Network Working Group                                C. Newman, Innosoft
Internet Draft                          G. Klyne, Baltimore Technologies
                                                            3 April 2001
                                                 Expires: September 2001


               Date and Time on the Internet: Timestamps
                   <draft-ietf-impp-datetime-00.txt>


Status of this memo

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Copyright Notice

   Copyright (C) The Internet Society 2001.  All Rights Reserved.


Abstract

   This document defines a date and time format for use in Internet
   protocols that is a profile of the ISO 8601 [ISO8601] standard for
   representation of dates and times using the Gregorian calendar.









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Table of Contents

   1. Introduction
   2. Definitions
   3. Two Digit Years
   4. Local Time
   4.1. Coordinated Universal Time (UTC)
   4.2. Local Offsets
   4.3. Unknown Local Offset Convention
   4.4. Unqualified Local Time
   5. Date and Time format
   5.1. Ordering
   5.2. Human Readability
   5.3. Rarely Used Options
   5.4. Redundant Information
   5.5. Simplicity
   5.6. Internet Date/Time Format
   5.7. Restrictions
   5.8. Examples
   6. Acknowledgements
   7. References
   8. Security Considerations
   9. Authors' Addresses
   Appendix A. ISO 8601 Collected ABNF
   Appendix B. Day of the Week
   Appendix C. Leap Years
   Appendix D. Leap Seconds
   Appendix E. Amendment history
   Full copyright statement


1. Introduction

   Date and time formats cause a lot of confusion and interoperability
   problems on the Internet.  This document addresses many of the
   problems encountered and make recommendations to improve consistency
   and interoperability when representing and using date and time in
   Internet protocols.

   This document includes an Internet profile of the ISO 8601 [ISO8601]
   standard for representation of dates and times using the Gregorian
   calendar.









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   There are many ways in which date and time values might appear in
   Internet protocols:  this document focuses on just one common usage,
   viz. timestamps for Internet protocol events.  This limited
   consideration has the following consequences:

   o  All dates and times are assumed to be in the "current era",
      somewhere between 0AD and 9999AD.

   o  All times expressed have a stated relationship (offset) to
      Coordinated Universal Time (UTC).  (This is distinct from some
      usage in scheduling applications where a local time and location
      may be known, but the actual relationship to UTC may be dependent
      on the unknown or unknowable actions of politicians or
      administrators.  The UTC time corresponding to 17:00 on 23rd March
      2005 in New York may depend on administrative decisions about
      daylight savings time.  This specification steers well clear of
      such considerations.)

   o  Date and time expressions indicate an instant in time.
      Description of time periods, or intervals, is not covered here.


2. Definitions


   UTC         Coordinated Universal Time as maintained by the Bureau
               Internaational des Poids et Mesures (BIPM).

   second      A basic unit of measurement of time in the International
               System of Units.  It is defined as the duration of
               9,192,631,770 cycles of microwave light absorbed or
               emitted by the hyperfine transition of cesium-133 atoms
               in their ground state undisturbed by external fields.

   minute      A period of time of 60 seconds.

   hour        A period of time of 60 minutes.

   day         A period of time of 24 hours.

   leap year   In the Gregorian calendar, a year which has 366 days.  A
               leap year is a year whose number is divisible by four an
               integral number of times, except that if it is a
               centennial year it shall be divisible by four hundred an
               integral number of times.






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   ABNF        Augmented Backus-Naur Form, a format used to represent
               permissible strings in a protocol or language, as defined
               in [ABNF].

   Email Date/Time Format
               The date/time format used by Internet Mail as defined by
               RFC 822 [IMAIL] and amended by RFC 1123 [HOST-REQ].

   Internet Date/Time Format
               The date format defined in section 5 of this document.

   For more information about time scales, see Appendix E of [NTP],
   Section 3 of [ISO8601], and the appropriate ITU documents [ITU-R-TF].


3. Two Digit Years

   The following requirements are to address the problems of ambiguity
   of 2-digit years:

   o  Internet Protocols MUST generate four digit years in dates.

   o  The use of 2-digit years is deprecated.  If a 2-digit year is
      received, it should be accepted ONLY if an incorrect
      interpretation will not cause a protocol or processing failure
      (e.g. if used only for logging or tracing purposes).

   o  It is possible that a program using two digit years will represent
      years after 1999 as three digits.  This occurs if the program
      simply subtracts 1900 from the year and doesn't check the number
      of digits.  Programs wishing to robustly deal with dates generated
      by such broken software may add 1900 to three digit years.

   o  It is possible that a program using two digit years will represent
      years after 1999 as ":0", ":1", ... ":9", ";0", ...  This occurs
      if the program simply subtracts 1900 from the year and adds the
      decade to the US-ASCII character zero. Programs wishing to
      robustly deal with dates generated by such broken software should
      detect non-numeric decades and interpret appropriately.

   The problems with two digit years amply demonstrate why all dates and
   times used in Internet protocols MUST be fully qualified.









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4. Local Time

4.1. Coordinated Universal Time (UTC)

   Because the daylight rules for local timezones are so convoluted and
   can change based on local law at unpredictable times, true
   interoperability is best achieved by using Coordinated Universal Time
   (UTC).  This specification does not cater to local timezone rules.

4.2. Local Offsets

   The offset between local time and UTC is often useful information.
   For example, in electronic mail [IMAIL] the local offset provides a
   useful heuristic to determine the probability of a prompt response.
   Attempts to label local offsets with alphabetic strings have resulted
   in poor interoperability in the past [IMAIL], [HOST-REQ].  Therefore
   numeric offsets are now REQUIRED in Internet Mail Date/Time Format.

   Numeric offsets are calculated as "local time minus UTC".  So the
   equivalent time in UTC can be determined by subtracting the offset
   from the local time.  For example, 18:50:00-04:00 is the same time as
   22:58:00Z.

4.3. Unknown Local Offset Convention

   If the time in UTC is known, but the offset to local time is unknown,
   this can be represented with an offset of "-00:00".  This differs
   semanticly from an offset of "Z" which implies that UTC is the
   preferred reference point for the specified time.  This convention
   MAY also be used in the Email Date/Time Format.

4.4. Unqualified Local Time

   A number of devices currently connected to the Internet run their
   internal clocks in local time and are unaware of UTC.  While the
   Internet does have a tradition of accepting reality when creating
   specifications, this should not be done at the expense of
   interoperability.  Since interpretation of an unqualified local
   timezone will fail in approximately 23/24 of the globe, the
   interoperability problems of unqualified local time are deemed
   unacceptable for the Internet.  Systems that are configured with a
   local time, are unaware of the corresponding UTC offset, and depend
   on time synchronization with other Internet systems, MUST use a
   mechanism that ensures correct synchronization with UTC.  Some
   suitable mechanisms are:

   o  Use Network Time Protocol [NTP] to obtain the time in UTC.




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   o  Use another host in the same local timezone as a gateway to the
      Internet.  This host MUST correct unqualified local times before
      they are transmitted to other hosts.

   o  Prompt the user for the local timezone and daylight savings
      settings.


5. Date and Time format

   This section discusses desirable qualities of date and time formats
   and defines a profile of ISO 8601 for use in Internet protocols.

5.1. Ordering

   If date and time components are ordered from least precise to most
   precise, then a useful property is achieved.  Assuming that the
   timezones of the dates and times are the same (e.g. all in UTC), then
   the date and time strings may be sorted as strings (e.g. using the
   strcmp() function in C) and a time-ordered sequence will result.  The
   presence of optional punctuation would violate this characteristic.

5.2. Human Readability

   Human readability has proved to be a valuable feature of Internet
   protocols.  Human readable protocols greatly reduce the costs of
   debugging since telnet often suffices as a test client and network
   analysers need not be modified with knowledge of the protocol.  On
   the other hand, human readability sometimes results in
   interoperability problems.  For example, the date format "10/11/1996"
   is completely unsuitable for global interchange because it is
   interpreted differently in different countries.  In addition, the
   date format in [IMAIL] has resulted in interoperability problems when
   people assumed any text string was permitted and translated the three
   letter abbreviations to other languages or substituted date formats
   which were easier to generate (e.g. the format used by the C function
   ctime).  For this reason, a balance must be struck between human
   readability and interoperability.

   Because no date and time format is readable according to the
   conventions of all countries, Internet clients SHOULD be prepared to
   transform dates into a display format suitable for the locality.
   This may include translating UTC to local time.

5.3. Rarely Used Options

   A format which includes rarely used options is likely to cause
   interoperability problems.  This is because rarely used options are



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   less likely to be used in alpha or beta testing, so bugs in parsing
   are less likely to be discovered.  Rarely used options should be made
   mandatory or omitted for the sake of interoperability whenever
   possible.

   The format defined below includes only one rarely used option:
   fractions of a second.  It is expected that this will be used only by
   applications which require strict ordering of date/time stamps or
   which have an unusual precision requirement.

5.4. Redundant Information

   If a date/time format includes redundant information, that introduces
   the possibility that the redunant information will not correlate.
   For example, including the day of the week in a date/time format
   introduces the possibility that the day of week is incorrect but the
   date is correct, or vice versa.  Since it is not difficult to compute
   the day of week from a date (see Appendix B), the day of week should
   not be included in a date/time format.

5.5. Simplicity

   The complete set of date and time formats specified in ISO 8601
   [ISO8601] is quite complex in an attempt to provide multiple
   representations and partial representations.  Appendix A contains an
   attempt to translate the complete syntax of ISO 8601 into ABNF.
   Internet protocols have somewhat different requirements and
   simplicity has proved to be an important characteristic.  In
   addition, Internet protocols usually need complete specification of
   data in order to achieve true interoperability.  Therefore, the
   complete grammar for ISO 8601 is deemed too complex for most Internet
   protocols.

   The following section defines a profile of ISO 8601 for use on the
   Internet.  It is a conformant subset of the ISO 8601 extended format.
   Simplicity is achieved by making most fields and punctuation
   mandatory.














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5.6. Internet Date/Time Format

   The following profile of ISO 8601 [ISO8601] dates SHOULD be used in
   new protocols on the Internet.  This is specified using the syntax
   description notation defined in [ABNF].

      date-fullyear   = 4DIGIT
      date-month      = 2DIGIT  ; 01-12
      date-mday       = 2DIGIT  ; 01-28, 01-29, 01-30, 01-31 based on month/year
      time-hour       = 2DIGIT  ; 00-23
      time-minute     = 2DIGIT  ; 00-59
      time-second     = 2DIGIT  ; 00-59, 00-60 based on leap second rules
      time-secfrac    = "." 1*DIGIT
      time-numoffset  = ("+" / "-") time-hour ":" time-minute
      time-offset     = "Z" / time-numoffset

      partial-time    = time-hour ":" time-minute ":" time-second
                        [time-secfrac]
      full-date       = date-fullyear "-" date-month "-" date-mday
      full-time       = partial-time time-offset

      date-time       = full-date "T" full-time


     NOTE: Per [ABNF] and ISO8601, the "T" and "Z" characters in
     this syntax may alternatively be lower case "t" or "z"
     respectively.

     NOTE: ISO 8601 defines date and time separated by "T".
     Applications using this syntax may choose, for the sake of
     readability, to specify a full-date and full-time separated by
     (say) a space character.



















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5.7. Restrictions

   The grammar element date-mday represents the day number within the
   current month.  The maximum value varies based on the month and year
   as follows:

      Month Number  Month/Year           Maximum value of date-mday
      ------------  ----------           --------------------------
      01            January              31
      02            February, normal     28
      02            February, leap year  29
      03            March                31
      04            April                30
      05            May                  31
      06            June                 30
      07            July                 31
      08            August               31
      09            September            30
      10            October              31
      11            November             30
      12            December             31

   Appendix C contains sample C code to determine if a year is a leap
   year.

   The grammar element time-second may have the value "60" at the end of
   June (XXXX-06-30T23:59:60Z) or December (XXXX-12-31T23:59:60Z) if
   there is a leap second at that time (see Appendix D for a table of
   leap seconds).  At all other times the maximum value of time-second
   is "59".  Further, in timezones other than "Z", the leap second point
   is shifted by the zone offset (so it happens at the same instant
   around the globe).

   Although ISO 8601 permits the hour to be "24", this profile of ISO
   8601 only allows values between "00" and "23" for the hour in order
   to reduce confusion.


5.8. Examples

   Here are three examples of Internet date/time format.

      1985-04-12T23:20:50.52Z

   This represents 20 minutes and 50.52 seconds after the 23rd hour of
   April 12th, 1985 in UTC.





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      1996-12-19T16:39:57-08:00

   This represents 39 minutes and 57 seconds after the 16th hour of
   December 19th, 1996 with an offset of -08:00 from UTC (Pacific
   Standard Time).  Note that this is equivalent to 1996-12-20T00:39:57Z
   in UTC.

      1990-12-31T23:59:60Z

   This represents the leap second inserted at the end of 1990.

      1990-12-31T15:59:60-08:00

   This represents the same leap second in Pacific Standard Time, 8
   hours behind UTC.


6. Acknowledgements

   The following people provided helpful advice for an earlier
   incarnation of this document: Ned Freed, Neal McBurnett, David
   Keegel, Markus Kuhn, Paul Eggert and Robert Elz.  Thanks are also due
   to participants of the IETF Calendaring/Scheduling working group
   mailing list, and participants of the timezone mailing list.


7. References

   [Zeller]    Chr. Zeller, "Kalender-Formeln", Acta Mathematica, Vol.
               9, Nov 1886.

   [IMAIL]     Crocker, D., "Standard for the Format of Arpa Internet
               Text Messages", RFC 822, August 1982.

   [ABNF]      Crocker, D. and P. Overell, "Augmented BNF for Syntax
               Specifications: ABNF", RFC 2234, November 1997.

   [ISO8601]   "Data elements and interchange formats -- Information
               interchange -- Representation of dates and times", ISO
               8601:1988(E), International Organization for
               Standardization, June, 1988.

   [HOST-REQ]  Braden, R., "Requirements for Internet Hosts --
               Application and Support", RFC 1123, Internet Engineering
               Task Force, October 1989.





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   [NTP]       Mills, D., "Network Time Protocol (Version 3)
               Specification, Implementation and Analysis", RFC 1305,
               University of Delaware, March 1992.

   [ITU-R-TF]  International Telecommunication Union Recommendations for
               Time Signals and Frequency Standards Emissions.
               <http://www.itu.ch/publications/itu-r/iturtf.htm>



8. Security Considerations

   Since the local time zone of a site may be useful for determining a
   time when systems are less likely to be monitored and might be more
   susceptible to a security probe, some sites may wish to emit times in
   UTC only.  Others might consider this to be loss of useful
   functionality at the hands of paranoia.


9. Authors' Addresses

   Chris Newman
   Innosoft International, Inc.
   1050 Lakes Drive
   West Covina, CA 91790 USA

   Email: chris.newman@innosoft.com

   Graham Klyne
   Baltimore Technologies - Content Security Group
   1310 Waterside
   Arlington Business Park
   Theale
   Reading, RG7 4SA
   United Kingdom.
   Telephone: +44 118 903 8000
   Facsimile: +44 118 903 9000
   E-mail:    GK@ACM.ORG


Appendix A. ISO 8601 Collected ABNF

   ISO 8601 does not specify a formal grammar for the date and time
   formats it defines.  The following is an attempt to create a formal
   grammar from ISO 8601.  This is informational only and may contain
   errors.  ISO 8601 remains the authoratative reference.

   Note that due to ambiguities in ISO 8601, some interpretations had to



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   be made.  First, ISO 8601 is not clear if mixtures of basic and
   extended format are permissible.  This grammar permits mixtures.  ISO
   8601 is not clear on whether an hour of 24 is permissible only if
   minutes and seconds are 0.  This assumes that an hour of 24 is
   permissible in any context.  Restrictions on date-mday in section 5.7
   apply.  ISO 8601 states that the "T" may be omitted under some
   circumstances.  This grammar requires the "T" to avoid ambiguity.

   ISO 8601 also requires (in section 5.3.1.3) that a decimal fraction
   be proceeded by a "0" if less than unity.  Annex B.2 of ISO 8601
   gives examples where the decimal fractions are not preceeded by a
   "0".  This grammar assumes section 5.3.1.3 is correct and that Annex
   B.2 is in error.

      date-century    = 2DIGIT  ; 00-99
      date-decade     =  DIGIT  ; 0-9
      date-subdecade  =  DIGIT  ; 0-9
      date-year       = date-decade date-subdecade
      date-fullyear   = date-century date-year
      date-month      = 2DIGIT  ; 01-12
      date-wday       =  DIGIT  ; 1-7  ; 1 is Monday, 7 is Sunday
      date-mday       = 2DIGIT  ; 01-28, 01-29, 01-30, 01-31 based on month/year
      date-yday       = 3DIGIT  ; 001-365, 001-366 based on year
      date-week       = 2DIGIT  ; 01-52, 01-53 based on year

      datepart-fullyear = [date-century] date-year ["-"]
      datepart-ptyear   = "-" [date-subdecade ["-"]]
      datepart-wkyear   = datepart-ptyear / datepart-fullyear

      dateopt-century   = "-" / date-century
      dateopt-fullyear  = "-" / datepart-fullyear
      dateopt-year      = "-" / (date-year ["-"])
      dateopt-month     = "-" / (date-month ["-"])
      dateopt-week      = "-" / (date-week ["-"])

      datespec-full     = datepart-fullyear date-month ["-"] date-mday
      datespec-year     = date-century / dateopt-century date-year
      datespec-month    = "-" dateopt-year date-month [["-"] date-mday]
      datespec-mday     = "--" dateopt-month date-mday
      datespec-week     = datepart-wkyear "W"
                          (date-week / dateopt-week date-wday)
      datespec-wday     = "---" date-wday
      datespec-yday     = dateopt-fullyear date-yday

      date              = datespec-full / datespec-year / datespec-month /
          datespec-mday / datespec-week / datespec-wday / datespec-yday





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   Time:

      time-hour         = 2DIGIT ; 00-24
      time-minute       = 2DIGIT ; 00-59
      time-second       = 2DIGIT ; 00-59, 00-60 based on leap-second rules
      time-fraction     = ("," / ".") 1*DIGIT
      time-numoffset    = ("+" / "-") time-hour [[":"] time-minute]
      time-zone         = "Z" / time-numoffset

      timeopt-hour      = "-" / (time-hour [":"])
      timeopt-minute    = "-" / (time-minute [":"])

      timespec-hour     = time-hour [[":"] time-minute [[":"] time-second]]
      timespec-minute   = timeopt-hour time-minute [[":"] time-second]
      timespec-second   = "-" timeopt-minute time-second
      timespec-base     = timespec-hour / timespec-minute / timespec-second

      time              = timespec-base [time-fraction] [time-zone]

      iso-date-time     = date "T" time

   Durations:

      dur-second        = 1*DIGIT "S"
      dur-minute        = 1*DIGIT "M" [dur-second]
      dur-hour          = 1*DIGIT "H" [dur-minute]
      dur-time          = "T" (dur-hour / dur-minute / dur-second)
      dur-day           = 1*DIGIT "D"
      dur-week          = 1*DIGIT "W"
      dur-month         = 1*DIGIT "M" [dur-day]
      dur-year          = 1*DIGIT "Y" [dur-month]
      dur-date          = (dur-day / dur-month / dur-year) [dur-time]

      duration          = "P" (dur-date / dur-time / dur-week)

   Periods:

      period-explicit   = date-time "/" date-time
      period-start      = date-time "/" duration
      period-end        = duration "/" date-time

      period            = period-explicit / period-start / period-end









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Appendix B. Day of the Week

   The following is a sample C subroutine loosly based on Zeller's
   Congruence [Zeller] which may be used to obtain the day of the week:


      char *day_of_week(int day, int month, int year)
      {
          char *dayofweek[] = {
              "Sunday", "Monday", "Tuesday", "Wednesday",
              "Thursday", "Friday", "Saturday"
          };

          /* adjust months so February is the last one */
          month -= 2;
          if (month < 1) {
              month += 12;
              --year;
          }
          /* split by century */
          cent = year / 100;
          year %= 100;
          return (dayofweek[((26 * month - 2) / 10 + day + year
                            + year / 4 + cent / 4 - 2 * cent) % 7]);
      }



Appendix C. Leap Years

   Here is a sample C subroutine to calculate if a year is a leap year:


      /* This returns non-zero if year is a leap year.  Must use 4 digit year.
       */
      int leap_year(int year)
      {
          return (year % 4 == 0 && (year % 100 != 0 || year % 400 == 0));
      }



Appendix D. Leap Seconds

   This table is an excerpt from the table maintained by the United
   States Naval Observatory.  The source data is located at:

      <ftp://maia.usno.navy.mil/ser7/tai-utc.dat>



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   This table shows the date of the leap second, and the difference
   between the time standard TAI (which isn't adjusted by leap seconds)
   and UTC after that leap second.


      UTC Date  TAI - UTC After Leap Second
      --------  ---------------------------
      1972-06-30     11
      1972-12-31     12
      1973-12-31     13
      1974-12-31     14
      1975-12-31     15
      1976-12-31     16
      1977-12-31     17
      1978-12-31     18
      1979-12-31     19
      1981-06-30     20
      1982-06-30     21
      1983-06-30     22
      1985-06-30     23
      1987-12-31     24
      1989-12-31     25
      1990-12-31     26
      1992-06-30     27
      1993-06-30     28
      1994-06-30     29
      1995-12-31     30
      1997-06-30     31



Appendix E. Amendment history


00a 30-Mar-2001 This document version created from Chris Newman's
                original 'draft-ietf-impp-datetime-00.txt'.  Material
                relating to future times (schedule events) and timezone
                names has been removed.  Added introductory text setting
                the scope for this document.  Various small editorial
                changes.

00b 03-Apr-2001 Added reference [ABNF], and updated citations.  Added
                comment about possible use of space-separated date/time
                fields.  Added comment about possible use of lower case
                "t" and "z" in syntax.  Corrected leap-second examples
                and noted that leap second point is offset by time zone.





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Newman & Klyne                                         FORMFEED[Page 16]