intarea                                                       P. Pfister
Internet-Draft                                            E. Vyncke, Ed.
Intended status: Standards Track                                   Cisco
Expires: December 6, 2018                                       T. Pauly
                                                             D. Schinazi
                                                                   Apple
                                                                 W. Shao
                                                       Telecom-ParisTech
                                                            June 4, 2018


             Discovering Provisioning Domain Names and Data
               draft-ietf-intarea-provisioning-domains-02

Abstract

   An increasing number of hosts access the Internet via multiple
   interfaces or, in IPv6 multi-homed networks, via multiple IPv6 prefix
   configurations context.

   This document describes a way for hosts to identify such contexts,
   called Provisioning Domains (PvDs), where Fully Qualified Domain
   Names (FQDNs) act as PvD identifiers.  Those identifiers are
   advertised in a new Router Advertisement (RA) option and, when
   present, are associated with the set of information included within
   the RA.

   Based on this FQDN, hosts can retrieve additional information about
   their network access characteristics via an HTTP over TLS query.
   This allows applications to select which Provisioning Domains to use
   as well as to provide configuration parameters to the transport layer
   and above.

Status of This Memo

   This Internet-Draft is submitted in full conformance with the
   provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79.

   Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering
   Task Force (IETF).  Note that other groups may also distribute
   working documents as Internet-Drafts.  The list of current Internet-
   Drafts is at https://datatracker.ietf.org/drafts/current/.

   Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months
   and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any
   time.  It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference
   material or to cite them other than as "work in progress."




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   This Internet-Draft will expire on December 6, 2018.

Copyright Notice

   Copyright (c) 2018 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the
   document authors.  All rights reserved.

   This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal
   Provisions Relating to IETF Documents
   (https://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of
   publication of this document.  Please review these documents
   carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect
   to this document.  Code Components extracted from this document must
   include Simplified BSD License text as described in Section 4.e of
   the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as
   described in the Simplified BSD License.

Table of Contents

   1.  Introduction  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   3
   2.  Terminology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   3
   3.  Provisioning Domain Identification using Router
       Advertisements  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   4
     3.1.  PvD ID Option for Router Advertisements . . . . . . . . .   4
     3.2.  Router Behavior . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   7
     3.3.  Non-PvD-aware Host Behavior . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   8
     3.4.  PvD-aware Host Behavior . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   8
       3.4.1.  DHCPv6 configuration association  . . . . . . . . . .   9
       3.4.2.  DHCPv4 configuration association  . . . . . . . . . .   9
       3.4.3.  Connection Sharing by the Host  . . . . . . . . . . .   9
   4.  Provisioning Domain Additional Information  . . . . . . . . .  10
     4.1.  Retrieving the PvD Additional Information . . . . . . . .  10
     4.2.  Operational Consideration to Providing the PvD Additional
           Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  12
     4.3.  PvD Additional Information Format . . . . . . . . . . . .  12
       4.3.1.  Private Extensions  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  13
       4.3.2.  Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  13
     4.4.  Detecting misconfiguration and misuse . . . . . . . . . .  14
   5.  Operational Considerations  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  14
   6.  Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  16
   7.  Privacy Considerations  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  16
   8.  IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  17
   9.  Acknowledgements  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  17
   10. References  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  18
     10.1.  Normative references . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  18
     10.2.  Informative references . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  19
   Appendix A.  Changelog  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  20
     A.1.  Version 00  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  20



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     A.2.  Version 01  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  20
     A.3.  Version 02  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  21
     A.4.  WG Document version 00  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  22
     A.5.  WG Document version 01  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  22
     A.6.  WG Document version 02  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  23
   Authors' Addresses  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  23

1.  Introduction

   It has become very common in modern networks for hosts to access the
   internet through different network interfaces, tunnels, or next-hop
   routers.  To describe the set of network configurations associated
   with each access method, the concept of Provisioning Domain (PvD) was
   defined in [RFC7556].

   This document specifies a way to identify PvDs with Fully Qualified
   Domain Names (FQDN), called PvD IDs.  Those identifiers are
   advertised in a new Router Advertisement (RA) [RFC4861] option called
   the PvD ID Router Advertisement option which, when present,
   associates the PvD ID with all the information present in the Router
   Advertisement as well as any configuration object, such as addresses,
   deriving from it.  The PVD ID Router Advertisement option may also
   contain a set of other RA options.  Since such options are only
   considered by hosts implementing this specification, network
   operators may configure hosts that are 'PvD-aware' with PvDs that are
   ignored by other hosts.

   Since PvD IDs are used to identify different ways to access the
   internet, multiple PvDs (with different PvD IDs) could be provisioned
   on a single host interface.  Similarly, the same PvD ID could be used
   on different interfaces of a host in order to inform that those PvDs
   ultimately provide identical services.

   This document also introduces a way for hosts to retrieve additional
   information related to a specific PvD by means of an HTTP over TLS
   query using an URI derived from the PvD ID.  The retrieved JSON
   object contains additional information that would typically be
   considered unfit, or too large, to be directly included in the Router
   Advertisement, but might be considered useful to the applications, or
   even sometimes users, when choosing which PvD should be used.

2.  Terminology

   The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
   "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "NOT RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and
   "OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in
   [RFC2119].




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   In addition, this document uses the following terminology:

   Provisioning Domain (PvD):   A set of network configuration
      information; for more information, see [RFC7556].

   PvD ID:   A Fully Qualified Domain Name (FQDN) used to identify a
      PvD.

   Explicit PvD:   A PvD uniquely identified with a PvD ID.  For more
      information, see [RFC7556].

   Implicit PvD:   A PvD that, in the absence of a PvD ID, is identified
      by the host interface to which it is attached and the address of
      the advertising router.  See also [RFC7556].

   PvD-aware host  A host that supports the association of network
      configuration information into PvDs and the use of these PvDs.
      Also named PvD-aware node in [RFC7556].

3.  Provisioning Domain Identification using Router Advertisements

   Explicit PvDs are identified by a PvD ID.  The PvD ID is a Fully
   Qualified Domain Name (FQDN) which MUST belong to the network
   operator in order to avoid naming collisions.  The same PvD ID MAY be
   used in several access networks when they ultimately provide
   identical services (e.g., in all home networks subscribed to the same
   service); else, the PvD ID MUST be different to follow section 2.4 of
   [RFC7556].

3.1.  PvD ID Option for Router Advertisements

   This document introduces a Router Advertisement (RA) option called
   PvD option.  It is used to convey the FQDN identifying a given PvD
   (see Figure 1), bind the PvD ID with configuration information
   received over DHCPv4 (see Section 3.4.2), enable the use of HTTP over
   TLS to retrieve the PvD Additional Information JSON object (see
   Section 4), as well as contain any other RA options which would
   otherwise be valid in the RA.













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    0                   1                   2                   3
    0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   |     Type      |    Length     |H|L|R|     Reserved    | Delay |
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   |       Sequence Number         |                             ...
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+                             ...
   ...                         PvD ID FQDN                       ...
   ...             +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   ...             |                  Padding                      |
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   |                                                             ...
   ...            Router Advertisement message header            ...
   ...             (Only present when R-flag is set)             ...
   ...                                                             |
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   |   Options ...
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-

           Figure 1: PvD ID Router Advertisements Option format

   Type        :   (8 bits) Set to 21.

   Length      :   (8 bits) The length of the option in units of 8
      octets, including the Type and Length fields, the Router
      Advertisement message header, if any, as well as the RA options
      that are included within the PvD Option.

   H-flag      :   (1 bit) 'HTTP' flag stating whether some PvD
      Additional Information is made available through HTTP over TLS, as
      described in Section 4.

   L-flag      :   (1 bit) 'Legacy' flag stating whether the router is
      also providing IPv4 information using DHCPv4 (see Section 3.4.2).

   R-flag      :   (1 bit) 'Router Advertisement' flag stating whether
      the PvD Option is followed (right after padding to the next 64
      bits boundary) by a Router Advertisement message header (See
      section 4.2 of [RFC4861]).

   Delay       :   (4 bits) Unsigned integer used to delay HTTP GET
      queries from hosts by a randomized backoff (see Section 4.1).

   Reserved    :   (13 bits) Reserved for later use.  It MUST be set to
      zero by the sender and ignored by the receiver.

   Sequence Number:   (16 bits) Sequence number for the PvD Additional
      Information, as described in Section 4.



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   PvD ID FQDN :   The FQDN used as PvD ID encoded in DNS format, as
      described in Section 3.1 of [RFC1035].  Domain names compression
      described in Section 4.1.4 of [RFC1035] MUST NOT be used.

   Padding     :   Zero or more padding octets to the next 8 octets
      boundary.  It MUST be set to zero by the sender, and ignored by
      the receiver.

   RA message header :   (16 octets) When the R-flag is set, a full
      Router Advertisement message header as specified in [RFC4861].
      The 'Type', 'Code' and 'Checksum' fields (i.e. the first 32 bits),
      MUST be set to zero by the sender and ignored by the receiver.
      The other fields are to be set and parsed as specified in
      [RFC4861] or any updating documents.

   Options :   Zero or more RA options that would otherwise be valid as
      part of the Router Advertisement main body, but are instead
      included in the PvD Option such as to be ignored by hosts that are
      not 'PvD-aware'.

   Here is an example of a PvD option with example.org as the PvD ID
   FQDN and including a RDNSS and prefix information options (it also
   have the sequence number 123, presence of additional information to
   be fetched with a delay indicated as 5):



























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      0                   1                   2                   3
      0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
     +---------------+-----------------------------------------------+
     | Type: 21      |  Length: 12   |1|0|0|     Reserved    |Delay:5|
     +---------------+-------------------------------+---------------+
     |       Seq number: 123         |      7        |       e       |
     +---------------+-----------------------------------------------+
     |      x        |       a       |      m        |       p       |
     +---------------------------------------------------------------+
     |      l        |       e       |      3        |       o       |
     +---------------------------------------------------------------+
     |      r        |       g       |      0        |   0 (padding) |
     +---------------------------------------------------------------+
     |   0 (padding) |  0 (padding)  |   0 (padding) |   0 (padding) |
     +---------------+---------------+---------------+---------------+
     |  RDNSS option (RFC 6106) length: 5                          ...
     ...                                                           ...
     ...                                                             |
     +---------------------------------------------------------------+
     | Prefix Information Option (RFC 4861) length: 4              ...
     ...                                                             |
     ...                                                             |
     +---------------------------------------------------------------+


                                 Figure 2

3.2.  Router Behavior

   A router MAY send RAs containing one PvD option, but MUST NOT include
   more than one PvD option in each RA.  In particular, the PvD option
   MUST NOT contain further PvD options.

   The PvD Option MAY contain zero, one, or more RA options which would
   otherwise be valid as part of the same RA.  Such options are
   processed by PvD-aware hosts, while ignored by others.

   In order to provide multiple different PvDs, a router MUST send
   multiple RAs.  Different explicit PvDs MAY be advertised with RAs
   using the same IPv6 source address; but different implicit PvDs,
   advertised by different RAs, MUST use different link-local addresses
   because these implicit PvDs are identified by the source addresses of
   the RAs.

   Whenever an RA, for a single PvD, would need to be sent via multiple
   packets, the PvD option header (i.e., all fields except the 'Options'
   field) MUST be repeated in all the transmitted RAs.  But the options




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   within the 'Options' field, MAY be transmitted only once, included in
   one of the transmitted PvD options.

3.3.  Non-PvD-aware Host Behavior

   As the PvD Option has a new option code, non-PvD-aware hosts will
   simply ignore the PvD Option and all the options it contains.  This
   ensure the backward compatibility required in section 3.3 of
   [RFC7556].  This behavior allows for a mixed-mode network with a mix
   of PvD-aware and non-PvD-aware hosts coexist.

3.4.  PvD-aware Host Behavior

   Hosts MUST associate received RAs and included configuration
   information (e.g., Router Valid Lifetime, Prefix Information
   [RFC4861], Recursive DNS Server [RFC8106], Routing Information
   [RFC4191] options) with the explicit PvD identified by the first PvD
   Option present in the received RA, if any, or with the implicit PvD
   identified by the host interface and the source address of the
   received RA otherwise.

   In case multiple PvD options are found in a given RA, hosts MUST
   ignore all but the first PvD option.

   Similarly, hosts MUST associate all network configuration objects
   (e.g., default routers, addresses, more specific routes, DNS
   Recursive Resolvers) with the PvD associated with the RA which last
   updated the object.  For example, addresses that are generated using
   a received Prefix Information option (PIO) are associated with the
   PvD of the last received RA which included the given PIO.

   PvD IDs MUST be compared in a case-insensitive manner (i.e., A=a),
   assuming ASCII with zero parity while non-alphabetic codes must match
   exactly (see also Section 3.1 of [RFC1035]).  For example,
   "pvd.example.com." or "PvD.Example.coM." would refer to the same PvD.

   While resolving names, executing the default address selection
   algorithm [RFC6724] or executing the default router selection
   algorithm when forwarding packets ([RFC2461], [RFC4191] and
   [RFC8028]), hosts MAY consider only the configuration associated with
   an arbitrary set of PvDs.

   For example, a host MAY associate a given process with a specific
   PvD, or a specific set of PvDs, while associating another process
   with another PvD.  A PvD-aware application might also be able to
   select, on a per-connection basis, which PvDs should be used.  In
   particular, constrained devices such as small battery operated
   devices (e.g.  IoT), or devices with limited CPU or memory resources



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   may purposefully use a single PvD while ignoring some received RAs
   containing different PvD IDs.

   The way an application expresses its desire to use a given PvD, or a
   set of PvDs, or the way this selection is enforced, is out of the
   scope of this document.  Useful insights about these considerations
   can be found in [I-D.kline-mif-mpvd-api-reqs].

3.4.1.  DHCPv6 configuration association

   When a host retrieves configuration elements using DHCPv6 (e.g.,
   addresses or DNS recursive resolvers), they MUST be associated with
   the explicit or implicit PvD of the RA received on the same
   interface, sent from the same LLA, and with the O-flag or M-flag set
   [RFC4861].  If no such PvD is found, or whenever multiple different
   PvDs are found, the host behavior is unspecified.

   This process requires hosts to keep track of received RAs, associated
   PvD IDs, and routers LLA; it also assumes that the router either acts
   as a DHCPv6 server or relay and uses the same LLA for DHCPv6 and RA
   traffic (which may not be the case when the router uses VRRP to send
   its RA).

3.4.2.  DHCPv4 configuration association

   When a host retrieves configuration elements from DHCPv4, they MUST
   be associated with the explicit PvD received on the same interface,
   whose PVD Options L-flag is set and, in the case of a non point-to-
   point link, using the same datalink address.  If no such PvD is
   found, or whenever multiple different PvDs are found, the
   configuration elements coming from DHCPv4 MUST be associated with the
   implicit PvD identified by the interface on which the DHCPv4
   transaction happened.  The case of multiple explicit PvD for an IPv4
   interface is undefined.

3.4.3.  Connection Sharing by the Host

   The situation when a node receives an RA on one interface (e.g.
   cellular) and shares this connectivity by also acting as a router by
   transmitting RA on another interface (e.g.  WiFi) is known as
   'tethering'.  It can be done as ND proxy.  The exact behavior is out
   of scope of this document but it is expected that the one or several
   PvD associated to the shared interface (e.g. cellular) will also be
   advertised to the clients on the other interface (e.g.  WiFi).







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4.  Provisioning Domain Additional Information

   Additional information about the network characteristics can be
   retrieved based on the PvD ID.  This set of information is called PvD
   Additional Information, and is encoded as a JSON object [RFC7159].

   The purpose of this additional set of information is to securely
   provide additional information to applications about the connectivity
   that is provided using a given interface and source address pair.  It
   typically includes data that would be considered too large, or not
   critical enough, to be provided within an RA option.  The information
   contained in this object MAY be used by the operating system, network
   libraries, applications, or users, in order to decide which set of
   PvDs should be used for which connection, as described in
   Section 3.4.

4.1.  Retrieving the PvD Additional Information

   When the H-flag of the PvD Option is set, hosts MAY attempt to
   retrieve the PvD Additional Information associated with a given PvD
   by performing an HTTP over TLS [RFC2818] GET query to https://<PvD-
   ID>/.well-known/pvd [RFC5785].  Inversely, hosts MUST NOT do so
   whenever the H-flag is not set.

   Note that the DNS name resolution of the PvD ID, the PKI checks as
   well as the actual query MUST be performed using the considered PvD.
   In other words, the name resolution, PKI checks, source address
   selection, as well as the next-hop router selection MUST be performed
   while using exclusively the set of configuration information attached
   with the PvD, as defined in Section 3.4.  In some cases, it may
   therefore be necessary to wait for an address to be available for use
   (e.g., once the Duplicate Address Detection or DHCPv6 processes are
   complete) before initiating the HTTP over TLS query.  If the host has
   a temporary address per [RFC4941] in this PvD, then hosts SHOULD use
   a temporary address to fetch the PvD Additional Information and
   SHOULD deprecate the used temporary address and generate a new
   temporary address afterward.

   If the HTTP status of the answer is greater than or equal to 400 the
   host MUST abandon and consider that there is no additional PvD
   information.  If the HTTP status of the answer is between 300 and
   399, inclusive, it MUST follow the redirection(s).  If the HTTP
   status of the answer is between 200 and 299, inclusive, the host MAY
   get a file containing a single JSON object.  When a JSON object could
   not be retrieved, an error message SHOULD be logged and/or displayed
   in a rate-limited fashion.





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   After retrieval of the PvD Additional Information, hosts MUST keep
   track of the Sequence Number value received in subsequent RAs
   including the same PvD ID.  In case the new value is greater than the
   value that was observed when the PvD Additional Information object
   was retrieved (using serial number arithmetic comparisons [RFC1982]),
   or whenever the validity time included in the PVD Additional
   Information JSON object is expired, hosts MUST either perform a new
   query and retrieve a new version of the object, or, failing that,
   deprecate the object and stop using the additional information
   provided in the JSON object.

   Hosts retrieving a new PvD Additional Information object MUST check
   for the presence and validity of the mandatory fields specified in
   Section 4.3.  A retrieved object including an expiration time that is
   already past or missing a mandatory element MUST be ignored.

   In order to avoid synchronized queries toward the server hosting the
   PvD Additional Information when an object expires, object updates are
   delayed by a randomized backoff time.

      When a host performs an object update after it detected a change
      in the PvD Option Sequence number, it MUST delay the query by a
      random time between zero and 2**(Delay * 2) milliseconds, where
      'Delay' corresponds to the 4 bits long unsigned integer in the
      last received PvD Option.

      When a host last retrieved an object at time A including a
      validity time B, and is configured to keep the object up to date,
      it MUST perform the update at a uniformly random time in the
      interval [(B-A)/2,B].

   In the example Figure 2, the delay field value is 5, this means that
   host MUST delay the query by a random number between 0 and 2**(5 * 2)
   milliseconds, i.e., between 0 and 1024 milliseconds.

   Since the 'Delay' value is directly within the PvD Option rather than
   the object itself, an operator may perform a push-based update by
   incrementing the Sequence value while changing the Delay value
   depending on the criticality of the update and its PvD Additional
   Information servers capacity.

   The PvD Additional Information object includes a set of IPv6 prefixes
   (under the key "prefixes") which MUST be checked against all the
   Prefix Information Options advertised in the RA.  If any of the
   prefixes included in the PIO is not covered by at least one of the
   listed prefixes, the PvD associated with the tested prefix MUST be
   considered unsafe and MUST NOT be used.  While this does not prevent




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   a malicious network provider, it does complicate some attack
   scenarios, and may help detecting misconfiguration.

4.2.  Operational Consideration to Providing the PvD Additional
      Information

   Whenever the H-flag is set in the PvD Option, a valid PvD Additional
   Information object MUST be made available to all hosts receiving the
   RA by the network operator.  In particular, when a captive portal is
   present, hosts MUST still be allowed to perform DNS, PKI and HTTP
   over TLS operations related to the retrieval of the object, even
   before logging into the captive portal.

   Routers MAY increment the PVD Option Sequence number in order to
   inform host that a new PvD Additional Information object is available
   and should be retrieved.

   The server providing the JSON files SHOULD also check whether the
   client address is part of the prefixes listed into the additional
   information and SHOULD return a 403 response code if there is no
   match.

4.3.  PvD Additional Information Format

   The PvD Additional Information is a JSON object.

   The following table presents the mandatory keys which MUST be
   included in the object:

   +----------+-----------------+-------------+------------------------+
   | JSON key | Description     | Type        | Example                |
   +----------+-----------------+-------------+------------------------+
   | name     | Human-readable  | UTF-8       | "Awesome Wifi"         |
   |          | service name    | string      |                        |
   |          |                 | [RFC3629]   |                        |
   | expires  | Date after      | [RFC3339]   | "2017-07-23T06:00:00Z" |
   |          | which this      |             |                        |
   |          | object is not   |             |                        |
   |          | valid           |             |                        |
   | prefixes | Array of IPv6   | Array of    | ["2001:db8:1::/48",    |
   |          | prefixes valid  | strings     | "2001:db8:4::/48"]     |
   |          | for this PVD    |             |                        |
   +----------+-----------------+-------------+------------------------+

   A retrieved object which does not include a valid string associated
   with the "name" key at the root of the object, or a valid date
   associated with the "expires" key, also at the root of the object,
   MUST be ignored.  In such cases, an error message SHOULD be logged



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   and/or displayed in a rate-limited fashion.  If the PIO of the
   received RA is not covered by at least one of the "prefixes" key, the
   retrieved object SHOULD be ignored.

   The following table presents some optional keys which MAY be included
   in the object.

   +---------------+-----------------+---------+-----------------------+
   | JSON key      | Description     | Type    | Example               |
   +---------------+-----------------+---------+-----------------------+
   | localizedName | Localized user- | UTF-8   | "Wifi Genial"         |
   |               | visible service | string  |                       |
   |               | name, language  |         |                       |
   |               | can be selected |         |                       |
   |               | based on the    |         |                       |
   |               | HTTP Accept-    |         |                       |
   |               | Language header |         |                       |
   |               | in the request. |         |                       |
   | dnsZones      | DNS zones       | array   | ["example.com","sub.e |
   |               | searchable and  | of DNS  | xample.org"]          |
   |               | accessible      | zones   |                       |
   | noInternet    | No Internet,    | boolean | true                  |
   |               | set when the    |         |                       |
   |               | PvD only        |         |                       |
   |               | provides        |         |                       |
   |               | restricted      |         |                       |
   |               | access to a set |         |                       |
   |               | of services     |         |                       |
   +---------------+-----------------+---------+-----------------------+

   It is worth noting that the JSON format allows for extensions.
   Whenever an unknown key is encountered, it MUST be ignored along with
   its associated elements.

4.3.1.  Private Extensions

   JSON keys starting with "x-" are reserved for private use and can be
   utilized to provide information that is specific to vendor, user or
   enterprise.  It is RECOMMENDED to use one of the patterns "x-FQDN-
   KEY" or "x-PEN-KEY" where FQDN is a fully qualified domain name or
   PEN is a private enterprise number [PEN] under control of the author
   of the extension to avoid collisions.

4.3.2.  Example

   Here are two examples based on the keys defined in this section.





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   {
     "name": "Foo Wireless",
     "localizedName": "Foo-France Wifi",
     "expires": "2017-07-23T06:00:00Z",
     "prefixes" : ["2001:db8:1::/48", "2001:db8:4::/48"],
   }

   {
     "name": "Bar 4G",
     "localizedName": "Bar US 4G",
     "expires": "2017-07-23T06:00:00Z",
     "prefixes": ["2001:db8:1::/48", "2001:db8:4::/48"],
   }

4.4.  Detecting misconfiguration and misuse

   When a host retrieves the PvD Additional Information, it MUST verify
   that the TLS server certificate is valid for the performed request
   (e.g., that the Subject Name is equal to the PvD ID expressed as an
   FQDN).  This authentication creates a secure binding between the
   information provided by the trusted Router Advertisement, and the
   HTTPS server.  But this does not mean the Advertising Router and the
   PvD server belong to the same entity.

   Hosts MUST verify that all prefixes in the RA PIO are covered by a
   prefix from the PvD Additional Information.  An adversarial router
   willing to fake the use of a given explicit PvD, without any access
   to the actual PvD Additional Information, would need to perform NAT66
   in order to circumvent this check.

   It is also RECOMMENDED that the HTTPS server checks the source
   addresses of incoming connections (see Section 4.1).  This check give
   reasonable assurance that neither NPTv6 [RFC6296] nor NAT66 were used
   and restricts the information to the valid network users.

5.  Operational Considerations

   This section describes some use cases of PvD.  For the sake of
   simplicity, the RA messages will not be described in the usual ASCII
   art but rather in an indented list.  For example, a RA message
   containing some options and a PvD option that also contains other
   options will be described as:

   o  RA Header: router lifetime = 6000

   o  Prefix Information Option: length = 4, prefix = 2001:db8:cafe::/64





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   o  PvD Option header: length = 3+ 5 +4 , PvD ID FQDN = example.org.,
      R-flag = 0 (actual length of the header with padding 24 bytes = 3
      * 8 bytes)

      *  Recursive DNS Server: length = 5, addresses=
         [2001:db8:cafe::53, 2001:db8:f00d::53]

      *  Prefix Information Option: length = 4, prefix =
         2001:db8:f00d::/64

   It is expected that for some years, networks will have a mixed
   environment of PvD-aware hosts and non-PvD-aware hosts.  If there is
   a need to give specific information to PvD-aware hosts only, then it
   is recommended to send TWO RA messages: one for each class of hosts.
   For example, here is the RA for non-PvD-aware hosts:

   o  RA Header: router lifetime = 6000 (non-PvD-aware hosts will use
      this router as a default router)

   o  Prefix Information Option: length = 4, prefix = 2001:db8:cafe::/64

   o  Recursive DNS Server Option: length = 3, addresses=
      [2001:db8:cafe::53]

   o  PvD Option header: length = 3+ 2, PvD ID FQDN = foo.example.org.,
      R-flag = 1 (actual length of the header 24 bytes = 3 * 8 bytes)

      *  RA Header: router lifetime = 0 (PvD-aware hosts will not use
         this router as a default router), implicit length = 2

   And here is a RA example for PvD-aware hosts:

   o  RA Header: router lifetime = 0 (non-PvD-aware hosts will not use
      this router as a default router)

   o  PvD Option header: length = 3+ 2 + 4 + 3, PvD ID FQDN =
      example.org., R-flag = 1 (actual length of the header 24 bytes = 3
      * 8 bytes)

      *  RA Header: router lifetime = 1600 (PvD-aware hosts will use
         this router as a default router), implicit length = 2

      *  Prefix Information Option: length = 4, prefix =
         2001:db8:f00d::/64

      *  Recursive DNS Server Option: length = 3, addresses=
         [2001:db8:f00d::53]




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   In the above example, non-PvD-aware hosts will only use the first RA
   sent from their default router and using the 2001:db8:cafe::/64
   prefix.  PvD-aware hosts will autonomously configure addresses from
   both PIOs, but will only use the source address in 2001:db8:f00d::/64
   to communicate past the first hop router since only the router
   sending the second RA will be used as default router; similarly, they
   will use the DNS server 2001:db8:f00d::53 when communicating with
   this adress.

6.  Security Considerations

   Although some solutions such as IPsec or SeND [RFC3971] can be used
   in order to secure the IPv6 Neighbor Discovery Protocol, in practice
   actual deployments largely rely on link layer or physical layer
   security mechanisms (e.g. 802.1x [IEEE8021X]) in conjunction with RA
   Guard [RFC6105].

   This specification does not improve the Neighbor Discovery Protocol
   security model, but extends the purely link-local trust relationship
   between the host and the default routers with HTTP over TLS
   communications which servers are authenticated as rightful owners of
   the FQDN received within the trusted PvD ID RA option.

   It must be noted that Section 4.4 of this document only provides
   reasonable assurance against misconfiguration but does not prevent an
   hostile network access provider to advertize wrong information that
   could lead applications or hosts to select an hostile PvD.  Users
   should always apply caution when connecting to an unknown network.

7.  Privacy Considerations

   Retrieval of the PvD Additional Information over HTTPS requires early
   communications between the connecting host and a server which may be
   located further than the first hop router.  Although this server is
   likely to be located within the same administrative domain as the
   default router, this property can't be ensured.  Therefore, hosts
   willing to retrieve the PvD Additional Information before using it
   without leaking identity information, SHOULD make use of an IPv6
   Privacy Address and SHOULD NOT include any privacy sensitive data,
   such as User Agent header or HTTP cookie, while performing the HTTP
   over TLS query.

   From a privacy perspective, retrieving the PvD Additional Information
   is not different from establishing a first connection to a remote
   server, or even performing a single DNS lookup.  For example, most
   operating systems already perform early queries to well known web
   sites, such as http://captive.example.com/hotspot-detect.html, in
   order to detect the presence of a captive portal.



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   There may be some cases where hosts, for privacy reasons, should
   refrain from accessing servers that are located outside a certain
   network boundary.  In practice, this could be implemented as a
   whitelist of 'trusted' FQDNs and/or IP prefixes that the host is
   allowed to communicate with.  In such scenarios, the host SHOULD
   check that the provided PvD ID, as well as the IP address that it
   resolves into, are part of the allowed whitelist.

8.  IANA Considerations

   Upon publication of this document, IANA is asked to remove the
   'reclaimable' tag off the value 21 for the PvD option (from the IPv6
   Neighbor Discovery Option Formats registry).

   IANA is asked to assign the value "pvd" from the Well-Known URIs
   registry.

   IANA is asked to create and maintain a new registry entitled
   "Additional Information PvD Keys" containing ASCII strings.  The
   initial content of this registry are given in Section 4.3; future
   assignments are to be made through Expert Review [BCP36].

   Finally, IANA is asked to create and maintain a new registry entitled
   "PvD option Flags" reserving bit positions from 0 to 15 to be used in
   the PvD option bitmask.  Bit position 0, 1 and 2 are reserved by this
   document (as specified in Figure 1).  Future assignments require a
   Standard Track RFC document.

9.  Acknowledgements

   Many thanks to M.  Stenberg and S.  Barth for their earlier work:
   [I-D.stenberg-mif-mpvd-dns], as well as to Basile Bruneau who was
   author of an early version of this document.

   Thanks also to Marcus Keane, Mikael Abrahamson, Ray Bellis, Zhen Cao,
   Tim Chow, Lorenzo Colitti, Ian Farrer, Bob Hinden, Tatuya Jinmei,
   Erik Kline, Ted Lemon, Jen Lenkova, Veronika McKillop, Mark Townsley
   and James Woodyatt for useful and interesting discussions.

   Finally, special thanks to Thierry Danis and Wenqin Shao for their
   valuable inputs and implementation efforts ([github]), Tom Jones for
   his integration effort into the NEAT project and Rigil Salim for his
   implementation work.








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10.  References

10.1.  Normative references

   [RFC1035]  Mockapetris, P., "Domain names - implementation and
              specification", STD 13, RFC 1035, DOI 10.17487/RFC1035,
              November 1987, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc1035>.

   [RFC1982]  Elz, R. and R. Bush, "Serial Number Arithmetic", RFC 1982,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC1982, August 1996,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc1982>.

   [RFC2119]  Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
              Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC2119, March 1997,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2119>.

   [RFC2461]  Narten, T., Nordmark, E., and W. Simpson, "Neighbor
              Discovery for IP Version 6 (IPv6)", RFC 2461,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC2461, December 1998,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2461>.

   [RFC2818]  Rescorla, E., "HTTP Over TLS", RFC 2818,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC2818, May 2000,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2818>.

   [RFC3629]  Yergeau, F., "UTF-8, a transformation format of ISO
              10646", STD 63, RFC 3629, DOI 10.17487/RFC3629, November
              2003, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3629>.

   [RFC4861]  Narten, T., Nordmark, E., Simpson, W., and H. Soliman,
              "Neighbor Discovery for IP version 6 (IPv6)", RFC 4861,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC4861, September 2007,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4861>.

   [RFC7159]  Bray, T., Ed., "The JavaScript Object Notation (JSON) Data
              Interchange Format", RFC 7159, DOI 10.17487/RFC7159, March
              2014, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7159>.

   [RFC8126]  Cotton, M., Leiba, B., and T. Narten, "Guidelines for
              Writing an IANA Considerations Section in RFCs", BCP 26,
              RFC 8126, DOI 10.17487/RFC8126, June 2017,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8126>.








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10.2.  Informative references

   [github]   Cisco, "IPv6-mPvD github repository",
              <https://github.com/IPv6-mPvD>.

   [I-D.kline-mif-mpvd-api-reqs]
              Kline, E., "Multiple Provisioning Domains API
              Requirements", draft-kline-mif-mpvd-api-reqs-00 (work in
              progress), November 2015.

   [I-D.stenberg-mif-mpvd-dns]
              Stenberg, M. and S. Barth, "Multiple Provisioning Domains
              using Domain Name System", draft-stenberg-mif-mpvd-dns-00
              (work in progress), October 2015.

   [IEEE8021X]
              IEEE, "IEEE Standards for Local and Metropolitan Area
              Networks: Port based Network Access Control, IEEE Std".

   [PEN]      IANA, "Private Enterprise Numbers",
              <https://www.iana.org/assignments/enterprise-numbers>.

   [RFC3339]  Klyne, G. and C. Newman, "Date and Time on the Internet:
              Timestamps", RFC 3339, DOI 10.17487/RFC3339, July 2002,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3339>.

   [RFC3971]  Arkko, J., Ed., Kempf, J., Zill, B., and P. Nikander,
              "SEcure Neighbor Discovery (SEND)", RFC 3971,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC3971, March 2005,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3971>.

   [RFC4191]  Draves, R. and D. Thaler, "Default Router Preferences and
              More-Specific Routes", RFC 4191, DOI 10.17487/RFC4191,
              November 2005, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4191>.

   [RFC4941]  Narten, T., Draves, R., and S. Krishnan, "Privacy
              Extensions for Stateless Address Autoconfiguration in
              IPv6", RFC 4941, DOI 10.17487/RFC4941, September 2007,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4941>.

   [RFC5785]  Nottingham, M. and E. Hammer-Lahav, "Defining Well-Known
              Uniform Resource Identifiers (URIs)", RFC 5785,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC5785, April 2010,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5785>.







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   [RFC6105]  Levy-Abegnoli, E., Van de Velde, G., Popoviciu, C., and J.
              Mohacsi, "IPv6 Router Advertisement Guard", RFC 6105,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC6105, February 2011,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6105>.

   [RFC6296]  Wasserman, M. and F. Baker, "IPv6-to-IPv6 Network Prefix
              Translation", RFC 6296, DOI 10.17487/RFC6296, June 2011,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6296>.

   [RFC6724]  Thaler, D., Ed., Draves, R., Matsumoto, A., and T. Chown,
              "Default Address Selection for Internet Protocol Version 6
              (IPv6)", RFC 6724, DOI 10.17487/RFC6724, September 2012,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6724>.

   [RFC6731]  Savolainen, T., Kato, J., and T. Lemon, "Improved
              Recursive DNS Server Selection for Multi-Interfaced
              Nodes", RFC 6731, DOI 10.17487/RFC6731, December 2012,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6731>.

   [RFC7556]  Anipko, D., Ed., "Multiple Provisioning Domain
              Architecture", RFC 7556, DOI 10.17487/RFC7556, June 2015,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7556>.

   [RFC8028]  Baker, F. and B. Carpenter, "First-Hop Router Selection by
              Hosts in a Multi-Prefix Network", RFC 8028,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC8028, November 2016,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8028>.

   [RFC8106]  Jeong, J., Park, S., Beloeil, L., and S. Madanapalli,
              "IPv6 Router Advertisement Options for DNS Configuration",
              RFC 8106, DOI 10.17487/RFC8106, March 2017,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8106>.

Appendix A.  Changelog

   Note to RFC Editors: Remove this section before publication.

A.1.  Version 00

   Initial version of the draft.  Edited by Basile Bruneau + Eric Vyncke
   and based on Basile's work.

A.2.  Version 01

   Major rewrite intended to focus on the the retained solution based on
   corridors, online, and WG discussions.  Edited by Pierre Pfister.
   The following list only includes major changes.




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      PvD ID is an FQDN retrieved using a single RA option.  This option
      contains a sequence number for push-based updates, a new H-flag,
      and a L-flag in order to link the PvD with the IPv4 DHCP server.

      A lifetime is included in the PvD ID option.

      Detailed Hosts and Routers specifications.

      Additional Information is retrieved using HTTP-over-TLS when the
      PvD ID Option H-flag is set.  Retrieving the object is optional.

      The PvD Additional Information object includes a validity date.

      DNS-based approach is removed as well as the DNS-based encoding of
      the PvD Additional Information.

      Major cut in the list of proposed JSON keys.  This document may be
      extended later if need be.

      Monetary discussion is moved to the appendix.

      Clarification about the 'prefixes' contained in the additional
      information.

      Clarification about the processing of DHCPv6.

A.3.  Version 02

      The FQDN is now encoded with ASCII format (instead of DNS binary)
      in the RA option.

      The PvD ID option lifetime is removed from the object.

      Use well known URI "https://<PvD-ID>/.well-known/pvd"

      Reference RFC3339 for JSON timestamp format.

      The PvD ID Sequence field has been extended to 16 bits.

      Modified host behavior for DHCPv4 and DHCPv6.

      Removed IKEv2 section.

      Removed mention of RFC7710 Captive Portal option.  A new I.D.
      will be proposed to address the captive portal use case.






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A.4.  WG Document version 00

      Document has been accepted as INTAREA working group document

      IANA considerations follow RFC8126 [RFC8126]

      PvD ID FQDN is encoded as per RFC 1035 [RFC1035]

      PvD ID FQDN is prepended by a one-byte length field

      Marcus Keane added as co-author

      dnsZones key is added back

      draft of a privacy consideration section and added that a
      temporary address should be used to retrieve the PvD additional
      information

      per Bob Hinden's request: the document is now aiming at standard
      track and security considerations have been moved to the main
      section

A.5.  WG Document version 01

      Removing references to 'metered' and 'characteristics' keys.
      Those may be in scope of the PvD work, but this document will
      focus on essential parts only.

      Removing appendix section regarding link quality and billing
      information.

      The PvD RA Option may now contain other RA options such that PvD-
      aware hosts may receive configuration information otherwise
      invisible to non-PvD-aware hosts.

      Clarify that the additional PvD Additional Information is not
      intended to modify host's networking stack behavior, but rather
      provide information to the Application, used to select which PvDs
      must be used and provide configuration parameters to the transport
      layer.

      The RA option padding is used to increase the option size to the
      next 64 (was 32) bits boundary.

      Better detail the Security model and Privacy considerations.






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A.6.  WG Document version 02

      Use the IANA value of 21 in the text and update the IANA
      considerations section accordingly

      add the Delay field to avoid the thundering herd effect

      add Wenqin Shao as author

      keep the 1 PvD per RA model

      changed the intro (per Zhen Cao) "when choosing which PvD and
      transport should be used" => "when choosing which PvD should be
      used"

      rename A-flag in R-flag to avoid A-flag of PIO

      use the wording "PvD Option", removing the ID token as it is now a
      container with more then just an ID, removing 'RA' in the option
      name to be consistent with other IANA NDP option

      use "non-PvD-aware" rather than "PvD-ignorant"

      added more reference to RFC 7556 (notably for PvD being globally
      unique, introducing PvD-aware host vs. PvD-aware node)

      Section 3.4.3 renamed from "interconnection shared by node" to
      'connection shared by node"

      Section 3.4 renamed into "PvD-aware Host Behavior"

      Added a section "Non-PvD-aware Host Behavior"

Authors' Addresses

   Pierre Pfister
   Cisco
   11 Rue Camille Desmoulins
   Issy-les-Moulineaux  92130
   France

   Email: ppfister@cisco.com









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   Eric Vyncke (editor)
   Cisco
   De Kleetlaan, 6
   Diegem  1831
   Belgium

   Email: evyncke@cisco.com


   Tommy Pauly
   Apple

   Email: tpauly@apple.com


   David Schinazi
   Apple

   Email: dschinazi@apple.com


   Wenqin Shao
   Telecom-ParisTech
   France

   Email: wenqin.shao@telecom-paristech.fr

























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