INTERNET-DRAFT Hongbo Shi
draft-ietf-idn-iptr-01.txt Waseda University
17 November 2000 Jiang Ming Liang
Expires: 17 May 2001 i-DNS.net
Internationalized PTR Resource Record (IPTR)
Status of this Memo
This document is an Internet-Draft and is in full conformance with all
provisions of Section 10 of RFC2026.
Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering Task
Force (IETF), its areas, and its working groups. Note that other
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or to cite them other than as "work in progress."
The list of current Internet-Drafts can be accessed at
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Abstract
This draft attempts to address the problem of how an IP address SHOULD
be properly mapped to a set of Internationalized Domain Names(IDNs).
It is currently unspecified how a PTR record can be used for this
purpose. In addition, the syntax of the PTR resource record may be
too restrictive for such a mapping in a more culturally meaningful
context. This document suggests a new TYPE called IPTR using EDNS0
and a mechanism to combined language information with such a mapping.
1. Introduction
Reverse mapping is a very important and essential function in the DNS.
In today's Domain Name System, PTR RRs are used to support address-
to-domain mappings. However, a current PTR RR does not provide support
for proper address-to-IDN mappings, without certain modifications.
Modifying the PTR structure will also affect the current reverse
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mapping architecture. This document describes a new RR TYPE named IPTR
to provide address-to-IDN mappings and it also specifies that on
receiving of a IPTR query a name server should respond with all the
corresponding IPTR RRs in one response. In short, "one IP several
IDNs".
1.1 Terminology
The key words "MUST", "SHALL", "REQUIRED", "SHOULD", "RECOMMENDED",
and "MAY" in this document are to be interpreted as described in RFC
2119 [RFC2119].
1.2 Background and Designs
When Internationalized Domain Names come into wide use, an Internet
host is likely to have domain names in different languages. In
today's Internet, even thought the [RFC2181] redefine the
consideration of PTR, because of the design of the PTR mapping
algorithm and implementation of most resolvers, IP address to domain
names mapping is still limited to "one IP one domain name".
For example, BIND treats PTRs specially so that the normal sorting
preference (e.g. cyclic/random) doesn't apply. But as usual, "fixed"
order is always used. So a client that is querying a BIND server and
doesn't look beyond the first PTR RR, no matter how many times it
queries the name. In other words, PTR RRset is different from A RRset,
where the first record in the RRset might differ from query to query.
This is more restrictive in a world of IDNs, for choosing some names
in a particular language. Briefly, according to the use of PTR, it is
no meaning of returning an IDN in an unknown language.
The authors also believe that putting language information into
address-to-name mappings will be benifitial to future applications.
The design purpose of the IPTR RR type is to provide a mechanism that
can map an IP address to the corresponding IDN per language. It also
means that IPTR suggests a new mapping algorithm for the reverse
mapping by using an language information.
CNAME MUST continue to work for IPTR as it works now for PTR records.
The behavior of a resolver on the use of IPTR will be specified in a
seperate draft or a later version of this draft.
1.3 Functional Description
DNS query and responses involving IPTR type MUST have the following
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properties:
- When the QTYPE is IPTR, the corresponding IDNs SHOULD be
returned in one response.
- The characters in the label MUST be encoded using UTF-8
[RFC2279].
- The entire label MUST be encoded EDNS [RFC2671].
- An exceptional handling of PTR for the IDN is REQUIRED.
2. IPTR definition
The structure of an IPTR RR is somewhat like the MX RR. In addtion to
the IP address in the IN-ADDR.ARPA domain and the domain name field
(similar to a PTR RR), a new field called LANGUAGE has been defined.
A domain name in an IPTR RR MUST be encoded in UTF8. And IDN in this
document MUST be NAMEPREPPED. [NAMEPREP] Below is an example of an
IPTR RR:
1.2.3.4.IN-ADDR.ARPA. IPTR "LANGUAGE" "name-in-utf8"
[RFC1766] describes the ISO 639/ISO 3166 conventions. A language name
is always written in lower case, while country codes are written in
upper case. At here, the "LANGUAGE" field in an IPTR RR SHOULD be done
in a case-insensitive manner and MUST follow the conventions defined
in [RFC1766].
For Example:
4.3.2.1.IN-ADDR.ARPA. IPTR "zh-CN" "name-in-utf8"
4.3.2.1.IN-ADDR.ARPA. IPTR "zh-TW" "name-in-utf8"
4.3.2.1.IN-ADDR.ARPA. IPTR "ja-JP" "name-in-utf8"
4.3.2.1.IN-ADDR.ARPA. IPTR "ko-KR" "name-in-utf8"
The notion of canonical names and aliases described in 3.6.2
[RFC1034], and 10.2 [RFC2181] MUST be preserved for IPTR record types.
An IPTR RR SHOULD be limited to one primary IDN per LANGUAGE, similar
to the a PTR RR.
3. IPTR on IPv6
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Mapping IPv6 to IDNs can be similarly supported. This document recom-
mands to continue using the IP6.INT domain defined in [RFC1886] for
IPTR mappings. For example, the lookup corresponding to the address
4321:0:1:2:3:4:567:89ab would be:
b.a.9.8.7.6.5.0.4.0.0.0.3.0.0.0.2.0.0.0.1.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.1.2.3.4.IP6.INT.
IPTR "LANGUAGE" "name-in-utf8"
4. Packet format for IPTR
EDNS0[RFC2671] is REQUIRED to implement IPTR.
0 1 2 3 4
bits 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1...9 0...8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 ...
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-//-+-+-//-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-//-+-+-+
|0 1| ELT | LANGUAGE | Size | IDN label... |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-//-+-+-//-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-//-+-+-+
LANGUAGE: An argument for IPTR to define the kind of language
used in the following IDN label. The size is 2 octets.
ELT: To be defined in [IDNE].
5. Coexistence
5.1 IDN Consideration
IPTR described above is based on "a set of IDNs", strictly speaking, a
set of canonical IDNs. On the other hand, confusion about IDN, such as
"IDN MUST exist with ASCII domain name" has led to a belief that PTR
record should have exactly RRs in its RRSet. In short, the phenomenon
"IDN ONLY" will exist. Thus, the exceptional handling of PTR is
REQUIRED.
On the other hand, IDN is still RECOMMENDED to exist with more than
one ASCII domain name.
5.2 PTR Extension
In the case of "IDN ONLY", if IPTR RR is not NULL, PTR RR MUST contain
a domain name in ACE to coexist with those IDN unaware systems. Else a
"Syntax Error" message SHOULD be sent back, when an administrator con-
figures DNS zone files.
5.3 IPTR and PTR
It is a kind of backward compatible handle for those IDN unaware sys-
tems that can not provide the IPTR function. Besides, if a client can
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not find the corresponding LANGUAGE IDN finally, then the correspond-
ing PTR RR SHOULD be used as the answer.
6. IPTR query/response
When the QTYPE is IPTR in a query, all of the corresponding IPTR RRs
SHOULD be returned in one response. DNS messages are limited to 512
octets or less in size when sent over UDP. Therefore, if all the RRs
cannot fit in one UDP packet, this draft describe two solutions. One
is for recent environment and the other is for the near future.
6.1 Transport
Today, DNS queries and responses are carried in UDP datagrams or over
TCP connections.[RFC1034] specifies, IPTR RRSet is RECOMMENDED to be
returned in one response. The size of a DNS message could exceed 512
octets, when multiple RRs are present. Therefore, this draft makes the
two following recommendations.
- "Use UDP first, if UDP is not large enough then change to TCP" is
RECOMMENDED.
The server MUST send back the response with the TC bit set. Then
the resolver SHOULD resend the query using TCP on server port
53(decimal). This behavior is consistent with the current DNS
specification [RFC1035].
- In future, EDNS0 is REQUIRED to send large packets.
Then, before a client send a query to ask for IPTR record, it
MUST query the server whether it knows the EDNS0 first. If the
server knows EDNS0, then the client MAY send the IPTR query.
Else, unfortunally, the client MUST change the QTYPE to PTR.
Hence, the size of the UDP payload is no longer limited to 512
octets any more.
6.2 Standard sample
A resolver who wants to find the IDNs corresponding to an IP
address 1.2.3.4 whould pursue a query of the form QTYPE=IPTR,
QCLASS=IN, QNAME=4.3.2.1.IN-ADDR.ARPA, and would receive:
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+------------------------------------------------------+
Header | OPCODE=SQUERY, RESPONSE, AA |
+------------------------------------------------------+
Question | QNAME=4.3.2.1.IN-ADDR.ARPA.,QCLASS=IN,QTYPE=IPTR |
+------------------------------------------------------+
Answer | 4.3.2.1.IN-ADDR.ARPA. IPTR "zh-CN" "name1-in-utf8" |
| 4.3.2.1.IN-ADDR.ARPA. IPTR "zh-TW" "name2-in-utf8" |
| 4.3.2.1.IN-ADDR.ARPA. IPTR "zh-JP" "name3-in-utf8" |
| 4.3.2.1.IN-ADDR.ARPA. IPTR "ko-KR" "name4-in-utf8" |
+------------------------------------------------------+
Authority | ... |
+------------------------------------------------------+
Additional | ... |
+------------------------------------------------------+
7. IPTR Usage
The "foo1.example" in following samples MAY or MAY NOT be
represented in the same characters.
4.3.2.1.IN-ADDR.ARPA IPTR "zh-TW" "[foo1.example] in utf8"
IPTR "zh-CN" "[foo1.example] in utf8"
IPTR "ja-JP" "[foo1.example] in utf8"
IPTR "ko-KR" "[foo1.example] in utf8"
Moreover,
4.3.2.1.IN-ADDR.ARPA IPTR "zh-TW" "[foo1.example] in utf8"
IPTR "zh-TW" "[foo2.example] in utf8"
...
IPTR "zh-CN" "[foo1.example] in utf8"
IPTR "zh-CN" "[foo2.example] in utf8"
...
IPTR "ja-JP" "[foo1.example] in utf8"
IPTR "ja-JP" "[foo2.example] in utf8"
...
IPTR "ko-KR" "[foo1.example] in utf8"
IPTR "ko-KR" "[foo2.example] in utf8"
...
will exist also. And "foo2.example" MUST be different from
"foo1.example", if they are in signed with same LANGUAGE. Or a
"Syntax Error" SHOULD be sent back, when an administrator config-
ures the zone files. Furthermore "foo2.example" in the samples
above MAY or MAY NOT be represented in the same characters.
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Thus,
4.3.2.1.IN-ADDR.ARPA IPTR "zh-TW" "[samefoo.sample] in utf8"
IPTR "zh-TW" "[samefoo.sample] in utf8"
occurs a "Syntax Error".
And,
4.3.2.1.IN-ADDR.ARPA IPTR "zh-TW" "[samefoo.sample] in utf8"
IPTR "zh-TW" "[difffoo.sample] in utf8"
IPTR "zh-CN" "[samefoo.sample] in utf8"
IPTR "ja-JP" "[samefoo.sample] in utf8"
IPTR "ko-KR" "[samefoo.sample] in utf8"
is allowed.
8. Open Issues
1. Is it necessary to let a IDN aware server to send back all of
the corresponding IDNs to a resolver? Meanings,
+------------------------------------------------------+
Header | OPCODE=SQUERY, RESPONSE, AA |
+------------------------------------------------------+
Question | QNAME=4.3.2.1.IN-ADDR.ARPA.,QCLASS=IN,QTYPE=IPTR |
+------------------------------------------------------+
Answer | 4.3.2.1.IN-ADDR.ARPA. IPTR "zh-CN" "name1-in-utf8" |
| 4.3.2.1.IN-ADDR.ARPA. IPTR "zh-CN" "name2-in-utf8" |
| 4.3.2.1.IN-ADDR.ARPA. IPTR "zh-CN" "name3-in-utf8" |
| 4.3.2.1.IN-ADDR.ARPA. IPTR "zh-TW" "name4-in-utf8" |
| 4.3.2.1.IN-ADDR.ARPA. IPTR "ko-KR" "name5-in-utf8" |
| 4.3.2.1.IN-ADDR.ARPA. IPTR "ko-KR" "name6-in-utf8" |
+------------------------------------------------------+
Authority | ... |
+------------------------------------------------------+
Additional | ... |
+------------------------------------------------------+
Or, just using current fixed/cyclic/random options to return
one of the corresponding IDNs per LANGUAGE? In short, "one IP
one IDN per LANGUAGE". Such like
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+------------------------------------------------------+
Header | OPCODE=SQUERY, RESPONSE, AA |
+------------------------------------------------------+
Question | QNAME=4.3.2.1.IN-ADDR.ARPA.,QCLASS=IN,QTYPE=IPTR |
+------------------------------------------------------+
Answer | 4.3.2.1.IN-ADDR.ARPA. IPTR "zh-CN" "name1-in-utf8" |
| 4.3.2.1.IN-ADDR.ARPA. IPTR "zh-TW" "name4-in-utf8" |
| 4.3.2.1.IN-ADDR.ARPA. IPTR "ko-KR" "name5-in-utf8" |
| 4.3.2.1.IN-ADDR.ARPA. IPTR "ko-KR" "name6-in-utf8" |
+------------------------------------------------------+
Authority | ... |
+------------------------------------------------------+
Additional | ... |
+------------------------------------------------------+
2. If QTYPE is IPTR, should an IDN aware server send all of the
corresponding IDNs to the resolver? Is this kind of behavior
friendly to implent the resolver? How about letting a server
just feedback the corresponding PTR record, if a server
doesn't find the corresponding LANGUAGE IDN that a client
requires.
In the following case, it is wasteful to return all the
corresponding IDNs to the clients.
4.3.2.1.IN-ADDR.ARPA IPTR "zh-TW" "[foo1.example] in utf8"
IPTR "zh-TW" "[foo2.example] in utf8"
...
IPTR "zh-CN" "[foo1.example] in utf8"
IPTR "zh-CN" "[foo2.example] in utf8"
...
IPTR "ja-JP" "[foo1.example] in utf8"
IPTR "ja-JP" "[foo2.example] in utf8"
...
IPTR "ko-KR" "[foo1.example] in utf8"
IPTR "ko-KR" "[foo2.example] in utf8"
...
The benefit of the IPTR is introducing LANGUAGE. It SHOULD be
used in query from clients, then servers can select minimum
size of corresponding IDNs. For working this effectively, you
should introduce default LANGUAGE if no corresponding LANGUAGE
exists. The default MUST be ASCII. So that default IPTR can be
natural extension of PTR. I.E.
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4.3.2.1.in-addr.arpa. IN PTR ASCII-domain-name
is equivalent to
4.3.2.1.in-addr.arpa. IN IPTR "default" ASCII-domain-name
Of course, ASCII includes ACE.
3. According to the consideration above, how about the following
thinking? That means a response MAY include not only a
corresponding IDN in a specific LANGUAGE but also the LANGUAGE
tags of the corresponding IDNs. And the client will load these
LANGUAGE tags in the DNS cache for the next IPTR query.
References
[IDNREQ] Zita Wenzel & James Seng, "Requirements of International-
ized Domain Names", draft-ietf-idn-requirements.
[IDNE] Marc Blanchet & Paul Hoffman, "Internationalized domain
names using EDNS", draft-ietf-idn-idne.
[NAMEPREP] Paul Hoffman & Marc Blanchet, "Preparation of Interna-
tionalized Host Names", draft-ietf-idn-nameprep.
[RFC1034] P. Mockapetris, "DOMAIN NAMES - CONCEPTS AND FACILITIES",
November 1987, RFC1034
[RFC1035] P. Mockapetris, "DOMAIN NAMES - IMPLEMENTATION AND
SPECIFICATION", November 1987, RFC1035
[RFC1766] H. Alvestrand, "Tags for the Identification of
Languages", March 1999, RFC 1766
[RFC1886] S. Thomson, C. Huitema, "DNS Extensions to support IP
version 6", December 1995, RFC1886
[RFC2181] R. Elz, R. Bush, "Clarifications to the DNS Specifica-
tion", July 1997, RFC2181
[RFC2279] Francois Yergeau, "UTF-8, a transformation format of ISO
10646", January 1998, RFC 2279.
[RFC2671] Paul Vixie, "Extension Mechanisms for DNS (EDNS0)",
August 1999, RFC 2671.
[ISO 639] ISO 639:1988 (E/F) - Code for the representation of names
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of languages - The International Organization for Standardization,
1st edition, 1988 17 pages Prepared by ISO/TC 37 - Terminology
(principles and coordination).
[ISO 3166] ISO 3166:1988 (E/F) - Codes for the representation of
names of countries - The International Organization for Standardi-
zation, 3rd edition, 1988-08-15.
Acknowledgements
James Seng and Yoshiro Yoneya have given many comments in our e-
mail discussions. Harald Alvestrand, Mark Davis have given many
suggestions in the idn-wg mailing list discussions. And there are
also a lot of people who have given us their comments in the idn-wg
and BIND-user mailing list discussions.
Authors' Information
Hongbo Shi
Waseda University
3-4-1 Okubo, Shinjyuku-ku
Tokyo, 169-8555 Japan
shi@goto.info.waseda.ac.jp
Jiang Ming Liang
i-DNS.net
8 Temasek Boulevard
#24-02 Suntec Tower Three
Singapore 038988
jiang@i-DNS.net
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