ippm F. Brockners
Internet-Draft S. Bhandari
Intended status: Standards Track C. Pignataro
Expires: September 11, 2019 Cisco
H. Gredler
RtBrick Inc.
J. Leddy
Comcast
S. Youell
JPMC
T. Mizrahi
Huawei Network.IO Innovation Lab
D. Mozes
P. Lapukhov
Facebook
R. Chang
Barefoot Networks
D. Bernier
Bell Canada
J. Lemon
Broadcom
March 10, 2019
Data Fields for In-situ OAM
draft-ietf-ippm-ioam-data-05
Abstract
In-situ Operations, Administration, and Maintenance (IOAM) records
operational and telemetry information in the packet while the packet
traverses a path between two points in the network. This document
discusses the data fields and associated data types for in-situ OAM.
In-situ OAM data fields can be embedded into a variety of transports
such as NSH, Segment Routing, Geneve, native IPv6 (via extension
header), or IPv4. In-situ OAM can be used to complement OAM
mechanisms based on e.g. ICMP or other types of probe packets.
Status of This Memo
This Internet-Draft is submitted in full conformance with the
provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79.
Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering
Task Force (IETF). Note that other groups may also distribute
working documents as Internet-Drafts. The list of current Internet-
Drafts is at https://datatracker.ietf.org/drafts/current/.
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Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months
and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any
time. It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference
material or to cite them other than as "work in progress."
This Internet-Draft will expire on September 11, 2019.
Copyright Notice
Copyright (c) 2019 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the
document authors. All rights reserved.
This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal
Provisions Relating to IETF Documents
(https://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of
publication of this document. Please review these documents
carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect
to this document. Code Components extracted from this document must
include Simplified BSD License text as described in Section 4.e of
the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as
described in the Simplified BSD License.
Table of Contents
1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
2. Conventions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
3. Scope, Applicability, and Assumptions . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
4. IOAM Data Types and Formats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
4.1. IOAM Namespaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
4.2. IOAM Tracing Options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
4.2.1. Pre-allocated and Incremental Trace Options . . . . . 11
4.2.2. IOAM node data fields and associated formats . . . . 17
4.2.3. Examples of IOAM node data . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
4.3. IOAM Proof of Transit Option . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
4.3.1. IOAM Proof of Transit Type 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
4.4. IOAM Edge-to-Edge Option . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
5. Timestamp Formats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
5.1. PTP Truncated Timestamp Format . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
5.2. NTP 64-bit Timestamp Format . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
5.3. POSIX-based Timestamp Format . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
6. IOAM Data Export . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
7. IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
7.1. Creation of a new In-Situ OAM Protocol Parameters
Registry (IOAM) Protocol Parameters IANA registry . . . . 33
7.2. IOAM Type Registry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
7.3. IOAM Trace Type Registry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
7.4. IOAM Trace Flags Registry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
7.5. IOAM POT Type Registry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
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7.6. IOAM POT Flags Registry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
7.7. IOAM E2E Type Registry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
7.8. IOAM Namespace-ID Registry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
8. Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
9. Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
10. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
10.1. Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
10.2. Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
Authors' Addresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
1. Introduction
This document defines data fields for "in-situ" Operations,
Administration, and Maintenance (IOAM). In-situ OAM records OAM
information within the packet while the packet traverses a particular
network domain. The term "in-situ" refers to the fact that the OAM
data is added to the data packets rather than is being sent within
packets specifically dedicated to OAM. IOAM is to complement
mechanisms such as Ping or Traceroute, or more recent active probing
mechanisms as described in [I-D.lapukhov-dataplane-probe]. In terms
of "active" or "passive" OAM, "in-situ" OAM can be considered a
hybrid OAM type. While no extra packets are sent, IOAM adds
information to the packets therefore cannot be considered passive.
In terms of the classification given in [RFC7799] IOAM could be
portrayed as Hybrid Type 1. "In-situ" mechanisms do not require
extra packets to be sent and hence don't change the packet traffic
mix within the network. IOAM mechanisms can be leveraged where
mechanisms using e.g. ICMP do not apply or do not offer the desired
results, such as proving that a certain traffic flow takes a pre-
defined path, SLA verification for the live data traffic, detailed
statistics on traffic distribution paths in networks that distribute
traffic across multiple paths, or scenarios in which probe traffic is
potentially handled differently from regular data traffic by the
network devices.
2. Conventions
The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
"SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this
document are to be interpreted as described in [RFC2119].
Abbreviations used in this document:
E2E Edge to Edge
Geneve: Generic Network Virtualization Encapsulation
[I-D.ietf-nvo3-geneve]
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IOAM: In-situ Operations, Administration, and Maintenance
MTU: Maximum Transmit Unit
NSH: Network Service Header [RFC8300]
OAM: Operations, Administration, and Maintenance
POT: Proof of Transit
SFC: Service Function Chain
SID: Segment Identifier
SR: Segment Routing
VXLAN-GPE: Virtual eXtensible Local Area Network, Generic Protocol
Extension [I-D.ietf-nvo3-vxlan-gpe]
3. Scope, Applicability, and Assumptions
IOAM deployment assumes a set of constraints, requirements, and
guiding principles which are described in this section.
Scope: This document defines the data fields and associated data
types for in-situ OAM. The in-situ OAM data field can be transported
by a variety of transport protocols, including NSH, Segment Routing,
Geneve, IPv6, or IPv4. Specification details for these different
transport protocols are outside the scope of this document.
Deployment domain (or scope) of in-situ OAM deployment: IOAM is a
network domain focused feature, with "network domain" being a set of
network devices or entities within a single administration. For
example, a network domain can include an enterprise campus using
physical connections between devices or an overlay network using
virtual connections / tunnels for connectivity between said devices.
A network domain is defined by its perimeter or edge. Designers of
carrier protocols for IOAM must specify mechanisms to ensure that
IOAM data stays within an IOAM domain. In addition, the operator of
such a domain is expected to put provisions in place to ensure that
IOAM data does not leak beyond the edge of an IOAM domain, e.g. using
for example packet filtering methods. The operator should consider
potential operational impact of IOAM to mechanisms such as ECMP
processing (e.g. load-balancing schemes based on packet length could
be impacted by the increased packet size due to IOAM), path MTU (i.e.
ensure that the MTU of all links within a domain is sufficiently
large to support the increased packet size due to IOAM) and ICMP
message handling (i.e. in case of a native IPv6 transport, IOAM
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support for ICMPv6 Echo Request/Reply could desired which would
translate into ICMPv6 extensions to enable IOAM data fields to be
copied from an Echo Request message to an Echo Reply message).
IOAM control points: IOAM data fields are added to or removed from
the live user traffic by the devices which form the edge of a domain.
Devices within an IOAM domain can update and/or add IOAM data-fields.
Domain edge devices can be hosts or network devices.
Traffic-sets that IOAM is applied to: IOAM can be deployed on all or
only on subsets of the live user traffic. It SHOULD be possible to
enable IOAM on a selected set of traffic (e.g., per interface, based
on an access control list or flow specification defining a specific
set of traffic, etc.) The selected set of traffic can also be all
traffic.
Encapsulation independence: Data formats for IOAM SHOULD be defined
in a transport-independent manner. IOAM applies to a variety of
encapsulating protocols. A definition of how IOAM data fields are
carried by different transport protocols is outside the scope of this
document.
Layering: If several encapsulation protocols (e.g., in case of
tunneling) are stacked on top of each other, IOAM data-records could
be present at every layer. The behavior follows the ships-in-the-
night model, i.e. IOAM data in one layer is independent from IOAM
data in another layer. Layering allows operators to instrument the
protocol layer they want to measure. The different layers could, but
do not have to share the same IOAM encapsulation and decapsulation.
Combination with active OAM mechanisms: IOAM should be usable for
active network probing, enabling for example a customized version of
traceroute. IOAM may also be carried out on cloned or sampled copies
of data packets, when the operator prefers not to directly modify
data packets for IOAM purposes. Decapsulating IOAM nodes must have
the ability to discard active IOAM packets, potentially in addition
to retrieving the IOAM information.
IOAM implementation: The IOAM data-field definitions take the
specifics of devices with hardware data-plane and software data-plane
into account.
4. IOAM Data Types and Formats
This section defines IOAM data types and data fields and associated
data types required for IOAM.
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To accommodate the different uses of IOAM, IOAM data fields fall into
different categories, as specified below. In IOAM these categories
are referred to as IOAM-Types. A common registry is maintained for
IOAM-Types, see Section 7.2 for details. Corresponding to these
IOAM-Types, different IOAM data fields are defined. IOAM data fields
can be encapsulated into a variety of protocols, such as NSH, Geneve,
IPv6, etc. The definition of how IOAM data fields are encapsulated
into other protocols is outside the scope of this document.
This document defines four IOAM-Types, as specified in this section:
o Pre-allocated Trace Option
o Incremental Trace Option
o Proof of Transit (POT) Option
o Edge-to-Edge (E2E) Option
IOAM is expected to be deployed in a specific domain rather than on
the overall Internet. The part of the network which employs IOAM is
referred to as the "IOAM-domain". IOAM data is added to a packet
upon entering the IOAM-domain and is removed from the packet when
exiting the domain. Within the IOAM-domain, the IOAM data may be
updated by network nodes that the packet traverses. The device which
adds an IOAM data container to the packet to capture IOAM data is
called the "IOAM encapsulating node", whereas the device which
removes the IOAM data container is referred to as the "IOAM
decapsulating node". Nodes within the domain which are aware of IOAM
data and read and/or write or process the IOAM data are called "IOAM
transit nodes". IOAM nodes which add or remove the IOAM data fields
can also update the IOAM data fields at the same time. Or in other
words, IOAM encapsulating or decapsulating nodes can also serve as
IOAM transit nodes at the same time. Note that not every node in an
IOAM domain needs to be an IOAM transit node. For example, a
deployment might require that packets traverse a set of firewalls.
In that case, only the set of firewall nodes would be IOAM transit
nodes rather than all nodes.
An IOAM encapsulating node incorporates one or more IOAM-Types (from
the list of four IOAM-Types above) into packets that IOAM is enabled
for. If IOAM is enabled for a selected subset of the traffic, the
encapsulating node is responsible for applying the IOAM functionality
to the selected subset.
An IOAM transit node updates one or more of the IOAM data fields. If
both the pre-allocated and the incremental trace options are present
in the packet, each IOAM transit node will update at most one of
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these options. A transit node cannot add new IOAM options to a
packet, and cannot change an IOAM Edge-to-Edge Option.
An IOAM decapsulating node removes all the IOAM-Types from packets.
The role of a node (i.e. encapsulating, transit, decapsulating) is
defined within an IOAM namespace (see below). A node can have
different roles in different IOAM namespaces.
4.1. IOAM Namespaces
IOAM data fields are defined within an IOAM namespace. An IOAM
namespace is identified by a 16-bit namespace identifier (Namespace-
ID). Namespace identifiers MUST be present and populated in all IOAM
option headers. The Namespace-ID value is divided into two sub-
ranges:
o An operator-assigned range from 0x0001 to 0x7FFF
o An IANA-assigned range from 0x8000 to 0xFFFF
The IANA-assigned range is intended to allow future extensions to
have new and interoperable IOAM functionality, while the operator-
assigned range is intended to be domain specific, and managed by the
network operator. The Namespace-ID value of 0x0000 is default and
known to all the nodes implementing IOAM.
Namespace identifiers allow devices which are IOAM capable to
determine:
o whether IOAM option header(s) need to be processed by a device: If
the Namespace-ID contained in a packet does not match any
Namespace-ID the node is configured to operate on, then the node
MUST NOT change the contents of the IOAM data fields.
o which IOAM option headers need to be processed/updated in case
there are multiple IOAM option headers present in the packet.
Multiple option headers can be present in a packet in case of
overlapping IOAM domains or in case of a layered IOAM deployment.
o whether IOAM option header(s) should be removed from the packet,
e.g. at a domain edge or domain boundary.
IOAM namespaces support several different uses:
o Namespaces can be used by an operator to distinguish different
operational domains. Devices at domain edges can filter on
Namespace-IDs to provide for proper IOAM domain isolation.
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o Namespaces provide additional context for IOAM data fields and
thus ensure that IOAM data is unique and can be interpreted
properly by management stations or network controllers. While,
for example, the IOAM node identifier (Node-ID) does not need to
be unique in a deployment (e.g. an operator may wish to use
different Node-IDs for different IOAM layers, even within the same
device; or Node-IDs might not be unique for other organizational
reasons, such as after a merger of two formerly separated
organizations), the combination of Node-ID and Namespace-ID will
always be unique. Similarly, namespaces can be used to define how
certain IOAM data fields are interpreted: IOAM offers three
different timestamp format options. The Namespace-ID can be used
to determine the timestamp format. IOAM data fields (e.g. buffer
occupancy) which do not have a unit associated are to be
interpreted within the context of a namespace.
o Namespaces can be used to identify different sets of devices
(e.g., different types of devices) in a deployment: If an operator
desires to insert different IOAM data based on the device, the
devices could be grouped into multiple namespaces. This could be
due to the fact that the IOAM feature set differs between
different sets of devices, or it could be for reasons of optimized
space usage in the packet header. This could also stem from
hardware or operational limitations on the size of the trace data
that can be added and processed, preventing collection of a full
trace for a flow.
* Assigning different Namespace-IDs to different sets of nodes or
network partitions and using the Namespace-ID as a selector at
the IOAM encapsulating node, a full trace for a flow could be
collected and constructed via partial traces in different
packets of the same flow. Example: An operator could choose to
group the devices of a domain into two namespaces, in a way
that at average, only every second hop would be recorded by any
device. To retrieve a full view of the deployment, the
captured IOAM data fields of the two namespaces need to be
correlated.
* Assigning different Namespace-IDs to different sets of nodes or
network partitions and using a separate IOAM header for each
Namespace-ID, a full trace for a flow could be collected and
constructed via partial traces from each IOAM header in each of
the packets in the flow. Example: An operator could choose to
group the devices of a domain into two namespaces, in a way
that each namespace is represented by one of two IOAM headers
in the packet. Each node would record data only for the IOAM
namespace that it belongs to, ignoring the other IOAM header
with a namespace to which it doesn't belong. To retrieve a
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full view of the deployment, the captured IOAM data fields of
the two namespaces need to be correlated.
4.2. IOAM Tracing Options
"IOAM tracing data" is expected to be collected at every node that a
packet traverses to ensure visibility into the entire path a packet
takes within an IOAM domain, i.e., in a typical deployment all nodes
in an in-situ OAM-domain would participate in IOAM and thus be IOAM
transit nodes, IOAM encapsulating or IOAM decapsulating nodes. If
not all nodes within a domain are IOAM capable, IOAM tracing
information will only be collected on those nodes which are IOAM
capable. Nodes which are not IOAM capable will forward the packet
without any changes to the IOAM data fields. The maximum number of
hops and the minimum path MTU of the IOAM domain is assumed to be
known.
To optimize hardware and software implementations tracing is defined
as two separate options. Any deployment MAY choose to configure and
support one or both of the following options. An implementation of
the transport protocol that carries these in-situ OAM data MAY choose
to support only one of the options. In the event that both options
are utilized at the same time, the Incremental Trace Option MUST be
placed before the Pre-allocated Trace Option. Given that the
operator knows which equipment is deployed in a particular IOAM, the
operator will decide by means of configuration which type(s) of trace
options will be enabled for a particular domain.
Pre-allocated Trace Option: This trace option is defined as a
container of node data fields with pre-allocated space for each
node to populate its information. This option is useful for
software implementations where it is efficient to allocate the
space once and index into the array to populate the data during
transit. The IOAM encapsulating node allocates the option header
and sets the fields in the option header. The in situ OAM
encapsulating node allocates an array which is used to store
operational data retrieved from every node while the packet
traverses the domain. IOAM transit nodes update the content of
the array, and possibly update the checksums of outer headers. A
pointer which is part of the IOAM trace data points to the next
empty slot in the array. An IOAM transit node that updates the
content of the pre-allocated option also updates the value of the
pointer, which specifies where the next IOAM transit node fills in
its data.
Incremental Trace Option: This trace option is defined as a
container of node data fields where each node allocates and pushes
its node data immediately following the option header. This type
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of trace recording is useful for some of the hardware
implementations as this eliminates the need for the transit
network elements to read the full array in the option and allows
for arbitrarily long packets as the MTU allows. The in-situ OAM
encapsulating node allocates the option header. The in-situ OAM
encapsulating node based on operational state and configuration
sets the fields in the header that control what node data fields
should be collected, and how large the node data list can grow.
The in-situ OAM transit nodes push their node data to the node
data list, decrease the remaining length available to subsequent
nodes, and adjust the lengths and possibly checksums in outer
headers.
Every node data entry is to hold information for a particular IOAM
transit node that is traversed by a packet. The in-situ OAM
decapsulating node removes the IOAM data and processes and/or exports
the metadata. IOAM data uses its own name-space for information such
as node identifier or interface identifier. This allows for a
domain-specific definition and interpretation. For example: In one
case an interface-id could point to a physical interface (e.g., to
understand which physical interface of an aggregated link is used
when receiving or transmitting a packet) whereas in another case it
could refer to a logical interface (e.g., in case of tunnels).
The following IOAM data is defined for IOAM tracing:
o Identification of the IOAM node. An IOAM node identifier can
match to a device identifier or a particular control point or
subsystem within a device.
o Identification of the interface that a packet was received on,
i.e. ingress interface.
o Identification of the interface that a packet was sent out on,
i.e. egress interface.
o Time of day when the packet was processed by the node. Different
definitions of processing time are feasible and expected, though
it is important that all devices of an in-situ OAM domain follow
the same definition.
o Generic data: Format-free information where syntax and semantic of
the information is defined by the operator in a specific
deployment. For a specific deployment, all IOAM nodes should
interpret the generic data the same way. Examples for generic
IOAM data include geo-location information (location of the node
at the time the packet was processed), buffer queue fill level or
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cache fill level at the time the packet was processed, or even a
battery charge level.
o A mechanism to detect whether IOAM trace data was added at every
hop or whether certain hops in the domain weren't in-situ OAM
transit nodes.
The "node data list" array in the packet is populated iteratively as
the packet traverses the network, starting with the last entry of the
array, i.e., "node data list [n]" is the first entry to be populated,
"node data list [n-1]" is the second one, etc.
4.2.1. Pre-allocated and Incremental Trace Options
The in-situ OAM pre-allocated trace option and the in-situ OAM
incremental trace option have similar formats. Except where noted
below, the internal formats and fields of the two trace options are
identical.
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Pre-allocated and incremental trace option headers:
0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Namespace-ID |NodeLen | Flags | RemainingLen|
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| IOAM-Trace-Type | Reserved |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
The trace option data MUST be 4-octet aligned:
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+<-+
| | |
| node data list [0] | |
| | |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ D
| | a
| node data list [1] | t
| | a
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
~ ... ~ S
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ p
| | a
| node data list [n-1] | c
| | e
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ |
| | |
| node data list [n] | |
| | |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+<-+
Namespace-ID: 16-bit identifier of an IOAM namespace. The
Namespace-ID value of 0x0000 is defined as the default value and
MUST be known to all the nodes implementing IOAM. For any other
Namespace-ID value that does not match any Namespace-ID the node
is configured to operate on, the node MUST NOT change the contents
of the IOAM data fields.
NodeLen: 5-bit unsigned integer. This field specifies the length of
data added by each node in multiples of 4-octets, excluding the
length of the "Opaque State Snapshot" field.
If IOAM-Trace-Type bit 7 is not set, then NodeLen specifies the
actual length added by each node. If IOAM-Trace-Type bit 7 is
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set, then the actual length added by a node would be (NodeLen +
Opaque Data Length).
For example, if 3 IOAM-Trace-Type bits are set and none of them
are wide, then NodeLen would be 3. If 3 IOAM-Trace-Type bits are
set and 2 of them are wide, then NodeLen would be 5.
An IOAM encapsulating node must set NodeLen.
A node receiving an IOAM Pre-allocated or Incremental Trace Option
may rely on the NodeLen value, or it may ignore the NodeLen value
and calculate the node length from the IOAM-Trace-Type bits.
Flags 4-bit field. The following flags are defined:
Bit 0 "Overflow" (O-bit) (most significant bit). This bit is set
by the network element if there is not enough number of octets
left to record node data, no field is added and the overflow
"O-bit" must be set to "1" in the header. This is useful for
transit nodes to ignore further processing of the option.
Bit 1 "Loopback" (L-bit). Loopback mode is used to send a copy
of a packet back towards the source. Loopback mode assumes
that a return path from transit nodes and destination nodes
towards the source exists. The encapsulating node decides
(e.g., using a filter) which packets loopback mode is enabled
for by setting the loopback bit. The encapsulating node also
needs to ensure that sufficient space is available in the IOAM
header for loopback operation, which includes intermediate
nodes adding trace data on the original path and then again on
the return path. A loopback bit that is set indicates to the
transit nodes processing this option that they are to create a
copy of the received packet and send the copy back to the
source of the packet. The copy has its metadata added after
being copied in order to allow any egress-dependent information
to be set based on the egress of the copy rather than the
original. The original packet continues towards its
destination. The source address of the original packet is used
as the destination address in the copied packet. The address
of the node performing the copy operation is used as the source
address. The L-bit MUST be cleared in the copy of the packet
that a node sends back towards the source. On its way back
towards the source, the copied packet is processed like any
other packet with IOAM information, including adding any
requested data at each transit node (assuming there is
sufficient space). Once the return packet reaches the IOAM
domain boundary, IOAM decapsulation occurs as with any other
packet containing IOAM information. Because any intermediate
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node receiving such a packet would not know how to process the
original packet, and because there would be a risk of the
original packet leaking past the initiator of the IOAM
loopback, the initiator of an IOAM loopback MUST be the
initiator of the packet. Once a loopback packet is received
back at the initiator, it is a local matter how it is
recognized as a loopback packet.
Bit 2 "Active" (A-bit). When set, this indicates that this is an
active OAM packet, where "active" is used in the sense defined
in [RFC7799], rather than a data packet. For example, the
packet may be a probe, or it may be a (possibly truncated) copy
of a data packet. At the IOAM decapsulating node, in addition
to processing and/or exporting the metadata, the packet must be
discarded rather than forwarded. If this bit is not set, then
the decapsulating node should attempt to forward the packet
after IOAM decapsulation.
Bit 3 "Immediate Export" (I-bit). Immediate export mode is used
to export IOAM data fields immediately at every IOAM supported
network node, instead of adding the IOAM data fields to the
packet traversing the network. The various types of IOAM nodes
MUST process packets with the I-bit set as follows:
1. An encapsulating IOAM node configured to set the I-bit
encapsulates the packet with the IOAM header and sets the
I-bit, leaving the IOAM header without locally collected
data, and exports the requested IOAM data immediately. The
encapsulating IOAM node is the only type of node allowed to
set the I-bit.
2. A transit node that processes a packet with the I-bit set
is expected to export the requested IOAM data, and not
incorporate it into the IOAM header.
3. A decapsulating IOAM node that processes a packet with the
I-bit set is expected to export the requested IOAM data,
and decapsulate the IOAM header.
Note that in case of "Immediate Export" being employed, no IOAM
trace data is added to the packets traversing the network. As
a means to support correlation of exported IOAM data different
nodes in the network, a deployment could consider attaching an
IOAM E2E option in addition to the trace option, that includes
a sequence number. See Bit 1 in the IOAM-E2E-Types. Please
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refer to Section 6 for a discussion of IOAM data export and
associated formats.
RemainingLen: 7-bit unsigned integer. This field specifies the data
space in multiples of 4-octets remaining for recording the node
data, before the node data list is considered to have overflowed.
When RemainingLen reaches 0, nodes are no longer allowed to add
node data. Given that the sender knows the minimum path MTU, the
sender MAY set the initial value of RemainingLen according to the
number of node data bytes allowed before exceeding the MTU.
Subsequent nodes can carry out a simple comparison between
RemainingLen and NodeLen, along with the length of the "Opaque
State Snapshot" if applicable, to determine whether or not data
can be added by this node. When node data is added, the node MUST
decrease RemainingLen by the amount of data added. In the pre-
allocated trace option, this is used as an offset in data space to
record the node data element.
IOAM-Trace-Type: A 24-bit identifier which specifies which data
types are used in this node data list.
The IOAM-Trace-Type value is a bit field. The following bit
fields are defined in this document, with details on each field
described in the Section 4.2.2. The order of packing the data
fields in each node data element follows the bit order of the
IOAM-Trace-Type field, as follows:
Bit 0 (Most significant bit) When set indicates presence of
Hop_Lim and node_id in the node data.
Bit 1 When set indicates presence of ingress_if_id and
egress_if_id (short format) in the node data.
Bit 2 When set indicates presence of timestamp seconds in the
node data.
Bit 3 When set indicates presence of timestamp subseconds in
the node data.
Bit 4 When set indicates presence of transit delay in the node
data.
Bit 5 When set indicates presence of namespace specific data
(short format) in the node data.
Bit 6 When set indicates presence of queue depth in the node
data.
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Bit 7 When set indicates presence of variable length Opaque
State Snapshot field.
Bit 8 When set indicates presence of Hop_Lim and node_id in
wide format in the node data.
Bit 9 When set indicates presence of ingress_if_id and
egress_if_id in wide format in the node data.
Bit 10 When set indicates presence of namespace specific data in
wide format in the node data.
Bit 11 When set indicates presence of buffer occupancy in the
node data.
Bit 12-22 Undefined. An IOAM encapsulating node MUST set the
value of each of these bits to 0. If an IOAM transit
node receives a packet with one or more of these bits set
to 1, it must either:
1. Add corresponding node data filled with the reserved
value 0xFFFFFFFF, after the node data fields for the
IOAM-Trace-Type bits defined above, such that the
total node data added by this node in units of
4-octets is equal to NodeLen, or
2. Not add any node data fields to the packet, even for
the IOAM-Trace-Type bits defined above.
Bit 23 When set indicates presence of the Checksum Complement
node data.
Section 4.2.2 describes the IOAM data types and their formats.
Within an in-situ OAM domain possible combinations of these bits
making the IOAM-Trace-Type can be restricted by configuration
knobs.
Reserved: 8-bits. Must be zero.
Node data List [n]: Variable-length field. The type of which is
determined by the IOAM-Trace-Type bit representing the n-th node
data in the node data list. The node data list is encoded
starting from the last node data of the path. The first element
of the node data list (node data list [0]) contains the last node
of the path while the last node data of the node data list (node
data list[n]) contains the first node data of the path traced.
Populating the node data list in this way ensures that the order
of node data list is the same for incremental and pre-allocated
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trace options. In the pre-allocated trace option, the index
contained in RemainingLen identifies the offset for current active
node data to be populated.
4.2.2. IOAM node data fields and associated formats
All the data fields MUST be 4-octet aligned. If a node which is
supposed to update an IOAM data field is not capable of populating
the value of a field set in the IOAM-Trace-Type, the field value MUST
be set to 0xFFFFFFFF for 4-octet fields or 0xFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF for
8-octet fields, indicating that the value is not populated, except
when explicitly specified in the field description below.
Data field and associated data type for each of the data field is
shown below:
Hop_Lim and node_id: 4-octet field defined as follows:
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Hop_Lim | node_id |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
Hop_Lim: 1-octet unsigned integer. It is set to the Hop Limit
value in the packet at the node that records this data. Hop
Limit information is used to identify the location of the node
in the communication path. This is copied from the lower
layer, e.g., TTL value in IPv4 header or hop limit field from
IPv6 header of the packet when the packet is ready for
transmission. The semantics of the Hop_Lim field depend on the
lower layer protocol that IOAM is encapsulated over, and
therefore its specific semantics are outside the scope of this
memo.
node_id: 3-octet unsigned integer. Node identifier field to
uniquely identify a node within in-situ OAM domain. The
procedure to allocate, manage and map the node_ids is beyond
the scope of this document.
ingress_if_id and egress_if_id: 4-octet field defined as follows:
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| ingress_if_id | egress_if_id |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
ingress_if_id: 2-octet unsigned integer. Interface identifier to
record the ingress interface the packet was received on.
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egress_if_id: 2-octet unsigned integer. Interface identifier to
record the egress interface the packet is forwarded out of.
Note that due to the fact that IOAM uses its own namespaces for
IOAM data fields, data fields like interface identifiers can be
used in a flexible way to represent system resources that are
associated with ingressing or egressing packets, i.e. an IOAM
interface ID could represent a physical interface, a virtual or
logical interface, or even a queue.
timestamp seconds: 4-octet unsigned integer. Absolute timestamp in
seconds that specifies the time at which the packet was received
by the node. This field has three possible formats; based on
either PTP [IEEE1588v2], NTP [RFC5905], or POSIX [POSIX]. The
three timestamp formats are specified in Section 5. In all three
cases, the Timestamp Seconds field contains the 32 most
significant bits of the timestamp format that is specified in
Section 5. If a node is not capable of populating this field, it
assigns the value 0xFFFFFFFF. Note that this is a legitimate
value that is valid for 1 second in approximately 136 years; the
analyzer should correlate several packets or compare the timestamp
value to its own time-of-day in order to detect the error
indication.
timestamp subseconds: 4-octet unsigned integer. Absolute timestamp
in subseconds that specifies the time at which the packet was
received by the node. This field has three possible formats;
based on either PTP [IEEE1588v2], NTP [RFC5905], or POSIX [POSIX].
The three timestamp formats are specified in Section 5. In all
three cases, the Timestamp Subseconds field contains the 32 least
significant bits of the timestamp format that is specified in
Section 5. If a node is not capable of populating this field, it
assigns the value 0xFFFFFFFF. Note that this is a legitimate
value in the NTP format, valid for approximately 233 picoseconds
in every second. If the NTP format is used the analyzer should
correlate several packets in order to detect the error indication.
transit delay: 4-octet unsigned integer in the range 0 to 2^31-1.
It is the time in nanoseconds the packet spent in the transit
node. This can serve as an indication of the queuing delay at the
node. If the transit delay exceeds 2^31-1 nanoseconds then the
top bit 'O' is set to indicate overflow and value set to
0x80000000. When this field is part of the data field but a node
populating the field is not able to fill it, the field position in
the field must be filled with value 0xFFFFFFFF to mean not
populated.
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0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
|O| transit delay |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
namespace specific data: 4-octet field which can be used by the node
to add namespace specific data. This represents a "free-format"
4-octet bit field with its semantics defined in the context of a
specific namespace.
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| namespace specific data |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
queue depth: 4-octet unsigned integer field. This field indicates
the current length of the egress interface queue of the interface
from where the packet is forwarded out. The queue depth is
expressed as the current number of memory buffers used by the
queue (a packet may consume one or more memory buffers, depending
on its size).
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| queue depth |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
Opaque State Snapshot: Variable length field. It allows the network
element to store an arbitrary state in the node data field,
without a pre-defined schema. The schema is to be defined within
the context of a namespace. The schema needs to be made known to
the analyzer by some out-of-band mechanism. The specification of
this mechanism is beyond the scope of this document. A 24-bit
"Schema Id" field, interpreted within the context of a namespace,
indicates which particular schema is used, and should be
configured on the network element by the operator.
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0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Length | Schema ID |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| |
| |
| Opaque data |
~ ~
. .
. .
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
Length: 1-octet unsigned integer. It is the length in multiples
of 4-octets of the Opaque data field that follows Schema Id.
Schema ID: 3-octet unsigned integer identifying the schema of
Opaque data.
Opaque data: Variable length field. This field is interpreted as
specified by the schema identified by the Schema ID.
When this field is part of the data field but a node populating
the field has no opaque state data to report, the Length must be
set to 0 and the Schema ID must be set to 0xFFFFFF to mean no
schema.
Hop_Lim and node_id wide: 8-octet field defined as follows:
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Hop_Lim | node_id ~
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
~ node_id (contd) |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
Hop_Lim: 1-octet unsigned integer. It is set to the Hop Limit
value in the packet at the node that records this data. Hop
Limit information is used to identify the location of the node
in the communication path. This is copied from the lower layer
for e.g. TTL value in IPv4 header or hop limit field from IPv6
header of the packet. The semantics of the Hop_Lim field
depend on the lower layer protocol that IOAM is encapsulated
over, and therefore its specific semantics are outside the
scope of this memo.
node_id: 7-octet unsigned integer. Node identifier field to
uniquely identify a node within in-situ OAM domain. The
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procedure to allocate, manage and map the node_ids is beyond
the scope of this document.
ingress_if_id and egress_if_id wide: 8-octet field defined as
follows:
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| ingress_if_id |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| egress_if_id |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
ingress_if_id: 4-octet unsigned integer. Interface identifier to
record the ingress interface the packet was received on.
egress_if_id: 4-octet unsigned integer. Interface identifier to
record the egress interface the packet is forwarded out of.
namespace specific data wide: 8-octet field which can be used by the
node to add namespace specific data. This represents a "free-
format" 8-octet bit field with its semantics defined in the
context of a specific namespace.
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| namespace specific data ~
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
~ namespace specific data (contd) |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
buffer occupancy: 4-octet unsigned integer field. This field
indicates the current status of the occupancy of the common buffer
pool used by a set of queues. The units of this field depend on
the equipment type and deployment and has to be interpreted within
the context of a namespace and/or node-id if used.
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| buffer occupancy |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
Checksum Complement: 4-octet node data which contains a two-octet
Checksum Complement field, and a 2-octet reserved field. The
Checksum Complement is useful when IOAM is transported over
encapsulations that make use of a UDP transport, such as VXLAN-GPE
or Geneve. Without the Checksum Complement, nodes adding IOAM
node data must update the UDP Checksum field. When the Checksum
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Complement is present, an IOAM encapsulating node or IOAM transit
node adding node data MUST carry out one of the following two
alternatives in order to maintain the correctness of the UDP
Checksum value:
1. Recompute the UDP Checksum field.
2. Use the Checksum Complement to make a checksum-neutral update
in the UDP payload; the Checksum Complement is assigned a
value that complements the rest of the node data fields that
were added by the current node, causing the existing UDP
Checksum field to remain correct.
IOAM decapsulating nodes MUST recompute the UDP Checksum field,
since they do not know whether previous hops modified the UDP
Checksum field or the Checksum Complement field.
Checksum Complement fields are used in a similar manner in
[RFC7820] and [RFC7821].
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Checksum Complement | Reserved |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
4.2.3. Examples of IOAM node data
An entry in the "node data list" array can have different formats,
following the needs of the deployment. Some deployments might only
be interested in recording the node identifiers, whereas others might
be interested in recording node identifier and timestamp. The
section defines different types that an entry in "node data list" can
take.
0xD40000: IOAM-Trace-Type is 0xD40000 then the format of node data
is:
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0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Hop_Lim | node_id |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| ingress_if_id | egress_if_id |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| timestamp subseconds |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| namespace specific data |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
0xC00000: IOAM-Trace-Type is 0xC00000 then the format is:
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Hop_Lim | node_id |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| ingress_if_id | egress_if_id |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
0x900000: IOAM-Trace-Type is 0x900000 then the format is:
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Hop_Lim | node_id |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| timestamp subseconds |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
0x840000: IOAM-Trace-Type is 0x840000 then the format is:
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Hop_Lim | node_id |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| namespace specific data |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
0x940000: IOAM-Trace-Type is 0x940000 then the format is:
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0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Hop_Lim | node_id |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| timestamp subseconds |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| namespace specific data |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
0x318000: IOAM-Trace-Type is 0x318000 then the format is:
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| timestamp seconds |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| timestamp subseconds |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Length | Schema Id |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| |
| |
| Opaque data |
~ ~
. .
. .
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Hop_Lim | node_id |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| node_id(contd) |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
4.3. IOAM Proof of Transit Option
IOAM Proof of Transit data is to support the path or service function
chain [RFC7665] verification use cases. Proof-of-transit uses
methods like nested hashing or nested encryption of the IOAM data or
mechanisms such as Shamir's Secret Sharing Schema (SSSS). While
details on how the IOAM data for the proof of transit option is
processed at IOAM encapsulating, decapsulating and transit nodes are
outside the scope of the document, all of these approaches share the
need to uniquely identify a packet as well as iteratively operate on
a set of information that is handed from node to node.
Correspondingly, two pieces of information are added as IOAM data to
the packet:
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o Random: Unique identifier for the packet (e.g., 64-bits allow for
the unique identification of 2^64 packets).
o Cumulative: Information which is handed from node to node and
updated by every node according to a verification algorithm.
IOAM proof of transit option header:
0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Namespace-ID |IOAM POT Type | IOAM POT flags|
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
IOAM proof of transit option data MUST be 4-octet aligned.:
0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| POT Option data field determined by IOAM-POT-Type |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
Namespace-ID: 16-bit identifier of an IOAM namespace. The
Namespace-ID value of 0x0000 is defined as the default value and
MUST be known to all the nodes implementing IOAM. For any other
Namespace-ID value that does not match any Namespace-ID the node
is configured to operate on, the node MUST NOT change the contents
of the IOAM data fields.
IOAM POT Type: 8-bit identifier of a particular POT variant that
specifies the POT data that is included. This document defines
POT Type 0:
0: POT data is a 16 Octet field as described below.
IOAM POT flags: 8-bit. Following flags are defined:
Bit 0 "Profile-to-use" (P-bit) (most significant bit). For IOAM
POT types that use a maximum of two profiles to drive
computation, indicates which POT-profile is used. The two
profiles are numbered 0, 1.
Bit 1-7 Reserved: Must be set to zero upon transmission and
ignored upon receipt.
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POT Option data: Variable-length field. The type of which is
determined by the IOAM-POT-Type.
4.3.1. IOAM Proof of Transit Type 0
IOAM proof of transit option of IOAM POT Type 0:
0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Namespace-ID |IOAM POT Type=0|P|R R R R R R R|
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+<-+
| Random | |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ P
| Random(contd) | O
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ T
| Cumulative | |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ |
| Cumulative (contd) | |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+<-+
Namespace-ID: 16-bit identifier of an IOAM namespace. The
Namespace-ID value of 0x0000 is defined as the default value and
MUST be known to all the nodes implementing IOAM. For any other
Namespace-ID value that does not match any Namespace-ID the node
is configured to operate on, the node MUST NOT change the contents
of the IOAM data fields.
IOAM POT Type: 8-bit identifier of a particular POT variant that
specifies the POT data that is included. This section defines the
POT data when the IOAM POT Type is set to the value 0.
P bit: 1-bit. "Profile-to-use" (P-bit) (most significant bit).
Indicates which POT-profile is used to generate the Cumulative.
Any node participating in POT will have a maximum of 2 profiles
configured that drive the computation of cumulative. The two
profiles are numbered 0, 1. This bit conveys whether profile 0 or
profile 1 is used to compute the Cumulative.
R (7 bits): 7-bit IOAM POT flags for future use. MUST be set to
zero upon transmission and ignored upon receipt.
Random: 64-bit Per packet Random number.
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Cumulative: 64-bit Cumulative that is updated at specific nodes by
processing per packet Random number field and configured
parameters.
Note: Larger or smaller sizes of "Random" and "Cumulative" data are
feasible and could be required for certain deployments (e.g. in case
of space constraints in the transport protocol used). Future
versions of this document will address different sizes of data for
"proof of transit".
4.4. IOAM Edge-to-Edge Option
The IOAM edge-to-edge option is to carry data that is added by the
IOAM encapsulating node and interpreted by IOAM decapsulating node.
The IOAM transit nodes MAY process the data without modifying it.
IOAM edge-to-edge option header:
0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Namespace-ID | IOAM-E2E-Type |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
IOAM edge-to-edge option data MUST be 4-octet aligned:
0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| E2E Option data field determined by IOAM-E2E-Type |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
Namespace-ID: 16-bit identifier of an IOAM namespace. The
Namespace-ID value of 0x0000 is defined as the default value and
MUST be known to all the nodes implementing IOAM. For any other
Namespace-ID value that does not match any Namespace-ID the node
is configured to operate on, then the node MUST NOT change the
contents of the IOAM data fields.
IOAM-E2E-Type: A 16-bit identifier which specifies which data types
are used in the E2E option data. The IOAM-E2E-Type value is a bit
field. The order of packing the E2E option data field elements
follows the bit order of the IOAM-E2E-Type field, as follows:
Bit 0 (Most significant bit) When set indicates presence of a
64-bit sequence number added to a specific "packet group"
which is used to detect packet loss, packet reordering,
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or packet duplication within the group. The "packet
group" is deployment dependent and defined at the IOAM
encapsulating node e.g. by n-tuple based classification
of packets.
Bit 1 When set indicates presence of a 32-bit sequence number
added to a specific "packet group" which is used to
detect packet loss, packet reordering, or packet
duplication within that group. The "packet group" is
deployment dependent and defined at the IOAM
encapsulating node e.g. by n-tuple based classification
of packets.
Bit 2 When set indicates presence of timestamp seconds for the
transmission of the frame. This 4-octet field has three
possible formats; based on either PTP [IEEE1588v2], NTP
[RFC5905], or POSIX [POSIX]. The three timestamp formats
are specified in Section 5. In all three cases, the
Timestamp Seconds field contains the 32 most significant
bits of the timestamp format that is specified in
Section 5. If a node is not capable of populating this
field, it assigns the value 0xFFFFFFFF. Note that this
is a legitimate value that is valid for 1 second in
approximately 136 years; the analyzer should correlate
several packets or compare the timestamp value to its own
time-of-day in order to detect the error indication.
Bit 3 When set indicates presence of timestamp subseconds for
the transmission of the frame. This 4-octet field has
three possible formats; based on either PTP [IEEE1588v2],
NTP [RFC5905], or POSIX [POSIX]. The three timestamp
formats are specified in Section 5. In all three cases,
the Timestamp Subseconds field contains the 32 least
significant bits of the timestamp format that is
specified in Section 5. If a node is not capable of
populating this field, it assigns the value 0xFFFFFFFF.
Note that this is a legitimate value in the NTP format,
valid for approximately 233 picoseconds in every second.
If the NTP format is used the analyzer should correlate
several packets in order to detect the error indication.
Bit 4-15 Undefined. An IOAM encapsulating node Must set the value
of these bits to zero upon transmission and ignore upon
receipt.
E2E Option data: Variable-length field. The type of which is
determined by the IOAM-E2E-Type.
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5. Timestamp Formats
The IOAM data fields include a timestamp field which is represented
in one of three possible timestamp formats. It is assumed that the
management plane is responsible for determining which timestamp
format is used.
5.1. PTP Truncated Timestamp Format
The Precision Time Protocol (PTP) [IEEE1588v2] uses an 80-bit
timestamp format. The truncated timestamp format is a 64-bit field,
which is the 64 least significant bits of the 80-bit PTP timestamp.
The PTP truncated format is specified in Section 4.3 of
[I-D.ietf-ntp-packet-timestamps], and the details are presented below
for the sake of completeness.
0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Seconds |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Nanoseconds |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
Figure 1: PTP [IEEE1588v2] Truncated Timestamp Format
Timestamp field format:
Seconds: specifies the integer portion of the number of seconds
since the epoch.
+ Size: 32 bits.
+ Units: seconds.
Nanoseconds: specifies the fractional portion of the number of
seconds since the epoch.
+ Size: 32 bits.
+ Units: nanoseconds. The value of this field is in the range 0
to (10^9)-1.
Epoch:
The PTP [IEEE1588v2] epoch is 1 January 1970 00:00:00 TAI, which
is 31 December 1969 23:59:51.999918 UTC.
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Resolution:
The resolution is 1 nanosecond.
Wraparound:
This time format wraps around every 2^32 seconds, which is roughly
136 years. The next wraparound will occur in the year 2106.
Synchronization Aspects:
It is assumed that nodes that run this protocol are synchronized
among themselves. Nodes may be synchronized to a global reference
time. Note that if PTP [IEEE1588v2] is used for synchronization,
the timestamp may be derived from the PTP-synchronized clock,
allowing the timestamp to be measured with respect to the clock of
an PTP Grandmaster clock.
The PTP truncated timestamp format is not affected by leap
seconds.
5.2. NTP 64-bit Timestamp Format
The Network Time Protocol (NTP) [RFC5905] timestamp format is 64 bits
long. This format is specified in Section 4.2.1 of
[I-D.ietf-ntp-packet-timestamps], and the details are presented below
for the sake of completeness.
0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Seconds |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Fraction |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
Figure 2: NTP [RFC5905] 64-bit Timestamp Format
Timestamp field format:
Seconds: specifies the integer portion of the number of seconds
since the epoch.
+ Size: 32 bits.
+ Units: seconds.
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Fraction: specifies the fractional portion of the number of
seconds since the epoch.
+ Size: 32 bits.
+ Units: the unit is 2^(-32) seconds, which is roughly equal to
233 picoseconds.
Epoch:
The epoch is 1 January 1900 at 00:00 UTC.
Resolution:
The resolution is 2^(-32) seconds.
Wraparound:
This time format wraps around every 2^32 seconds, which is roughly
136 years. The next wraparound will occur in the year 2036.
Synchronization Aspects:
Nodes that use this timestamp format will typically be
synchronized to UTC using NTP [RFC5905]. Thus, the timestamp may
be derived from the NTP-synchronized clock, allowing the timestamp
to be measured with respect to the clock of an NTP server.
The NTP timestamp format is affected by leap seconds; it
represents the number of seconds since the epoch minus the number
of leap seconds that have occurred since the epoch. The value of
a timestamp during or slightly after a leap second may be
temporarily inaccurate.
5.3. POSIX-based Timestamp Format
This timestamp format is based on the POSIX time format [POSIX]. The
detailed specification of the timestamp format used in this document
is presented below.
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0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Seconds |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Microseconds |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
Figure 3: POSIX-based Timestamp Format
Timestamp field format:
Seconds: specifies the integer portion of the number of seconds
since the epoch.
+ Size: 32 bits.
+ Units: seconds.
Microseconds: specifies the fractional portion of the number of
seconds since the epoch.
+ Size: 32 bits.
+ Units: the unit is microseconds. The value of this field is in
the range 0 to (10^6)-1.
Epoch:
The epoch is 1 January 1970 00:00:00 TAI, which is 31 December
1969 23:59:51.999918 UTC.
Resolution:
The resolution is 1 microsecond.
Wraparound:
This time format wraps around every 2^32 seconds, which is roughly
136 years. The next wraparound will occur in the year 2106.
Synchronization Aspects:
It is assumed that nodes that use this timestamp format run Linux
operating system, and hence use the POSIX time. In some cases
nodes may be synchronized to UTC using a synchronization mechanism
that is outside the scope of this document, such as NTP [RFC5905].
Thus, the timestamp may be derived from the NTP-synchronized
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clock, allowing the timestamp to be measured with respect to the
clock of an NTP server.
The POSIX-based timestamp format is affected by leap seconds; it
represents the number of seconds since the epoch minus the number
of leap seconds that have occurred since the epoch. The value of
a timestamp during or slightly after a leap second may be
temporarily inaccurate.
6. IOAM Data Export
IOAM nodes collect information for packets traversing a domain that
supports IOAM. IOAM decapsulating nodes as well as IOAM transit
nodes can choose to retrieve IOAM information from the packet,
process the information further and export the information using
e.g., IPFIX. The mechanisms and associated data formats for
exporting IOAM data is outside the scope of this document.
Raw data export of IOAM data using IPFIX is discussed in
[I-D.spiegel-ippm-ioam-rawexport].
7. IANA Considerations
This document requests the following IANA Actions.
7.1. Creation of a new In-Situ OAM Protocol Parameters Registry (IOAM)
Protocol Parameters IANA registry
IANA is requested to create a new protocol registry for "In-Situ OAM
(IOAM) Protocol Parameters". This is the common registry that will
include registrations for all IOAM namespaces. Each Registry, whose
names are listed below:
IOAM Type
IOAM Trace Type
IOAM Trace flags
IOAM POT Type
IOAM POT flags
IOAM E2E Type
IOAM Namespace-ID
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will contain the current set of possibilities defined in this
document. New registries in this name space are created via RFC
Required process as per [RFC8126].
The subsequent sub-sections detail the registries herein contained.
7.2. IOAM Type Registry
This registry defines 128 code points for the IOAM-Type field for
identifying IOAM options as explained in Section 4. The following
code points are defined in this draft:
0 IOAM Pre-allocated Trace Option Type
1 IOAM Incremental Trace Option Type
2 IOAM POT Option Type
3 IOAM E2E Option Type
4 - 127 are available for assignment via RFC Required process as per
[RFC8126].
7.3. IOAM Trace Type Registry
This registry defines code point for each bit in the 24-bit IOAM-
Trace-Type field for Pre-allocated trace option and Incremental trace
option defined in Section 4.2. The meaning of Bits 0 - 11 for trace
type are defined in this document in Paragraph 5 of Section 4.2.1:
Bit 0 hop_Lim and node_id in short format
Bit 1 ingress_if_id and egress_if_id in short format
Bit 2 timestamp seconds
Bit 3 timestamp subseconds
Bit 4 transit delay
Bit 5 namespace specific data in short format
Bit 6 queue depth
Bit 7 variable length Opaque State Snapshot
Bit 8 hop_Lim and node_id in wide format
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Bit 9 ingress_if_id and egress_if_id in wide format
Bit 10 namespace specific data in wide format
Bit 11 buffer occupancy
Bit 23 checksum complement
The meaning for Bits 12 - 22 are available for assignment via RFC
Required process as per [RFC8126].
7.4. IOAM Trace Flags Registry
This registry defines code points for each bit in the 4 bit flags for
Pre-allocated trace option and Incremental trace option defined in
Section 4.2. The meaning of Bit 0 - 2 for trace flags are defined in
this document in Paragraph 3 of Section 4.2.1:
Bit 0 "Overflow" (O-bit)
Bit 1 "Loopback" (L-bit)
Bit 2 "Active" (A-bit)
Bit 3 "Immediate Export" (I-bit)
7.5. IOAM POT Type Registry
This registry defines 256 code points to define IOAM POT Type for
IOAM proof of transit option Section 4.3. The code point value 0 is
defined in this document:
0: 16 Octet POT data
1 - 255 are available for assignment via RFC Required process as per
[RFC8126].
7.6. IOAM POT Flags Registry
This registry defines code points for each bit in the 8 bit flags for
IOAM POT option defined in Section 4.3. The meaning of Bit 0 for
IOAM POT flags is defined in this document in Section 4.3:
Bit 0 "Profile-to-use" (P-bit)
The meaning for Bits 1 - 7 are available for assignment via RFC
Required process as per [RFC8126].
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7.7. IOAM E2E Type Registry
This registry defines code points for each bit in the 16 bit IOAM-
E2E-Type field for IOAM E2E option Section 4.4. The meaning of Bit 0
- 3 are defined in this document:
Bit 0 64-bit sequence number
Bit 1 32-bit sequence number
Bit 2 timestamp seconds
Bit 3 timestamp subseconds
The meaning of Bits 4 - 15 are available for assignment via RFC
Required process as per [RFC8126].
7.8. IOAM Namespace-ID Registry
IANA is requested to set up an "IOAM Namespace-ID Registry",
containing 16-bit values. The meaning of Bit 0 is defined in this
document. IANA is requested to reserve the values 0x0001 to 0x7FFF
for private use (managed by operators), as specified in Section 4.1
of the current document. Registry entries for the values 0x8000 to
0xFFFF are to be assigned via the "Expert Review" policy defined in
[RFC8126].
0: default namespace (known to all IOAM nodes)
0x0001 - 0x7FFF: reserved for private use
0x8000 - 0xFFFF: unassigned
8. Security Considerations
As discussed in [RFC7276], a successful attack on an OAM protocol in
general, and specifically on IOAM, can prevent the detection of
failures or anomalies, or create a false illusion of nonexistent
ones.
The Proof of Transit option (Section Section 4.3) is used for
verifying the path of data packets. The security considerations of
POT are further discussed in [I-D.brockners-proof-of-transit].
The data elements of IOAM can be used for network reconnaissance,
allowing attackers to collect information about network paths,
performance, queue states, buffer occupancy and other information.
Note that in case IOAM is used in "immediate export" mode, the IOAM
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related trace information would not be available in the customer data
packets, but would be exported by every IOAM node. IOAM data export
and securing IOAM data export is outside the scope of this document.
IOAM can be used as a means for implementing Denial of Service (DoS)
attacks, or for amplifying them. For example, a malicious attacker
can add an IOAM header to packets in order to consume the resources
of network devices that take part in IOAM or collectors that analyze
the IOAM data. Another example is a packet length attack, in which
an attacker pushes IOAM headers into data packets, causing these
packets to be increased beyond the MTU size, resulting in
fragmentation or in packet drops.
Since IOAM options may include timestamps, if network devices use
synchronization protocols then any attack on the time protocol
[RFC7384] can compromise the integrity of the timestamp-related data
fields.
At the management plane, attacks may be implemented by misconfiguring
or by maliciously configuring IOAM-enabled nodes in a way that
enables other attacks. Thus, IOAM configuration should be secured in
a way that authenticates authorized users and verifies the integrity
of configuration procedures.
Notably, IOAM is expected to be deployed in specific network domains,
thus confining the potential attack vectors to within the network
domain. Indeed, in order to limit the scope of threats to within the
current network domain the network operator is expected to enforce
policies that prevent IOAM traffic from leaking outside of the IOAM
domain, and prevent IOAM data from outside the domain to be processed
and used within the domain. Another way to prevent the data to get
leaked is using the Immediate Export mode of the trace option.
9. Acknowledgements
The authors would like to thank Eric Vyncke, Nalini Elkins, Srihari
Raghavan, Ranganathan T S, Karthik Babu Harichandra Babu, Akshaya
Nadahalli, LJ Wobker, Erik Nordmark, Vengada Prasad Govindan, Andrew
Yourtchenko, Aviv Kfir, Tianran Zhou, Haoyu song and Robin
<lizhenbin@huawei.com> for the comments and advice.
This document leverages and builds on top of several concepts
described in [I-D.kitamura-ipv6-record-route]. The authors would
like to acknowledge the work done by the author Hiroshi Kitamura and
people involved in writing it.
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The authors would like to gracefully acknowledge useful review and
insightful comments received from Joe Clarke, Al Morton, and Mickey
Spiegel.
The authors would like to acknowledge the contribution of "Immediate
export" of IOAM trace by Barak Gafni.
10. References
10.1. Normative References
[IEEE1588v2]
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, "IEEE
Std 1588-2008 - IEEE Standard for a Precision Clock
Synchronization Protocol for Networked Measurement and
Control Systems", IEEE Std 1588-2008, 2008,
<http://standards.ieee.org/findstds/
standard/1588-2008.html>.
[POSIX] Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, "IEEE
Std 1003.1-2008 (Revision of IEEE Std 1003.1-2004) - IEEE
Standard for Information Technology - Portable Operating
System Interface (POSIX(R))", IEEE Std 1003.1-2008, 2008,
<https://standards.ieee.org/findstds/
standard/1003.1-2008.html>.
[RFC2119] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119,
DOI 10.17487/RFC2119, March 1997,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2119>.
[RFC5905] Mills, D., Martin, J., Ed., Burbank, J., and W. Kasch,
"Network Time Protocol Version 4: Protocol and Algorithms
Specification", RFC 5905, DOI 10.17487/RFC5905, June 2010,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5905>.
[RFC8126] Cotton, M., Leiba, B., and T. Narten, "Guidelines for
Writing an IANA Considerations Section in RFCs", BCP 26,
RFC 8126, DOI 10.17487/RFC8126, June 2017,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8126>.
10.2. Informative References
[I-D.brockners-proof-of-transit]
Brockners, F., Bhandari, S., Dara, S., Pignataro, C.,
Leddy, J., Youell, S., Mozes, D., and T. Mizrahi, "Proof
of Transit", draft-brockners-proof-of-transit-05 (work in
progress), May 2018.
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[I-D.ietf-ntp-packet-timestamps]
Mizrahi, T., Fabini, J., and A. Morton, "Guidelines for
Defining Packet Timestamps", draft-ietf-ntp-packet-
timestamps-06 (work in progress), February 2019.
[I-D.ietf-nvo3-geneve]
Gross, J., Ganga, I., and T. Sridhar, "Geneve: Generic
Network Virtualization Encapsulation", draft-ietf-
nvo3-geneve-11 (work in progress), March 2019.
[I-D.ietf-nvo3-vxlan-gpe]
Maino, F., Kreeger, L., and U. Elzur, "Generic Protocol
Extension for VXLAN", draft-ietf-nvo3-vxlan-gpe-06 (work
in progress), April 2018.
[I-D.kitamura-ipv6-record-route]
Kitamura, H., "Record Route for IPv6 (PR6) Hop-by-Hop
Option Extension", draft-kitamura-ipv6-record-route-00
(work in progress), November 2000.
[I-D.lapukhov-dataplane-probe]
Lapukhov, P. and r. remy@barefootnetworks.com, "Data-plane
probe for in-band telemetry collection", draft-lapukhov-
dataplane-probe-01 (work in progress), June 2016.
[I-D.spiegel-ippm-ioam-rawexport]
Spiegel, M., Brockners, F., Bhandari, S., and R.
Sivakolundu, "In-situ OAM raw data export with IPFIX",
draft-spiegel-ippm-ioam-rawexport-01 (work in progress),
October 2018.
[RFC7276] Mizrahi, T., Sprecher, N., Bellagamba, E., and Y.
Weingarten, "An Overview of Operations, Administration,
and Maintenance (OAM) Tools", RFC 7276,
DOI 10.17487/RFC7276, June 2014,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7276>.
[RFC7384] Mizrahi, T., "Security Requirements of Time Protocols in
Packet Switched Networks", RFC 7384, DOI 10.17487/RFC7384,
October 2014, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7384>.
[RFC7665] Halpern, J., Ed. and C. Pignataro, Ed., "Service Function
Chaining (SFC) Architecture", RFC 7665,
DOI 10.17487/RFC7665, October 2015,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7665>.
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[RFC7799] Morton, A., "Active and Passive Metrics and Methods (with
Hybrid Types In-Between)", RFC 7799, DOI 10.17487/RFC7799,
May 2016, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7799>.
[RFC7820] Mizrahi, T., "UDP Checksum Complement in the One-Way
Active Measurement Protocol (OWAMP) and Two-Way Active
Measurement Protocol (TWAMP)", RFC 7820,
DOI 10.17487/RFC7820, March 2016,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7820>.
[RFC7821] Mizrahi, T., "UDP Checksum Complement in the Network Time
Protocol (NTP)", RFC 7821, DOI 10.17487/RFC7821, March
2016, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7821>.
[RFC8300] Quinn, P., Ed., Elzur, U., Ed., and C. Pignataro, Ed.,
"Network Service Header (NSH)", RFC 8300,
DOI 10.17487/RFC8300, January 2018,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8300>.
Authors' Addresses
Frank Brockners
Cisco Systems, Inc.
Hansaallee 249, 3rd Floor
DUESSELDORF, NORDRHEIN-WESTFALEN 40549
Germany
Email: fbrockne@cisco.com
Shwetha Bhandari
Cisco Systems, Inc.
Cessna Business Park, Sarjapura Marathalli Outer Ring Road
Bangalore, KARNATAKA 560 087
India
Email: shwethab@cisco.com
Carlos Pignataro
Cisco Systems, Inc.
7200-11 Kit Creek Road
Research Triangle Park, NC 27709
United States
Email: cpignata@cisco.com
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Hannes Gredler
RtBrick Inc.
Email: hannes@rtbrick.com
John Leddy
Comcast
United States
Email: John_Leddy@cable.comcast.com
Stephen Youell
JP Morgan Chase
25 Bank Street
London E14 5JP
United Kingdom
Email: stephen.youell@jpmorgan.com
Tal Mizrahi
Huawei Network.IO Innovation Lab
Israel
Email: tal.mizrahi.phd@gmail.com
David Mozes
Email: mosesster@gmail.com
Petr Lapukhov
Facebook
1 Hacker Way
Menlo Park, CA 94025
US
Email: petr@fb.com
Remy Chang
Barefoot Networks
4750 Patrick Henry Drive
Santa Clara, CA 95054
US
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Daniel Bernier
Bell Canada
Canada
Email: daniel.bernier@bell.ca
John Lemon
Broadcom
270 Innovation Drive
San Jose, CA 95134
US
Email: john.lemon@broadcom.com
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