JimquickPost News, Jimquick, CT 01234<BR>
Tel (123) 456 7890
</ADDRESS>
5.5.4. Block Quote: BLOCKQUOTE
The <BLOCKQUOTE> element contains text quoted from another
source.
A typical rendering might be a slight extra left and right
indent, and/or italic font. The <BLOCKQUOTE> typically provides
space above and below the quote.
Single-font rendition may reflect the quotation style of
Internet mail by putting a vertical line of graphic characters,
such as the greater than symbol (>), in the left margin.
Example of use:
I think the poem ends
<BLOCKQUOTE>
<P>Soft you now, the fair Ophelia. Nymph, in thy orisons, be all
my sins remembered.
</BLOCKQUOTE>
but I am not sure.
5.6. List Elements
HTML includes a number of list elements. They may be used in
combination; for example, a <OL> may be nested in an <LI>
element of a <UL>.
The COMPACT attribute suggests that a compact rendering be used.
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5.6.1. Unordered List: UL, LI
The <UL> represents a list of items -- typically a bulleted
list.
The content of a <UL> element is a sequence of <LI> elements.
For example:
<UL>
<LI>First list item
<LI>Second list item
<p>second paragraph of second item
<LI>Third list item
</UL>
5.6.2. Ordered List: OL
The <OL> element represents an ordered list of items, sorted by
sequence or order of importance. It is typically rendered as a
numbered list.
The content of a <OL> element is a sequence of <LI> elements.
For example:
<OL>
<LI>Click the Web button to open URI window.
<LI>Enter the URI number in the text field of the Open URI
window. The Web document you specified is displayed.
<ol>
<li>substep 1
<li>substep 2
</ol>
<LI>Click highlighted text to move from one link to another.
</OL>
5.6.3. Directory List: DIR
The <DIR> element is similar to the <UL> element. It represents
a list of short items, typically up to 20 characters each. Items
in a directory list may be arranged in columns, typically 24
characters wide.
The content of a <DIR> element is a sequence of <LI> elements.
Nested block elements are not allowed in the content of <DIR>
elements. For example:
<DIR>
<LI>A-H<LI>I-M
<LI>M-R<LI>S-Z
</DIR>
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5.6.4. Menu List: MENU
The <MENU> element is a list of items with typically one line
per item. The menu list style is typically more compact than the
style of an unordered list.
The content of a <MENU> element is a sequence of <LI> elements.
Nested block elements are not allowed in the content of <MENU>
elements. For example:
<MENU>
<LI>First item in the list.
<LI>Second item in the list.
<LI>Third item in the list.
</MENU>
5.6.5. Definition List: DL, DT, DD
A definition list is a list of terms and corresponding
definitions. Definition lists are typically formatted with the
term flush-left and the definition, formatted paragraph style,
indented after the term.
The content of a <DL> element is a sequence of <DT> elements
and/or <DD> elements, usually in pairs. Multiple <DT> may be
paired with a single <DD> element. Documents should not contain
multiple consecutive <DD> elements.
Example of use:
<DL>
<DT>Term<DD>This is the definition of the first term.
<DT>Term<DD>This is the definition of the second term.
</DL>
If the DT term does not fit in the DT column (typically one
third of the display area), it may be extended across the page
with the DD section moved to the next line, or it may be wrapped
onto successive lines of the left hand column.
The optional COMPACT attribute suggests that a compact rendering
be used, because the list items are small and/or the entire list
is large.
Unless the COMPACT attribute is present, an HTML user agent may
leave white space between successive DT, DD pairs. The COMPACT
attribute may also reduce the width of the left-hand (DT)
column.
<DL COMPACT>
<DT>Term<DD>This is the first definition in compact format.
<DT>Term<DD>This is the second definition in compact format.
</DL>
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5.7. Phrase Markup
Phrases may be marked up according to idiomatic usage,
typographic appearance, or for use as hyperlink anchors.
User agents must render highlighted phrases distinctly from
plain text. Additionally, <EM> content must be rendered as
distinct from <STRONG> content, and <B> content must rendered as
distinct from <I> content.
Phrase elements may be nested within the content of other phrase
elements; however, HTML user agents may render nested phrase
elements indistinctly from non-nested elements:
plain <B>bold <I>italic</I></B> may be rendered
the same as plain <B>bold </B><I>italic</I>
5.7.1. Idiomatic Elements
Phrases may be marked up to indicate certain idioms.
NOTE - User agents may support the <DFN> element, not
included in this specification, as it has been deployed
to some extent. It is used to indicate the defining
instance of a term, and it is typically rendered in
italic or bold italic.
5.7.1.1. Citation: CITE
The <CITE> element is used to indicate the title of a book or
other citation. It is typically rendered as italics. For
example:
He just couldn't get enough of <cite>The Grapes of Wrath</cite>.
5.7.1.2. Code: CODE
The <CODE> element indicates an example of code, typically
rendered in a mono-spaced font. The <CODE> element is intended
for short words or phrases of code; the <PRE> block structuring
element (5.5.2, "Preformatted Text: PRE") is more apropriate for
multiple-line listings. For example:
The expression <code>x += 1</code>
is short for <code>x = x + 1</code>.
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5.7.1.3. Emphasis: EM
The <EM> element indicates an emphasized phrase, typically
rendered as italics. For example:
A singular subject <em>always</em> takes a singular verb.
5.7.1.4. Keyboard: KBD
The <KBD> element indicates text typed by a user, typically
rendered in a mono-spaced font. This is commonly used in
instruction manuals. For example:
Enter <kbd>FIND IT</kbd> to search the database.
5.7.1.5. Sample: SAMP
The <SAMP> element indicates a sequence of literal characters,
typically rendered in a mono-spaced font. For example:
The only word containing the letters <samp>mt</samp> is dreamt.
5.7.1.6. Strong Emphasis: STRONG
The <STRONG> element indicates strong emphasis, typically
rendered in bold. For example:
<strong>STOP</strong>, or I'll say "<strong>STOP</strong>" again!.
5.7.1.7. Variable: VAR
The <VAR> element indicates a placeholder variable, typically
rendered as italic. For example:
Type <SAMP>html-check <VAR>file</VAR> | more</SAMP>
to check <VAR>file</VAR> for markup errors.
5.7.2. Typographic Elements
Typographic elements are used to specify the format of marked
text.
Typical renderings for idiomatic elements may vary between user
agents. If a specific rendering is necessary -- for example,
when referring to a specific text attribute as in ``The italic
parts are mandatory'' -- a typographic element can be used to
ensure that the intended typography is used where possible.
NOTE - User agents may support some typographic elements
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not included in this specification, as they have been
deployed to some extent. The <STRIKE> element indicates
horizontal line through the characters, and the <U>
element indicates an underline.
5.7.2.1. Bold: B
The <B> element indicates bold text. Where bold typography is
unavailable, an alternative representation may be used.
5.7.2.2. Italic: I
The <I> element indicates italic text. Where italic typography
is unavailable, an alternative representation may be used.
5.7.2.3. Teletype: TT
The <TT> element indicates teletype (monospaced )text. Where a
teletype font is unavailable, an alternative representation may
be used.
5.7.3. Anchor: A
The <A> element indicates a hyperlink anchor (see 7,
"Hyperlinks"). At least one of the NAME and HREF attributes
should be present. Attributes of the <A> element:
HREF
gives the URI of the head anchor of a hyperlink.
NAME
gives the name of the anchor, and makes it available as
a head of a hyperlink.
TITLE
suggests a title for the destination resource --
advisory only. The TITLE attribute may be used:
* for display prior to accessing the destination
resource, for example, as a margin note or on a
small box while the mouse is over the anchor, or
while the document is being loaded;
* for resources that do not include a title, such as
graphics, plain text and Gopher menus, for use as a
window title.
REL
The REL attribute gives the relationship(s) described by
the hyperlink. The value is a whitespace separated list
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of relationship names.
REV
same as the REL attribute, but the semantics of the
relationship are in the reverse direction. A link from A
to B with REL=``X'' expresses the same relationship as a
link from B to A with REV=``X''. An anchor may have both
REL and REV attributes.
URN
specifies a preferred, more persistent identifier for
the head anchor of the hyperlink. The syntax and
semantics of the URN attribute are not yet specified.
METHODS
specifies methods to be used in accessing the
destination, as a whitespace-separated list of names.
The set of applicable names is a function of the scheme
of the URI in the HREF attribute. For similar reasons as
for the TITLE attribute, it may be useful to include the
information in advance in the link. For example, the
HTML user agent may chose a different rendering as a
function of the methods allowed; for example, something
that is searchable may get a different icon.
5.8. Line Break: BR
The <BR> element specifies a line break between words (see 6,
"Characters, Words, and Paragraphs"). For example:
<P> Pease porridge hot<BR>
Pease porridge cold<BR>
Pease porridge in the pot<BR>
Nine days old.
5.9. Horizontal Rule: HR
The <HR> element is a divider between sections of text;
typically a full width horizontal rule or equivalent graphic.
For example:
<HR>
<ADDRESS>February 8, 1995, CERN</ADDRESS>
</BODY>
5.10. Image: IMG
The <IMG> element refers to an image or icon via a hyperlink
(see 7.3, "Simultaneous Presentation of Image Resources").
HTML user agents may process the value of the ALT attribute as
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an alternative to processing the image resource indicated by the
SRC attribute.
NOTE - Some HTML user agents can process graphics linked
via anchors, but not <IMG> graphics. If a graphic is
essential, it should be referenced from an <A> element
rather than an <IMG> element. If the graphic is not
essential, then the <IMG> element is appropriate.
Attributes of the <IMG> element:
ALIGN
alignment of the image with respect to the text
baseline.
* `TOP' specifies that the top of the image aligns
with the tallest item on the line containing the
image.
* `MIDDLE' specifies that the center of the image
aligns with the baseline of the line containing the
image.
* `BOTTOM' specifies that the bottom of the image
aligns with the baseline of the line containing the
image.
ALT
text to use in place of the referenced image resource,
for example due to processing constraints or user
preference.
ISMAP
indicates an image map (see 7.6, "Image Maps").
SRC
specifies the URI of the image resource.
NOTE - In practice, the media types of image
resources are limited to a few raster graphic
formats: typically `image/gif', `image/jpeg'. In
particular, `text/html' resources are not
intended to be used as image resources.
Examples of use:
<IMG SRC="triangle.xbm" ALT="Warning:"> Be sure
to read these instructions.
<a href="http://machine/htbin/imagemap/sample">
<IMG SRC="sample.xbm" ISMAP>
</a>
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6. Characters, Words, and Paragraphs
An HTML user agent should present the body of an HTML document
as a collection of typeset paragraphs and preformatted text.
Except for preformatted elements (<PRE>, <XMP>, <LISTING>,
<TEXTAREA>), each block structuring element is regarded as a
paragraph by taking the data characters in its content and the
content of its descendant elements, concatenating them, and
splitting the result into words, separated by space, tab, or
record end characters (and perhaps hyphen characters). The
sequence of words is typeset as a paragraph by breaking it into
lines.
6.1. The HTML Document Character Set
The document character set specified in 9.5, "SGML Declaration
for HTML" must be supported by HTML user agents. It includes the
graphic characters of Latin Alphabet No. 1, or simply Latin-1.
Latin-1 comprises 191 graphic characters, including the
alphabets of most Western European languages.
NOTE - Use the non-breaking space and soft hyphen
indicator characters is discouraged because support for
them is not widely deployed.
NOTE - To support non-western writing systems, a larger
character repertoire will be specified in a future
version of HTML. The document character set will be
[ISO-10646], or some subset that agrees with
[ISO-10646]; in particular, all numeric character
references must use code positions assigned by
[ISO-10646].
In SGML applications, the use of control characters is limited
in order to maximize the chance of successful interchange over
heterogeneous networks and operating systems. In the HTML
document character set only three control characters are
allowed: Horizontal Tab, Carriage Return, and Line Feed (code
positions 9, 13, and 10).
The HTML DTD references the Added Latin 1 entity set, to allow
mnemonic representation of selected Latin 1 characters using
only the widely supported ASCII character repertoire. For
example:
Kurt Gödel was a famous logician and mathematician.
See 9.7.2, "ISO Latin 1 Character Entity Set" for a table of the
``Added Latin 1'' entities, and 13, "The HTML Coded Character
Set" for a table of the code positions of [ISO 8859-1] and the
control characters in the HTML document character set.
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7. Hyperlinks
In addition to general purpose elements such as paragraphs and
lists, HTML documents can express hyperlinks. An HTML user agent
allows the user to navigate these hyperlinks.
A hyperlink is a relationship between two anchors, called the
head and the tail of the hyperlink[DEXTER]. Each anchor is
addressed, or uniquely identified, by an absolute Uniform
Resource Identifier (URI), optionally followed by a '#' and a
sequence of characters called a fragment identifier, as per
[RELURL]. For example:
http://www.w3.org/hypertext/WWW/TheProject.html
http://www.w3.org/hypertext/WWW/TheProject.html#z31
In an anchor address, the URI refers to a resource; it may be
used in a variety of information retrieval protocols to obtain
an entity that represents the resource, such as an HTML
document. The fragment identifier, if present, refers to some
view on, or portion of the resource.
An HTML user agent begins navigation with an absolute URI,
called the base URI, and an HTML document that is a
representation of the resource identified by the base URI.
Each of the following markup constructs indicates the tail
anchor of a hyperlink or set of hyperlinks:
* <A> elements with HREF present.
* <LINK> elements.
* <IMG> elements.
* <INPUT> elements with the SRC attribute present.
* <ISINDEX> elements.
* <FORM> elements with `METHOD=GET'.
These markup constructs refer to head anchors either directly by
means of an absolute URI, or indirectly by means of a relative
URI, which must be combined with the base URI as in [RELURL] to
determine the address of the head anchor. The markup may also
include fragment identifiers, separated from the URI by a '#'
character.
7.1. Accessing Resources
Once the address of the head anchor is determined, the user
agent may obtain a representation of the resource, for example
as in [URL].
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For example, if the base URI is `http://host/x/y.html' and the
document contains:
<img src="../icons/abc.gif">
then the user agent uses the URI `http://host/icons/abc.gif' to
access the resource linked from the <IMG> element.
If the URI in the address of the head anchor is the same as the
base URI, then the base document is sufficient as a
representation of the resource. A user agent must _not_, for
example, use any network information retrieval protocols to
obtain a new representation of the resourse.
For example, if the base uri is
`http:'/www.w3.org/hypertext/WWW/TheProject.html/, then each of
the following markup constructs indicates a link whose head and
tail anchors have the same URI in their address:
<a href="#xyz">
<a href="../WWW/TheProject.html">
<a href="./TheProject.html">
<a href="TheProject.html">
<a href="TheProject.html#z21">
<a href="../../hypertext/WWW/TheProject.html">
<a href="http://www.w3.org/hypertext/WWW/TheProject.html">
7.2. Activation of Hyperlinks
An HTML user agent allows the user to navigate the content of
the document and request activation of hyperlinks denoted by <A>
elements. HTML user agents should also allow activation of
<LINK> element hyperlinks.
To activate a link, the user agent obtains a representation of
the resource identified in the address of the head anchor. If
the representation is another HTML document, navigation may
begin again with this new document. The base URI for navigation
is taken from the head anchor by default; however, any <BASE>
tag in the destination document overrides this default. The
process of obtaining the destination document may also override
the base URI, as in the case of an HTTP `URI:' header or
redirection transaction.
7.3. Simultaneous Presentation of Image Resources
An HTML user agent may activate hyperlinks indicated by <IMG>
and <INPUT> elements concurrently with processing the document;
that is, image hyperlinks may be processed without explicit
request by the user. Image resources should be embedded in the
presentation at the point of the tail anchor, that is the <IMG>
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or <INPUT> element.
<LINK> hyperlinks may also be processed without explicit user
request; for example, style sheet resources may be processed
before or during the processing of the document.
7.4. Fragment Identifiers
Any characters following a `#' character in a hypertext address
constitute a fragment identifier. In particular, an address of
the form `#fragment' refers to an anchor in the same document.
The meaning of fragment identifiers depends on the media type of
the representation of the anchor's resource. For `text/html'
representations, it refers to the <A> element with a NAME
attribute whose value is the same as the fragment identifier.
The matching is case sensitive. The document should have exactly
one such element. The user agent should indicate the anchor
element, for example by scrolling to and/or highlighting the
phrase.
For example, if the base URI is `http://host/x/y.html' and the
user activated the link denoted by the following markup:
<p> See: <a href="app1.html#bananas">appendix 1</a>
for more detail on bananas.
Then the user agent accesses the resource identified by
`http://host/x/app1.html'. Assuming the resource is represented
using the `text/html' media type, the user agent must locate the
<A> element whose NAME attribute is `bananas' and begin
navigation there.
7.5. Queries and Indexes
The <ISINDEX> element represents a set of hyperlinks. The user
can choose from the set by providing keywords to the user agent.
The user agent computes the head URI by appending `?' and the
keywords to the base URI. The keywords are escaped according to
[URL] and joined by `+'. For example, if a document contains:
<BASE HREF="http://host/index">
<ISINDEX>
and the user provides the keywords `apple' and `berry', then the
user agent must access the resource
`http://host/index?apple+berry'.
<FORM> elements with `METHOD=GET' also represent sets of
hyperlinks. See 8.2.2, "Query Forms: METHOD=GET" for details.
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7.6. Image Maps
If the ISMAP attribute is present on an <IMG> element, the <IMG>
element must be contained in an <A> element with an HREF
present. This construct represents a set of hyperlinks. The user
can choose from the set by choosing a pixel of the image. The
user agent computes the head URI by appending `?' and the x and
y coordinates of the pixel to the URI given in the <A> element.
For example, if a document contains:
<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//IETF//DTD HTML 2.0//EN">
<head><title>ImageMap Example</title>
<BASE HREF="http://host/index"></head>
<body>
<p> Choose any of these icons:<br>
<a href="/cgi-bin/imagemap"><img ismap src="icons.gif"></a>
and the user chooses the upper-leftmost pixel, the chosen
hyperlink is the one with the URI
`http://host/cgi-bin/imagemap?0,0'.
8. Forms
A form is a template for a form data set and an associated
method and action URI. A form data set is a sequence of
name/value pair fields. The names are specified on the NAME
attributes of form input elements, and the values are given
initial values by various forms of markup and edited by the
user. The resulting form data set is used to access an
information service as a function of the action and method.
Forms elements can be mixed in with document structuring
elements. For example, a <PRE> element may contain a <FORM>
element, or a <FORM> element may contain lists which contain
<INPUT> elements. This gives considerable flexibility in
designing the layout of forms.
Form processing is a level 2 feature.
8.1. Form Elements
8.1.1. Form: FORM
The <FORM> element contains a sequence of input elements, along
with document structuring elements. The attributes are:
ACTION
specifies the action URI for the form. The action URI of
a form defaults to the base URI of the document (see 7,
"Hyperlinks").
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METHOD
selects a method of accessing the action URI. The set of
applicable methods is a function of the scheme of the
action URI of the form. See 8.2.2, "Query Forms:
METHOD=GET" and 8.2.3, "Forms with Side-Effects:
METHOD=POST".
ENCTYPE
specifies the media type used to encode the name/value
pairs for transport, in case the protocol does not
itself impose a format. See 8.2.1, "The form-urlencoded
Media Type".
8.1.2. Input Field: INPUT
The <INPUT> element represents a field for user input. The TYPE
attribute discriminates between several variations of fields.
The <INPUT> element has a number of attributes. The set of
applicable attributes depends on the value of the TYPE
attribute.
8.1.2.1. Text Field: INPUT TYPE=TEXT
The default vaule of the TYPE attribute is `TEXT', indicating a
single line text entry fields. (Use the <TEXTAREA> element for
multi-line text fields.)
Required attributes are:
NAME
name for the form field corresponding to this element.
The optional attriubtes are:
MAXLENGTH
constrains the number of characters that can be entered
into a text input field. If the value of MAXLENGTH is
greater the the value of the SIZE attribute, the field
should scroll appropriately. The default number of
characters is unlimited.
SIZE
specifies the amount of display space allocated to this
input field according to its type. The default depends
on the user agent.
VALUE
The initial value of the field.
For example:
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<p>Street Address: <input name=street><br>
Postal City code: <input name=city size=16 maxlength=16><br>
Zip Code: <input name=zip size=10 maxlength=10 value="99999-9999"><br>
8.1.2.2. Password Field: INPUT TYPE=PASSWORD
An <INPUT> element with `TYPE=PASSWORD' is a text field as
above, except that the value is obscured as it is entered. (see
also: 10, "Security Considerations").
For example:
<p>Name: <input name=login> Password: <input type=password name=passwd>
8.1.2.3. Check Box: INPUT TYPE=CHECKBOX
An <INPUT> element with `TYPE=CHECKBOX' represents a boolean
choice. A set of such elements with the same name represents an
n-of-many choice field. Required attributes are:
NAME
symbolic name for the form field corresponding to this
element or group of elements.
VALUE
The portion of the value of the field contributed by
this element.
Optional attributes are:
CHECKED
indicates that the initial state is on.
For example:
<p>What flavors do you like?
<input type=checkbox name=flavor value=vanilla>Vanilla<br>
<input type=checkbox name=flavor value=strawberry>Strawberry<br>
<input type=checkbox name=flavor value=chocolate checked>Chocolate<br>
8.1.2.4. Radio Button: INPUT TYPE=RADIO
An <INPUT> element with `TYPE=RADIO' represents a boolean
choice. A set of such elements with the same name represents a
1-of-many choice field. The NAME and VALUE attributes are
required as for check boxes. Optional attributes are:
CHECKED
indicates that the initial state is on.
At all times, exactly one of the radio buttons in a set is
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checked. If none of the <INPUT> elements of a set of radio
buttons specifies `CHECKED', then the user agent must check the
first radio button of the set initially.
For example:
<p>Which is your favorite?
<input type=radio name=flavor value=vanilla>Vanilla<br>
<input type=radio name=flavor value=strawberry>Strawberry<br>
<input type=radio name=flavor value=chocolate>Chocolate<br>
8.1.2.5. Image Pixel: INPUT TYPE=IMAGE
An <INPUT> element with `TYPE=IMAGE' specifies an image resource
to display, and allows input of two form fields: the x and y
coordinate of a pixel chosen from the image. The names of the
fields are the name of the field with `.x' and `.y' appended.
`TYPE=IMAGE' implies `TYPE=SUBMIT' processing; that is, when a
pixel is chosen, the form as a whole is submitted.
The NAME attribute is required as for other input fields. The
SRC attribute is required and the ALIGN is optional as for the
<IMG> element (see 5.10, "Image: IMG").
For example:
<p>Choose a point on the map:
<input type=image name=point src="map.gif">
8.1.2.6. Hidden Field: INPUT TYPE=HIDDEN
An <INPUT> element with `TYPE=HIDDEN' represents a hidden
field.The user does not interact with this field; instead, the
VALUE attribute specifies the value of the field. The NAME and
VALUE attributes are required.
For example:
<input type=hidden name=context value="l2k3j4l2k3j4l2k3j4lk23">
8.1.2.7. Submit Button: INPUT TYPE=SUBMIT
An <INPUT> element with `TYPE=SUBMIT' represents an input
option, typically a button, that instructs the user agent to
submit the form. Optional attributes are:
NAME
indicates that this element contributes a form field
whose value is given by the VALUE attribute. If the NAME
attribute is not present, this element does not
contribute a form field.
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VALUE
indicates a label for the input (button).
You may submit this request internally:
<input type=submit name=recipient value=internal><br>
or to the external world:
<input type=submit name=recipient value=world>
8.1.2.8. Reset Button: INPUT TYPE=RESET
An <INPUT> element with `TYPE=RESET' represents an input option,
typically a button, that instructs the user agent to reset the
form's fields to their initial states. The VALUE attribute, if
present, indicates a label for the input (button).
When you are finished, you may submit this request:
<input type=submit><br>
You may clear the form and start over at any time: <input type=reset>
8.1.3. Selection: SELECT
The <SELECT> element constrains the form field to an enumerated
list of values. The values are given in <OPTION> elements.
Attributes are:
MULTIPLE
indicates that more than one option may be included in
the value.
NAME
specifies the name of the form field.
SIZE
specifies the number of visible items. Select fields of
size one are typically pop-down menus, whereas select
fields with size greater than one are typically lists.
For example:
<SELECT NAME="flavor">
<OPTION>Vanilla
<OPTION>Strawberry
<OPTION value="RumRasin">Rum and Raisin
<OPTION selected>Peach and Orange
</SELECT>
The initial state has the first option selected, unless a
SELECTED attribute is present on any of the <OPTION> elements.
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8.1.3.1. Option: OPTION
The Option element can only occur within a Select element. It
represents one choice, and has the following attributes:
SELECTED
Indicates that this option is initially selected.
VALUE
indicates the value to be returned if this option is
chosen. The field value defaults to the content of the
<OPTION> element.
The content of the <OPTION> element is presented to the user to
represent the option. It is used as a returned value if the
VALUE attribute is not present.
8.1.4. Text Area: TEXTAREA
The <TEXTAREA> element represents a multi-line text field.
Attributes are:
COLS
the number of visible columns to display for the text
area, in characters.
NAME
Specifies the name of the form field.
ROWS
The number of visible rows to display for the text area,
in characters.
For example:
<TEXTAREA NAME="address" ROWS=6 COLS=64>
HaL Computer Systems
1315 Dell Avenue
Campbell, California 95008
</TEXTAREA>
The content of the <TEXTAREA> element is the field's initial
value.
Typically, the ROWS and COLS attributes determine the visible
dimension of the field in characters. The field is typically
rendered in a fixed-width font. HTML user agents should allow
text to extend beyond these limits by scrolling as needed.
8.2. Form Submission
An HTML user agent begins processing a form by presenting the
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document with the fields in their initial state. The user is
allowed to modify the fields, constrained by the field type etc.
When the user indicates that the form should be submitted (using
a submit button or image input), the form data set is processed
according to its method, action URI and enctype.
When there is only one single-line text input field in a form,
the user agent should accept Enter in that field as a request to
submit the form.
8.2.1. The form-urlencoded Media Type
The default encoding for all forms is
`application/x-www-form-urlencoded'. A form data set is
represented in this media type as follows:
1. The form field names and values are escaped: space
characters are replaced by `+', and then reserved characters
are escaped as per [URL]; that is, non-alphanumeric
characters are replaced by `%HH', a percent sign and two
hexadecimal digits representing the ASCII code of the
character. Line breaks, as in multi-line text field values,
are represented as CR LF pairs, i.e. `%0D%0A'.
2. The fields are listed in the order they appear in the
document with the name separated from the value by `=' and
the pairs separated from each other by `&'. Fields with null
values may be omitted. In particular, unselected radio
buttons and checkboxes should not appear in the encoded
data, but hidden fields with VALUE attributes present
should.
NOTE - The URI from a query form submission can be
used in a normal anchor style hyperlink.
Unfortunately, the use of the `&' character to
separate form fields interacts with its use in SGML
attribute values as an entity reference delimiter.
For example, the URI `http://host/?x=1&y=2' must be
written `<a href="http://host/?x=1&y=2"' or `<a
href="http://host/?x=1&y=2">'.
HTTP server implementors, and in particular, CGI
implementors are encouraged to support the use of
`;' in place of `&' to save users the trouble of
escaping `&' characters this way.
8.2.2. Query Forms: METHOD=GET
If the processing of a form is idempotent (i.e. it has no
lasting observable effect on the state of the world), then the
form method should be `GET'. Many database searches have no
visible side-effects and make ideal applications of query forms.
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To process a form whose action URL is an HTTP URL and whose
method is `GET', the user agent starts with the action URI and
appends a `?' and the form data set, in
`application/x-www-form-urlencoded' format as above. The user
agent then traverses the link to this URI just as if it were an
anchor (see 7.2, "Activation of Hyperlinks").
NOTE - The URL encoding may result in very long URIs,
which cause some historical HTTP server implementations
to exhibit defective behavior. As a result, some HTML
forms are written using `METHOD=POST' even though the
form submission has no side-effects.
8.2.3. Forms with Side-Effects: METHOD=POST
If the service associated with the processing of a form has side
effects (for example, modification of a database or subscription
to a service), the method should be `POST'.
To process a form whose action URL is an HTTP URL and whose
method is `POST', the user agent conducts an HTTP POST
transaction using the action URI, and a message body of type
`application/x-www-form-urlencoded' format as above. The user
agent should display the response from the HTTP POST interaction
just as it would display the response from an HTTP GET above.
8.2.4. Example Form Submission: Questionnaire Form
Consider the following document:
<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//IETF//DTD HTML 2.0//EN">
<title>Sample of HTML Form Submission</title>
<H1>Sample Questionnaire</H1>
<P>Please fill out this questionnaire:
<FORM METHOD="POST" ACTION="http://www.w3.org/sample">
<P>Your name: <INPUT NAME="name" size="48">
<P>Male <INPUT NAME="gender" TYPE=RADIO VALUE="male">
<P>Female <INPUT NAME="gender" TYPE=RADIO VALUE="female">
<P>Number in family: <INPUT NAME="family" TYPE=text>
<P>Cities in which you maintain a residence:
<UL>
<LI>Kent <INPUT NAME="city" TYPE=checkbox VALUE="kent">
<LI>Miami <INPUT NAME="city" TYPE=checkbox VALUE="miami">
<LI>Other <TEXTAREA NAME="other" cols=48 rows=4></textarea>
</UL>
Nickname: <INPUT NAME="nickname" SIZE="42">
<P>Thank you for responding to this questionnaire.
<P><INPUT TYPE=SUBMIT> <INPUT TYPE=RESET>
</FORM>
The initial state of the form data set is:
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name
``''
gender
``male''
family
``''
other
``''
nickname
``''
Note that the radio input has an initial value, while the
checkbox has none.
The user might edit the fields and request that the form be
submitted. At that point, suppose the values are:
name
``John Doe''
gender
``male''
family
``5''
city
``kent''
city
``miami''
other
``abc\ndef''
nickname
``J&D''
The user agent then conducts an HTTP POST transaction using the
URI `http://www.w3.org/sample'. The message body would be
(ignore the line break):
name=John+Doe&gender=male&family=5&city=kent&city=miami&
other=abc%0D%0Adef&nickname=J%26D
9. HTML Public Text
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9.1. HTML DTD
This is the Document Type Definition for the HyperText Markup
Language, level 2.
<!-- html.dtd
Document Type Definition for the HyperText Markup Language
(HTML DTD)
$Id: html.dtd,v 1.29 1995/08/04 17:50:22 connolly Exp $
Author: Daniel W. Connolly <connolly@w3.org>
See Also: html.decl, html-1.dtd
http://www.w3.org/hypertext/WWW/MarkUp/MarkUp.html
- -->
<!ENTITY % HTML.Version
"-//IETF//DTD HTML 2.0//EN"
-- Typical usage:
<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//IETF//DTD HTML//EN">
<html>
...
</html>
--
>
<!--============ Feature Test Entities ========================-->
<!ENTITY % HTML.Recommended "IGNORE"
-- Certain features of the language are necessary for
compatibility with widespread usage, but they may
compromise the structural integrity of a document.
This feature test entity enables a more prescriptive
document type definition that eliminates
those features.
-->
<![ %HTML.Recommended [
<!ENTITY % HTML.Deprecated "IGNORE">
]]>
<!ENTITY % HTML.Deprecated "INCLUDE"
-- Certain features of the language are necessary for
compatibility with earlier versions of the specification,
but they tend to be used an implemented inconsistently,
and their use is deprecated. This feature test entity
enables a document type definition that eliminates
these features.
-->
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<!ENTITY % HTML.Highlighting "INCLUDE"
-- Use this feature test entity to validate that a
document uses no highlighting tags, which may be
ignored on minimal implementations.
-->
<!ENTITY % HTML.Forms "INCLUDE"
-- Use this feature test entity to validate that a document
contains no forms, which may not be supported in minimal
implementations
-->
<!--============== Imported Names ==============================-->
<!ENTITY % Content-Type "CDATA"
-- meaning an internet media type
(aka MIME content type, as per RFC1521)
-->
<!ENTITY % HTTP-Method "GET | POST"
-- as per HTTP specification, in progress
-->
<!--========= DTD "Macros" =====================-->
<!ENTITY % heading "H1|H2|H3|H4|H5|H6">
<!ENTITY % list " UL | OL | DIR | MENU " >
<!--======= Character mnemonic entities =================-->
<!ENTITY % ISOlat1 PUBLIC
"ISO 8879-1986//ENTITIES Added Latin 1//EN//HTML">
%ISOlat1;
<!ENTITY amp CDATA "&" -- ampersand -->
<!ENTITY gt CDATA ">" -- greater than -->
<!ENTITY lt CDATA "<" -- less than -->
<!ENTITY quot CDATA """ -- double quote -->
<!--========= SGML Document Access (SDA) Parameter Entities =====-->
<!-- HTML 2.0 contains SGML Document Access (SDA) fixed attributes
in support of easy transformation to the International Committee
for Accessible Document Design (ICADD) DTD
"-//EC-USA-CDA/ICADD//DTD ICADD22//EN".
ICADD applications are designed to support usable access to
structured information by print-impaired individuals through
Braille, large print and voice synthesis. For more information on
SDA & ICADD:
- ISO 12083:1993, Annex A.8, Facilities for Braille,
large print and computer voice
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- ICADD ListServ
<ICADD%ASUACAD.BITNET@ARIZVM1.ccit.arizona.edu>
- Usenet news group bit.listserv.easi
- Recording for the Blind, +1 800 221 4792
- -->
<!ENTITY % SDAFORM "SDAFORM CDATA #FIXED"
-- one to one mapping -->
<!ENTITY % SDARULE "SDARULE CDATA #FIXED"
-- context-sensitive mapping -->
<!ENTITY % SDAPREF "SDAPREF CDATA #FIXED"
-- generated text prefix -->
<!ENTITY % SDASUFF "SDASUFF CDATA #FIXED"
-- generated text suffix -->
<!ENTITY % SDASUSP "SDASUSP NAME #FIXED"
-- suspend transform process -->
<!--========== Text Markup =====================-->
<![ %HTML.Highlighting [
<!ENTITY % font " TT | B | I ">
<!ENTITY % phrase "EM | STRONG | CODE | SAMP | KBD | VAR | CITE ">
<!ENTITY % text "#PCDATA | A | IMG | BR | %phrase | %font">
<!ELEMENT (%font;|%phrase) - - (%text)*>
<!ATTLIST ( TT | CODE | SAMP | KBD | VAR )
%SDAFORM; "Lit"
>
<!ATTLIST ( B | STRONG )
%SDAFORM; "B"
>
<!ATTLIST ( I | EM | CITE )
%SDAFORM; "It"
>
<!-- <TT> Typewriter text -->
<!-- <B> Bold text -->
<!-- <I> Italic text -->
<!-- <EM> Emphasized phrase -->
<!-- <STRONG> Strong emphais -->
<!-- <CODE> Source code phrase -->
<!-- <SAMP> Sample text or characters -->
<!-- <KBD> Keyboard phrase, e.g. user input -->
<!-- <VAR> Variable phrase or substituable -->
<!-- <CITE> Name or title of cited work -->
<!ENTITY % pre.content "#PCDATA | A | HR | BR | %font | %phrase">
]]>
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<!ENTITY % text "#PCDATA | A | IMG | BR">
<!ELEMENT BR - O EMPTY>
<!ATTLIST BR
%SDAPREF; "&#RE;"
>
<!-- <BR> Line break -->
<!--========= Link Markup ======================-->
<!ENTITY % linkType "NAMES">
<!ENTITY % linkExtraAttributes
"REL %linkType #IMPLIED
REV %linkType #IMPLIED
URN CDATA #IMPLIED
TITLE CDATA #IMPLIED
METHODS NAMES #IMPLIED
">
<![ %HTML.Recommended [
<!ENTITY % A.content "(%text)*"
-- <H1><a name="xxx">Heading</a></H1>
is preferred to
<a name="xxx"><H1>Heading</H1></a>
-->
]]>
<!ENTITY % A.content "(%heading|%text)*">
<!ELEMENT A - - %A.content -(A)>
<!ATTLIST A
HREF CDATA #IMPLIED
NAME CDATA #IMPLIED
%linkExtraAttributes;
%SDAPREF; "<Anchor: #AttList>"
>
<!-- <A> Anchor; source/destination of link -->
<!-- <A NAME="..."> Name of this anchor -->
<!-- <A HREF="..."> Address of link destination -->
<!-- <A URN="..."> Permanent address of destination -->
<!-- <A REL=...> Relationship to destination -->
<!-- <A REV=...> Relationship of destination to this -->
<!-- <A TITLE="..."> Title of destination (advisory) -->
<!-- <A METHODS="..."> Operations on destination (advisory) -->
<!--========== Images ==========================-->
<!ELEMENT IMG - O EMPTY>
<!ATTLIST IMG
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SRC CDATA #REQUIRED
ALT CDATA #IMPLIED
ALIGN (top|middle|bottom) #IMPLIED
ISMAP (ISMAP) #IMPLIED
%SDAPREF; "<Fig><?SDATrans Img: #AttList>#AttVal(Alt)</Fig>"
>
<!-- <IMG> Image; icon, glyph or illustration -->
<!-- <IMG SRC="..."> Address of image object -->
<!-- <IMG ALT="..."> Textual alternative -->
<!-- <IMG ALIGN=...> Position relative to text -->
<!-- <IMG ISMAP> Each pixel can be a link -->
<!--========== Paragraphs=======================-->
<!ELEMENT P - O (%text)*>
<!ATTLIST P
%SDAFORM; "Para"
>
<!-- <P> Paragraph -->
<!--========== Headings, Titles, Sections ===============-->
<!ELEMENT HR - O EMPTY>
<!ATTLIST HR
%SDAPREF; "&#RE;&#RE;"
>
<!-- <HR> Horizontal rule -->
<!ELEMENT ( %heading ) - - (%text;)*>
<!ATTLIST H1
%SDAFORM; "H1"
>
<!ATTLIST H2
%SDAFORM; "H2"
>
<!ATTLIST H3
%SDAFORM; "H3"
>
<!ATTLIST H4
%SDAFORM; "H4"
>
<!ATTLIST H5
%SDAFORM; "H5"
>
<!ATTLIST H6
%SDAFORM; "H6"
>
<!-- <H1> Heading, level 1 -->
<!-- <H2> Heading, level 2 -->
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<!-- <H3> Heading, level 3 -->
<!-- <H4> Heading, level 4 -->
<!-- <H5> Heading, level 5 -->
<!-- <H6> Heading, level 6 -->
<!--========== Text Flows ======================-->
<![ %HTML.Forms [
<!ENTITY % block.forms "BLOCKQUOTE | FORM | ISINDEX">
]]>
<!ENTITY % block.forms "BLOCKQUOTE">
<![ %HTML.Deprecated [
<!ENTITY % preformatted "PRE | XMP | LISTING">
]]>
<!ENTITY % preformatted "PRE">
<!ENTITY % block "P | %list | DL
| %preformatted
| %block.forms">
<!ENTITY % flow "(%text|%block)*">
<!ENTITY % pre.content "#PCDATA | A | HR | BR">
<!ELEMENT PRE - - (%pre.content)*>
<!ATTLIST PRE
WIDTH NUMBER #implied
%SDAFORM; "Lit"
>
<!-- <PRE> Preformatted text -->
<!-- <PRE WIDTH=...> Maximum characters per line -->
<![ %HTML.Deprecated [
<!ENTITY % literal "CDATA"
-- historical, non-conforming parsing mode where
the only markup signal is the end tag
in full
-->
<!ELEMENT (XMP|LISTING) - - %literal>
<!ATTLIST XMP
%SDAFORM; "Lit"
%SDAPREF; "Example:&#RE;"
>
<!ATTLIST LISTING
%SDAFORM; "Lit"
%SDAPREF; "Listing:&#RE;"
>
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<!-- <XMP> Example section -->
<!-- <LISTING> Computer listing -->
<!ELEMENT PLAINTEXT - O %literal>
<!-- <PLAINTEXT> Plain text passage -->
<!ATTLIST PLAINTEXT
%SDAFORM; "Lit"
>
]]>
<!--========== Lists ==================-->
<!ELEMENT DL - - (DT | DD)+>
<!ATTLIST DL
COMPACT (COMPACT) #IMPLIED
%SDAFORM; "List"
%SDAPREF; "Definition List:"
>
<!ELEMENT DT - O (%text)*>
<!ATTLIST DT
%SDAFORM; "Term"
>
<!ELEMENT DD - O %flow>
<!ATTLIST DD
%SDAFORM; "LItem"
>
<!-- <DL> Definition list, or glossary -->
<!-- <DL COMPACT> Compact style list -->
<!-- <DT> Term in definition list -->
<!-- <DD> Definition of term -->
<!ELEMENT (OL|UL) - - (LI)+>
<!ATTLIST OL
COMPACT (COMPACT) #IMPLIED
%SDAFORM; "List"
>
<!ATTLIST UL
COMPACT (COMPACT) #IMPLIED
%SDAFORM; "List"
>
<!-- <UL> Unordered list -->
<!-- <UL COMPACT> Compact list style -->
<!-- <OL> Ordered, or numbered list -->
<!-- <OL COMPACT> Compact list style -->
<!ELEMENT (DIR|MENU) - - (LI)+ -(%block)>
<!ATTLIST DIR
COMPACT (COMPACT) #IMPLIED
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%SDAFORM; "List"
%SDAPREF; "<LHead>Directory</LHead>"
>
<!ATTLIST MENU
COMPACT (COMPACT) #IMPLIED
%SDAFORM; "List"
%SDAPREF; "<LHead>Menu</LHead>"
>
<!-- <DIR> Directory list -->
<!-- <DIR COMPACT> Compact list style -->
<!-- <MENU> Menu list -->
<!-- <MENU COMPACT> Compact list style -->
<!ELEMENT LI - O %flow>
<!ATTLIST LI
%SDAFORM; "LItem"
>
<!-- <LI> List item -->
<!--========== Document Body ===================-->
<![ %HTML.Recommended [
<!ENTITY % body.content "(%heading|%block|HR|ADDRESS|IMG)*"
-- <h1>Heading</h1>
<p>Text ...
is preferred to
<h1>Heading</h1>
Text ...
-->
]]>
<!ENTITY % body.content "(%heading | %text | %block |
HR | ADDRESS)*">
<!ELEMENT BODY O O %body.content>
<!-- <BODY> Document body -->
<!ELEMENT BLOCKQUOTE - - %body.content>
<!ATTLIST BLOCKQUOTE
%SDAFORM; "BQ"
>
<!-- <BLOCKQUOTE> Quoted passage -->
<!ELEMENT ADDRESS - - (%text|P)*>
<!ATTLIST ADDRESS
%SDAFORM; "Lit"
%SDAPREF; "Address:&#RE;"
>
<!-- <ADDRESS> Address, signature, or byline -->
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<!--======= Forms ====================-->
<![ %HTML.Forms [
<!ELEMENT FORM - - %body.content -(FORM) +(INPUT|SELECT|TEXTAREA)>
<!ATTLIST FORM
ACTION CDATA #IMPLIED
METHOD (%HTTP-Method) GET
ENCTYPE %Content-Type; "application/x-www-form-urlencoded"
%SDAPREF; "<Para>Form:</Para>"
%SDASUFF; "<Para>Form End.</Para>"
>
<!-- <FORM> Fill-out or data-entry form -->
<!-- <FORM ACTION="..."> Address for completed form -->
<!-- <FORM METHOD=...> Method of submitting form -->
<!-- <FORM ENCTYPE="..."> Representation of form data -->
<!ENTITY % InputType "(TEXT | PASSWORD | CHECKBOX |
RADIO | SUBMIT | RESET |
IMAGE | HIDDEN )">
<!ELEMENT INPUT - O EMPTY>
<!ATTLIST INPUT
TYPE %InputType TEXT
NAME CDATA #IMPLIED
VALUE CDATA #IMPLIED
SRC CDATA #IMPLIED
CHECKED (CHECKED) #IMPLIED
SIZE CDATA #IMPLIED
MAXLENGTH NUMBER #IMPLIED
ALIGN (top|middle|bottom) #IMPLIED
%SDAPREF; "Input: "
>
<!-- <INPUT> Form input datum -->
<!-- <INPUT TYPE=...> Type of input interaction -->
<!-- <INPUT NAME=...> Name of form datum -->
<!-- <INPUT VALUE="..."> Default/initial/selected value -->
<!-- <INPUT SRC="..."> Address of image -->
<!-- <INPUT CHECKED> Initial state is "on" -->
<!-- <INPUT SIZE=...> Field size hint -->
<!-- <INPUT MAXLENGTH=...> Data length maximum -->
<!-- <INPUT ALIGN=...> Image alignment -->
<!ELEMENT SELECT - - (OPTION+) -(INPUT|SELECT|TEXTAREA)>
<!ATTLIST SELECT
NAME CDATA #REQUIRED
SIZE NUMBER #IMPLIED
MULTIPLE (MULTIPLE) #IMPLIED
%SDAFORM; "List"
%SDAPREF;
"<LHead>Select #AttVal(Multiple)</LHead>"
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>
<!-- <SELECT> Selection of option(s) -->
<!-- <SELECT NAME=...> Name of form datum -->
<!-- <SELECT SIZE=...> Options displayed at a time -->
<!-- <SELECT MULTIPLE> Multiple selections allowed -->
<!ELEMENT OPTION - O (#PCDATA)*>
<!ATTLIST OPTION
SELECTED (SELECTED) #IMPLIED
VALUE CDATA #IMPLIED
%SDAFORM; "LItem"
%SDAPREF;
"Option: #AttVal(Value) #AttVal(Selected)"
>
<!-- <OPTION> A selection option -->
<!-- <OPTION SELECTED> Initial state -->
<!-- <OPTION VALUE="..."> Form datum value for this option-->
<!ELEMENT TEXTAREA - - (#PCDATA)* -(INPUT|SELECT|TEXTAREA)>
<!ATTLIST TEXTAREA
NAME CDATA #REQUIRED
ROWS NUMBER #REQUIRED
COLS NUMBER #REQUIRED
%SDAFORM; "Para"
%SDAPREF; "Input Text -- #AttVal(Name): "
>
<!-- <TEXTAREA> An area for text input -->
<!-- <TEXTAREA NAME=...> Name of form datum -->
<!-- <TEXTAREA ROWS=...> Height of area -->
<!-- <TEXTAREA COLS=...> Width of area -->
]]>
<!--======= Document Head ======================-->
<![ %HTML.Recommended [
<!ENTITY % head.extra "">
]]>
<!ENTITY % head.extra "& NEXTID?">
<!ENTITY % head.content "TITLE & ISINDEX? & BASE? %head.extra">
<!ELEMENT HEAD O O (%head.content) +(META|LINK)>
<!-- <HEAD> Document head -->
<!ELEMENT TITLE - - (#PCDATA)*>
<!ATTLIST TITLE
%SDAFORM; "Ti" >
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<!-- <TITLE> Title of document -->
<!ELEMENT LINK - O EMPTY>
<!ATTLIST LINK
HREF CDATA #REQUIRED
%linkExtraAttributes;
%SDAPREF; "Linked to : #AttVal (TITLE) (URN) (HREF)>" >
<!-- <LINK> Link from this document -->
<!-- <LINK HREF="..."> Address of link destination -->
<!-- <LINK URN="..."> Lasting name of destination -->
<!-- <LINK REL=...> Relationship to destination -->
<!-- <LINK REV=...> Relationship of destination to this -->
<!-- <LINK TITLE="..."> Title of destination (advisory) -->
<!-- <LINK METHODS="..."> Operations allowed (advisory) -->
<!ELEMENT ISINDEX - O EMPTY>
<!ATTLIST ISINDEX
%SDAPREF;
"<Para>[Document is indexed/searchable.]</Para>">
<!-- <ISINDEX> Document is a searchable index -->
<!ELEMENT BASE - O EMPTY>
<!ATTLIST BASE
HREF CDATA #REQUIRED >
<!-- <BASE> Base context document -->
<!-- <BASE HREF="..."> Address for this document -->
<!ELEMENT NEXTID - O EMPTY>
<!ATTLIST NEXTID
N CDATA #REQUIRED >
<!-- <NEXTID> Next ID to use for link name -->
<!-- <NEXTID N=...> Next ID to use for link name -->
<!ELEMENT META - O EMPTY>
<!ATTLIST META
HTTP-EQUIV NAME #IMPLIED
NAME NAME #IMPLIED
CONTENT CDATA #REQUIRED >
<!-- <META> Generic Metainformation -->
<!-- <META HTTP-EQUIV=...> HTTP response header name -->
<!-- <META NAME=...> Metainformation name -->
<!-- <META CONTENT="..."> Associated information -->
<!--======= Document Structure =================-->
<![ %HTML.Deprecated [
<!ENTITY % html.content "HEAD, BODY, PLAINTEXT?">
]]>
<!ENTITY % html.content "HEAD, BODY">
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<!ELEMENT HTML O O (%html.content)>
<!ENTITY % version.attr "VERSION CDATA #FIXED '%HTML.Version;'">
<!ATTLIST HTML
%version.attr;
%SDAFORM; "Book"
>
<!-- <HTML> HTML Document -->
9.2. Strict HTML DTD
This document type declaration refers to the HTML DTD with the
`HTML.Recommended' entity defined as `INCLUDE' rather than
IGNORE; that is, it refers to the more structurally rigid
definition of HTML.
<!-- html-s.dtd
Document Type Definition for the HyperText Markup Language
with strict validation (HTML Strict DTD).
$Id: html-s.dtd,v 1.3 1995/06/02 18:55:46 connolly Exp $
Author: Daniel W. Connolly <connolly@w3.org>
See Also: http://www.w3.org/hypertext/WWW/MarkUp/MarkUp.html
- -->
<!ENTITY % HTML.Version
"-//IETF//DTD HTML 2.0 Strict//EN"
-- Typical usage:
<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC
"-//IETF//DTD HTML Strict//EN">
<html>
...
</html>
--
>
<!-- Feature Test Entities -->
<!ENTITY % HTML.Recommended "INCLUDE">
<!ENTITY % html PUBLIC "-//IETF//DTD HTML 2.0//EN">
%html;
9.3. Level 1 HTML DTD
This document type declaration refers to the HTML DTD with the
`HTML.Forms' entity defined as `IGNORE' rather than `INCLUDE'.
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Documents which contain <FORM> elements do not conform to this
DTD, and must use the level 2 DTD.
<!-- html-1.dtd
Document Type Definition for the HyperText Markup Language
with Level 1 Extensions (HTML Level 1 DTD).
$Id: html-1.dtd,v 1.2 1995/03/29 18:53:10 connolly Exp $
Author: Daniel W. Connolly <connolly@w3.org>
See Also: http://info.cern.ch/hypertext/WWW/MarkUp/MarkUp.html
- -->
<!ENTITY % HTML.Version
"-//IETF//DTD HTML 2.0 Level 1//EN"
-- Typical usage:
<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC
"-//IETF//DTD HTML Level 1//EN">
<html>
...
</html>
--
>
<!-- Feature Test Entities -->
<!ENTITY % HTML.Forms "IGNORE">
<!ENTITY % html PUBLIC "-//IETF//DTD HTML 2.0//EN">
%html;
9.4. Strict Level 1 HTML DTD
This document type declaration refers to the level 1 HTML DTD
with the `HTML.Recommended' entity defined as `INCLUDE' rather
than IGNORE; that is, it refers to the more structurally rigid
definition of HTML.
<!-- html-1s.dtd
Document Type Definition for the HyperText Markup Language
Struct Level 1
$Id: html-1s.dtd,v 1.3 1995/06/02 18:55:43 connolly Exp $
Author: Daniel W. Connolly <connolly@w3.org>
See Also: http://www.w3.org/hypertext/WWW/MarkUp/MarkUp.html
- -->
<!ENTITY % HTML.Version
"-//IETF//DTD HTML 2.0 Strict Level 1//EN"
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-- Typical usage:
<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC
"-//IETF//DTD HTML Strict Level 1//EN">
<html>
...
</html>
--
>
<!-- Feature Test Entities -->
<!ENTITY % HTML.Recommended "INCLUDE">
<!ENTITY % html-1 PUBLIC "-//IETF//DTD HTML 2.0 Level 1//EN">
%html-1;
9.5. SGML Declaration for HTML
This is the SGML Declaration for HyperText Markup Language.
<!SGML "ISO 8879:1986"
- --
SGML Declaration for HyperText Markup Language (HTML).
- --
CHARSET
BASESET "ISO 646:1983//CHARSET
International Reference Version
(IRV)//ESC 2/5 4/0"
DESCSET 0 9 UNUSED
9 2 9
11 2 UNUSED
13 1 13
14 18 UNUSED
32 95 32
127 1 UNUSED
BASESET "ISO Registration Number 100//CHARSET
ECMA-94 Right Part of
Latin Alphabet Nr. 1//ESC 2/13 4/1"
DESCSET 128 32 UNUSED
160 96 32
CAPACITY SGMLREF
TOTALCAP 150000
GRPCAP 150000
ENTCAP 150000
SCOPE DOCUMENT
SYNTAX
SHUNCHAR CONTROLS 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
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17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 127
BASESET "ISO 646:1983//CHARSET
International Reference Version
(IRV)//ESC 2/5 4/0"
DESCSET 0 128 0
FUNCTION
RE 13
RS 10
SPACE 32
TAB SEPCHAR 9
NAMING LCNMSTRT ""
UCNMSTRT ""
LCNMCHAR ".-"
UCNMCHAR ".-"
NAMECASE GENERAL YES
ENTITY NO
DELIM GENERAL SGMLREF
SHORTREF SGMLREF
NAMES SGMLREF
QUANTITY SGMLREF
ATTSPLEN 2100
LITLEN 1024
NAMELEN 72 -- somewhat arbitrary; taken from
internet line length conventions --
PILEN 1024
TAGLVL 100
TAGLEN 2100
GRPGTCNT 150
GRPCNT 64
FEATURES
MINIMIZE
DATATAG NO
OMITTAG YES
RANK NO
SHORTTAG YES
LINK
SIMPLE NO
IMPLICIT NO
EXPLICIT NO
OTHER
CONCUR NO
SUBDOC NO
FORMAL YES
APPINFO "SDA" -- conforming SGML Document Access application
--
>
<!--
$Id: html.decl,v 1.17 1995/06/08 14:59:32 connolly Exp $
Author: Daniel W. Connolly <connolly@w3.org>
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See also: http://www.w3.org/hypertext/WWW/MarkUp/MarkUp.html
-->
9.6. Sample SGML Open Entity Catalog for HTML
The SGML standard describes an ``entity manager'' as the portion
or component of an SGML system that maps SGML entities into the
actual storage model (e.g., the file system). The standard
itself does not define a particular mapping methodology or
notation.
To assist the interoperability among various SGML tools and
systems, the SGML Open consortium has passed a technical
resolution that defines a format for an application- independent
entity catalog that maps external identifiers and/or entity
names to file names.
Each entry in the catalog associates a storage object identifier
(such as a file name) with information about the external entity
that appears in the SGML document. In addition to entries that
associate public identifiers, a catalog entry can associate an
entity name with a storage object identifier. For example, the
following are possible catalog entries:
-- catalog: SGML Open style entity catalog for HTML --
-- $Id: catalog,v 1.2 1994/11/30 23:45:18 connolly Exp $ --
-- Ways to refer to Level 2: most general to most specific --
PUBLIC "-//IETF//DTD HTML//EN" html.dtd
PUBLIC "-//IETF//DTD HTML 2.0//EN" html.dtd
PUBLIC "-//IETF//DTD HTML Level 2//EN" html.dtd
PUBLIC "-//IETF//DTD HTML 2.0 Level 2//EN" html.dtd
-- Ways to refer to Level 1: most general to most specific --
PUBLIC "-//IETF//DTD HTML Level 1//EN" html-1.dtd
PUBLIC "-//IETF//DTD HTML 2.0 Level 1//EN" html-1.dtd
-- Ways to refer to Level 0: most general to most specific --
PUBLIC "-//IETF//DTD HTML Level 0//EN" html-0.dtd
PUBLIC "-//IETF//DTD HTML 2.0 Level 0//EN" html-0.dtd
-- Ways to refer to Strict Level 2: most general to most specif\
c --
PUBLIC "-//IETF//DTD HTML Strict//EN" html-s.dtd
PUBLIC "-//IETF//DTD HTML 2.0 Strict//EN" html-s.dtd
PUBLIC "-//IETF//DTD HTML Strict Level 2//EN" html-s.dtd
PUBLIC "-//IETF//DTD HTML 2.0 Strict Level 2//EN" html-s.dtd
-- Ways to refer to Strict Level 1: most general to most specif\
c --
PUBLIC "-//IETF//DTD HTML Strict Level 1//EN" html-1s.dtd
PUBLIC "-//IETF//DTD HTML 2.0 Strict Level 1//EN" html-1s.dtd
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-- Ways to refer to Strict Level 0: most general to most specif\
c --
PUBLIC "-//IETF//DTD HTML Strict Level 0//EN" html-0s.dtd
PUBLIC "-//IETF//DTD HTML 2.0 Strict Level 0//EN" html-0s.dtd
-- ISO latin 1 entity set for HTML --
PUBLIC "ISO 8879-1986//ENTITIES Added Latin 1//EN//HTML" ISOlat1\
sgml
9.7. Character Entity Sets
The HTML DTD defines the following entities. They represent
particular graphic characters which have special meanings in
places in the markup, or may not be part of the character set
available to the writer.
9.7.1. Numeric and Special Graphic Entity Set
The following table lists each of the characters included from
the Numeric and Special Graphic entity set, along with its name,
syntax for use, and description. This list is derived from `ISO
Standard 8879:1986//ENTITIES Numeric and Special Graphic//EN'.
However, HTML does not include for the entire entity set -- only
the entities listed below are included.
GLYPH NAME SYNTAX DESCRIPTION
< lt < Less than sign
> gt > Greater than sign
& amp & Ampersand
" quot " Double quote sign
9.7.2. ISO Latin 1 Character Entity Set
The following public text lists each of the characters specified
in the Added Latin 1 entity set, along with its name, syntax for
use, and description. This list is derived from ISO Standard
8879:1986//ENTITIES Added Latin 1//EN. HTML includes the entire
entity set.
<!-- (C) International Organization for Standardization 1986
Permission to copy in any form is granted for use with
conforming SGML systems and applications as defined in
ISO 8879, provided this notice is included in all copies.
- -->
<!-- Character entity set. Typical invocation:
<!ENTITY % ISOlat1 PUBLIC
"ISO 8879-1986//ENTITIES Added Latin 1//EN//HTML">
%ISOlat1;
- -->
<!-- Modified for use in HTML
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$Id: ISOlat1.sgml,v 1.2 1994/11/30 23:45:12 connolly Exp $ -->
<!ENTITY AElig CDATA "Æ" -- capital AE diphthong (ligature) -->
<!ENTITY Aacute CDATA "Á" -- capital A, acute accent -->
<!ENTITY Acirc CDATA "Â" -- capital A, circumflex accent -->
<!ENTITY Agrave CDATA "À" -- capital A, grave accent -->
<!ENTITY Aring CDATA "Å" -- capital A, ring -->
<!ENTITY Atilde CDATA "Ã" -- capital A, tilde -->
<!ENTITY Auml CDATA "Ä" -- capital A, dieresis or umlaut mark -->
<!ENTITY Ccedil CDATA "Ç" -- capital C, cedilla -->
<!ENTITY ETH CDATA "Ð" -- capital Eth, Icelandic -->
<!ENTITY Eacute CDATA "É" -- capital E, acute accent -->
<!ENTITY Ecirc CDATA "Ê" -- capital E, circumflex accent -->
<!ENTITY Egrave CDATA "È" -- capital E, grave accent -->
<!ENTITY Euml CDATA "Ë" -- capital E, dieresis or umlaut mark -->
<!ENTITY Iacute CDATA "Í" -- capital I, acute accent -->
<!ENTITY Icirc CDATA "Î" -- capital I, circumflex accent -->
<!ENTITY Igrave CDATA "Ì" -- capital I, grave accent -->
<!ENTITY Iuml CDATA "Ï" -- capital I, dieresis or umlaut mark -->
<!ENTITY Ntilde CDATA "Ñ" -- capital N, tilde -->
<!ENTITY Oacute CDATA "Ó" -- capital O, acute accent -->
<!ENTITY Ocirc CDATA "Ô" -- capital O, circumflex accent -->
<!ENTITY Ograve CDATA "Ò" -- capital O, grave accent -->
<!ENTITY Oslash CDATA "Ø" -- capital O, slash -->
<!ENTITY Otilde CDATA "Õ" -- capital O, tilde -->
<!ENTITY Ouml CDATA "Ö" -- capital O, dieresis or umlaut mark -->
<!ENTITY THORN CDATA "Þ" -- capital THORN, Icelandic -->
<!ENTITY Uacute CDATA "Ú" -- capital U, acute accent -->
<!ENTITY Ucirc CDATA "Û" -- capital U, circumflex accent -->
<!ENTITY Ugrave CDATA "Ù" -- capital U, grave accent -->
<!ENTITY Uuml CDATA "Ü" -- capital U, dieresis or umlaut mark -->
<!ENTITY Yacute CDATA "Ý" -- capital Y, acute accent -->
<!ENTITY aacute CDATA "á" -- small a, acute accent -->
<!ENTITY acirc CDATA "â" -- small a, circumflex accent -->
<!ENTITY aelig CDATA "æ" -- small ae diphthong (ligature) -->
<!ENTITY agrave CDATA "à" -- small a, grave accent -->
<!ENTITY aring CDATA "å" -- small a, ring -->
<!ENTITY atilde CDATA "ã" -- small a, tilde -->
<!ENTITY auml CDATA "ä" -- small a, dieresis or umlaut mark -->
<!ENTITY ccedil CDATA "ç" -- small c, cedilla -->
<!ENTITY eacute CDATA "é" -- small e, acute accent -->
<!ENTITY ecirc CDATA "ê" -- small e, circumflex accent -->
<!ENTITY egrave CDATA "è" -- small e, grave accent -->
<!ENTITY eth CDATA "ð" -- small eth, Icelandic -->
<!ENTITY euml CDATA "ë" -- small e, dieresis or umlaut mark -->
<!ENTITY iacute CDATA "í" -- small i, acute accent -->
<!ENTITY icirc CDATA "î" -- small i, circumflex accent -->
<!ENTITY igrave CDATA "ì" -- small i, grave accent -->
<!ENTITY iuml CDATA "ï" -- small i, dieresis or umlaut mark -->
<!ENTITY ntilde CDATA "ñ" -- small n, tilde -->
<!ENTITY oacute CDATA "ó" -- small o, acute accent -->
<!ENTITY ocirc CDATA "ô" -- small o, circumflex accent -->
<!ENTITY ograve CDATA "ò" -- small o, grave accent -->
<!ENTITY oslash CDATA "ø" -- small o, slash -->
<!ENTITY otilde CDATA "õ" -- small o, tilde -->
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<!ENTITY ouml CDATA "ö" -- small o, dieresis or umlaut mark -->
<!ENTITY szlig CDATA "ß" -- small sharp s, German (sz ligature) -\
>
<!ENTITY thorn CDATA "þ" -- small thorn, Icelandic -->
<!ENTITY uacute CDATA "ú" -- small u, acute accent -->
<!ENTITY ucirc CDATA "û" -- small u, circumflex accent -->
<!ENTITY ugrave CDATA "ù" -- small u, grave accent -->
<!ENTITY uuml CDATA "ü" -- small u, dieresis or umlaut mark -->
<!ENTITY yacute CDATA "ý" -- small y, acute accent -->
<!ENTITY yuml CDATA "ÿ" -- small y, dieresis or umlaut mark -->
10. Security Considerations
Anchors, embedded images, and all other elements which contain
URIs as parameters may cause the URI to be dereferenced in
response to user input. In this case, the security
considerations of [URL] apply.
The widely deployed methods for submitting forms requests --
HTTP and SMTP -- provide little assurance of confidentiality.
Information providers who request sensitive information via
forms -- especially by way of the `PASSWORD' type input field
(see 8.1.2, "Input Field: INPUT") -- should be aware and make
their users aware of the lack of confidentiality.
11. References
[URI]
T. Berners-Lee. ``Universal Resource Identifiers in WWW:
A Unifying Syntax for the Expression of Names and
Addresses of Objects on the Network as used in the
World- Wide Web.'' RFC 1630, CERN, June 1994.
<URL:ftp://ds.internic.net/rfc/rfc1630.txt>
[URL]
T. Berners-Lee, L. Masinter, and M. McCahill. ``Uniform
Resource Locators (URL).'' RFC 1738, CERN, Xerox PARC,
University of Minnesota, October 1994.
<URL:ftp://ds.internic.net/rfc/rfc1738.txt>
[HTTP]
T. Berners-Lee, R. T. Fielding, and H. Frystyk Nielsen.
``Hypertext Transfer Protocol - HTTP/1.0.'' Work in
Progress, MIT, UC Irvine, CERN, March 1995.
<URL:ftp://ds.internic.net/internet-drafts/draft-ietf-http-v10-spec-00.ps>
[MIME]
N. Borenstein and N. Freed. ``MIME (Multipurpose
Internet Mail Extensions) Part One: Mechanisms for
Specifying and Describing the Format of Internet Message
Bodies.'' RFC 1521, Bellcore, Innosoft, September 1993.
<URL:ftp://ds.internic.net/rfc/rfc1521.txt>
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[RELURL]
R. Fielding. ``Relative Uniform Resource Locators.'' RFC
1808, June 1995
<URL:ftp://ds.internic.net/rfc/rfc1808.txt>
[GOLD90]
C. F. Goldfarb. ``The SGML Handbook.'' Y. Rubinsky, Ed.,
Oxford University Press, 1990. <URL:>
[DEXTER]
Frank Halasz and Mayer Schwartz, ``The Dexter Hypertext
Reference Model'', ``Communications of the ACM'', pp.
30-39, vol. 37 no. 2, Feb 1994, <URL:>
[IMEDIA]
J. Postel. ``Media Type Registration Procedure.'',
USC/ISI, March 1994.
<URL:ftp://ds.internic.net/rfc/rfc1590.txt>
[IANA]
J. Reynolds and J. Postel. ``Assigned Numbers.'' STD 2,
RFC 1700, USC/ISI, October 1994.
<URL:ftp://ds.internic.net/rfc/rfc1700.txt>
[SQ91]
SoftQuad. ``The SGML Primer.'' 3rd ed., SoftQuad Inc.,
1991. <URL:http://www.sq.com/>
[ISO-646]
ISO/IEC 646:1991 Information technology -- ISO 7-bit
coded character set for information interchange
<URL:http://www.iso.ch/cate/d4777.html>
[ISO-10646]
ISO/IEC 10646-1:1993 Information technology -- Universal
Multiple-Octet Coded Character Set (UCS) -- Part 1:
Architecture and Basic Multilingual Plane
<URL:http://www.iso.ch/cate/d18741.html>
[ISO-8859-1]
ISO 8859. International Standard -- Information
Processing -- 8-bit Single-Byte Coded Graphic Character
Sets -- Part 1: Latin Alphabet No. 1, ISO 8859-1:1987.
<URL:http://www.iso.ch/cate/d16338.html>
[SGML]
ISO 8879. Information Processing -- Text and Office
Systems - Standard Generalized Markup Language (SGML),
1986. <URL:http://www.iso.ch/cate/d16387.html>
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12. Acknowledgments
The HTML document type was designed by Tim Berners-Lee at CERN
as part of the 1990 World Wide Web project. In 1992, Dan
Connolly wrote the HTML Document Type Definition (DTD) and a
brief HTML specification.
Since 1993, a wide variety of Internet participants have
contributed to the evolution of HTML, which has included the
addition of in-line images introduced by the NCSA Mosaic
software for WWW. Dave Raggett played an important role in
deriving the FORMS material from the HTML+ specification.
Dan Connolly and Karen Olson Muldrow rewrote the HTML
Specification in 1994. The document was then edited by the HTML
working group as a whole, with updates being made by Eric
Schieler, Mike Knezovich, and Eric W. Sink at Spyglass, Inc.
Finally, Roy Fielding restructured the entire draft into its
current form.
Special thanks to the many active participants in the HTML
working group, too numerous to list individually, without whom
there would be no standards process and no standard. That this
document approaches its objective of carefully converging a
description of current practice and formalization of HTML's
relationship to SGML is a tribute to their effort.
12.1. Authors' Addresses
Tim Berners-Lee
Director, W3 Consortium
MIT Laboratory for Computer Science
545 Technology Square
Cambridge, MA 02139, U.S.A.
Tel: +1 (617) 253 9670
Fax: +1 (617) 258 8682
Email: timbl@w3.org
Daniel W. Connolly
Research Technical Staff, W3 Consortium
MIT Laboratory for Computer Science
545 Technology Square
Cambridge, MA 02139, U.S.A.
Fax: +1 (617) 258 8682
Email: connolly@w3.org
URI: http://www.w3.org/hypertext/WWW/People/Connolly/
13. The HTML Coded Character Set
This list details the code positions and characters of the HTML
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document character set, specified in 9.5, "SGML Declaration for
HTML". This coded character set is based on [ISO-8859-1].
REFERENCE DESCRIPTION
-------------- -----------
� -  Unused
	 Horizontal tab
Line feed
 -  Unused
Carriage Return
 -  Unused
  Space
! Exclamation mark
" Quotation mark
# Number sign
$ Dollar sign
% Percent sign
& Ampersand
' Apostrophe
( Left parenthesis
) Right parenthesis
* Asterisk
+ Plus sign
, Comma
- Hyphen
. Period (fullstop)
/ Solidus (slash)
0 - 9 Digits 0-9
: Colon
; Semi-colon
< Less than
= Equals sign
> Greater than
? Question mark
@ Commercial at
A - Z Letters A-Z
[ Left square bracket
\ Reverse solidus (backslash)
] Right square bracket
^ Caret
_ Horizontal bar (underscore)
` Acute accent
a - z Letters a-z
{ Left curly brace
| Vertical bar
} Right curly brace
~ Tilde
 - Ÿ Unused
  Non-breaking Space
¡ Inverted exclamation
¢ Cent sign
£ Pound sterling
¤ General currency sign
¥ Yen sign
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¦ Broken vertical bar
§ Section sign
¨ Umlaut (dieresis)
© Copyright
ª Feminine ordinal
« Left angle quote, guillemotleft
¬ Not sign
­ Soft hyphen
® Registered trademark
¯ Macron accent
° Degree sign
± Plus or minus
² Superscript two
³ Superscript three
´ Acute accent
µ Micro sign
¶ Paragraph sign
· Middle dot
¸ Cedilla
¹ Superscript one
º Masculine ordinal
» Right angle quote, guillemotright
¼ Fraction one-fourth
½ Fraction one-half
¾ Fraction three-fourths
¿ Inverted question mark
À Capital A, grave accent
Á Capital A, acute accent
 Capital A, circumflex accent
à Capital A, tilde
Ä Capital A, dieresis or umlaut mark
Å Capital A, ring
Æ Capital AE dipthong (ligature)
Ç Capital C, cedilla
È Capital E, grave accent
É Capital E, acute accent
Ê Capital E, circumflex accent
Ë Capital E, dieresis or umlaut mark
Ì Capital I, grave accent
Í Capital I, acute accent
Î Capital I, circumflex accent
Ï Capital I, dieresis or umlaut mark
Ð Capital Eth, Icelandic
Ñ Capital N, tilde
Ò Capital O, grave accent
Ó Capital O, acute accent
Ô Capital O, circumflex accent
Õ Capital O, tilde
Ö Capital O, dieresis or umlaut mark
× Multiply sign
Ø Capital O, slash
Ù Capital U, grave accent
Ú Capital U, acute accent
Û Capital U, circumflex accent
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Ü Capital U, dieresis or umlaut mark
Ý Capital Y, acute accent
Þ Capital THORN, Icelandic
ß Small sharp s, German (sz ligature)
à Small a, grave accent
á Small a, acute accent
â Small a, circumflex accent
ã Small a, tilde
ä Small a, dieresis or umlaut mark
å Small a, ring
æ Small ae dipthong (ligature)
ç Small c, cedilla
è Small e, grave accent
é Small e, acute accent
ê Small e, circumflex accent
ë Small e, dieresis or umlaut mark
ì Small i, grave accent
í Small i, acute accent
î Small i, circumflex accent
ï Small i, dieresis or umlaut mark
ð Small eth, Icelandic
ñ Small n, tilde
ò Small o, grave accent
ó Small o, acute accent
ô Small o, circumflex accent
õ Small o, tilde
ö Small o, dieresis or umlaut mark
÷ Division sign
ø Small o, slash
ù Small u, grave accent
ú Small u, acute accent
û Small u, circumflex accent
ü Small u, dieresis or umlaut mark
ý Small y, acute accent
þ Small thorn, Icelandic
ÿ Small y, dieresis or umlaut mark
14. Proposed Entities
The HTML DTD references the ``Added Latin 1'' entity set, which
only supplies named entities for a subset of the non-ASCII
characters in [ISO-8859-1], namely the accented characters. The
following entities should be supported so that all ISO 8859-1
characters may only be referenced symbolically. The names for
these entities are taken from the appendixes of [SGML].
<!ENTITY nbsp CDATA " " -- no-break space -->
<!ENTITY iexcl CDATA "¡" -- inverted exclamation mark -->
<!ENTITY cent CDATA "¢" -- cent sign -->
<!ENTITY pound CDATA "£" -- pound sterling sign -->
<!ENTITY curren CDATA "¤" -- general currency sign -->
<!ENTITY yen CDATA "¥" -- yen sign -->
<!ENTITY brvbar CDATA "¦" -- broken (vertical) bar -->
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<!ENTITY sect CDATA "§" -- section sign -->
<!ENTITY uml CDATA "¨" -- umlaut (dieresis) -->
<!ENTITY copy CDATA "©" -- copyright sign -->
<!ENTITY ordf CDATA "ª" -- ordinal indicator, feminine -->
<!ENTITY laquo CDATA "«" -- angle quotation mark, left -->
<!ENTITY not CDATA "¬" -- not sign -->
<!ENTITY shy CDATA "­" -- soft hyphen -->
<!ENTITY reg CDATA "®" -- registered sign -->
<!ENTITY macr CDATA "¯" -- macron -->
<!ENTITY deg CDATA "°" -- degree sign -->
<!ENTITY plusmn CDATA "±" -- plus-or-minus sign -->
<!ENTITY sup2 CDATA "²" -- superscript two -->
<!ENTITY sup3 CDATA "³" -- superscript three -->
<!ENTITY acute CDATA "´" -- acute accent -->
<!ENTITY micro CDATA "µ" -- micro sign -->
<!ENTITY para CDATA "¶" -- pilcrow (paragraph sign) -->
<!ENTITY middot CDATA "·" -- middle dot -->
<!ENTITY cedil CDATA "¸" -- cedilla -->
<!ENTITY sup1 CDATA "¹" -- superscript one -->
<!ENTITY ordm CDATA "º" -- ordinal indicator, masculine -->
<!ENTITY raquo CDATA "»" -- angle quotation mark, right -->
<!ENTITY frac14 CDATA "¼" -- fraction one-quarter -->
<!ENTITY frac12 CDATA "½" -- fraction one-half -->
<!ENTITY frac34 CDATA "¾" -- fraction three-quarters -->
<!ENTITY iquest CDATA "¿" -- inverted question mark -->
<!ENTITY Agrave CDATA "À" -- capital A, grave accent -->
<!ENTITY Aacute CDATA "Á" -- capital A, acute accent -->
<!ENTITY Acirc CDATA "Â" -- capital A, circumflex accent -->
<!ENTITY Atilde CDATA "Ã" -- capital A, tilde -->
<!ENTITY Auml CDATA "Ä" -- capital A, dieresis or umlaut mark -->
<!ENTITY Aring CDATA "Å" -- capital A, ring -->
<!ENTITY AElig CDATA "Æ" -- capital AE diphthong (ligature) -->
<!ENTITY Ccedil CDATA "Ç" -- capital C, cedilla -->
<!ENTITY Egrave CDATA "È" -- capital E, grave accent -->
<!ENTITY Eacute CDATA "É" -- capital E, acute accent -->
<!ENTITY Ecirc CDATA "Ê" -- capital E, circumflex accent -->
<!ENTITY Euml CDATA "Ë" -- capital E, dieresis or umlaut mark -->
<!ENTITY Igrave CDATA "Ì" -- capital I, grave accent -->
<!ENTITY Iacute CDATA "Í" -- capital I, acute accent -->
<!ENTITY Icirc CDATA "Î" -- capital I, circumflex accent -->
<!ENTITY Iuml CDATA "Ï" -- capital I, dieresis or umlaut mark -->
<!ENTITY ETH CDATA "Ð" -- capital Eth, Icelandic -->
<!ENTITY Ntilde CDATA "Ñ" -- capital N, tilde -->
<!ENTITY Ograve CDATA "Ò" -- capital O, grave accent -->
<!ENTITY Oacute CDATA "Ó" -- capital O, acute accent -->
<!ENTITY Ocirc CDATA "Ô" -- capital O, circumflex accent -->
<!ENTITY Otilde CDATA "Õ" -- capital O, tilde -->
<!ENTITY Ouml CDATA "Ö" -- capital O, dieresis or umlaut mark -->
<!ENTITY times CDATA "×" -- multiply sign -->
<!ENTITY Oslash CDATA "Ø" -- capital O, slash -->
<!ENTITY Ugrave CDATA "Ù" -- capital U, grave accent -->
<!ENTITY Uacute CDATA "Ú" -- capital U, acute accent -->
<!ENTITY Ucirc CDATA "Û" -- capital U, circumflex accent -->
<!ENTITY Uuml CDATA "Ü" -- capital U, dieresis or umlaut mark -->
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<!ENTITY Yacute CDATA "Ý" -- capital Y, acute accent -->
<!ENTITY THORN CDATA "Þ" -- capital THORN, Icelandic -->
<!ENTITY szlig CDATA "ß" -- small sharp s, German (sz ligature) -->
<!ENTITY agrave CDATA "à" -- small a, grave accent -->
<!ENTITY aacute CDATA "á" -- small a, acute accent -->
<!ENTITY acirc CDATA "â" -- small a, circumflex accent -->
<!ENTITY atilde CDATA "ã" -- small a, tilde -->
<!ENTITY auml CDATA "ä" -- small a, dieresis or umlaut mark -->
<!ENTITY aring CDATA "å" -- small a, ring -->
<!ENTITY aelig CDATA "æ" -- small ae diphthong (ligature) -->
<!ENTITY ccedil CDATA "ç" -- small c, cedilla -->
<!ENTITY egrave CDATA "è" -- small e, grave accent -->
<!ENTITY eacute CDATA "é" -- small e, acute accent -->
<!ENTITY ecirc CDATA "ê" -- small e, circumflex accent -->
<!ENTITY euml CDATA "ë" -- small e, dieresis or umlaut mark -->
<!ENTITY igrave CDATA "ì" -- small i, grave accent -->
<!ENTITY iacute CDATA "í" -- small i, acute accent -->
<!ENTITY icirc CDATA "î" -- small i, circumflex accent -->
<!ENTITY iuml CDATA "ï" -- small i, dieresis or umlaut mark -->
<!ENTITY eth CDATA "ð" -- small eth, Icelandic -->
<!ENTITY ntilde CDATA "ñ" -- small n, tilde -->
<!ENTITY ograve CDATA "ò" -- small o, grave accent -->
<!ENTITY oacute CDATA "ó" -- small o, acute accent -->
<!ENTITY ocirc CDATA "ô" -- small o, circumflex accent -->
<!ENTITY otilde CDATA "õ" -- small o, tilde -->
<!ENTITY ouml CDATA "ö" -- small o, dieresis or umlaut mark -->
<!ENTITY divide CDATA "÷" -- divide sign -->
<!ENTITY oslash CDATA "ø" -- small o, slash -->
<!ENTITY ugrave CDATA "ù" -- small u, grave accent -->
<!ENTITY uacute CDATA "ú" -- small u, acute accent -->
<!ENTITY ucirc CDATA "û" -- small u, circumflex accent -->
<!ENTITY uuml CDATA "ü" -- small u, dieresis or umlaut mark -->
<!ENTITY yacute CDATA "ý" -- small y, acute accent -->
<!ENTITY thorn CDATA "þ" -- small thorn, Icelandic -->
<!ENTITY yuml CDATA "ÿ" -- small y, dieresis or umlaut mark -->
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