IP over NBMA Working Group Dan Grossman Internet Draft Motorola, Inc. Expires: March 1999 Juha Heinanen draft-ietf-ion-multiprotocol-atm-00.txt Telia November, 1998 Multiprotocol Encapsulation over ATM Adaptation Layer 5 Status of this Memo This document is an Internet-Draft. Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF), its areas, and its working groups. Note that other groups may also distribute working documents as Internet-Drafts. Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any time. It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference material or to cite them other than as ``work in progress.'' To learn the current status of any Internet-Draft, please check the ``1id-abstracts.txt'' listing contained in the Internet-Drafts Shadow Directories on ftp.is.co.za (Africa), nic.nordu.net (Europe), munnari.oz.au (Pacific Rim), ds.internic.net (US East Coast), or ftp.isi.edu (US West Coast). Abstract This memo describes two encapsulations methods for carrying network interconnect traffic over AAL type 5 over ATM. The first method allows multiplexing of multiple protocols over a single ATM virtual connection whereas the second method assumes that each protocol is carried over a separate ATM virtual connection. Copyright Notice Copyright (C) The Internet Society (1998). All Rights Reserved. Applicability This specification is intended to be used in implementations which use ATM networks to carry multiprotocol traffic among hosts, routers and bridges which are ATM end systems. 1. Introduction Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) wide area, campus and local area networks are used to transport IP datagrams and other connectionless traffic between hosts, routers, bridges and other networking devices. This memo describes two methods for carrying connectionless routed and bridged Protocol Data Units (PDUs) over an ATM network. The "LLC Encapsulation" method allows multiplexing of multiple protocols over a single ATM virtual connection (VC). The protocol type of each PDU is identified by a prefixed IEEE 802.2 Logical Link Control (LLC) header. In the "VC Multiplexing" method, each ATM VC carries PDUs of exactly one protocol type. When multiple protocols need to be transported, there is a separate VC for each. The unit of transport in ATM is a 53 octet fixed length PDU called a cell. A cell consists of a 5 octet header and a 48 byte payload. Variable length PDUs, including those addressed in this memo, must be segmented by the transmitter to fit into the 48 octet ATM cell payload, and reassembled by the receiver. This memo specifies the use of the ATM Adaptation Layer type 5 (AAL5), as defined in ITU-T Recommendation I.363.5 [2] for this purpose. Variable length PDUs are carried in the Payload field of the AAL5 Common Part Convergence Sublayer (CPCS) PDU. This memo only describes how routed and bridged PDUs are carried directly over the AAL5 CPCS, i.e., when the Service Specific Convergence Sublayer (SSCS) of AAL5 is absent. If Frame Relay Service Specific Convergence Sublayer (FR-SSCS), as defined in ITU-T Recommendation I.365.1 [3], is used over the CPCS, then routed and bridged PDUs are carried using the NLPID multiplexing method described in RFC 2427 [4]. This encapsulation MUST be used in the special case that Frame Relay Network Interworking or transparent mode Service Interworking [9] are used, but is NOT RECOMMENDED for other applications. Appendix A (which is for information only) shows the format of the FR-SSCS-PDU as well as how IP and CLNP PDUs are encapsulated over FR-SSCS according to RFC 2427. If it is desired to use the facilities which are designed for the Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP), and there exists a point-to-point relationship between peer systems, then RFC 2364, rather than this memo, applies. 2. Conventions The keywords MUST, MUST NOT, REQUIRED, SHALL, SHALL NOT, SHOULD, SHOULD NOT, RECOMMENDED, NOT RECOMMENDED, MAY, and OPTIONAL, when they appear in this document, are to be interpreted as described in RFC 2119 [10]. 3. Selection of the Multiplexing Method The decision as to whether to use LLC encapsulation or VC- multiplexing depends on implementation and system requirements. In general, LLC encapsulation tends to require fewer VCs in a multiprotocol environment. VC multiplexing tends to reduce fragmentation overhead (e.g., an IPV4 datagram containing a TCP control packet with neither IP nor TCP options exactly fits into a single cell). When two ATM end systems wish to exchange connectionless PDUs across an ATM Permanent Virtual Connection (PVC), selection of the multiplexing method is done by configuration. ATM connection control signalling procedures are used to negotiate the encapsulation method when ATM Switched Virtual Connections (SVCs) are to be used. [5] and [8] specify how this negotiation is done. 4. AAL5 PDU Format For both multiplexing methods, routed and bridged PDUs MUST be encapsulated within the Payload field of an AAL5 CPCS-PDU. ITU-T Recomendation I.363.5 [2] provides the complete definition of the AAL5 PDU format and procedures at the sender and receiver. The AAL5 message mode service, in the non-assured mode of operation MUST be used. The corrupted delivery option MUST NOT be used. A reassembly timer MAY be used. The following description is provided for information. The format of the AAL5 CPCS-PDU is shown below: AAL5 CPCS-PDU Format +-------------------------------+ | . | | . | | CPCS-PDU Payload | | up to 2^16 - 1 octets) | | . | | . | +-------------------------------+ | PAD ( 0 - 47 octets) | +-------------------------------+ ------- | CPCS-UU (1 octet ) | +-------------------------------+ | CPI (1 octet ) | +-------------------------------+CPCS-PDU Trailer | Length (2 octets) | +-------------------------------| | CRC (4 octets) | +-------------------------------+ ------- The Payload field contains user information up to 2^16 - 1 octets. The PAD field pads the CPCS-PDU to fit exactly into the ATM cells such that the last 48 octet cell payload created by the SAR sublayer will have the CPCS-PDU Trailer right justified in the cell. The CPCS-UU (User-to-User indication) field is used to transparently transfer CPCS user to user information. The field is not used by the multiprotocol ATM encapsulation described in this memo and MAY be set to any value. The CPI (Common Part Indicator) field aligns the CPCS-PDU trailer to 64 bits. This field MUST be coded as 0x00. The Length field indicates the length, in octets, of the Payload field. The maximum value for the Length field is 65535 octets. A Length field coded as 0x00 is used for the abort function. The CRC field is used to detect bit errors in the CPCS-PDU. A CRC-32 is used. 5. LLC Encapsulation LLC Encapsulation is needed when more than one protocol might be carried over the same VC. In order to allow the receiver to properly process the incoming AAL5 CPCS-PDU, the Payload Field contains information necessary to identify the protocol of the routed or bridged PDU. In LLC Encapsulation, this information MUST be encoded in an LLC header placed in front of the carried PDU. Although this memo only deals with protocols that operate over LLC Type 1 (unacknowledged connectionless mode) service, the same encapsulation principle also applies to protocols operating over LLC Type 2 (connection-mode) service. In the latter case the format and contents of the LLC header would be as described in IEEE 802.1 and IEEE 802.2. 5.1. LLC Encapsulation for Routed Protocols In LLC Encapsulation, the protocol type of routed PDUs MUST be identified by prefixing an IEEE 802.2 LLC header to each PDU. In some cases, the LLC header MUST be followed by an IEEE 802.1a SubNetwork Attachment Point (SNAP) header. In LLC Type 1 operation, the LLC header MUST consist of three one octet fields: +------+------+------+ | DSAP | SSAP | Ctrl | +------+------+------+ In LLC Encapsulation for routed protocols, the Control field MUST be set to 0x03, specifying a Unnumbered Information (UI) Command PDU. The LLC header value 0xFE-FE-03 MUST be used to identify a routed PDU in the ISO NLPID format (see [6] and Appendix B). For NLPID-formatted routed PDUs, the content of the AAL5 CPCS-PDU Payload field MUST be as follows: Payload Format for Routed NLPID-formatted PDUs +-------------------------------+ | LLC 0xFE-FE-03 | +-------------------------------+ | NLPID (1 octet) | +-------------------------------+ | . | | PDU | | (up to 2^16 - 4 octets) | | . | +-------------------------------+ The routed protocol MUST be identified by a one octet NLPID field that is part of Protocol Data. NLPID values are administered by ISO and ITU-T. They are defined in ISO/IEC TR 9577 [6] and some of the currently defined ones are listed in Appendix C. An NLPID value of 0x00 is defined in ISO/IEC TR 9577 as the Null Network Layer or Inactive Set. Since it has no significance within the context of this encapsulation scheme, a NLPID value of 0x00 MUST not be used. Although there is a NLPID value (0xCC) that indicates IP, the NLPID format MUST NOT be used for IP. Instead, IP datagrams MUST be identified by a SNAP header, as defined below. The presence of a SNAP header is indicated by the LLC header value 0xAA-AA-03. A SNAP header is of the form +------+------+------+------+------+ | OUI | PID | +------+------+------+------+------+ The three octet Organizationally Unique Identifier (OUI) identifies an organization which administers the values which might be assigned to the two octet Protocol Identifier (PID). The SNAP header thus uniquely identifies a routed or bridged protocol. The OUI value 0x00-00-00 indicates that the PID is an EtherType. The format of the AAL5 CPCS-PDU Payload field for routed non-NLPID Formatted PDUs MUST be as follows: Payload Format for Routed non-NLPID formatted PDUs +-------------------------------+ | LLC 0xAA-AA-03 | +-------------------------------+ | OUI 0x00-00-00 | +-------------------------------+ | EtherType (2 octets) | +-------------------------------+ | . | | Non-NLPID formatted PDU | | (up to 2^16 - 9 octets) | | . | +-------------------------------+ In the particular case of an IPv4 PDU, the Ethertype value is 0x08- 00, and the payload format MUST be: Payload Format for Routed IPv4 PDUs +-------------------------------+ | LLC 0xAA-AA-03 | +-------------------------------+ | OUI 0x00-00-00 | +-------------------------------+ | EtherType 0x08-00 | +-------------------------------+ | . | | IPv4 PDU | | (up to 2^16 - 9 octets) | | . | +-------------------------------+ This format is consistent with that defined in RFC 1042 [7]. 5.2. LLC Encapsulation for Bridged Protocols In LLC Encapsulation, bridged PDUs are encapsulated by identifying the type of the bridged media in the SNAP header. The presence of the SNAP header MUST be indicated by the LLC header value 0xAA-AA-03. The OUI value in the SNAP header MUST be the 802.1 organization code 0x00-80-C2. The type of the bridged media MUST be specified by the two octet PID. The PID MUST also indicate whether the original Frame Check Sequence (FCS) is preserved within the bridged PDU. Appendix B provides a list of media type (PID) values that can be used in ATM encapsulation. The AAL5 CPCS-PDU Payload field carrying a bridged PDU MUST have one of the following formats. Padding MUST be added after the PID field if necessary in order to align the user information field of the bridged PDU at a four octet boundary. Payload Format for Bridged Ethernet/802.3 PDUs +-------------------------------+ | LLC 0xAA-AA-03 | +-------------------------------+ | OUI 0x00-80-C2 | +-------------------------------+ | PID 0x00-01 or 0x00-07 | +-------------------------------+ | PAD 0x00-00 | +-------------------------------+ | MAC destination address | +-------------------------------+ | | | (remainder of MAC frame) | | | +-------------------------------+ | LAN FCS (if PID is 0x00-01) | +-------------------------------+ The Ethernet/802.3 physical layer requires padding of frames to a minimum size. A bridge that uses uses the Bridged Ethernet/802.3 encapsulation format with the preserved LAN FCS MUST include padding. A bridge that uses the Bridged Ethernet/802.3 encapsulation format without the preserved LAN FCS MAY either include padding, or omit it. When a bridge receives a frame in this format without the LAN FCS, it MUST be able to insert the necessary padding (if none is already present) before forwarding to an Ethernet/802.3 subnetwork. Payload Format for Bridged 802.4 PDUs +-------------------------------+ | LLC 0xAA-AA-03 | +-------------------------------+ | OUI 0x00-80-C2 | +-------------------------------+ | PID 0x00-02 or 0x00-08 | +-------------------------------+ | PAD 0x00-00-00 | +-------------------------------+ | Frame Control (1 octet) | +-------------------------------+ | MAC destination address | +-------------------------------+ | | | (remainder of MAC frame) | | | +-------------------------------+ | LAN FCS (if PID is 0x00-02) | +-------------------------------+ Payload Format for Bridged 802.5 PDUs +-------------------------------+ | LLC 0xAA-AA-03 | +-------------------------------+ | OUI 0x00-80-C2 | +-------------------------------+ | PID 0x00-03 or 0x00-09 | +-------------------------------+ | PAD 0x00-00-XX | +-------------------------------+ | Frame Control (1 octet) | +-------------------------------+ | MAC destination address | +-------------------------------+ | | | (remainder of MAC frame) | | | +-------------------------------+ | LAN FCS (if PID is 0x00-03) | +-------------------------------+ Since the 802.5 Access Control (AC) field has no significance outside the local 802.5 subnetwork, it is treated by this encapsulation as the last octet of the three octet PAD field. It MAY be set to any value by the sending bridge and MUST be ignored by the receiving bridge. Payload Format for Bridged FDDI PDUs +-------------------------------+ | LLC 0xAA-AA-03 | +-------------------------------+ | OUI 0x00-80-C2 | +-------------------------------+ | PID 0x00-04 or 0x00-0A | +-------------------------------+ | PAD 0x00-00-00 | +-------------------------------+ | Frame Control (1 octet) | +-------------------------------+ | MAC destination address | +-------------------------------+ | | | (remainder of MAC frame) | | | +-------------------------------+ | LAN FCS (if PID is 0x00-04) | +-------------------------------+ Payload Format for Bridged 802.6 PDUs +-------------------------------+ | LLC 0xAA-AA-03 | +-------------------------------+ | OUI 0x00-80-C2 | +-------------------------------+ | PID 0x00-0B | +---------------+---------------+ ------ | Reserved | BEtag | Common +---------------+---------------+ PDU | BAsize | Header +-------------------------------+ ------- | MAC destination address | +-------------------------------+ | | | (remainder of MAC frame) | | | +-------------------------------+ | | | Common PDU Trailer | | | +-------------------------------+ In bridged 802.6 PDUs, the presence of a CRC-32 is indicated by the CIB bit in the header of the MAC frame. Therefore, the same PID value is used regardless of the presence or absence of the CRC-32 in the PDU. The Common Protocol Data Unit (PDU) Header and Trailer are conveyed to allow pipelining at the egress bridge to an 802.6 subnetwork. Specifically, the Common PDU Header contains the BAsize field, which contains the length of the PDU. If this field is not available to the egress 802.6 bridge, then that bridge cannot begin to transmit the segmented PDU until it has received the entire PDU, calculated the length, and inserted the length into the BAsize field. If the field is available, the egress 802.6 bridge can extract the length from the BAsize field of the Common PDU Header, insert it into the corresponding field of the first segment, and immediately transmit the segment onto the 802.6 subnetwork. Thus, the bridge can begin transmitting the 802.6 PDU before it has received the complete PDU. Note that the Common PDU Header and Trailer of the encapsulated frame should not be simply copied to the outgoing 802.6 subnetwork because the encapsulated BEtag value may conflict with the previous BEtag value transmitted by that bridge. An ingress 802.6 bridge can abort an AAL5 CPCS-PDU by setting its Length field to zero. If the egress bridge has already begun transmitting segments of the PDU to an 802.6 subnetwork and then notices that the AAL5 CPCS-PDU has been aborted, it may immediately generate an EOM cell that causes the 802.6 PDU to be rejected at the receiving bridge. Such an EOM cell could, for example, contain an invalid value in the Length field of the Common PDU Trailer. Payload Format for BPDUs +-------------------------------+ | LLC 0xAA-AA-03 | +-------------------------------+ | OUI 0x00-80-C2 | +-------------------------------+ | PID 0x00-0E | +-------------------------------+ | | | BPDU as defined by | | 802.1(d) or 802.1(g) | | | +-------------------------------+ 6. VC Multiplexing VC Multiplexing creates a binding between an ATM VC and the type of the network protocol carried on that VC. Thus, there is no need for protocol identification information to be carried in the payload of each AAL5 CPCS-PDU. This reduces payload overhead and can reduce per-packet processing. VC multiplexing can improve efficiency by reducing the number of cells needed to carry PDUs of certain lengths. For ATM PVCs, the type of the protocol to be carried over each PVC MUST be determined by configuration. For ATM SVCs, the negotiations specified in RFC 1755 [5] MUST be used. 6.1. VC Based Multiplexing of Routed Protocols PDUs of routed protocols MUST be carried as the only content of the Payload of the AAL5 CPCS-PDU. The format of the AAL5 CPCS-PDU Payload field thus becomes: Payload Format for Routed PDUs +-------------------------------+ | . | | Carried PDU | | (up to 2^16 - 1 octets) | | . | | . | +-------------------------------+ 6.2. VC Based Multiplexing of Bridged Protocols PDUs of bridged protocols MUST be carried in the Payload of the AAL5 CPCS-PDU exactly as described in section 5.2, except that only the fields after the PID field MUST be included. The AAL5 CPCS-PDU Payload field carrying a bridged PDU MUST, therefore, have one of the following formats. Payload Format for Bridged Ethernet/802.3 PDUs +-------------------------------+ | PAD 0x00-00 | +-------------------------------+ | MAC destination address | +-------------------------------+ | | | (remainder of MAC frame) | | | +-------------------------------+ | LAN FCS (VC dependent option) | +-------------------------------+ Payload Format for Bridged 802.4/802.5/FDDI PDUs +-------------------------------+ | PAD 0x00-00-00 or 0x00-00-XX | +-------------------------------+ | Frame Control (1 octet) | +-------------------------------+ | MAC destination address | +-------------------------------+ | | | (remainder of MAC frame) | | | +-------------------------------+ | LAN FCS (VC dependent option) | +-------------------------------+ Note that the 802.5 Access Control (AC) field has no significance outside the local 802.5 subnetwork. It can thus be regarded as the last octet of the three octet PAD field, which in case of 802.5 can be set to any value (XX). Payload Format for Bridged 802.6 PDUs +---------------+---------------+ ------- | Reserved | BEtag | Common +---------------+---------------+ PDU | BAsize | Header +-------------------------------+ ------- | MAC destination address | +-------------------------------+ | | | (remainder of MAC frame) | | | +-------------------------------+ | | | Common PDU Trailer | | | +-------------------------------+ Payload Format for BPDUs +-------------------------------+ | | | BPDU as defined by | | 802.1(d) or 802.1(g) | | | +-------------------------------+ In case of Ethernet, 802.3, 802.4, 802.5, and FDDI PDUs the presense or absence of the trailing LAN FCS shall be identified implicitly by the VC, since the PID field is not included. PDUs with the LAN FCS and PDUs without the LAN FCS are thus considered to belong to different protocols even if the bridged media type would be the same. 7. Bridging in an ATM Network A bridge with an ATM interface that serves as a link to one or more other bridge MUST be able to flood, forward, and filter bridged PDUs. Flooding is performed by sending the PDU to all possible appropriate destinations. In the ATM environment this means sending the PDU through each relevant VC. This may be accomplished by explicitly copying it to each VC or by using a point-to-multipoint VC. To forward a PDU, a bridge MUST be able to associate a destination MAC address with a VC. It is unreasonable and perhaps impossible to require bridges to statically configure an association of every possible destination MAC address with a VC. Therefore, ATM bridges must provide enough information to allow an ATM interface to dynamically learn about foreign destinations beyond the set of ATM stations. To accomplish dynamic learning, a bridged PDU shall conform to the encapsulation described within section 4. In this way, the receiving ATM interface will know to look into the bridged PDU and learn the association between foreign destination and an ATM station. Acknowledgements This memo is an update of RFC 1483, which was developed by the IP over ATM working group, and edited by Juha Heinanen (then at Telecom Finland). The update was developed in the IP-over-NBMA (ION) working group, and Dan Grossman (Motorola). This material evolved from RFCs [1] and [4] from which much of the material has been adopted. Thanks to their authors T. Bradley, C. Brown, A. Malis, D. Piscitello, and C. Lawrence. Other key contributors to the work included Brian Carpenter of CERN, Rao Cherukuri of IBM, Dan Grossman of Motorola, Joel Halpern of Network Systems(now at Newbridge), Bob Hinden of Sun Mircosystems (now at Nokia), and Gary Kessler of MAN Technology. Security Considerations The encapsulation mechanisms described in this memo are believed not to have any properties that might be exploited by an attacker. However, architectures and protocols operating above the encapsulation layer may be subject to a variety of attacks. In particular, the bridging architecture discussed in section 7 has well-known vulnerabilities. System security may be affected by the properties of the underlying ATM network. The ATM Forum has published a security framework [11] and a security specification [12]. References [1] Piscitello, D. and Lawrence, C., "The Transmission of IP Datagrams over the SMDS Service". RFC 1209, Bell Communications Research, March 1991. [2] ITU-T Recommendation I.363.5, "B-ISDN ATM Adaptation Layer (AAL) Type 5 Specification", August, 1996. [3] ITU-T Recommendation I.365.1, "Frame Relaying Service Specific Convergence Sublayer (SSCS), November, 1993 [4] Bradley, T., Brown, C., and Malis, A., "Multiprotocol Interconnect over Frame Relay". RFC 2427, September 1998. [5] Perez-Maher et al, "ATM Signalling Support for IP over ATM", RFC 1755, February 1995 [6] Information technology - Telecommunications and Information Exchange Between Systems, "Protocol Identification in the Network Layer". ISO/IEC TR 9577, October 1990. [7] Postel, J. and Reynolds, J., "A Standard for the Transmission of IP Datagrams over IEEE 802 Networks". RFC 1042, ISI, February, 1988. [8] Maher, M, "IP over ATM Signalling - SIG 4.0 Update", RFC 2331, ISI, April 1998 [9] ITU-T Recommendation I.555, "Frame Relay Bearer Service Interworking", September, 1997. [10] S. Bradner., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate Requirement Levels", RFC-2119, USC/Information Sciences Institute, March 1997. [11] The ATM Forum, "ATM Security Framework Version 1.0", af-sec- 0096.000, February 1998 [12] The ATM Forum, "ATM Security Specification v1.0", af-sec- xxxx.000, December? 1998 Appendix A. Multiprotocol Encapsulation over FR-SSCS ITU-T Recommendation I.365.1 defines a Frame Relaying Specific Convergence Sublayer (FR- SSCS) to be used on the top of the Common Part Convergence Sublayer CPCS) of the AAL type 5 for Frame Relay/ATM interworking. The service offered by FR-SSCS corresponds to the Core service for Frame Relaying as described in I.233. An FR-SSCS-PDU consists of Q.922 Address field followed by Q.922 Information field. The Q.922 flags and the FCS are omitted, since the corresponding functions are provided by the AAL. The figure below shows an FR-SSCS-PDU embedded in the Payload of an AAL5 CPCS- PDU. FR-SSCS-PDU in Payload of AAL5 CPCS-PDU +-------------------------------+ ------- | Q.922 Address Field | FR-SSCS-PDU Header | (2-4 octets) | +-------------------------------+ ------- | . | | . | | Q.922 Information field | FR-SSCS-PDU Payload | . | | . | +-------------------------------+ ------- | AAL5 CPCS-PDU Trailer | +-------------------------------+ Routed and bridged PDUs are encapsulated inside the FR-SSCS-PDU as defined in RFC 2427. The Q.922 Information field starts with a Q.922 Control field followed by an optional Pad octet that is used to align the remainder of the frame to a convenient boundary for the sender. The protocol of the carried PDU is then identified by prefixing the PDU by an ISO/IEC TR 9577 Network Layer Protocol ID (NLPID). In the particular case of an IP PDU, the NLPID is 0xCC and the FR- SSCS-PDU has the following format: FR-SSCS-PDU Format for Routed IP PDUs +-------------------------------+ | Q.922 Addr Field | | (2 or 4 octets) | +-------------------------------+ | 0x03 (Q.922 Control) | +-------------------------------+ | NLPID 0xCC | +-------------------------------+ | . | | IP PDU | | (up to 2^16 - 5 octets) | | . | +-------------------------------+ Note that according to RFC 2427, the Q.922 Address field MUST be either 2 or 4 octets, i.e., a 3 octet Address field MUST NOT be used. In the particular case of a CLNP PDU, the NLPID is 0x81 and the FR- SSCS-PDU has the following format: FR-SSCS-PDU Format for Routed CLNP PDUs +-------------------------------+ | Q.922 Addr Field | | (2 or 4 octets) | +-------------------------------+ | 0x03 (Q.922 Control) | +-------------------------------+ | NLPID 0x81 | +-------------------------------+ | . | | Rest of CLNP PDU | | (up to 2^16 - 5 octets) | | . | +-------------------------------+ Note that in case of ISO protocols the NLPID field forms the first octet of the PDU itself and MUST not be repeated. The above encapsulation applies only to those routed protocols that have a unique NLPID assigned. For other routed protocols (and for bridged protocols), it is necessary to provide another mechanism for easy protocol identification. This can be achieved by using an NLPID value 0x80 to indicate that an IEEE 802.1a SubNetwork Attachment Point (SNAP) header follows. See RFC 2427 for more details related to multiprotocol encapsulation over FRCS. Appendix B. List of Locally Assigned values of OUI 00-80-C2 with preserved FCS w/o preserved FCS Media ------------------ ----------------- -------------- 0x00-01 0x00-07 802.3/Ethernet 0x00-02 0x00-08 802.4 0x00-03 0x00-09 802.5 0x00-04 0x00-0A FDDI 0x00-05 0x00-0B 802.6 0x00-0D Fragments 0x00-0E BPDUs Appendix C. Partial List of NLPIDs 0x00 Null Network Layer or Inactive Set (not used with ATM) 0x80 SNAP 0x81 ISO CLNP 0x82 ISO ESIS 0x83 ISO ISIS 0xCC Internet IP Appendix D. Applications of multiprotocol encapsulation Mutiprotocol encapsulation is necessary, but generally sufficient, for routing and bridging over the ATM networks. Since the publication of RFC 1483 (the predecessor of this memo), several system specifications were developed by the IETF and the ATM Forum to address various aspects of, or scenarios for, bridged or routed protocols. This appendix summarizes these applications. 1) Point-to-point connection between routers and bridges -- multiprotocol encapsulation over ATM PVCs has been used to provide a simple point-to-point link between bridges and routers across an ATM network. Some amount of manual configuration (e.g., in lieu of INARP) was necessary in these scenarios. 2) Classical IP over ATM -- RFC 2225 (formerly RFC 1577) provides an environment where the ATM network serves as a logical IP subnet (LIS). ATM PVCs are supported, with address resolution provided by INARP. For ATM SVCs, a new form of ARP, ATMARP, operates over the ATM network between a host (or router) and an ATMARP server. Where servers are replicated to provide higher availability or performance, a Server Synchronization Cache Protocol (SCSP) defined in RFC 2335 is used. Classical IP over ATM defaults to the LLC/SNAP encapsulation. 3) LAN Emulation -- The ATM Forum LAN Emulation specification provides an environment where the ATM network is enhanced by LAN Emulation Server(s) to behave as a bridged LAN. Stations obtain configuration information from, and register with, a LAN Emulation Configuration Server; they resolve MAC addresses to ATM addresses through the services of a LAN Emulation Server; they can send broadcast and multicast frames, and also send unicast frames for which they have no direct VC to a Broadcast and Unicast Server. LANE always uses the LLC/SNAP encapsulation. 4) Next Hop Resolution Protocol (NHRP) -- In some cases, the constraint that Classical IP over ATM serve a single LIS limits performance. NHRP, as defined in RFC 2332, extends Classical to allow 'shortcuts' over a an ATM network that supports several LISs. 5) Multiprotocol over ATM (MPOA) -- The ATM Forum Multiprotocol over ATM Specification integrates LANE and NHRP to provide a generic bridging/routing environment. 6) IP Multicast -- RFC 2022 extends Classical IP to support IP multicast. A multicast address resolution server (MARS) is used possibly in conjunction with a multicast server to provide IP multicast behavior over ATM point-to-multipoint and/or point to point virtual connections. 7) PPP over ATM -- RFC 2364 extends multiprotocol over ATM to the case where the encapsulated protocol is the Point-to-Point protocols. Both the VC based multiplexing and LLC/SNAP encapsulations are used. This approach is used when the ATM network is used as a point-to- point link and PPP functions are required. Author's Addresses Dan Grossman Motorola, Inc. 20 Cabot Blvd. Mansfield, MA 02048 Email: dan@dma.isg.mot.com Juha Heinanen Telia Finland Myyrmaentie 2 01600 Vantaa, Finland Email: jh@telia.fi Full Copyright Statement Copyright (C) The Internet Society (1998). All Rights Reserved. This document and translations of it may be copied and furnished to others, and derivative works that comment on or otherwise explain it or assist in its implementation may be prepared, copied, published and distributed, in whole or in part, without restriction of any kind, provided that the above copyright notice and this paragraph are included on all such copies and derivative works. However, this document itself may not be modified in any way, such as by removing the copyright notice or references to the Internet Society or other Internet organizations, except as needed for the purpose of developing Internet standards in which case the procedures for copyrights defined in the Internet Standards process must be followed, or as required to translate it into languages other than English. The limited permissions granted above are perpetual and will not be revoked by the Internet Society or its successors or assigns. This document and the information contained herein is provided on an "AS IS" basis and THE INTERNET SOCIETY AND THE INTERNET ENGINEERING TASK FORCE DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO ANY WARRANTY THAT THE USE OF THE INFORMATION HEREIN WILL NOT INFRINGE ANY RIGHTS OR ANY IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.
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