IPS                                                    Josh Tseng
   Internet Draft                                      Kevin Gibbons
   <draft-ietf-ips-isns-09.txt>                        Charles Monia
   Standards Track                                    Nishan Systems
   Expires September 2002
                                                   Franco Travostino
                                                     Nortel Networks

                                                       Tom McSweeney
                                                       Curt Du Laney
                                                          John Dowdy
                                                                 IBM

                                                        Chad Gregory
                                                               Intel

                                                          March 2002


                    Internet Storage Name Service (iSNS)

Status of this Memo

   This document is an Internet-Draft and is in full conformance with
   all provisions of Section 10 of [RFC2026].

   Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering
   Task Force (IETF), its areas, and its working groups. Note that
   other groups may also distribute working documents as Internet-
   Drafts. Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of
   six months and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other
   documents at any time. It is inappropriate to use Internet- Drafts
   as reference material or to cite them other than as "work in
   progress."

   The list of current Internet-Drafts can be accessed at
   http://www.ietf.org/ietf/1id-abstracts.txt

   The list of Internet-Draft Shadow Directories can be accessed at
   http://www.ietf.org/shadow.html.

Acknowledgements

   Numerous individuals contributed to the creation of this draft
   through their careful review and submissions of comments and
   recommendations.  We acknowledge the following persons for their
   technical contributions to this document:  Mark Bakke (Cisco), John
   Hufferd (IBM), Julian Satran (IBM), Kaladhar Voruganti(IBM), Joe
   Czap (IBM), Jim Hafner (IBM), Yaron Klein (Sanrad), Larry Lamers
   (SAN Valley), Jack Harwood (EMC), David Black (EMC), David Robinson
   (Sun), Joe Souza (Microsoft), Alan Warwick (Microsoft), Bob Snead



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   (Microsoft), Fa Yeou (Nishan), Ken Hirata (Vixel), Howard Hall
   (Pirus), and Marjorie Krueger (HP).

Comments

   Comments should be sent to the IPS mailing list (ips@ece.cmu.edu) or
   to the authors.
















































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                             Table of Contents

Status of this Memo...................................................1
Acknowledgements......................................................1
Comments..............................................................2
1.    Abstract.......................................................7
2.    About this Document............................................7
2.1   Conventions Used in this Document..............................7
2.2   Purpose of this Document.......................................7
3.    iSNS Overview..................................................7
3.1   iSNS Architectural Components..................................8
3.1.1 iSNS Protocol (iSNSP)..........................................8
3.1.2 iSNS Client....................................................8
3.1.3 iSNS Server....................................................8
3.1.4 iSNS Database..................................................8
3.1.5 iSCSI..........................................................8
3.1.6 iFCP...........................................................9
3.2   iSNS Functional Overview.......................................9
3.2.1 Name Registration Service......................................9
3.2.2 Discovery Domain and Login Control Service (Zoning)............9
3.2.3 State Change Notification Service.............................11
3.2.4 Open Mapping Between Fibre Channel and iSCSI Devices..........11
3.3   iSNS and Domain Name System (DNS).............................12
3.4   iSNS and LDAP.................................................12
3.5   iSNS Server Discovery.........................................13
3.5.1 Service Location Protocol (SLP)...............................13
3.5.2 Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP)....................13
3.5.3 iSNS Heartbeat Message........................................13
3.6   iSNS and NAT..................................................13
3.7   Transfer of iSNS Database Records between iSNS Servers........14
3.8   Backup iSNS Servers...........................................16
3.9   Deployment Architecture Diagram...............................17
4.    iSNS Object Model.............................................18
4.1   NETWORK ENTITY Object.........................................18
4.2   PORTAL Object.................................................19
4.3   STORAGE NODE Object...........................................19
4.4   FC DEVICE Object..............................................19
4.5   DISCOVERY DOMAIN Object.......................................19
4.6   DISCOVERY DOMAIN SET Object...................................19
4.7   iSNS Database Model...........................................19
5.    iSNS Implementation Requirements..............................20
5.1   iSCSI Requirements............................................20
5.1.1 Required Attributes for Support of iSCSI......................20
5.1.2 Example iSCSI Object Model Diagrams...........................21
5.1.3 Required Commands and Response Messages for Support of iSCSI..23
5.2   iFCP Requirements.............................................24
5.2.1 Required Attributes for Support of iFCP.......................24
5.2.2 Example iFCP Object Model Diagram.............................25
5.2.3 Required Commands and Response Messages for Support of iFCP...26
5.3   Attribute Descriptions for Discovery Domain Registration......28
5.4   Use of TCP For iSNS Communication.............................29
5.5   Use of UDP For iSNS Communication.............................30
6.    iSNS Message Attributes.......................................30
6.1   iSNS Attribute Summary........................................30

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6.2   Entity Identifier-Keyed Attributes............................33
6.2.1 Entity Identifier (EID).......................................33
6.2.2 Entity Protocol...............................................34
6.2.3 Management IP Address.........................................34
6.2.4 Entity Registration Timestamp.................................34
6.2.5 Protocol Version Range........................................34
6.2.6 Registration Period...........................................34
6.2.7 Entity Index..................................................35
6.2.8 Entity ISAKMP Phase-1 Proposals...............................35
6.2.9 Entity Certificate............................................36
6.3   Portal-Keyed Attributes.......................................36
6.3.1 Portal IP-Address.............................................36
6.3.2 Portal TCP/UDP Port...........................................36
6.3.3 Portal Symbolic Name..........................................36
6.3.4 Entity Status Inquiry Interval................................36
6.3.5 ESI Port......................................................37
6.3.6 Portal Group..................................................37
6.3.7 Portal Index..................................................38
6.3.8 SCN Port......................................................38
6.3.9 Portal Security Bitmap........................................38
6.3.10Portal ISAKMP Phase-1 Proposals...............................38
6.3.11Portal ISAKMP Phase-2 Proposals...............................39
6.3.12Portal Certificate............................................39
6.4   iSCSI Node-Keyed Attributes...................................39
6.4.1 iSCSI Name....................................................39
6.4.2 iSCSI Node Type...............................................39
6.4.3 iSCSI Node Alias..............................................40
6.4.4 iSCSI Node SCN Bitmap.........................................40
6.4.5 iSCSI Node Index..............................................41
6.4.6 WWN Token.....................................................41
6.4.7 iSCSI AuthMethod..............................................42
6.4.8 iSCSI Node Certificate........................................42
6.5   FC Port-Keyed Attributes......................................42
6.5.1 Port Name (WWPN)..............................................43
6.5.2 Port ID.......................................................43
6.5.3 Port Type.....................................................43
6.5.4 Symbolic Port Name............................................43
6.5.5 Fabric Port Name (FWWN).......................................43
6.5.6 Hard Address..................................................44
6.5.7 Port IP Address...............................................44
6.5.8 Class of Service (COS)........................................44
6.5.9 FC-4 Types....................................................44
6.5.10FC-4 Descriptor...............................................44
6.5.11FC-4 Features.................................................44
6.5.12iFCP SCN Bitmap...............................................44
6.5.13iFCP Port Type................................................45
6.5.14Port Certificate..............................................45
6.6   Node-Keyed Attributes.........................................46
6.6.1 Node Name (WWNN)..............................................46
6.6.2 Symbolic Node Name............................................46
6.6.3 Node IP Address...............................................46
6.6.4 Node IPA......................................................46
6.6.5 Node Certificate..............................................46
6.6.6 Proxy iSCSI Name..............................................46

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6.7   Other Attributes..............................................47
6.7.1 FC-4 Type Code................................................47
6.7.2 iFCP Switch Name..............................................47
6.7.3 Preferred ID..................................................47
6.7.4 Assigned ID...................................................47
6.7.5 Space_Identifier..............................................47
6.8   Company OUI...................................................48
6.9   Discovery Domain Registration Attributes......................48
6.9.1 DD Set ID Keyed Attributes....................................48
6.9.2 DD ID Keyed Attributes........................................49
6.10  Vendor-Specific Attributes....................................50
6.10.1Vendor-Specific Server Attributes.............................50
6.10.2Vendor-Specific Entity Attributes.............................51
6.10.3Vendor-Specific Portal Attributes.............................51
6.10.4Vendor-Specific iSCSI Node Attributes.........................51
6.10.5Vendor-Specific Port Name Attributes..........................51
6.10.6Vendor-Specific Node Name Attributes..........................51
6.10.7Vendor-Specific Discovery Domain Attributes...................51
6.10.8Vendor-Specific Discovery Domain Set Attributes...............51
6.11  Standards-Based Extensions....................................51
7.    iSNSP Message Format..........................................51
7.1   iSNSP PDU Header..............................................52
7.1.1 iSNSP Version.................................................52
7.1.2 iSNSP Function ID.............................................52
7.1.3 iSNSP PDU Length..............................................52
7.1.4 iSNSP Flags...................................................52
7.1.5 iSNSP Transaction ID..........................................53
7.1.6 iSNSP Sequence ID.............................................53
7.2   iSNSP Message Segmentation and Reassembly.....................53
7.3   iSNSP Message Payload.........................................53
7.3.1 Attribute Value 4-Byte Alignment..............................54
7.4   iSNSP Response Error Codes....................................54
7.5   iSNS Multicast Message Authentication.........................55
7.6   Registration and Query Messages...............................56
7.6.1 Source Attribute..............................................57
7.6.2 Key Attributes................................................57
7.6.3 Delimiter Attribute...........................................58
7.6.4 Operating Attributes..........................................58
7.6.5 Registration and Query Message Types..........................58
7.7   Response Messages.............................................69
7.7.1 Error Code....................................................69
7.7.2 Key Attributes in Response....................................69
7.7.3 Delimiter Attribute in Response...............................70
7.7.4 Operating Attributes in Response..............................70
7.7.5 Registration and Query Message Types..........................70
7.8   Vendor Specific Messages......................................74
8.    Security Considerations.......................................74
8.1   iSNS Security Threat Analysis.................................74
8.2   iSNS Security Implementation and Usage Requirements...........74
8.3   Using iSNS to Discover Security Requirements of Peer Devices..76
8.4   Using iSNS to Configure Security Policies of Client Devices...76
8.5   Resource Issues...............................................77
8.6   iSNS Interaction with IKE and IPSec...........................77
9.    Normative References..........................................78

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10.   Informative References........................................79
11.   Author's Addresses............................................80
Full Copyright Statement.............................................81
Appendix A -- iSNS Examples..........................................82
A.1   iSCSI Initialization Example..................................82
A.1.1 Simple iSCSI Target Registration..............................82
A.1.2 Target Registration and DD Configuration......................83
A.1.3 Initiator Registration and Target Discovery...................84















































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1.       Abstract

   This document specifies the iSNS protocol, which is used for
   interaction between iSNS servers and iSNS clients in order to
   facilitate automated discovery, management, and configuration of
   iSCSI and Fibre Channel (FCP) devices on a TCP/IP network.  iSNS
   provides intelligent storage discovery and management services
   comparable to those found in Fibre Channel networks, allowing a
   commodity IP network to function in a similar capacity as a storage
   area network.  iSNS also facilitates a seamless integration of IP
   and Fibre Channel networks, due to its ability to emulate Fibre
   Channel fabric services, and manage both iSCSI and Fibre Channel
   devices.  iSNS thereby provides value in any storage network
   comprised of iSCSI devices, Fibre Channel devices, or any
   combination thereof.

2.       About this Document

2.1      Conventions Used in this Document

   iSNS refers to the framework consisting of the storage network model
   and associated services.

   The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
   "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED",  "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in
   this document are to be interpreted as described in [RFC2119].

   All frame formats are in big endian network byte order.

   All unused fields and bitmaps, including those that are RESERVED,
   SHOULD be set to zero.

2.2      Purpose of this Document

   This is a standards track document containing normative text
   specifying the iSNS Protocol, used by iSCSI and iFCP devices to
   communicate with the iSNS server.  This document focuses on the
   interaction between iSNS servers and iSNS clients; interactions
   among multiple authoritative primary iSNS servers are a potential
   topic for future work.

3.       iSNS Overview

   iSNS facilitates scalable configuration and management of iSCSI and
   Fibre Channel (FCP) storage devices in an IP network, by providing a
   set of services comparable to that available in Fibre Channel
   networks.  iSNS thus allows a commodity IP network to function at
   comparable level of intelligence to a Fibre Channel fabric.  iSNS
   allows the administrator to go beyond a simple device-by-device
   management model, where each storage device is manually and
   individually configured with its own list of known initiators and
   targets.  Using the iSNS, each storage device subordinates its
   discovery and management responsibilities to the iSNS server.  The

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   iSNS server thereby serves as the consolidated management contact
   through which administrator workstations can configure and manage
   the entire storage network, including both iSCSI and Fibre Channel
   devices.

   iSNS can be implemented to support iSCSI and/or iFCP protocols as
   needed; an iSNS implementation MAY provide support for one or both
   of these protocols as desired by the implementer.  Implementation
   requirements within each of these protocols is further discussed in
   section 5.  Use of iSNS is OPTIONAL for iSCSI, and REQUIRED for
   iFCP.

3.1      iSNS Architectural Components

3.1.1   iSNS Protocol (iSNSP)

   The iSNS Protocol (iSNSP) is a flexible and lightweight protocol
   that specifies how iSNS clients and servers communicate.  It is
   suitable for various platforms, including switches and targets as
   well as server hosts.

3.1.2   iSNS Client

   iSNS clients initiate transactions with iSNS servers using the
   iSNSP.  iSNS clients are applications that are co-resident in the
   storage device, and can register deviceÆs attribute information,
   download information about other registered clients in a common
   Discovery Domain (DD), and receive asynchronous notification of
   topology events that occur in their DD(s). Management stations are a
   special type of iSNS client that have access to all DDs stored in
   the iSNS.

3.1.3   iSNS Server

   iSNS servers respond to iSNS protocol queries and requests, and
   initiate iSNS protocol State Change Notifications.  Properly
   authenticated information submitted by a registration request is
   stored in an iSNS database.

3.1.4   iSNS Database

   The iSNS database is the information repository for the iSNS
   server(s).  It maintains information about iSNS client attributes.
   A directory-enabled implementation of iSNS may store client
   attributes in an LDAP directory infrastructure.

3.1.5   iSCSI

   iSCSI (Internet SCSI) is an encapsulation of SCSI for a new
   generation of storage devices interconnected with TCP/IP.





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3.1.6   iFCP

   iFCP (Internet FCP) is a gateway-to-gateway protocol designed to
   interconnect existing Fibre Channel and SCSI devices using TCP/IP.
   iFCP maps the existing FCP standard and associated Fibre Channel
   services to TCP/IP.

3.2      iSNS Functional Overview

   iSNS Protocol registration and query messages are sent by iSNS
   clients to servers, while notification messages are sent by iSNS
   servers to iSNS clients.  Messages originating at the client are
   sent to the iSNS server at the well-known iSNS TCP or UDP port
   number.

   There are four main functions of the iSNS:

   1)  A Name Service Providing Storage Resource Discovery

   2)  Discovery Domain (DD) and Login Control Service

   3)  State Change Notification Service

   4)  Open Mapping of Fibre Channel and iSCSI Devices

3.2.1   Name Registration Service

   The iSNS provides a registration function to allow all entities in a
   storage network to register and query the iSNS database.  Both
   targets and initiators can register in the iSNS database, as well as
   query for information about other initiators and targets.  This
   allows, for example, a client initiator to obtain information about
   target devices from the iSNS server. This service is modeled on the
   Fibre Channel Generic Services Name Server described in FC-GS-3,
   with extensions, operating within the context of an IP network.

   The naming registration service also provides the ability to obtain
   a network unique Domain ID for iFCP gateways when required.

3.2.2   Discovery Domain and Login Control Service (Zoning)

   Zoning is an important function in existing Storage Area Networks
   that allows storage administrators to partition storage assets into
   more manageable groups for administrative and management purposes.
   It also provides important storage network isolation capabilities to
   prevent interaction among incompatible storage and file systems.
   iSNS provides zoning capability through the Discovery Domain (DD)
   Service.

   The Discovery Domain (DD) Service facilitates the partitioning of
   iSNS client devices into more manageable groupings for
   administrative and login control purposes. This allows the
   administrator to limit the login process to the more appropriate
   subset of targets registered in the iSNS.  iSNS clients must be in

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   at least one common DD in order to obtain information about each
   other.  iSNS clients can be a member of multiple DD's
   simultaneously.

   The DD information stored in the iSNS can be used by various
   enforcement points in the network to configure security and access
   control policy.  For example, a DD-aware switch can block storage
   initiators from accessing targets that are not in the same DD, even
   if the initiator somehow obtained address information for a target
   outside of its DD.

   Login Control allows targets to subordinate their access
   control/authorization policy to the iSNS server.  The target node or
   device downloads the list of authorized initiators from the iSNS.
   Each node or device is uniquely identified by an iSCSI Name or FC
   Port Name.  Only initiators that match the required identification
   and authentication information provided by the iSNS will be allowed
   access by that target node or device during session establishment.
   If spoofing of initiator identities is a concern, the target may use
   the public key certificate of the authorized initiator, obtained
   from the iSNS server, to authenticate the initiator.

   DD's can be managed offline through a separate management
   workstation using the iSNSP or SNMP.  If the target opts to use the
   Login Control feature of the iSNS, the target subordinates
   management of access control policy (i.e., the list of initiators
   allowed to login to that target) to the management workstations that
   are manipulating information in the iSNS database.

   If administratively authorized, a target can upload its own Login
   Control list.  This is accomplished using the DDReg message and
   listing the iSCSI Name of each initiator to be registered in the
   Target's DD.

   Depending on the implementation, newly registered devices that have
   not explicitly been placed into a DD by the management station MAY
   be placed into a "default DD" where they are visible to other
   devices in that DD.  Other implementations MAY decide that they are
   registered with no DD, making them inaccessible to source-scoped
   iSNSP messages.

   The iSNS server uses the SOURCE field of each iSNSP message to
   determine the source of the request and scope the operation to the
   set of Discovery Domains that the iSNS client is a member of. In
   addition, the Node Type (specified in the iFCP or iSCSI Node Type
   bitmap field) may also be used to determine authorization for the
   specified iSNS operation.  For example, only CONTROL nodes are
   authorized to create or delete discovery domains.

   Valid and active Discovery Domains (DD's) belong to at least one
   active Discovery Domain Sets (DDS's).  Discovery Domains that do not
   belong to an activated DDS are not enabled.



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3.2.3   State Change Notification Service

   The State Change Notification (SCN) service allows the iSNS to issue
   notifications about network events that affect the operational state
   of iSNS clients. The iSNS client has the ability to register for
   these notifications of events detected by the iSNS.  The types of
   events for which SCNs can be sent include change in Discovery Domain
   (DD) membership and device registration updates.

   The State Change Notification service utilizes the Discovery Domain
   Service to control the distribution of notification messages.
   Notifications about changes within a DD are limited to members of
   that DD.

   If the iSNS is unable to service an SCN registration it SHALL reject
   the SCN registration request, returning a SCN Registration Rejected
   error code.  The rejection might occur in situations where the
   network size, or current level of SCN registrations, has passed an
   implementation-specific threshold.  A client not allowed to register
   for SCNs may monitor its sessions with other storage devices
   directly.

   The specific notification mechanism by which the iSNS learns of the
   events is implementation-specific, but can include examples such as
   explicit notification messages from an iSNS client to the iSNS
   server, or a hardware interrupt to a switch-hosted iSNS as a result
   of link failure.

3.2.4   Open Mapping Between Fibre Channel and iSCSI Devices

   The iSNS database stores naming and discovery information about both
   Fibre Channel and iSCSI devices.  This allows the iSNS to store
   mappings of a Fibre Channel device to a proxy iSCSI device "image"
   in the IP network.  Similarly, mappings of an iSCSI device to a
   "proxy WWN" can be stored under the WWN Token field for that that
   iSCSI device.

   Furthermore, through use of iSCSI-FC gateways, Fibre Channel-aware
   management stations can interact with the iSNS server to retrieve
   information about Fibre Channel devices, and use this information to
   manage Fibre Channel devices as well as iSCSI devices.  This allows
   management functions such as Discovery Domains and State Change
   Notifications to be seamlessly applied for both iSCSI and Fibre
   Channel devices, facilitating integration of IP networks with Fibre
   Channel devices and fabrics.

   Note that Fibre Channel attributes are stored as iFCP attributes,
   and the ability to store this information in the iSNS server is
   useful even if the iFCP protocol is not implemented.  In particular,
   tag 101 can be used to store a "Proxy iSCSI Name" for Fibre Channel
   devices registered in the iSNS.  This field is used to associate the
   FC device with an iSCSI registration entry that is used for the
   Fibre Channel device to communicate with iSCSI devices in the IP
   network.  Conversely, tag 37 contains an WWN Token field, which can

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   be used to store an FC Node Name (WWNN) value used by iSCSI-FC
   gateways to represent an iSCSI device in the Fibre Channel domain.

   By storing the mapping between Fibre Channel and iSCSI devices in
   the iSNS, this information becomes open to any iSNS client wishing
   to retrieve and use this information.  In many cases, this provides
   advantages over storing this information internally within an iSCSI-
   FC gateway, where the mapping is inaccessible to other devices
   except by proprietary mechanisms.

3.3      iSNS and Domain Name System (DNS)

   A directory-enabled iSNS implementation may use LDAP to store iSNS
   database records.  If this is the case, then LDAP can be used to
   support both the iSNS and DNS server infrastructures, in order to
   maintaining consistency in Domain Name-to-IP address mappings used
   by DNS and iSNS.

   A detailed description of the Domain Name System (DNS) protocol is
   found in [RFC 1035], and is beyond the scope of this document. If a
   common LDAP information base is used to support both DNS and iSNS
   servers, then Domain-Name-to-IP address mappings for storage devices
   can be obtained from either DNS servers or the iSNS.

3.4      iSNS and LDAP

   LDAP is a generic protocol to access directory services through the
   network.  It is a passive service designed to deliver scalable
   directory services using a get/set model.  Applications designed and
   tailored to specific user requirements interact with LDAP for their
   generic directory service needs.  On the other hand, iSNS is an
   application that goes beyond the simple get/set model, and provides
   specific capabilities needed to monitor and manage an enterprise-
   scale storage network.  iSNS is one example of an application that
   can leverage the services of LDAP.  By layering iSNS on top of LDAP,
   the capabilities of both iSNS and LDAP can be leveraged to manage
   and scale the enterprise IP storage network.

   The iSNS application provides capabilities that LDAP alone is not
   designed to achieve.  This includes the following:

   1)  Client Attribute Awareness - The iSNS server application
       interprets attribute values submitted by clients in registration
       messages, and can take appropriate action based upon specific
       registered attribute values.  The iSNS server is conscious of
       the state of each client.

   2)  State Change Notification - An iSNS server may initiate
       notification messages to clients in the event of a change in the
       network, such as the non-availability or non-reachability of a
       storage device, or a specific change of a client attribute.




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   3)  Monitoring of Clients - iSNS provides an Entity Status Inquiry
       message to verify the availability and reachability of storage
       devices.

   4)  Lightweight - iSNSP is a simple and lightweight protocol
       suitable for implementation on embedded devices such as switches
       and targets.  There are no unused or "wasted" features that may
       bog down the performance of the host device.

   LDAP provides important capabilities that can be used to increase
   the scalability of iSNS services.  For example, LDAP provides
   database replication capabilities (LDUP), which can be used to
   support iSNS deployments with multiple iSNS servers.

3.5      iSNS Server Discovery

3.5.1   Service Location Protocol (SLP)

   The Service Location Protocol (SLP) provides a flexible and scalable
   framework for providing hosts with access to information about the
   existence, location, and configuration of networked services,
   including the iSNS server.  SLP can be used by iSNS clients to
   discover the IP address or FQDN of the iSNS server.  To implement
   discovery through SLP, a Service Agent (SA) should be cohosted in
   the iSNS server, and a User Agent (UA) should be in each iSNS
   client. Each client multicasts a discovery message requesting the IP
   address of the iSNS server(s).  The SA responds to this request.
   Optionally, the location of the iSNS can be stored in the SLP
   Directory Agent (DA).

   Note that a complete description and specification of SLP can be
   found in [RFC2608], and is beyond the scope of this document.
   Additional details on use of SLP to discover iSNS can be found in
   [iSCSI-SLP].

3.5.2   Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP)

   The IP address of the iSNS server can be stored in a DHCP server to
   be downloaded by iSNS clients using a DHCP option.  The DHCP option
   number to be used for distributing the iSNS server location is
   <<TBD>>.

3.5.3   iSNS Heartbeat Message

   The iSNS heartbeat message is described in section 7.6.5.14.  It
   allows iSNS clients within the broadcast or multicast domain of the
   iSNS server to discover the location of the active iSNS server and
   any backup servers.

3.6      iSNS and NAT

   The existence of NAT will have an impact upon information retrieved
   from the iSNS.  If the iSNS client exists in a different addressing
   domain than the iSNS server, then IP address information stored in

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   the iSNS server may not be correct when interpreted in the domain of
   the iSNS client.

   There are several possible approaches to allow operation of iSNS
   within a NAT network.  The first approach is to require use of the
   canonical TCP port number by both targets and initiators when
   addressing targets across a NAT boundary, and for the iSNS client to
   not query for nominal IP addresses.  Rather, the iSNS client
   initiator queries for the DNS Fully Qualified Domain Name stored in
   the Entity Identifier field, when seeking addressing information.
   Once retrieved, the DNS name can be interpreted in each address
   domain and mapped to the appropriate IP address by local DNS
   servers.

   A second approach is to deploy a distributed network of iSNS
   servers.  Local iSNS servers are deployed inside and outside NAT
   boundaries, with each local server storing relevant IP addresses for
   their respective NAT domains.  Updates among the network of
   decentralized, local iSNS servers are handled using LDAP and using
   appropriate NAT translation rules implemented within the update
   mechanism in each server.

   The final alternative is to simply disallow use of NAT in
   communication between the iSNS server and any iSNS client.

3.7      Transfer of iSNS Database Records between iSNS Servers

   Transfer of iSNS database records between iSNS servers has important
   applications, including the following:

   1)  An independent organization needs to transfer storage
   information to a different organization.  Each organization
   independently maintains its own iSNS infrastructure.  To facilitate
   discovery of storage assets of the peer organization using IP, iSNS
   database records can be transferred between authoritative iSNS
   servers from each organization.  This allows storage sessions to be
   established directly between devices residing in each organization's
   storage network infrastructure over a common IP network.

   2)  Multiple iSNS servers are desired for redundancy.  Backup
   servers need to maintain copies of the primary server's dynamically
   changing database.

   To support the above applications, information in an iSNS server can
   be distributed to other iSNS servers either using the iSNS protocol,
   or through out-of-band mechanisms using non-iSNS protocols. The
   following examples illustrate possible methods to transfer data
   records between iSNS servers.  In the first example, a back-end LDAP
   information base is used to support the iSNS server, and the data is
   transferred using the LDAP protocol.  Once the record transfer of
   the remote device is completed, it becomes visible and accessible to
   local devices using the local iSNS server.  This allows local
   devices to establish sessions with remote devices (provided firewall
   boundaries can be negotiated).

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   +-------------------------+           +-------------------------+
   |+------+ iSNSP           |           |           iSNSP +-----+ |
   ||dev A |<----->+------+  |           |  +------+<----->|dev C| |
   |+------+       |      |  |           |  |      |       +-----+ |
   |+------+ iSNSP |local |  |           |  |remote| iSNSP +-----+ |
   ||dev B |<----->| iSNS |  |           |  | iSNS |<----->|dev D| |
   |+------+       |      |  |           |  |      |       +-----+ |
   |........       +--+---+  |   WAN     |  +---+--+               |
   |.dev C'.          |      |   Link    |      |                  |
   |........          |      =============      |                  |
   |                  |      |           |      |                  |
   |               +--+---+  |           |  +---+--+               |
   |               | local|<--- <--- <--- <-|remote|               |
   |               | LDAP |  |  LDAP:    |  | LDAP |               |
   |               +------+  Xfer "dev C"|  +------+               |
   +-------------------------+           +-------------------------+
          Enterprise                           Enterprise
          Network A                            Network B

   In the above diagram, two business partners wish to share storage
   "dev C". Using LDAP, the record for "dev C" can be transfered from
   Network B to Network A.  Once accessible to the local iSNS in
   Network A, local devices A and B can now discover and connect to
   "dev C".

   +-------------------------+           +-------------------------+
   |+------+ iSNSP           |           |           iSNSP +-----+ |
   ||dev A |<----->+------+  |           |  +------+<----->|dev C| |
   |+------+       |      |  |           |  |      |       +-----+ |
   |+------+ iSNSP |local |  |           |  |remote| iSNSP +-----+ |
   ||dev B |<----->| iSNS |  |           |  | iSNS |<----->|dev D| |
   |+------+       |      |  |           |  |      |       +-----+ |
   |........       +------+  |   WAN     |  +---+--+               |
   |.dev C'.          ^      |   Link    |      |                  |
   |........          |      =============      v                  |
   |                  |      |           |      |SNMP              |
   |                  |      |           |      |                  |
   |               +--+----+ |           |      v                  |
   |               | SNMP  |<--- <--- <--- <----                   |
   |               | Mgmt  | |  SNMP: Xfer "dev C"                 |
   |               |Station| |           |                         |
   |               +-------+ |           |                         |
   +-------------------------+           +-------------------------+
          Enterprise                           Enterprise
          Network A                            Network B


   The above diagram illustrates a second example of how iSNS records
   can be shared. This method uses an SNMP-based management station to
   manually download the desired record for "dev C", and then directly
   upload it to the local iSNS. Once the record is transferred to the
   local iSNS in Network A, "dev C" becomes visible and accessible
   (provided firewall boundaries can be negotiated) to other devices in
   Network A.

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   Other methods, including proprietary protocols, can be used to
   transfer device records between iSNS servers.  Further discussion
   and explanation of these methodologies is beyond the scope of this
   document.

3.8      Backup iSNS Servers

   This section offers a broad framework for implementation and
   deployment of iSNS backup servers.  Server failover and recovery are
   topics of continuing research and adequate resolution of issues such
   as split brain and primary server selection is dependent on the
   specific implementation requirements and deployment needs.
   Therefore, it is beyond the scope of this specification to
   facilitate more than a basic interoperability among failover
   mechanisms.  Further development of redundant iSNS server mechanisms
   are left to the individual implementation.

   Multiple iSNS servers can be used to provide redundancy in the event
   that the active iSNS server fails or is removed from the network.
   The methods described in section 3.7 above can be used to transfer
   name server records to backup iSNS servers.  Each backup server
   maintains a redundant copy of the name server database found in the
   primary iSNS server, and can respond to iSNS protocol messages in
   the same way as the active server.  Each backup server SHOULD
   monitor the health and status of the active iSNS server, including
   checking to make sure its own database is synchronized with the
   active server's database.  How each backup server accomplishes this
   is implementation-dependent, and may (or may not) include using the
   iSNS protocol.  If the iSNS protocol is used, then the backup server
   MAY register itself in the active server's iSNS database as a
   control node, allowing it to receive state change notifications.

   Generally, the administrator or some automated election process is
   responsible for initial and subsequent designation of the primary
   server and each backup server.

   A maximum of one backup iSNS server SHALL exist at any individual IP
   address.

   In addition to proprietary vendor-specific ways of deploying
   multiple redundant iSNS servers, the iSNS heartbeat can also be used
   to coordinate designation and selection of primary and backup iSNS
   servers.

   Each backup server should note its relative precedence in the active
   server's list of backup servers.  If not already known, each backup
   server MAY learn its precedence from the iSNS heartbeat message, by
   noting the position of its IP address in the ordered list of backup
   server IP addresses.  For example, if it is the first backup listed
   in the heartbeat message, then its backup precedence is 1.  If it is
   the third backup server listed, then its backup precedence is 3.

   If a backup server establishes that it has lost connectivity to the
   active server and other backup servers of higher precedence, then it

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   shall assume that it is the active server.  The method of
   determining whether connectivity has been lost is implementation-
   specific.  One possible approach is to assume that if the backup
   server does not receive iSNS hearbeat messages for a period of time,
   then connectivity to the active server has been lost.   Alternately,
   the backup server may establish TCP connections to the active server
   and other backup servers, and loss of connectivity determined
   through non-response to periodic echo messages (using iSNSP, SNMP,
   or other protocols).

   When a backup server becomes the active server, it shall assume all
   active server responsibilities, including (if used) transmission of
   the iSNS heartbeat message.  If transmitting the iSNS heartbeat, the
   backup server replaces the active Server IP Address and TCP/UDP Port
   entries with its own IP address and TCP/UDP Port, and begins
   incrementing the counter field from the last known value from the
   previously-active iSNS server.  However, it MUST NOT change the
   original ordered list of backup server IP Address and TCP/UDP Port
   entries.  If the primary backup server or other higher-precedence
   backup server returns, then the existing active server is
   responsible for ensuring that the new active server's database is
   up-to-date before demoting itself to its original status as backup.

3.9      Deployment Architecture Diagram

   The following diagram displays examples of where and how iSNS can be
   deployed, and of the various IP-based storage entities that it can
   support.



























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    +------------+          +-----------+          +-----------+
    |            |   LDAP   | Directory |   LDAP   |   iSNS    |
    | DNS Server |<-------->|  Database |<-------->|  Server   |
    |            |          |           |          |           |
    +------+-----+          +-----+-----+          +-----+-----+
           |                      |                      |
           | DNS                  | LDAP           iSNSP |
           |Queries               |                      |
    +------+----------------------+----------------------+---------+
    |                                                              |
    |                         IP Network                           |
    |                                                              |
    +----+-----------+----------+---------------+------------------+
         |           |          |               |
         |           |    +-----+-----+  +------+-----+
         |           |    |iSCSI-/    |  |iFCP   /    |
         |           |    | FC  /iSNS |  |Switch/iSNS |
         |           |    |Gtwy/Server|  |     /Server|
         |           |    +----+------+  +-+-------+--+
         |           |         |           |       |
    +----+----+ +----+---+ +---+----+ +----+-+ +---+----+
    |  iSCSI  | |  iSCSI | | Fibre  | |  FC  | | Fibre  |
    |Initiator| | Target | |Channel | |Device| |Channel |
    +---------+ +--------+ |Network | +------+ |Network |
                           +--------+          +--------+

4.       iSNS Object Model

   iSNS provides the framework for the registration, discovery, and
   management of iSCSI devices and Fibre Channel-based devices (using
   iFCP).  This architecture framework provides elements needed to
   describe various storage device objects and attributes that may
   exist on an IP storage network.  Objects defined in this
   architecture framework include SAN, NETWORK ENTITY, PORTAL, STORAGE
   NODE, STORAGE DEVICE DISCOVERY DOMAIN, and DISCOVERY DOMAIN SET.
   Each of these objects are described in greater detail in the
   following sections.

4.1      NETWORK ENTITY Object

   The NETWORK ENTITY object is a container of STORAGE NODE objects and
   PORTAL objects.  It represents a logical device or gateway that is
   accessible from the IP network.  All STORAGE NODEs and PORTALs
   contained within a single NETWORK ENTITY object operate in a
   coordinated manner.

   Note that it is possible for a single physical device or gateway to
   be represented by more than one logical Network Entity in the iSNS
   database.  For example, one of the storage nodes on a physical
   device may be accessible from only a subset of the network
   interfaces (i.e., portals) available on that device.  In this case,
   a logical network entity (i.e., a "shadow entity") is created and
   used to contain the portals and storage nodes that can operate


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   cooperatively.  No object (portals, storage nodes, etc...) can be
   contained by more than one logical Network Entity.

4.2      PORTAL Object

   The PORTAL object is an interface through which access to any
   STORAGE NODE within the NETWORK ENTITY can be obtained.  An IP
   address and TCP/UDP Port number uniquely distinguish a PORTAL
   object.  A NETWORK ENTITY should have one or more PORTALs, each of
   which is usable by STORAGE NODEs contained in that NETWORK ENTITY to
   gain access to, or be accessible from, the IP network.

4.3      STORAGE NODE Object

   The STORAGE NODE object is the logical endpoint of an iSCSI or iFCP
   session. In iFCP, the session endpoint is represented by the World
   Wide Port Name (WWPN).  In iSCSI, the session endpoint is
   represented by the iSCSI Name of the device.

4.4      FC DEVICE Object

   The FC DEVICE represents the Fibre Channel end node.  This object
   contains information that may be useful in the management of the
   Fibre Channel device.

4.5      DISCOVERY DOMAIN Object

   DISCOVERY DOMAINS (DD) are a security and management mechanism used
   to administer access and connectivity to storage devices.  Discovery
   Domains limit the discovery process to the administrator-configured
   subset of relevant storage devices, preventing initiators from
   inappropriately attempting login to devices that they shouldnÆt have
   access to.  When queried, the iSNS server will provide information
   only for storage entities that share at least one common DD.
   Initiators will not be able to "see" devices with which they do not
   have at least one common DD.

4.6      DISCOVERY DOMAIN SET Object

   The DISCOVERY DOMAIN SET (DDS) is a container object for DDÆs.
   DDSÆs may contain one or more DDÆs.  Similarly, each DD can be a
   member of one or more DDSÆs.  DDSÆs are a mechanism to store
   coordinated sets of DD mappings in the iSNS.

4.7      iSNS Database Model

   The following shows the various objects described above and their
   relationship to each other.







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                    +--------------+    +-----------+
                    |    NETWORK   |1  *|           |
                    |    ENTITY    |----|  PORTAL   |
                    |              |    |           |
                    +--------------+    +-----------+
                            | 1
                            |
                            |
                            | *
   +-----------+    +--------------+    +-----------+    +-----------+
   |    FC     |1  *|   STORAGE    |*  *| DISCOVERY |*  *| DISCOVERY |
   |  DEVICE   |----|    NODE      |----|  DOMAIN   |----|  DOMAIN   |
   |           |    |              |    |           |    |    SET    |
   +-----------+    +--------------+    +-----------+    +-----------+

                * represents 0 to many possible relationships


5.       iSNS Implementation Requirements

   iSNS can be implemented with features to support iSCSI and/or iFCP.
   Implementation of support for either or both of these protocols is
   OPTIONAL. If iSNS is implemented to support a particular protocol,
   then a minimum set of attributes and iSNSP commands is REQUIRED for
   support of that protocol. This section details specific requirements
   for support of each of these IP storage protocols. Implementation
   requirements for security are described in section 1.1.

5.1      iSCSI Requirements

   Use of iSNS in support of iSCSI is OPTIONAL.  iSCSI devices MAY be
   manually configured with the iSCSI Name and IP address of peer
   devices, without the aid or intervention of iSNS.  iSCSI devices
   also may use SLP [RFC 2608] to discover peer iSCSI devices.
   However, iSNS is useful for scaling a storage network to a larger
   number of iSCSI devices.

5.1.1   Required Attributes for Support of iSCSI

   The following attributes are available to support iSCSI.  Attributes
   indicated in the REQUIRED TO IMPLEMENT column MUST be supported by
   an iSNS server used to support iSCSI.  Attributes indicated in the
   REQUIRED TO USE column MUST be supported by an iSCSI device that
   elects to use the iSNS.











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                                               REQUIRED     REQUIRED
   Object                Attribute           to Implement   to Use
   ------                ---------           ------------   --------
   NETWORK ENTITY     Entity Identifier            *           *
                      Entity Protocol              *           *
                      Management IP Address
                      Timestamp                    *
                      Protocol Version Range       *
                      Registration Period          *
                      Entity Index                 *
                      Entity IKE Phase-1 Proposal
                      Entity Certificate

   PORTAL             IP Address                   *           *
                      TCP/UDP Port                 *           *
                      Portal Symbolic Name         *
                      ESI Interval                 *
                      ESI Port                     *
                      Portal Group                 *
                      Portal Index                 *
                      SCN Port                     *
                      Portal Security Bitmap       *
                      Portal IKE Phase-1 Proposal
                      Portal IKE Phase-2 Proposal
                      Portal Certificate

   STORAGE NODE       iSCSI Name                   *           *
                      iSCSI Node Type              *           *
                      Alias                        *
                      iSCSI SCN Bitmap             *
                      iSCSI Node Index             *
                      WWN Token
                      iSCSI AuthMethod
                      iSCSI Node Certificate

   DISCOVERY DOMAIN   DD_ID                        *           *
                      DD_Symbolic Name             *
                      DD iSCSI Node Index          *
                      DD iSCSI Node Member         *
                      DD Features                  *

   DISCOVERY DOMAIN   DDS Identifier               *
   SET                DDS Symbolic Name            *
                      Status                       *


   All iSCSI user-specified and vendor-specified attributes are
   optional to implement and use.

5.1.2   Example iSCSI Object Model Diagrams

   The following diagram models how a simple iSCSI-based initiator and
   target is represented using database objects stored in the iSNS.  In


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   this implementation, each target and initiator is attached to a
   single PORTAL.

   +----------------------------------------------------------------+
   |                         IP Network                             |
   +------------+--------------------------------------+------------+
                |                                      |
                |                                      |
   +-----+------+------+-----+            +-----+------+------+-----+
   |     | PORTAL      |     |            |     | PORTAL      |     |
   |     | -IP Addr 1  |     |            |     | -IP Addr 2  |     |
   |     | -TCP Port 1 |     |            |     | -TCP Port 2 |     |
   |     +-----+ +-----+     |            |     +-----+ +-----+     |
   |           | |           |            |           | |           |
   |           | |           |            |           | |           |
   |  +--------+ +--------+  |            |   +-------+ +--------+  |
   |  |                   |  |            |   |                  |  |
   |  |  STORAGE NODE     |  |            |   |  STORAGE NODE    |  |
   |  |  -iSCSI Name      |  |            |   |   -iSCSI Name    |  |
   |  |  -Alias: "server1"|  |            |   |   -Alias: "disk1"|  |
   |  |  -Type: initiator |  |            |   |   -Type: target  |  |
   |  |                   |  |            |   |                  |  |
   |  +-------------------+  |            |   +------------------+  |
   |                         |            |                         |
   |    NETWORK ENTITY       |            |    NETWORK ENTITY       |
   |   -Entity ID (FQDN):    |            |   -Entity ID (FQDN):    |
   |    "strg1.foo.com"      |            |    "strg2.bar.com"      |
   |   -Protocol: iSCSI      |            |   -Protocol: iSCSI      |
   |                         |            |                         |
   +-------------------------+            +-------------------------+

   The object model can be expanded to describe more complex devices,
   such as an iSCSI device with more than one storage controller, each
   controller accessible through any of multiple PORTAL interfaces.
   The storage controllers on this device can be accessed through
   alternate PORTAL interfaces, if any original interface should fail.
   The following diagram describes such a device:


















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   +---------------------------------------------------------------+
   |                         IP Network                            |
   +-------------------+-----------------------+-------------------+
                       |                       |
                       |                       |
   +------------+------+------+---------+------+------+------------+
   |            | PORTAL      |         | PORTAL      |            |
   |            | -IP Addr 1  |         | -IP Addr 2  |            |
   |            | -TCP Port 1 |         | -TCP Port 2 |            |
   |            +-----+ +-----+         +-----+ +-----+            |
   |                  | |                     | |                  |
   |  +---------------+ +---------------------+ +---------------+  |
   |  +-------+ +----------------+ +-------------------+ +------+  |
   |          | |                | |                   | |         |
   |  +-------+ +-------+ +------+ +--------+ +--------+ +------+  |
   |  |                 | |                 | |                 |  |
   |  | STORAGE NODE    | | STORAGE NODE    | | STORAGE NODE    |  |
   |  |  -iSCSI Name 1  | |  -iSCSI Name 2  | |  -iSCSI Name 3  |  |
   |  |  -Alias: "disk1"| |  -Alias: "disk2"| |  -Alias: "disk3"|  |
   |  |  -Type: target  | |  -Type: target  | |  -Type: target  |  |
   |  |                 | |                 | |                 |  |
   |  +-----------------+ +-----------------+ +-----------------+  |
   |                                                               |
   |                         NETWORK ENTITY                        |
   |                    -Entity ID (FQDN): "dev1.foo.com"          |
   |                    -Protocol: iSCSI                           |
   |                                                               |
   +---------------------------------------------------------------+


5.1.3   Required Commands and Response Messages for Support of iSCSI

   The following are iSNSP messages and responses are available in
   support of iSCSI.  Messages indicated in the REQUIRED TO IMPLEMENT
   column MUST be implemented in iSNS servers used for iSCSI devices.
   Messages indicated in the REQUIRED TO USE column must be implemented
   in iSCSI devices that elect to use the iSNS.

                                                     REQUIRED TO:
      Message Description    Abbreviation  Func ID  Implement  Use
      -------------------    ------------  -------  ---------  ---
   Register Dev Attr Req     RegDevAttr    0x0001       *       *
   Dev Attr Query Request    DevAttrQry    0x0002       *       *
   Dev Get Next Request      DevGetNext    0x0003       *
   Deregister Dev Request    DeregDev      0x0004       *       *
   SCN Register Request      SCNReg        0x0005       *
   SCN Deregister Request    SCNDereg      0x0006       *
   SCN Event                 SCNEvent      0x0007       *
   State Change Notification SCN           0x0008       *
   DD Register               DDReg         0x0009       *       *
   DD Deregister             DDDereg       0x000A       *       *
   DDS Register              DDSReg        0x000B       *       *
   DDS Deregister            DDSDereg      0x000C       *       *
   Entity Status Inquiry     ESI           0x000D       *

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   Name Service Heartbeat    Heartbeat     0x000E
   NOT USED                                0x000F-0x0013
   RESERVED                                0x0014-0x00FF
   Vendor Specific                         0x0100-0x01FF
   RESERVED                                0x0200-0x8000


   The following are iSNSP response messages used in support of iSCSI:

                                                     REQUIRED TO:
   Response Message Desc     Abbreviation  Func_ID  Implement  Use
   ---------------------     ------------  -------  ---------  ---
   Register Dev Attr Rsp     RegDevRsp     0x8001       *       *
   Dev Attr Query Rsp        DevAttrQryRsp 0x8002       *       *
   Dev Get Next Rsp          DevGetNextRsp 0x8003       *
   Deregister Dev Rsp        DeregDevRsp   0x8004       *       *
   SCN Register Rsp          SCNRegRsp     0x8005       *
   SCN Deregister Rsp        SCNDeregRsp   0x8006       *
   SCN Event Rsp             SCNEventRsp   0x8007       *
   SCN Response              SCNRsp        0x8008       *
   DD Register Rsp           DDRegRsp      0x8009       *       *
   DD Deregister Rsp         DDDeregRsp    0x800A       *       *
   DDS Register Rsp          DDSRegRsp     0x800B       *       *
   DDS Deregister Rsp        DDSDeregRsp   0x800C       *       *
   Entity Stat Inquiry Rsp   ESIRsp        0x800D       *
   NOT USED                                0x800E-0x8013
   RESERVED                                0x8014-0x80FF
   Vendor Specific                         0x8100-0x81FF
   RESERVED                                0x8200-0xFFFF


5.2      iFCP Requirements

   In iFCP, use of iSNS is REQUIRED.  No alternatives exist for support
   of iFCP Naming & Discovery functions.

5.2.1   Required Attributes for Support of iFCP

   The following table displays attributes that are used by iSNS to
   support iFCP.  Attributes indicated in the REQUIRED TO IMPLEMENT
   column MUST be supported by the iSNS server that supports iFCP.
   Attributes indicated in the REQUIRED TO USE column MUST be supported
   by iFCP gateways.

                                               REQUIRED     REQUIRED
   Object                Attribute           to Implement    to Use
   ------                ---------           ------------   --------
   NETWORK ENTITY     Entity Identifier            *           *
                      Entity Protocol              *           *
                      Management IP Address
                      Timestamp                    *
                      Protocol Version Range       *
                      Registration period
                      Entity Index

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                      Entity IKE Phase-1 Proposal
                      Entity Certificate

   PORTAL             IP Address                   *           *
                      TCP/UDP Port                 *           *
                      Symbolic Name                *
                      ESI Interval                 *
                      ESI Port                     *
                      Portal IKE Phase-1 Proposal
                      Portal IKE Phase-2 Proposal
                      Portal Certificate
                      Security Bitmap              *

   STORAGE NODE       Port Name (WWPN)             *           *
                      Port_ID                      *           *
                      Port Type                    *           *
                      Port Symbolic Name           *
                      Fabric Port Name (FWWN)      *
                      Hard Address                 *
                      Port IP Address              *
                      Class of Service             *
                      FC FC-4 Types                *
                      FC FC-4 Descriptors          *
                      FC FC-4 Features             *
                      SCN Bitmap                   *
                      Port Certificate

   FC DEVICE          Node Name (WWNN)             *           *
                      Node Symbolic Name           *
                      Node IP Address              *
                      Node IPA                     *
                      Node Certificate
                      Proxy iSCSI Name

   DISCOVERY DOMAIN   DD_ID                        *           *
                      DD_Symbolic Name             *
                      DD iFCP Member (WWPN)        *

   DISCOVERY DOMAIN   DDS Identifier               *
   SET                DDS Symbolic Name            *
                      DDS Status                   *

   OTHER              Switch Name
                      Preferred_ID
                      Assigned_ID
                      Space Identifier

5.2.2   Example iFCP Object Model Diagram

   The iFCP protocol allows native Fibre Channel devices or Fibre
   Channel fabrics connected to an iFCP gateway to be directly
   internetworked using IP.



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   When supporting iFCP, the iSNS stores Fibre Channel device
   attributes, iFCP gateway attributes, and Fibre Channel fabric switch
   attributes that might also be stored in an FC name server.

   The following diagram shows a representation of a gateway supporting
   multiple Fibre Channel devices behind it.  The two PORTAL objects
   represent IP interfaces on the iFCP gateway that can be used to
   access any of the three STORAGE NODE objects behind it.  Note that
   the FC DEVICE object is not contained in the NETWORK ENTITY object.
   However, each FC DEVICE has a relationship to one or more STORAGE
   NODE objects.

   +--------------------------------------------------------+
   |                         IP Network                     |
   +--------+-----------------+-----------------------------+
            |                 |
   +-+------+------+---+------+------+----------------------+
   | | PORTAL      |   | PORTAL      |    NETWORK ENTITY    |
   | | -IP Addr 1  |   | -IP Addr 2  |   -Entity ID (FQDN): |
   | | -TCP Port 1 |   | -TCP Port 2 |    ôgtwy1.foo.comö   |
   | +-----+ +-----+   +-----+ +-----+   -Protocol: iFCP    |
   |       | |               | |                            |
   | +-----+ +---------------+ +----------------------+     |
   | +-----+ +---------------+ +-------------+ +------+     |
   |       | |               | |             | |            |
   | +-----+ +-----+    +----+ +------+ +----+ +------+     |
   | |STORAGE NODE |    |STORAGE NODE | |STORAGE NODE |     |
   | | -WWPN 1     |    | -WWPN 2     | | -WWPN 3     |     |
   | | -Port ID 1  |    | -Port ID 2  | | -Port ID 3  |     |
   | | -FWWN 1     |    | -FWWN 2     | | -FWWN 3     |     |
   | | -FC COS     |    | -FC COS     | | -FC COS     |     |
   | +------+------+    +-------+-----+ +----+--------+     |
   +--------|-------------------|------------|--------------+
            |                   |            |
     +------+------+        +---+------------+---+
     | FC DEVICE   |        |    FC DEVICE       |
     | -WWNN 1     |        |   -WWNN 2          |
     |             |        |                    |
     +-------------+        +--------------------+


5.2.3   Required Commands and Response Messages for Support of iFCP

   The iSNSP messages and responses displayed in the following tables
   are available to support iFCP gateways.  Messages indicated in the
   REQUIRED TO IMPLEMENT column MUST be supported by the iSNS server
   used by iFCP gateways.  Messages indicated in the REQUIRED TO USE
   column MUST be supported by the iFCP gateways themselves.







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                                                     REQUIRED TO:
      Message Description    Abbreviation  Func ID  Implement  Use
      -------------------    ------------  -------  ---------  ---
   Register Dev Attr Req     RegDevAttr    0x0001       *       *
   Dev Attr Query Request    DevAttrQry    0x0002       *       *
   Dev Get Next Request      DevGetNext    0x0003       *
   Deregister Dev Request    DeregDev      0x0004       *       *
   SCN Register Request      SCNReg        0x0005       *
   SCN Deregister Request    SCNDereg      0x0006       *
   SCN Event                 SCNEvent      0x0007       *
   State Change Notification SCN           0x0008       *
   DD Register               DDReg         0x0009       *       *
   DD Deregister             DDDereg       0x000A       *       *
   DDS Register              DDSReg        0x000B       *       *
   DDS Deregister            DDSDereg      0x000C       *       *
   Entity Status Inquiry     ESI           0x000D       *
   Name Service Heartbeat    Heartbeat     0x000E       *
   Reserved                  Reserved      0x000F-0x0010
   Request Switch ID         RqstSwId      0x0011
   Release Switch ID         RlseSwId      0x0012
   Get Switch IDs            GetSwIds      0x0013
   RESERVED                                0x0014-0x00FF
   Vendor Specific                         0x0100-0x01FF
   RESERVED                                0x0200-0x8000


   The following are iSNSP response messages in support of iFCP:




























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                                                     REQUIRED TO:
   Response Message Desc     Abbreviation  Func_ID  Implement  Use
   ---------------------     ------------  -------  ---------  ---
   Register Dev Attr Rsp     RegDevRsp     0x8001       *       *
   Dev Attr Query Resp       DevAttrQryRsp 0x8002       *       *
   Dev Get Next Resp         DevGetNextRsp 0x8003       *
   Deregister Dev Resp       DeregDevRsp   0x8004       *       *
   SCN Register Resp         SCNRegRsp     0x8005       *
   SCN Deregister Resp       SCNDeregRsp   0x8006       *
   SCN Event Resp            SCNEventRsp   0x8007       *
   SCN Response              SCNRsp        0x8008       *
   DD Register Rsp           DDRegRsp      0x8009       *       *
   DD Deregister Rsp         DDDeregRsp    0x800A       *       *
   DDS Register Rsp          DDSRegRsp     0x800B       *       *
   DDS Deregister Rsp        DDSDeregRsp   0x800C       *       *
   Entity Stat Inquiry Resp  ESIRsp        0x800D       *
   NOT USED                                0x800E
   RESERVED                                0x800F-0x8010
   Request Switch ID Resp    RqstSwIdRsp   0x8011
   Release Switch ID Resp    RlseSwIdRsp   0x8012
   Get Switch IDs            GetSwIdRsp    0x0013
   RESERVED                                0x8014-0x80FF
   Vendor Specific                         0x8100-0x81FF
   RESERVED                                0x8200-0xFFFF


5.3      Attribute Descriptions for Discovery Domain Registration

   Discovery Domains are logical groupings of initiators and targets
   that are used to limit the login process to the appropriate subset
   of devices registered in the iSNS.

   Support for Discovery Domains is required for all protocols.  The
   iSNS attributes for Discovery Domain and Discovery Domain Set
   registration are shown in the following:




















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   DISCOVERY DOMAIN SET
      |
      - DD Set_ID
      - DD Set_Symbolic Name
      - DD Set Enabled/Disabled

   DD SET_MEMBER
      |
      - DD Set_ID
      - DD_ID

   DISCOVERY DOMAIN
      |
      - DD_ID
      - DD_Symbolic Name
      - DD Features

   DD_MEMBER
      |
      - DD_ID
      - iSCSI Node Index, iSCSI Name, or WWPN


   Membership in a Discovery Domain is established by registering one
   of the following attributes in that DD:

        - iSCSI Name or    : this places the iSCSI node in the
          iSCSI Node Index   Discovery Domain

        - WWPN             : this places the FC Port in the
                             Discovery Domain

5.4      Use of TCP For iSNS Communication

   TCP can be used for any or all iSNS communication.  The iSNS server
   MUST accept TCP connections for client registrations.  The well-
   known TCP port used by the iSNS server to receive TCP messages used
   is 3205.  The iSNS client MAY use one or more TCP connections to
   register attributes and communicate with the server.

   To receive ESI monitoring using TCP, the client registers the Portal
   ESI Interval and the port number of the TCP port that will be used
   to receive ESI inquiry messages.  TCP-based ESI monitoring requires
   that an open TCP connection be maintained by the iSNS server to
   every iSNS client registered to receive monitoring.  This TCP
   connection is terminated at the iSNS client at the registered ESI
   Port number.  If the TCP connection supporting ESI monitoring is
   terminated, then the client must reregister for ESI messages on a
   new TCP connection in order to continue to receive ESI monitoring.

   To receive SCN notifications using TCP, the client registers the
   iSCSI or iFCP SCN Bitmap and the port number of the TCP port in the
   Portal used to receive SCN's. The TCP connection for SCN's does not
   necessarily need to be continuously open.

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   It is possible for an iSNS client to use the same TCP connection for
   SCN, ESI, and iSNS queries.  Alternately, separate connections may
   be used.

5.5      Use of UDP For iSNS Communication

   The iSNS server MAY accept UDP messages for client registrations.
   The iSNS server MUST accept registrations from clients requesting
   UDP-based ESI and SCN messages.  The well-known UDP port used to
   receive UDP messages is 3205.

   To receive UDP-based ESI monitoring messages, the client registers
   the port number of the UDP port in at least one Portal to be used to
   receive and respond to ESI messages from the iSNS server.  If an
   entity has multiple Portals with registered ESI UDP Ports, then ESI
   messages SHALL be delivered to every Portal registered to receive
   such messages.

   To receive UDP-based SCN notification messages, the client registers
   the port number of the UDP port in at least one Portal to be used to
   receive SCN messages from the iSNS server.  If an entity has
   multiple Portals with registered SCN UDP Ports, then SCN messages
   SHALL be delivered to each Portal registered to receive such
   messages.

6.       iSNS Message Attributes

   The following are attributes stored in the iSNS server, which can be
   retrieved using iSNS queries.  Unless otherwise indicated, these
   attributes are supplied by iSNS clients using iSNS registration
   messages.

6.1      iSNS Attribute Summary

   The following table lists all iSNSP message attributes:




















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   T Entity Attributes       Length   Tag   Reg Key   Query Key
   - ----------------------- ------   ---   -------   -----------
     Delimiter               0-256    0     N/A       N/A
   ^ Entity Identifier (EID) 0-256    1     1|@       @|1|2|16,17|32|64
   & Entity Protocol         4        2     1         @|1|2|16,17|32|64
     Mgt IP Address          16       3     1         @|1|2|16,17|32|64
   = Timestamp               8        4     1         @|1|2|16,17|32|64
     Protocol Version Range  4        5     1         @|1|2|16,17|32|64
     Registration Period     4        6     1         @|1|2|16,17|32|64
     Entity Index            4        7     1         @|1|2|16,17|32|64
     Entity ISAKMP Phase-1   var      11    1         @|1|2|16,17|32|64
   * Entity Certificate      var      12    1         @|1|2|16,17|32|64
   # Portal IP-Address       16       16    1         @|1|16,17|32|64
   $ Portal TCP/UDP Port     4        17    1         @|1|16,17|32|64
     Portal Symbolic Name    0-256    18    16,17     @|1|16,17|32|64
     ESI Interval            4        19    16,17     @|1|16,17|32|64
     ESI Port                4        20    16,17     @|1|16,17|32|64
     Portal Group            4        21    16,17     @|1|16,17|32|64
     Portal Index            4        22    16,17     @|1|16,17|32|64
     SCN Port                4        23    16,17     @|1|16,17|32|64
     Portal Security Bitmap  4        27    16,17     @|1|16,17|32|64
   * Portal ISAKMP Phase-1   var      28    16,17     @|1|16,17|32|64
   * Portal ISAKMP Phase-2   var      29    16,17     @|1|16,17|32|64
   * Portal Certificate      var      31    16,17     @|1|16,17|32|64
   # iSCSI Name              4-256    32    1%        @|1|16,17|32|33
   & iSCSI Node Type         4        33    32        @|1|16,17|32
     Alias                   0-256    34    32        @|1|16,17|32
     iSCSI SCN Bitmap        4        35    32        @|1|16,17|32
     iSCSI Node Index        4        36    32        @|1|16,17|32
     WWN Token               8        37    32        @|1|16,17|32
     iSCSI AuthMethod        var      42    32        @|1|16,17|32
   * iSCSI Node Certificate  var      43    32        @|1|16,17|32
   # Port Name WWPN          8        64    1%   @|1|16,17|64|66|96|128
     Port ID                 4        65    64        @|1|16,17|64
     Port Type               4        66    64        @|1|16,17|64
     Symbolic Port Name      0-256    67    64        @|1|16,17|64
     Fabric Port Name        8        68    64        @|1|16,17|64
     Hard Address            4        69    64        @|1|16,17|64
     Port IP-Address         16       70    64        @|1|16,17|64
     Class of Service        4        71    64        @|1|16,17|64
     FC-4 Types              32       72    64        @|1|16,17|64
     FC-4 Descriptor         0-256    73    64        @|1|16,17|64
     FC-4 Features           128      74    64        @|1|16,17|64
     iFCP SCN bitmap         4        75    64        @|1|16,17|64
     iFCP Port Type          4        76    64        @|1|16,17|64
   * Port Certificate        var      83    64        @|1|16,17|64
     FC-4 Type Code          4        95    Query Key only
   # Node Name WWNN          8        96    @         @|64|96
     Symbolic Node Name      0-256    97    96        @|64|96
     Node IP-Address         16       98    96        @|64|96
     Node IPA                8        99    96        @|64|96
   * Node Certificate        var     100    96        @|64|96
     Proxy iSCSI Name        0-256   101    96        @|64|96
     Switch Name             8       128    128|@

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     Preferred ID            4       129    128       @|128
     Assigned ID             4       130    128       @|128
     Space_Identifier        0-256   131    128       @|128
     RESERVED for iSNS server-specific      tags in range 132-255
     Company OUI             4       256
   * Vendor-Spec iSNS Srvr   var       -    tags in range 257-384
   * Vendor-Spec Entity      var       -    tags in range 385-512
   * Vendor-Spec Portal      var       -    tags in range 513-640
   * Vendor-Spec iSCSI Node  var       -    tags in range 641-768
   * Vendor-Spec Port Name   var       -    tags in range 769-896
   * Vendor-Spec Node Name   var       -    tags in range 897-1024
   * Vendor-Specific DD      var       -    tags in range 1025-1280
   * Vendor-Specific DDS     var       -    tags in range 1281-1536
   * Other Vendor-Specific   var       -    tags in range 1537-2048
     DD_Set ID               4      2049    @         1,32,64,2049,2065
     DD_Set Sym Name         4-256  2050    2049      2049
     DD_Set Status           4      2051    2049      2049
     RESERVED                    2052-2064
   + DD_ID                   4      2065    @|2049    1,32,64,2049,2065
     DD_Symbolic Name        4-256  2066    2065      2065
     DD_iSCSI Node Index     4      2067    2065      2065
     DD_iSCSI Node Member    0-256  2068    2065      2065
     DD_iFCP Member (WWPN)   8      2069    2065      2065
     RESERVED                    2070-2077
     DD_Features             4      2078    2065      2065
     RESERVED                   2304-65535
     RESERVED                    All Others

   The following is a description of the columns used in the above
   table:

   Attribute Type (T)
   --------------------------------------------------------------
   # : Required key for object registration.
   ^ : Required key for object registration, unique value is
       assigned by the iSNS if value not provided during initial
       registration.
   $ : Required as part of the key, and the canonical value is
       used if one is not registered.
   & : Attribute required during initial registration that is
       not a key.
   * : Optional to implement.
   = : Cannot be used as a query key or be explicitly registered.  This
       value is provided by the iSNS server.
   @ : if no key is present then a new entry is created, or all
       entries of the operating attributes are returned.
   | : used to separate the different sets of possible keys in the
       table.
   % : If an iSCSI Name or Port Name WWPN is registered
       without an EID key, then an Entity will be created and an EID
       assigned.  The assigned EID will be returned in the response
       as an Operating attribute.
   + : A DD ID is placed into a DD_Set by using the DD_Set ID
       as a key

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   Length - indicates the attribute length.  Variable-length
   identifiers are NULL character terminated (NULL is included in the
   length).

   Tag - the integer tag value used to identify the attribute.  All
   undefined tag values are reserved.

   Value û a description of the data.

   Implementation Notes:
   --------------------------------------------------------------

   A well-formed registration contains the key of the object to
   register, or no key if it is to be generated by the iSNS server.  If
   an attribute is present as a key, then it cannot also be an
   operating attribute.

   The registration response will contain the key for each object
   registered, including any key values that were assigned by the iSNS
   as part of the registration.  For example, if an entity, two portals
   and one Port Name was registered, then the response message key
   attributes section would contain the keys for each.  The key
   attributes, returned in the response, may be in a different order
   than they appeared in the registration.

   iSNS attributes are defined below.

6.2      Entity Identifier-Keyed Attributes

   The following attributes are stored in the iSNS using the Entity
   Identifier attribute as the key.

6.2.1   Entity Identifier (EID)

   The Entity Identifier is a variable length identifier that uniquely
   identifies each network entity registered in the iSNS.  The
   attribute length varies from 4 to 256 bytes, and is a unique value
   within the iSNS.

   If the iSNS client does not provide an EID during registration the
   iSNS shall generate one that is unique within the iSNS.  If an EID
   is to be generated, then the EID attribute value in the registration
   message shall be empty (0 length).  The generated EID shall be
   returned in the registration response.

   In environments where iSNS is integrated with a DNS infrastructure,
   the Entity Identifier may be used to store the Fully Qualified
   Domain Name (FQDN) of the iSCSI or iFCP device.

   If FQDN's are not used, the iSNS server can be used to generate
   EIDs.  By convention, EIDs generated by the iSNS server begin with
   the string ôiSNS:ö.  iSNS clients SHOULD NOT generate and register
   EIDs beginning with the string "iSNS:".

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6.2.2   Entity Protocol

   Entity Protocol is a required 4-byte integer attribute that
   indicates the protocol of registered network entity.  The valid
   protocol types are defined as below:

       Type Value      Entity Protocol Type
       ----------_     --------------------
          0            Protocol Neutral
          1            iSCSI
          2            iFCP
       All Others      RESERVED

   'Protocol neutral' is the standard registration for 'control nodes'.

6.2.3   Management IP Address

   This field contains the IP Address used to manage the entity.  The
   Management IP Address is a 16-byte field that may contain either a
   32-bit IPv4 or 128-bit IPv6 address.  When this field contains an
   IPv4 value, the most significant 12 bytes are set to 0x00.  If the
   network entity is capable of being managed and this field is not
   set, then in-band management is assumed.

6.2.4   Entity Registration Timestamp

   This field indicates the time the entity registration occurred, an
   associated object was updated, or the time of the most recent
   response from a message to the entity was received, whichever is
   later. The time format is, in seconds, the update period since the
   standard base time of 00:00:00 GMT on January 1, 1970.  It cannot be
   used as a query key or be explicitly registered.

6.2.5   Protocol Version Range

   This field contains the minimum and maximum version of the protocol
   supported by the entity.  The most significant two bytes contain the
   maximum version supported, and the least significant two bytes
   contain the minimum version supported.  If a range is not registered
   then the entity is assumed to support all versions of the protocol.
   If the entity is protocol neutral, then this field SHALL be set to
   0.

6.2.6   Registration Period

   This field indicates the maximum period, in seconds, that the entity
   registration will be maintained by the server without receipt of an
   iSNS message from the client.  If the Registration Period is set to
   0, then the Entity SHALL NOT be deregistered due to no contact with
   the iSNS client.

   If ESI messages are not requested by an entity and the Registration
   Period is not set to 0, then the entity registration SHALL be
   removed if an iSNS Protocol message is not received from the iSNS

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   client before the registration period has expired.  Receipt of any
   iSNS Protocol message from the iSNS client automatically refreshes
   the Entity Registration Period and Entity Registration Timestamp. To
   prevent a registration from expiring, the iSNS client should send an
   iSNS Protocol message to the iSNS server at intervals shorter than
   the registration period.  Such a message can be as simple as a query
   for one of its own attributes, using its associated iSCSI Name or
   Port Name as the SOURCE attribute.

   For an iSNS client that is a multi-node entity, receipt of an iSNS
   message from any node of that entity is sufficient to refresh the
   registration for all nodes of the entity.

   Byte 0 and 1 represents the entity registration period, in seconds.
   Byte 2 and 3 are reserved.

   If ESI support is requested as part of a portal registration, the
   ESI Response message received from the iSNS client by the iSNS
   server SHALL act as an alternative to a refresh of the entity
   registration.

6.2.7   Entity Index

   The Entity Index is a 4-byte integer value that uniquely identifies
   each network entity registered in the iSNS.  The Entity Index is
   assigned by the iSNS server during the initial registration of an
   Entity.  The value MAY BE assigned using a monotonically increasing
   process.

   The Entity Index can be used to represent a registered entity in
   situations where the Entity Identifier is too long to be used.  An
   example of this is when SNMP tables are used to access the contents
   of the iSNS server.  In this case, the Entity Index may be used as
   the table index.

6.2.8   Entity ISAKMP Phase-1 Proposals

   This field contains the IKE Phase-1 proposal listing in decreasing
   order of preference of the protection suites acceptable to protect
   all IKE Phase-2 messages sent and received by the Entity.  This
   includes Phase-2 SA's from the iSNS client to the iSNS server as
   well as to peer iFCP and/or iSCSI devices.  This attribute contains
   the SA payload, proposal payload(s), and transform payload(s) in the
   ISAKMP format defined in [RFC2408].

   This field should be used if the implementer wishes to define a
   single phase-1 SA security configuration used to protect all phase-2
   IKE traffic.  If the implementer desires to have a different phase-1
   SA security configuration to protect each Portal interface, then the
   Portal Phase-1 Proposal (section 6.3.10) should be used.





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6.2.9   Entity Certificate

   This attribute contains one or more X.509 certificate that are bound
   to the NETWORK ENTITY of the iSNS client. This certificate is
   uploaded and registered to the iSNS by clients wishing to allow
   other clients to authenticate themselves and access the services
   offered by that NETWORK ENTITY.

6.3      Portal-Keyed Attributes

   The following portal attributes are registered in the iSNS using the
   combined Portal IP-Address and Portal TCP/UDP Port as the key.  Each
   portal is associated with one Entity Identifier object key.

6.3.1   Portal IP-Address

   This attribute is the IP address of the PORTAL through which a
   STORAGE NODE can transmit and receive storage data. When an IPv4
   value is contained in this field, the most significant 12 bytes are
   set to 0x00.  The Portal IP Address along with the Portal TCP/UDP
   Port number uniquely identifies a Portal.

6.3.2   Portal TCP/UDP Port

   The TCP/UDP port of the PORTAL through which a STORAGE NODE can
   transmit and receive storage data.  Bit 0 to 15 represents the
   TCP/UDP port number.  Bit 16 represents the port type.  If bit 16 is
   set, then the port type is UDP.  Otherwise it is TCP.  Bits 17 to 31
   are reserved.

   If the field value is 0, then the port number is the implied
   canonical port number and type of the protocol indicated by the
   associated Entity Type.

   The Portal IP-Address along with the Portal TCP/UDP Port number
   uniquely identifies a Portal.

6.3.3   Portal Symbolic Name

   This is a variable-length text-based value from 0 to 256 bytes.  The
   text field contains user-readable UTF-8 text, and is terminated with
   at least one NULL character. The Portal Symbolic Name is a user-
   readable description of the Portal entry in the iSNS.

6.3.4   Entity Status Inquiry Interval

   This field indicates the requested time, in seconds, between Entity
   Status Inquiry (ESI) messages sent from the iSNS to this entity
   portal.  ESI messages can be used to verify that a Portal
   registration continues to be valid.  To request monitoring by the
   iSNS server, an iSNS client registers a non-zero value for this
   portal attribute using a RegDevAttr message.  The client must also
   register an ESI Port on at least one of its Portals to receive the
   ESI monitoring.

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   If the iSNS server does not receive an expected response to an ESI
   message, it shall attempt at least three re-transmissions of the ESI
   message.  All re-transmissions MUST be sent before twice the ESI
   Interval period has passed since the last ESI response was received
   from the client.  If no response is received from any of the ESI
   messages, then the Portal SHALL be deregistered.  If TCP was used to
   transport the ESI messages, then that TCP connection SHALL be
   closed.  Note that only Portals that have registered a value in
   their ESI Port field can be deregistered in this way.

   If all Portals associated with an entity that have registered for
   ESI messages are deregistered due to non-response, and no
   registrations have been received from the client for at least two
   ESI Interval periods, then the entity and all associated objects
   (including storage nodes) SHALL be deregistered.

   If the iSNS server is unable to support ESI messages or the ESI
   Interval requested, it SHALL reject the ESI request by returning an
   "ESI Not Available" error code.  The rejection might occur in
   situations where the resulting frequency of ESI messages being
   issued to clients would pass an implementation-specific threshold.

   If at any time an iSNS client that is registered for ESI messages
   has not received an ESI message to any of its portals as expected,
   then the client MAY attempt to query the iSNS server using a
   DevAttrQry message using its Entity_ID as the key.  If the query
   result is the error "no such entry", then the client SHALL close all
   remaining TCP connections to the iSNS server and assume that it is
   no longer registered in the iSNS database.  Such a client MAY
   attempt re-registration.

6.3.5   ESI Port

   This field contains the TCP or UDP port of the iSNS client used for
   ESI monitoring by the iSNS server. Bit 0 to 15 represents the port
   number. If bit 16 is set, then the port type is UDP.  Otherwise, the
   port is TCP.  Bits 17 to 31 are reserved.

   The iSNS server SHALL return an error if an Entity is registered for
   ESI monitoring and none of the portals of that Entity has an entry
   for the ESI Port field.  If multiple Portals have a registered ESI
   port, then the ESI message may be delivered to any of the indicated
   portals.

6.3.6   Portal Group

   This field is used to group portals into aggregation groups.  All
   entity portals that belong to the same Portal Group in a Network
   Entity can provide connections to the same STORAGE NODE.  The value
   chosen for the Portal Group need only be unique within a given
   Network Entity.  The same Portal Group value can represent
   unassociated Portal Groups in other Network Entities.  This allows
   multiple sessions to be established to a node through multiple
   portals. The least significant two bytes contain the integer Portal

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   Group value for the Portal.  The most significant two bytes are
   reserved.

6.3.7   Portal Index

   The Portal Index is a 4-byte integer value that uniquely identifies
   each portal registered in the iSNS.  The Portal Index is assigned by
   iSNS server during the initial registration of a portal.  The value
   MAY be assigned using a monotonically increasing process.

   The Portal Index can be used to represent a registered portal in
   situations where the Portal IP-Address and Portal TCP/UDP Port is
   unwieldy to use.  An example of this is when SNMP tables are used to
   access the contents of the iSNS server.  In this case, the Portal
   Index may be used as the Registered Portal table index.

6.3.8   SCN Port

   This field contains the TCP or UDP port used by the iSNS client to
   receive SCN messages from the iSNS server.  Bit 0 to 15 represents
   the port number.  If bit 16 is set, then the port type is UDP.
   Otherwise, the port is TCP.  Bits 17 to 31 are reserved.

   The iSNS server SHALL return an error if an SCN registration message
   is received and none of the portals of the iSNS client has an entry
   for the SCN Port.  If multiple Portals have a registered SCN Port,
   then the SCN may be delivered to any of the indicated portals.

6.3.9   Portal Security Bitmap

   This 4-byte field contains flags that indicate security attribute
   settings for the Portal.  Bit 31 (Lsb) of this field must be 1
   (enabled) in order for this field to contain significant
   information.  If Bit 31 is enabled, this signifies the iSNS server
   can be used to store and distribute security policies and settings
   for iSNS clients (i.e., iSCSI devices).

   Bit Field           Flag Description
   ---------           ----------------
      31               1 = Bitmap VALID; 0 = INVALID
      30               1 = IPSec Enabled; 0 = IPSec Disabled
      29               1 = IKE Enabled; 0 = IKE Disabled
      28               1 = Main Mode Enabled; 0 = MM Disabled
      27               1 = Aggressive Mode Enabled; 0 = Disabled
     26-22              RESERVED
      21               1 = PFS Enabled; 0 = PFS Disabled
   All others reserved

6.3.10  Portal ISAKMP Phase-1 Proposals

   This field contains the IKE Phase-1 proposal listing in decreasing
   order of preference of the protection suites acceptable to protect
   all IKE Phase-2 messages sent and received by the Portal.  This
   includes Phase-2 SA's from the iSNS client to the iSNS server as

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   well as to peer iFCP and/or iSCSI devices.  This attribute contains
   the SA payload, proposal payload(s), and transform payload(s) in the
   ISAKMP format defined in [RFC2408].

   This field should be used if the implementer wishes to define phase-
   1 SA security configuration on a per-interface basis, as opposed to
   on a per-device basis.  If the implementer desires to have a single
   phase-1 SA security configuration to protect all phase-2 traffic
   regardless of the interface used, then the Entity Phase-1 Proposal
   (section 6.2.8) should be used.

6.3.11  Portal ISAKMP Phase-2 Proposals

   This field contains the IKE Phase-2 proposal, in ISAKMP format
   [RFC2408], listing in decreasing order of preference the security
   proposals acceptable to protect traffic sent and received by the
   Portal. This field is used only if bits 0, 1 and 2 of the Security
   Bitmap (see 6.3.9) are enabled.  This attribute contains the SA
   payload, proposal payload(s), and associated transform payload(s) in
   the ISAKMP format defined in [RFC2408].

6.3.12  Portal Certificate

   This attribute contains one or more X.509 certificates that is a
   credential of the PORTAL.  This certificate is used to identify and
   authenticate communications to the IP address supported by the
   Portal.

6.4      iSCSI Node-Keyed Attributes

   The following attributes are stored in the iSNS using the iSCSI Name
   attribute as the key.  Each set of Node-Keyed attributes is
   associated with one Entity Identifier object key.

   Although the iSCSI Name key is associated with one Entity
   Identifier, it is unique across the entire iSNS.

6.4.1   iSCSI Name

   This identifier uniquely defines an iSCSI STORAGE NODE, and is a
   variable-length text-based value from 0 to 256 bytes.  This field is
   required for iSCSI STORAGE NODEs, and is provided by the iSNS
   client.

   If an iSCSI Name is registered without an EID key, then an Entity
   will be created and an EID assigned.  The assigned EID will be
   returned in the registration response as an operating attribute.

6.4.2   iSCSI Node Type

   This required 32-bit field is a bitmap indicating the type of iSCSI
   STORAGE NODE.  The bit fields are defined below.  An enabled bit
   indicates the node has the corresponding characteristics.


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       Bit Field       Node Type
       ---------       ---------
          31 (Lsb)      Target
          30            Initiator
          29            Control
       All Others      RESERVED

   If the Target bit is set, then the node represents an iSCSI target.
   Setting of the Target bit MAY be performed by iSNS clients using the
   iSNSP.

   If the Initiator bit is set, then the node represents an iSCSI
   initiator.  Setting of the Initiator bit MAY be performed by iSNS
   clients using the iSNSP.

   If the control bit is set, then the node represents a gateway,
   management station, backup iSNS server, or other device which is not
   an initiator or target that requires the ability to send and receive
   iSNSP messages, including state change notifications.  Setting of
   the control bit is an administrative task that MUST be performed on
   the iSNS server; iSNS clients SHALL NOT be allowed to change this
   bit using the iSNSP.

   This field MAY be used by the iSNS server to distinguish among
   permissions by different iSCSI node types for accessing various iSNS
   functions.  For example, an iSNS server implementation may be
   administratively configured to allow only targets to receive ESI's,
   or for only control nodes to have permission to add, modify, or
   delete discovery domains.

6.4.3   iSCSI Node Alias

   This field is a variable-length text-based value from 0 to 256
   bytes.  The text field contains user-readable UTF-8 text, and is
   terminated with at least one NULL character. The Alias is a user-
   readable description of the node entry in the iSNS.

6.4.4   iSCSI Node SCN Bitmap

   This field indicates the events that the iSCSI Node is interested
   in.  These events can cause a State Change Notification (SCN) to be
   generated.  SCNs provide information about objects that are updated,
   added or removed from Discovery Domains that the source and
   destination are a member of.  Detailed SCNs provide information
   about all changes to the network, and may be sent if requested and
   administratively allowed.  Target and Self SCN's (bit 6) may be
   useful for iSCSI initiators.  This SCN provides information only
   about changes to target devices, or if the iSCSI Node itself has
   undergone a change.   Similarly, Initiator and Self SCN's (bit 7)
   may be useful for iSCSI targets, by providing information only about
   changes to initiator nodes, or the target itself.




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        Bit Field          Flag Description
        ---------          ----------------
           31 (Lsb)        MEMBER ADDED (DETAILED SCN ONLY)
           30              MEMBER REMOVED (DETAILED SCN ONLY)
           29              OBJECT UPDATED
           28              OBJECT ADDED
           27              OBJECT REMOVED
           26              DETAILED SCN REQUESTED/SENT
           25              TARGET AND SELF INFORMATION ONLY
           24              INITIATOR AND SELF INFORMATION ONLY
        All others         RESERVED

6.4.5   iSCSI Node Index

   The iSCSI Node Index is a 4-byte integer value that uniquely
   identifies each iSCSI node registered in the iSNS.  The iSCSI Node
   Index is assigned by the iSNS server during the initial registration
   of the iSCSI node.  The value MAY be assigned using a monotonically
   increasing process.

   The iSCSI Node Index may be used to represent a registered node in
   situations where the iSCSI Name is too long to be used.  An example
   of this is when SNMP tables are used to access the contents of the
   iSNS server.  In this case, the iSCSI Node Index may be used as the
   registered iSCSI Node table index.

6.4.6   WWN Token

   This field contains a globally unique 64-bit integer value that can
   be used to represent the World Wide Node Name of the iSCSI device in
   a Fibre Channel fabric. It is a globally unique identifier is used
   during the device registration process, and uses a format defined in
   [FC-FS].

   The FC-iSCSI gateway uses the value found in this field to register
   the iSCSI device in the Fibre Channel name server.  It is stored in
   the iSNS to prevent conflict when assigning "proxy" WWNN values to
   iSCSI initiators establishing storage sessions to devices in the FC
   fabric.

   The iSNS server SHALL provide a value for this field upon initial
   registration of the iSCSI node.  The process by which the WWN Token
   is assigned by the iSNS server MUST conform to the following
   requirements:

   1.  The assigned WWN Token value MUST be unique across the entire
   iSNS database.

   2.  Once assigned, the iSNS server MUST persistently save the
   mapping between the WWN Token value and registered iSCSI Name.  That
   is, successive re-registrations of the iSCSI node keyed by the same
   iSCSI Name maintains the original mapping to the associated WWN
   Token value in the iSNS server.  Similarly, the mapping shall be
   persistent across iSNS server reboots.  Once assigned, the mapping

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   can only be changed if a RegDevAttr message from an authorized iSNS
   client explicitly provides a different WWN Token value.

   3.  Once a WWN Token value has been assigned and mapped to an iSCSI
   name, that WWN Token value SHALL NOT be reused or mapped to any
   other iSCSI name.

   4.  The assigned WWN Token value MUST conform to the formatting
   requirements of [FC-FS] for World Wide Names (WWN's).

   An iSNS client, such as an FC-iSCSI gateway or the iSCSI initiator,
   MAY overwrite the iSNS Server-supplied WWN Token value if it wishes
   to supply its own iSCSI-FC name mapping.  This is accomplished using
   the RegDevAttr message with the WWN Token (tag=37) as an operating
   attribute.  Once overwritten, the new WWN Token value MUST be stored
   and saved by the iSNS server, and all requirements specified above
   continue to apply.  If an iSNS client attempts to register a value
   for this field that is not unique in the iSNS database or is
   otherwise invalid, then the registration SHALL be rejected with an
   error code of 3 (Invalid Registration).

6.4.7   iSCSI AuthMethod

   This attribute contains a null-terminated string containing UTF-8
   text listing the iSCSI authentication methods enabled for this iSCSI
   Node, in order of preference.  The text values used to identify
   iSCSI authentication methods are embedded in this string attribute
   and delineated by a comma.  The text values are identical to those
   found in the main iSCSI draft [iSCSI]; additional vendor-specific
   text values are also possible.

        Text Value       Description                   Reference
        ----------       -----------                   ---------
          KB5            Kerberos V5                   RFC 1510
          SPKM1          Simple Public Key GSS-API     RFC 2025
          SPKM2          Simple Public Key GSS-API     RFC 2025
          SRP            Secure Remote Password        RFC 2945
          CHAP           Challenge Handshake Protocol  RFC 1994
          none           No iSCSI Authentication

6.4.8   iSCSI Node Certificate

   This attribute contains one or more X.509 certificates that may be a
   credential used to authenticate the iSCSI node during iSCSI
   authentication.  This certificate MAY be used for the SPKM Public
   Key authentication method.

6.5      FC Port-Keyed Attributes

   The following attributes are registered in the iSNS using the FC
   Port World Wide Name (WWPN) attribute as the key.  Each set of FC
   Port-Keyed attributes is associated with one Entity Identifier
   object key.


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   Although the FC Port World Wide Name is associated with one Entity
   Identifier, it is also globally unique.

6.5.1   Port Name (WWPN)

   This 64-bit identifier uniquely defines the FC Port, and is the
   World Wide Port Name (WWPN) of the corresponding Fibre Channel
   device.  This globally unique identifier is used during the device
   registration process, and uses a value conforming to IEEE EUI-64
   [EUI-64].

6.5.2   Port ID

   Along with the IP Address, this field uniquely identifies a native
   Fibre Channel device port in the network, and maps one-to-one to a
   specific Port Name (WWPN) entry.

6.5.3   Port Type

   Indicates the type of FC port. Encoded values for this field are
   listed in the following table:

   Type              Description
   ----              -----------
   0x0000           Unidentified/Null Entry
   0x0001           Fibre Channel N_Port
   0x0002           Fibre Channel NL_Port
   0x0003           Fibre Channel F/NL_Port
   0x0004-0080      RESERVED
   0x0081           Fibre Channel F_Port
   0x0082           Fibre Channel FL_Port
   0x0083           RESERVED
   0x0084           Fibre Channel E_Port
   0x0085-00FF      RESERVED
   0xFF11           mFCP Port
   0xFF12           iFCP Port
0xFF13-FFFF      RESERVED

6.5.4   Symbolic Port Name

   A variable-length text-based description of up to 255 bytes, that is
   associated with the iSNS-registered Port Name in the network.  The
   text field contains user-readable UTF-8 text and is terminated with
   at least one NULL character.

6.5.5   Fabric Port Name (FWWN)

   This 64-bit identifier uniquely defines the fabric port.  If the
   iSNS client is attached to a Fibre Channel fabric port with a
   registered Port Name, then that fabric Port Name shall be indicated
   in this field.




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6.5.6   Hard Address

   This field is the requested hard address 24-bit NL Port Identifier,
   included in the iSNSP for compatibility with Fibre Channel
   Arbitrated Loop devices and topologies.

6.5.7   Port IP Address

   The Fibre Channel IP address associated with the FC Port.  When an
   IPv4 value is contained in this field, the most significant 12 bytes
   are set to 0x00.

6.5.8   Class of Service (COS)

   This 32-bit bit-map field indicates the Fibre Channel COS types that
   are supported by the registered port.  The COS values are equivalent
   to Fibre Channel COS values.  The valid COS types, and associated
   bit-map, are listed in the following table:

   Class of Service   Description                         Bit-Map
   ----------------   -----------                         ---------
         2            Delivery Confirmation Provided      bit 2 set
         3            Delivery Confirmation Not Provided  bit 3 set
                      RESERVED                            other

6.5.9   FC-4 Types

   This 32-byte field indicates the FC-4 protocol types supported by
   the associated port.  This field can be used to support Fibre
   Channel devices and is consistent with FC-GS-4.

6.5.10  FC-4 Descriptor

   A variable-length text-based description of up to 256 bytes, that is
   associated with the iSNS-registered device port in the network. This
   field can be used to support Fibre Channel devices and is consistent
   with FC-GS-4.

6.5.11  FC-4 Features

   This is a 128-byte array, 4 bits per type, for the FC-4 protocol
   types supported by the associated port.  This field can be used to
   support Fibre Channel devices and is consistent with FC-GS-4.

6.5.12  iFCP SCN Bitmap

   This field indicates the events that the iSNS client is interested
   in.  These events can cause SCN to be generated.  SCNs provide
   information about objects that are updated, added or removed from
   Discovery Domains that the source and destination are a member of.
   Detailed SCNs provide information about all changes to the network,
   and may be sent if requested and administratively allowed



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       Bit Field          Flag Description
       ---------          ----------------
          31 (Lsb)        MEMBER ADDED (DETAILED SCN ONLY)
          30              MEMBER REMOVED (DETAILED SCN ONLY)
          29              OBJECT UPDATED
          28              OBJECT ADDED
          27              OBJECT REMOVED
          26              DETAILED SCN REQUESTED/SENT
          25              TARGET AND SELF INFORMATION ONLY
          24              INITIATOR AND SELF INFORMATION ONLY
    All others         RESERVED

6.5.13  iFCP Port Type

   This required 32-bit field is a bitmap indicating the type of iFCP
   STORAGE NODE.  The bit fields are defined below.  An enabled bit
   indicates the node has the corresponding characteristics.

       Bit Field       Node Type
       ---------       ---------
          31 (Lsb)      Target
          30            Initiator
          29            Control
    All Others          RESERVED

   If the 'Target' bit is set, then the port represents an FC target.
   Setting of the 'Target' bit MAY be performed by iSNS clients using
   the iSNSP.

   If the 'Initiator' bit is set, then the port represents an FC
   initiator. Setting of the 'Initiator' bit MAY be performed by iSNS
   clients using the iSNSP.

   If the 'control' bit is set, then the port represents a gateway,
   management station, iSNS backup server, or other device.  This is
   usually a special device that is neither an initiator nor target,
   which requires the ability to send and receive iSNSP messages
   including state change notifications.  Setting of the control bit is
   an administrative task that MUST be administratively configured on
   the iSNS server; iSNS clients SHALL NOT be allowed to change this
   bit using the iSNSP.

   This field MAY be used by the iSNS server to distinguish among
   permissions by different iSNS clients.  For example, an iSNS server
   implementation may be administratively configured to allow only
   targets to receive ESI's, or for only control nodes to have
   permission to add, modify, or delete discovery domains.

6.5.14  Port Certificate

   This attribute contains one or more X.509 certificates that is a
   credential of the iFCP STORAGE NODE.



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6.6      Node-Keyed Attributes

   The following attributes are registered in the iSNS using the FC
   Node Name (WWNN) attribute as the key.  Each set of FC Node-Keyed
   attributes represents a single device, and can be associated with
   many FC Ports.

   The FC Node Name is unique across the entire iSNS.

6.6.1   Node Name (WWNN)

   The FC Node Name is a 64-bit identifier that is the World Wide Node
   Name (WWNN) of the corresponding Fibre Channel device. This globally
   unique identifier is used during the device registration process,
   and uses a value conforming to IEEE EUI-64 [EUI-64].

6.6.2   Symbolic Node Name

   A variable-length text-based description of up to 256 bytes, that is
   associated with the iSNS-registered FC Device in the network.  The
   text field contains user-readable UTF-8 text and is terminated with
   at least one NULL character.

6.6.3   Node IP Address

   This IP address is associated with the device node in the network.
   This field is included for compatibility with Fibre Channel.  When
   an IPv4 value is contained in this field, the most significant 12
   bytes are set to 0x00.

6.6.4   Node IPA

   This field is the 8 byte Fibre Channel Initial Process Associator
   (IPA) associated with the device node in the network. The initial
   process associator can be used for communication between Fibre
   Channel devices.

6.6.5   Node Certificate

   This attribute contains an X.509 certificate that is bound to the FC
   Node of the iSNS client.

6.6.6   Proxy iSCSI Name

   This field contains the iSCSI Name used to represent the FC Node in
   the IP network.  It is used as a pointer to the matching iSCSI Name
   entry in the iSNS server.  Its value is usually registered by an FC-
   iSCSI gateway connecting the IP network to the fabric containing the
   FC device.

   Note that if this field is used, there SHOULD be a matching entry in
   the iSNS database for the iSCSI device specified by the iSCSI name.
   The database entry should include the full range of iSCSI attributes


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   needed for discovery and management of the "iSCSI proxy image" of
   the FC device.

6.7      Other Attributes

   The following are not attributes of the previously-defined objects.

6.7.1   FC-4 Type Code

   This is a 4-byte field, and is used to provide a FC-4 type during a
   FC-4 Type query.  The FC-4 types are consistent with the FC-4 Types
   as defined in FC-PH.  Byte 0 contains the FC-4 type.  All other
   bytes are reserved.

6.7.2   iFCP Switch Name

   The iFCP Switch Name is a 64-bit World Wide Name (WWN) identifier
   that uniquely identifies the iFCP switch in the network.  This
   globally unique identifier is used during the switch registration
   switch ID assignment process, and uses a value conforming to IEEE
   EUI-64 [EUI-64].  The iSNS server SHALL track the state of all
   Switch_ID values that have been allocated to each iFCP Switch Name.
   If a given iFCP Switch Name is deregistered from the iSNS database,
   then all Switch_ID values allocated to that iFCP Switch Name shall
   be returned to the unused pool of values.

6.7.3   Preferred ID

   This is a 4-byte unsigned integer field, and is the requested value
   that the iSNS client wishes to use for the SWITCH_ID.  The iSNS
   server SHALL grant the iSNS client the use of the requested value as
   the SWITCH_ID, if the requested value has not been already
   allocated.  If the requested value is not available, the iSNS server
   SHALL return a different value that has not been allocated.

6.7.4   Assigned ID

   This is a 4-byte unsigned integer field that is used to support iFCP
   Transparent Mode.  When operating in iFCP Transparent Mode, the
   RqstSwId message SHALL be used by each iFCP gateway to reserve its
   own unique SWITCH_ID value from the range 1 to 239.  When a Switch
   ID is no longer required, it SHALL be released by the iFCP gateway
   using the RlseSwId message.  The iSNS MAY use the Entity Status
   Inquiry message to determine if an iFCP gateway is still present on
   the network.

6.7.5   Space_Identifier

   This is a UTF-8 encoded string.  The Space_Identifier string is used
   as a key attribute to identify a range of non-overlapping SWITCH_ID
   values to be allocated using RqstSwId.  Each Space_Identifier string
   submitted by iSNS clients shall have its own range of non-
   overlapping SWITCH_ID values to be allocated to iSNS clients.


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6.8  Company OUI

   This attribute is the OUI (Organizationally Unique Identifier)
   identifying the specific vendor implementing the iSNS.  It is used
   to identify the original creator of a vendor-specific iSNSP message.

6.9      Discovery Domain Registration Attributes

   iSNS STORAGE NODE objects can be placed into Discovery Domains.
   Only objects that share the same enabled Discovery Domain can query
   for information about each other.  Discovery Domains can overlap, so
   an iSCSI node can be a member of many DDÆs.

   Enabled Discovery Domains are members of one or more enabled
   Discovery Domain Sets (DDS).  Discovery Domains that are not members
   of at least one enabled DDS are disabled. Therefore, Discovery
   Domains are not directly enabled, but rather are enabled through
   their association with one or more enabled Discovery Domain Sets
   (DDS). Discovery Domain Sets are enabled by setting bit 0 in the DDS
   Status field.

6.9.1   DD Set ID Keyed Attributes

6.9.1.1  Discovery Domain Set ID (DDS ID)

   The DDS ID is a unique unsigned integer identifier used in the iSNS
   directory database to indicate a Discovery Domain Set.  A DDS is a
   collection of Discovery Domains that can be enabled or disabled by a
   management station.  This value is used as a key for DDS attribute
   queries.  When a Discovery Domain is registered it is initially not
   in any DDS.

   If the iSNS client does not provide a DDS_ID in a DDS registration
   request message, the iSNS shall generate a DDS_ID value that is
   unique within the iSNS database for that new DDS.  The created DDS
   ID shall be returned in the response message.  The DDS ID value of 0
   is reserved.

6.9.1.2  Discovery Domain Set Symbolic Name

   The DDS_Symbolic Name is a UTF-8, variable-length, NULL-terminated
   string.  This is an user-readable field used to assist a network
   administrator in tracking the DDS function.  When registered by a
   client, the DDS symbolic name SHALL be verified unique by the iSNS.
   If the DDS symbolic name is not unique, then the DDS registration
   SHALL be rejected with an ôInvalid Registrationö error code.  The
   invalid attribute(s), in this case the DDS symbolic name, SHALL be
   included in the response.

6.9.1.3  Discovery Domain Set Status

   The DDS_Status field is a 32-bit bitmap indicating the status of the
   DDS.  Bit 0 of the bitmap indicates whether the DDS is Enabled (1)


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   or Disabled (0).  The default value for the DDS Enabled flag is
   Disabled (0).

       Bit Field       DDS Status
       ---------       ---------
          31 (Lsb)      DDS Enabled (1) / DDS Disabled (0)
       All Others      RESERVED


6.9.1.4  Discovery Domain Set Member

   The Discovery Domain Set Member is a DD ID for a previously
   registered Discovery Domain.  The DD ID tag value is used to
   represents membership.

6.9.2   DD ID Keyed Attributes

6.9.2.1  Discovery Domain ID (DD ID)

   The DD ID is a unique unsigned integer identifier used in the iSNS
   directory database to indicate the DD.  This value is used as the
   key for any DD attribute query. If the iSNS client does not provide
   a DD_ID in a DD registration request message, the iSNS shall
   generate a DD_ID value that is unique within the iSNS database for
   that new DD (i.e., the iSNS client will be registered in a new DD).
   The created DD ID shall be returned in the response message.  The DD
   ID value of 0 is reserved.

6.9.2.2  Discovery Domain Symbolic Name

   The DD_Symbolic Name is a UTF-8 encoded, variable-length, NULL-
   terminated string.  When registered by a client, the DD symbolic
   name SHALL be verified unique by the iSNS.  If the DD symbolic name
   is not unique, then the DD registration SHALL be rejected with an
   ôInvalid Registrationö error code.  The invalid attribute(s), in
   this case the DD symbolic name, SHALL be included in the response.

6.9.2.3  Discovery Domain iSCSI Node Index

   This is the iSCSI Node Index of an iSNS client that is a member of
   the DD.  The DD may have a list of 0 to n members.  The iSCSI Node
   Index is one alternate representation of membership in a Discovery
   Domain, the other alternative being the iSCSI Node Name.  The
   Discovery Domain iSCSI Node Index is a 4-byte integer value.

   The iSCSI Node Index can be used to represent a DD member in
   situations where the iSCSI Name is too long to be used.  An example
   of this is when SNMP tables are used to access the contents of the
   iSNS server.

   The iSCSI Node Index and iSCSI Node Name registered as a member in a
   DD SHALL be consistent with the iSCSI Node Index and iSCSI Node Name
   used for the registered node in the iSNS.


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   Both the iSCSI Name and iSCSI Node Index of a member are registered
   in the DD in order to maintain the unique 1:1 mapping between the
   two attributes for the member over multiple registration/
   deregistrations of the same member in the iSNS.

6.9.2.4  Discovery Domain Member--iSCSI Name

   The iSCSI Name of an iSNS client that is a member of the DD.  The DD
   may have a list of 0 to n members.  The iSCSI Name of the iSNS
   client represents membership.

6.9.2.5  Discovery Domain Member--Port Name

   The Port Name of an iSNS client that is a member of the DD.  The DD
   may have a list of 0 to n members.  Membership is represented by the
   Port Name (WWPN) of the iSNS client being listed.

6.9.2.6  Discovery Domain Features

   The Discovery Domain Features is a bitmap indicating the features of
   this DD.  The bit fields are defined below.  An enabled bit
   indicates the DD has the corresponding characteristics.

       Bit Field       DD Feature
       ---------       ----------
          31 (Lsb)      Boot List
       All Others      RESERVED

   Boot List: this feature indicates that the targets in this DD
   provide boot capabilities for the member initiators.

6.10     Vendor-Specific Attributes

   Specific iSNS implementations MAY define vendor-specific attributes
   for private use.  The tag values reserved for vendor-specific and
   user-specific use are defined in section 6.10.  To avoid
   misinterpreting proprietary attributes, it is RECOMMENDED that the
   vendor's own OUI (Organizationally Unique Identifier) be placed in
   the upper three bytes of the attribute field itself.  If the OUI is
   not used, then some other unique marker recognizable by the vendor
   SHOULD be used.  The OUI is defined in IEEE Std 802-1990, and is the
   same constant used to generate 48 bit Universal LAN MAC addresses.
   A vendor's own iSNS implementation will then be able to recognize
   the OUI in the vendor-specific or user-specific attribute field, and
   be able to execute vendor-specific handling of the attribute.

6.10.1  Vendor-Specific Server Attributes

   Attributes with tags in the range 257 to 384 are vendor-specific or
   site-specific attributes of the iSNS server.  These attributes are
   unique for each logical iSNS server instance.  Query and
   registration messages for these attributes SHALL NOT contain a key
   attribute.


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6.10.2  Vendor-Specific Entity Attributes

   Attributes in the range 385 to 512 are vendor-specific or site-
   specific attributes used to describe the Entity object.  These
   attributes are keyed by the Entity Identifier attribute (tag=1).

6.10.3  Vendor-Specific Portal Attributes

   Attributes in the range 513 to 640 are vendor-specific or site-
   specific attributes used to describe the Portal object.  These
   attributes are keyed by the Portal IP-Address (tag=16) and Portal
   TCP/UDP Port (tag=17).

6.10.4  Vendor-Specific iSCSI Node Attributes

   Attributes in the range 641 to 768 are vendor-specific or site-
   specific attributes used to describe the iSCSI Node object.  These
   attributes are keyed by the iSCSI Node Name (tag=32).

6.10.5  Vendor-Specific Port Name Attributes

   Attributes in the range 769 to 896 are vendor-specific or site-
   specific attributes used to describe the N_Port Port Name object.
   These attributes are keyed by the Port Name WWPN (tag=64).

6.10.6  Vendor-Specific Node Name Attributes

   Attributes in the range 897 to 1024 are vendor-specific or site-
   specific attributes used to describe the FC Node Name object.  These
   attributes are keyed by the Node Name WWNN (tag=96).

6.10.7  Vendor-Specific Discovery Domain Attributes

   Attributes in the range 1025 to 1280 are vendor-specific or site-
   specific attributes used to describe the Discovery Domain object.
   These attributes are keyed by the DD_ID (tag=104).

6.10.8  Vendor-Specific Discovery Domain Set Attributes

   Attributes in the range 1281 to 1536 are vendor-specific or site-
   specific attributes used to describe the Discovery Domain Set
   object.  These attributes are keyed by the DD Set ID (tag=101)

6.11     Standards-Based Extensions

   These attributes are reserved for future work by other standards
   bodies.

7.       iSNSP Message Format

   The iSNSP message format is similar to the format of other common
   protocols such as DHCP, DNS and BOOTP.  An iSNSP message may be sent
   in one or more iSNS Protocol Data Units (PDU).  Each PDU is 4 byte
   aligned.  The following describes the format of the iSNSP PDU:

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   Byte   MSb                                        LSb
   Offset 0                                           31
          +---------------------+----------------------+
        0 |   iSNSP VERSION     |    FUNCTION ID       | 4 Bytes
          +---------------------+----------------------+
        4 |     PDU LENGTH      |       FLAGS          | 4 Bytes
          +---------------------+----------------------+
        8 |   TRANSACTION ID    |    SEQUENCE ID       | 4 Bytes
          +---------------------+----------------------+
       12 |                                            |
          |                PDU PAYLOAD                 | N Bytes
          |                    ...                     |
          +--------------------------------------------+
     12+N |   AUTHENTICATION BLOCK (Multicast Only)    | L Bytes
          +--------------------------------------------+
                   Total Length = 12 + N +_L

7.1      iSNSP PDU Header

   The iSNSP header contains the iSNSP VERSION, FUNCTION ID, PDU
   LENGTH, FLAGS, TRANSACTIONID, and SEQUENCE ID fields as defined
   below.

7.1.1   iSNSP Version

   The iSNSP version is currently 0x0001.

7.1.2   iSNSP Function ID

   The FUNCTION ID defines the type of iSNS message and the function
   the message is supporting.  See section 5 under the appropriate
   protocol (i.e., iSCSI or iFCP) for a mapping of the FUNCTION_ID
   value to the iSNSP Command or Response message.  All PDU's
   comprising an iSNSP message must have the same FUNCTION_ID and
   TRANSACTION ID value.

7.1.3   iSNSP PDU Length

   The iSNS PDU LENGTH specifies the length of the PDU PAYLOAD field in
   bytes. The payload contains the data/attribute values for the
   operation.

7.1.4   iSNSP Flags

   The FLAGS field indicates additional information about the message
   and the type of iSNS entity that generated the message.  The
   following table displays the valid flags:








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   Bit Field            Enabled Means:
   ---------            -------------
     22-31              RESERVED
      21                First PDU of the iSNS message
      20                Last PDU of the iSNS message
      19                Replace Flag (valid only for RegDevAttr)
      18                RESERVED
      17                Sender is the iSNS server
      16                Sender is the iSNS client

7.1.5   iSNSP Transaction ID

   The TRANSACTION ID is set to a unique random value for each request
   message.  Replies MUST use the same TRANSACTION ID value as the
   associated iSNS request message.  If a message is retransmitted, the
   same TRANSACTION ID value MUST be used.

7.1.6   iSNSP Sequence ID

   The SEQUENCE ID is set to a unique value for each PDU within a
   single transaction.  Each SEQUENCE_ID value in each PDU SHALL be
   numbered sequentially in the order that the PDU's are transmitted.
   If a message is retransmitted, then the same SEQUENCE_ID value MUST
   be used for all PDU's in the message.

7.2      iSNSP Message Segmentation and Reassembly

   iSNS messages may be carried in one or more iSNS PDU's.  If only one
   iSNS PDU is used to carry the iSNS message, then bit 10 (First PDU)
   and bit 11 in the FLAGS field (Last PDU) SHALL both be enabled.  If
   multiple PDUs are used to carry the iSNS message, then bit 10 SHALL
   be enabled in the first PDU of the message, and bit 11 SHALL be
   enabled in the last PDU.

   All PDU's comprising the same iSNSP message SHALL have the same
   FUNCTION_ID and TRANSACTION_ID values.  Each PDU comprising an iSNSP
   message SHALL have a unique SEQUENCE_ID value.

   The authentication operation described in section 7.5 SHALL be
   performed on a per-PDU basis.

7.3      iSNSP Message Payload

   The MESSAGE PAYLOAD is variable length and contains attributes used
   for registration and query operations.  The attribute data items use
   a format similar to other protocols, such as DHCP (RFC 2131)
   options.  Each iSNS attribute is specified in the iSNSP message
   payload using Tag-Length-Value (TLV) data format, as shown below:







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   Byte   MSb                                        LSb
   Offset 0                                           31
          +--------------------------------------------+
        0 |               Attribute Tag                | 4 Bytes
          +--------------------------------------------+
        4 |            Attribute Length (N)            | 4 Bytes
          +--------------------------------------------+
        8 |                                            |
          |              Attribute Value               | N Bytes
          |                                            |
          +--------------------------------------------+
                   Total Length = 8 + N

   Attribute Tag - a 4-byte tag field that identifies the attribute as
   defined in section 6.1.  This field contains the ID of the indicated
   attribute.

   Attribute Length - a 4-byte field that indicates the length, in
   bytes, of the attribute value to follow.

   Attribute Value - a variable-length field containing the attribute
   value.

   The above format is used to identify each attribute in the iSNS
   message payload.  Each iSNSP request message contains several
   attributes in the above format to identify the requesting iSNS
   client and register or query for attribute values in the iSNS
   server.

7.3.1   Attribute Value 4-Byte Alignment

   All attribute values are aligned at 4 byte boundaries.  For variable
   length attributes, the value length is increased to the next 4-byte
   boundary and the value is NULL padded.

7.4      iSNSP Response Error Codes

   All iSNSP response messages contain a 4-byte ERROR CODE field as the
   first field in the iSNSP PAYLOAD. If the original iSNSP request
   message was processed normally by the iSNS server, or the iSNS
   client for ESI and SCN messages, the field SHALL contain 0x00000000
   (NO ERROR).













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        Error Code       Error Description
        ----------       -----------------
           0             No Error
           1             Unknown Error
           2             Message Format Error
           3             Invalid Registration
           4             Requested ESI Period Too Short
           5             Invalid Query
           6             Authentication Unknown
           7             Authentication Absent
           8             Authentication Failed
           9             No Such Entry
          10             Version Not Supported
          11             Internal Bus Error
          12             Busy Now
          13             Option Not Understood
          14             Invalid Update
          15             Message Not Supported
          16             SCN Event Rejected
          17             SCN Registration Rejected
          18             Attribute not Implemented
          19             SWITCH_ID not available
          20             SWITCH_ID not allocated
          21             ESI Not Available
          22 And Above   RESERVED
   All undefined Error Code values are RESERVED.

7.5      iSNS Multicast Message Authentication

   For iSNS multicast messages, the iSNSP provides authentication
   capability. The following section details the iSNS Authentication
   Block, which is identical in format to the SLP authentication block
   [RFC2608]. iSNS unicast messages SHOULD NOT include the
   authentication block, but rather should rely upon IPSec security
   mechanisms.

   If a PKI is available with an X.509 certificate authority, then
   public key authentication of the iSNS server is possible.  The
   authentication block leverages the DSA with SHA-1 algorithm, which
   can easily integrate into a public key infrastructure.

   The authentication block contains a digital signature for the
   multicast message.  The digital signature is calculated on a per-PDU
   basis.  The authentication block contains the following information:

   1.  A time stamp, to prevent replay attacks
   2.  A structured authenticator containing a signature calculated
       over the time stamp and the message being secured
   3.  An indicator of the cryptographic algorithm that was used to
       calculate the signature.
   4.  An indicator of the keying material and algorithm parameters,
       used to calculate the signature.

   The authentication block is described in the following figure:

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      Byte   MSb                              LSb
      Offset 0    1    2    3    4    5    6    7
             +----------------------------------+
         0   |    BLOCK STRUCTURE DESCRIPTOR    |     2 Bytes
             +----------------------------------+
         2   |   AUTHENTICATION BLOCK LENGTH    |     2 Bytes
             +----------------------------------+
         4   |           TIMESTAMP              |     4 Bytes
             +----------------------------------+
         8   |       SPI STRING LENGTH          |     1 Byte
             +----------------------------------+
         9   |           SPI STRING             |     N Bytes
             +----------------------------------+
     9 + N   |     STRUCTURED AUTHENTICATOR     |     M Bytes
             +----------------------------------+
                Total Length = 9 + N + M

   BLOCK STRUCTURE DESCRIPTOR (BSD) - Defines the structure and
   algorithm to use for the STRUCTURED AUTHENTICATOR.  Currently, the
   only defined value for BSD is 0x0002, which represents DSA with SHA-
   1. Details on DSA can be found in [DSS].  BSD values from 0x0000 to
   0x7FFF are assigned by IANA, while 0x8000 to 0x8FFF are for private
   use. The BSD value 0x0002 is compatible with the X.509 PKI
   specification, allowing easy integration of the STRUCTURED
   AUTHENTICATOR format with an existing PKI infrastructure.

   AUTHENTICATION BLOCK LENGTH - Defines the length of the
   authentication block, beginning with the BSD field and running
   through the last byte of the STRUCTURED AUTHENTICATOR.

   TIMESTAMP - This is a 4-byte unsigned, fixed-point integer giving
   the number of seconds since 00:00:00 GMT on January 1, 1970.

   SPI STRING LENGTH - The length of the SPI STRING field.

   SPI STRING (Security Parameters Index) - Index to the key and
   algorithm used by the message recipient to decode the STRUCTURED
   AUTHENTICATOR field.

   STRUCTURED AUTHENTICATOR - Contains the digital signature.  For the
   default BSD value of 0x0002, this field contains the binary ASN.1
   encoding of output values from the DSA with SHA-1 signature
   calculation.

7.6      Registration and Query Messages

   The iSNSP registration and query message payloads contain a list of
   attributes, and have the following format:







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             MSb                                    LSb
             0                                       31
             +----------------------------------------+
             |         Source Attribute (Query Only)  |
             +----------------------------------------+
             |         Key Attribute[1] (if present)  |
             +----------------------------------------+
             |         Key Attribute[2] (if present)  |
             +----------------------------------------+
             |         Key Attribute[3] (if present)  |
             +----------------------------------------+
             |                 . . .                  |
             +----------------------------------------+
             |       - Delimiter Attribute -          |
             +----------------------------------------+
             |   Operating Attribute[1]               |
             +----------------------------------------+
             |   Operating Attribute[2] (if present)  |
             +----------------------------------------+
             |   Operating Attribute[3] (if present)  |
             +----------------------------------------+
             |                 . . .                  |
             +----------------------------------------+

   iSNS Registration and Query messages, sent by iSNS Clients, are sent
   to the iSNS IP-Address and TCP/UDP Port.  The iSNS Responses will be
   sent to the iSNS Client IP-Address and the originating TCP/UDP Port
   used for the associated registration and query message.

7.6.1   Source Attribute

   The source attribute is used to identify the iSNS client to the iSNS
   server for queries and other messages that require source
   identification.  The source attribute uniquely identifies the source
   of the message.  Valid source attribute types are shown below.

           Valid Source Attributes
           -----------------------
           iSCSI Name
           FC Port Name WWPN

   For a query operation, the source attribute is used to limit the
   scope of the specified operation to the Discovery Domains of which
   the source is a member.  Special control nodes, identified by the
   SOURCE attribute, may be administratively configured to perform the
   specified operation on all objects in the iSNS database without
   scoping to Discovery Domains.

7.6.2   Key Attributes

   Key attributes are used to identify the object (or objects) in the
   iSNS server that the registration or query operation will be
   performed on.  The number of Key Attributes depends on the specific
   iSNSP request or query operation being performed.

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7.6.3   Delimiter Attribute

   The Delimiter Attribute separates the key attributes from the
   operating attributes in a message payload.  The Delimiter Attribute
   has a tag value of 0 and a length value of 0.  The Delimiter
   Attribute is effectively 8 Bytes long, a 4 Byte tag containing
   0x00000000, and a 4 Byte length field containing 0x00000000.

7.6.4   Operating Attributes

   The Operating Attributes are a list of one or more attributes
   related to the actual iSNS registration or query operation being
   performed.  In a registration, operating attributes represent values
   to be registered by the iSNS client performing the registration.  In
   a query, operating attributes represent values being requested by
   the iSNS client.

   The number of possible Operating Attributes depends on the specific
   iSNSP request or query.  For example, the Operating Attributes in a
   Device Attribute Query message are the set of attributes to be
   returned in the associated Device Attribute Query Response message
   that match the Key Attributes of the query.

   Some iSNSP messages do not require any Operating Attributes.

7.6.4.1  Operating Attributes for Query and Get Next Requests

   In Query and Get Next request messages, TLV attributes with length
   value of 0 are used to indicate what operating attributes are to be
   returned in the corresponding response. Operating Attribute values
   that match the TLV attributes in the original message are returned
   in the response message.

7.6.5   Registration and Query Message Types

   The following describes each query and message type.

7.6.5.1  Register Device Attribute Request (RegDevAttr)

   The RegDevAttr message type is 0x0001. The RegDevAttr message
   provides an iSNS client with the means to register network entities.
   The iSNS client formulates a RegDevAttr by specifying Key
   Attribute(s) and list of Operating Attributes to register.  All
   values are in Tag Length Value (TLV) format.

   Attributes following the Delimiter Attribute are Operating
   Attributes.  Depending on the setting of the Replace bit in the
   FLAGS field, the Operating attribute values in the RegDevAttr
   message will either replace existing attributes(s), or be added to
   existing attributes(s).  See section 7.6.5.1.1 below for a complete
   description of the Replace Flag.

   The operating attributes are the elements that will be registered.
   Multiple attributes can be registered in one RegDevAttr.  The

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   ordering of the operating attributes indicates the associations to
   be created in the iSNS.  For example, Portal attributes following
   Entity attributes SHALL create a link between the registered entity
   and portal.  Similarly, node attributes following entity attributes
   will create an association.

   A RegDevAttr message with no key attribute results in creation of a
   new entity (EID).  If the EID attribute (with non-zero length) is
   included among the operating attributes in the RegDevAttr message,
   then the new entity SHALL be assigned the value contained in that
   EID attribute.  Otherwise, if the EID attribute is not contained
   among the operating attributes of the RegDevAttr message, or if the
   EID is an operating attribute with TLV length of 0, then the iSNS
   SHALL assign the EID value that is returned in the RegDevAttr
   Response message.

   One RegDevAttr message can contain attributes for Entity, Portal,
   and Node objects if each of these attributes are contained in the
   same Entity.  When the registration contains attributes for the
   Entity, Portal, and Node objects together in the same message, then
   the appropriate Portal, and Node key attributes must be registered
   as part of the operating attributes.

   Ordering of the attributes is important in multi-object
   registrations.  For example, Node Attributes follow a valid Node
   key.

7.6.5.1.1 Replace Flag

   The Replace Flag, contained in the message header FLAGS field,
   indicates whether the registration is a replacement of, or update
   to, an existing entry.  If the Replace bit in the FLAGS field is
   enabled then a new object entry SHALL be created, replacing the
   existing object if one exists.

   If the key attributes of the registration do not match an existing
   object then the Replace flag has no effect.

   If the key attributes match an existing object in the iSNS, and the
   Replace flag is enabled, then the registration will replace the
   existing entry in the iSNS. The existing object(s) specified in the
   RegDevAttr message shall be de-registered.  A new registration shall
   be created with the new attribute value(s) in the registration
   request.  Existing associations between objects will be updated to
   reflect the new information.  For example, an existing Node object
   may be de-registered and reregistered with a different Entity object
   as part of a registration.

   If the key attributes match an existing object in the iSNS, and the
   Replace flag is not enabled, then the new attribute value(s) in the
   registration request SHALL update existing values and may add new,
   additional attributes for the key entry.  Only non-key attributes
   can be updated.  Existing associations between objects will be
   maintained.  If a registration update of the existing object would

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   cause a change in associations, then the error ôInvalid Updateô
   SHALL be returned.  For example, if a RegDevAttr message with an
   Entity Identifier key for one entity contains a Node attribute
   associated with another entity, then an error shall be returned.

7.6.5.2  Device Attribute Query Request (DevAttrQry)

   The DevAttrQry message type is 0x0002.  The DevAttrQry message
   provides an iSNS client with the means to query the iSNS server for
   network entity attributes.  The source is used to scope the query to
   the Discovery Domains that the source attribute is a member of.

   The Key Attribute(s) follow the source attribute in the message
   payload.  The attributes returned by the query will be from objects
   WHERE the Key Attribute(s) match the object.  The Key Attributes map
   to a type of object.

   The DevAttrQry message shall support the following minimum set of
   Key Attributes:

          Valid Key Attributes for Queries
          --------------------------------
           Entity Identifier
           Entity Protocol
           Portal IP-Address
           Portal IP-Address, Portal TCP/UDP Port
           iSCSI Node Type
           iSCSI Identifier
           FC Port Name WWPN
           FC Port Type
           FC-4 Type
           Switch Name (FC Device WWNN--for space identifier queries)

   If the network entities matching key attributes are not in the same
   Discovery Domain as the Source Attribute, then the results for the
   network entity will not be included in the response message.

   The Operating Attributes are the attributes whose values are being
   queried.

7.6.5.3  Device Get Next Request (DevGetNext)

   The DevGetNext message type is 0x0003. This message provides the
   iSNS client with the means to sequentially retrieve Entity, Portal,
   iSCSI Node, Port Name, or Node Name attributes from DD's to which
   the client has access. The source is used to scope the Get Next
   process to the Discovery Domains that the source attribute is a
   member of.

   The Key Attribute follows the source attribute in the message
   payload.  The Key Attribute may be an Entity Identifier, iSCSI Name,
   Portal IP Address and TCP/UDP Port, FC Node Name WWNN, or FC Port
   Name WWPN.  If the key TLV length value entered is zero, signifying
   an empty key value field, then the first accessible Entity

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   Identifier, iSCSI Name, Portal IP Address and TCP/UDP Port, FC Node
   name, or FC Port Name instance shall be returned to the client.
   DevGetNext SHALL return the object that is stored sequentially after
   the object matching the key provided.  If the key provided matches
   the last object instance, then the Error Code of "No Such Entry"
   SHALL be returned in the response.

   The values of the matching Operating Attributes listed in the
   original DevGetNext message SHALL be returned in the DevGetNext
   response.

7.6.5.4  Deregister Device Request (DeregDev)

   The DeregDev message type is 0x0004.  An iSNS client port or device
   is removed from the iSNS directory database by using DeregDev.  Upon
   receiving the DeregDev, the iSNS server removes all object
   registrations associated with the Key Attribute in the payload.

   The DeregDev request message payload contains a Source Attribute and
   Key Attribute(s). Valid Key Attributes are shown below:

          Valid Key Attributes for DeregDev
          ---------------------------------
           Entity Identifier
           Portal IP-Address
           Portal IP-Address, Portal TCP/UDP Port
           iSCSI Name
           FC Port Name WWPN
           FC Node Name WWNN

   The removal of the object will initiate an SCN message to registered
   iSNS clients that are in the same DD as the removed device or port.
   After removing the port or device, the iSNS server sends back an
   acknowledgement to the iSNS client.

   If all nodes associated with an entity are deregistered from that
   entity, then the entity SHALL also be removed UNLESS the entity
   (through one or more Portals) is responding to ESI's.

   If all Portals associated with an entity are deregistered from that
   entity, then that entity and all associated nodes SHALL be removed
   from the iSNS database.

7.6.5.5  SCN Register Request (SCNReg)

   The SCNReg message type is 0x0005.  The State Change Notification
   Registration Request (SCNReg) message allows an iSNS client to
   register a STORAGE NODE to receive State Change Notification (SCN)
   messages.  SCN messages are sent to the indicated UDP or TCP Port
   specified in the SCN Port field (tag 23), notifying the iSNS client
   of changes within the DD or network (if administratively allowed).




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   The SCNReg request message payload contains a Source Attribute, a
   Key Attribute(s), and an Operating Attribute. Valid Key Attributes
   for an SCNReg are shown below:

          Valid Key Attributes for SCNReg
          -------------------------------
           iSCSI Name
           FC Port Name WWPN

   The iSCSI nodes or Node Names matching the Key Attributes are
   registered to receive SCNs.

   The SCN Bitmap is the only operating attribute of this message, and
   it always overwrites the previous contents of this field in the iSNS
   database.  The bitmap indicates those INTERESTED EVENT TYPES the
   node is registering for.

7.6.5.6  SCN Deregister Request (SCNDereg)

   The SCNDereg message type is 0x0006. The SCNDereg message allows an
   iSNS client to disable State Change Notification (SCN) messages.

   The SCNDereg request message payload contains a Source Attribute and
   Key Attribute(s). Valid Key Attributes for an SCNDereg are shown
   below:

          Valid Key Attributes for SCNDereg
          ---------------------------------
           iSCSI Name
           FC Port Name WWPN

   The iSCSI or iFCP nodes matching the Key Attributes are deregistered
   for SCNs.

   There are no Delimiter or Operating Attributes in the SCNDereg
   message.

7.6.5.7  SCN Event (SCNEvent)

   The SCNEvent message type is 0x0007. The SCNEvent is a message
   generated by an iSNS client.  The SCNEvent allows the client to
   request generation of a State Change Notification (SCN) message by
   the iSNS server.  The SCN, sent by the iSNS server, then notifies
   iFCP, iSCSI, and control nodes within the affected DD of the change
   indicated in the SCNEvent.

   Most SCNs are automatically generated by the iSNS when nodes are
   registered or deregistered from the directory database.  SCNs are
   also be generated when a network management application makes
   changes to the DD membership in the iSNS.  However, an iSNS client
   can trigger an SCN by using SCNEvent.




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   The SCNEvent message payload contains a Source Attribute, Key
   Attribute, and Operating Attribute. Valid Key Attributes for an
   SCNEvent are shown below:

          Valid Key Attributes for SCNEvent
          ---------------------------------
           iSCSI Name
           FC Port Name WWPN

   The Operating Attributes section SHALL contain the SCN Event Bitmap
   attribute.  The bitmap indicates the event that caused the SCNEvent
   to be generated.

7.6.5.8  State Change Notification (SCN)

   The SCN message type is 0x0008. The SCN is a message generated by
   the iSNS server which notifies a registered iFCP, iSCSI, or control
   node of changes within its DD.  The SCN message is sent to each
   Portal of the affected node that has a registered TCP or UDP Port in
   the SCN Port field.

   The types of events that a node can be notified about are based on
   the value of the SCN Event Bitmap for the node.

   The format of the SCN payload is shown below:

             +----------------------------------------+
             |         Destination Attribute          |
             +----------------------------------------+
             |               Timestamp                |
             +----------------------------------------+
             |          Source SCN Bitmap 1           |
             +----------------------------------------+
             |          Source Attribute [1]          |
             +----------------------------------------+
             |    Source Attribute [2](if present)    |
             +----------------------------------------+
             |    Source Attribute [3](if present)    |
             +----------------------------------------+
             |    Source Attribute [n](if present)    |
             +----------------------------------------+
             |    Source SCN Bitmap 2 (if present)    |
             +----------------------------------------+
             |                 . . .                  |
             +----------------------------------------+

   All payload attributes are in TLV format.

   The Destination Attribute is the node identifier that is receiving
   the SCN.  The Destination Attribute can be an iSCSI Name, or FC Port
   Name.

   The Timestamp field, using the Timestamp TLV format, indicates the
   time the SCN was generated.

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   The Source Attributes describe the object that caused the SCN to be
   generated.  The Source Attributes can be an iSCSI Name, DD ID, DDS
   ID, or FC Port Name, and possibly include other attributes to
   describe the change that occurred.  The additional attributes are
   included to provide additional information about the source to
   minimize the possibility that the destination object needs to query
   the server for additional information.

   The Source SCN Bitmap field indicates the type of event that caused
   the SCN to be generated.  This field is also used as a delimiter
   between information about multiple objects, if the SCN message is
   providing multiple notifications.


7.6.5.9  DD Register (DDReg)

   The DDReg message type is 0x0009.  This message is used to create a
   new Discovery Domain (DD), update an existing DD Symbolic Name,
   and/or add DD members.

   DDs are uniquely defined using DD_IDs.  DD registration attributes
   are described in section 6.9.2.

   The DDReg message payload contains the Source Attribute, and
   optionally Key and Operating Attributes.

   A DDReg message with no key attribute results in creation of a new
   Discovery Domain (DD).  If the DD_ID attribute (with non-zero
   length) is included among the operating attributes in the DDReg
   message, then the new Discovery Domain SHALL be assigned the value
   contained in that DD_ID attribute.  Otherwise, if the DD_ID
   attribute is not contained among the operating attributes of the
   DDReg message, or if the DD_ID is an operating attribute with TLV
   length of 0, then the iSNS SHALL assign the DD_ID value that is
   returned in the DDReg Response message.

   The Operating Attributes can contain the iSCSI Node Identifier or
   iFCP WWPN of iSNS clients to be added to the DD.  It may also
   contain the DD_Symbolic_Name of the DD.

   This message shall add any DD members listed as operating attributes
   to the Discovery Domain specified by the DD_ID.  In addition, if the
   DD_Symbolic_Name is an operating attribute, then it will be stored
   in the iSNS as the DD_Symbolic_Name for the specified Discovery
   Domain.

7.6.5.10 DD Deregister (DDDereg)

   The DDDereg message type is 0x000A.  This message allows an iSNS
   client to deregister an existing Discovery Domain (DD) or remove
   members from an existing DD.

   DDs are uniquely defined using DD_IDs.  DD registration attributes
   are described in section 6.9.

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   The DDDereg message payload contains a Source Attribute, Key
   Attribute, and Operating Attributes.

   The Key Attribute for a DDDereg message is the DD ID for the domain
   being removed, or having members removed.  If the DD ID matches an
   existing DD, and there are no operating attributes, then the DD will
   be removed and a success error code returned.  If the key attribute
   does not match an existing DD then the error code ôNo Such Entryö
   will be returned.

   If the DD ID matches an existing DD, and there are operating
   attributes matching DD members, then the DD members identified by
   the operating attributes SHALL be removed from the DD and a success
   error code returned.  If any of the operating attributes do not
   match existing DD members, then the error code ôNo Such Entryö will
   be returned, and no DD members shall be removed.

7.6.5.11 DDS Register (DDSReg)

   The DDSReg message type is 0x000B.  This message allows an iSNS
   client to create a new Discovery Domain Set (DDS), update an
   existing DDS Symbolic Name, or add DDS members.

   DDSÆs are uniquely defined using DDS_IDÆs.  DDS registration
   attributes are described in section 6.9.1.

   The DDSReg message payload contains the Source Attribute, and
   optionally Key and Operating Attributes.

   A DDSReg message with no key attribute results in creation of a new
   Discovery Domain Set (DDS).  If the DDS_ID attribute (with non-zero
   length) is included among the operating attributes in the DDSReg
   message, then the new Discovery Domain Set SHALL be assigned the
   value contained in that DDS_ID attribute.  Otherwise, if the DDS_ID
   attribute is not contained among the operating attributes of the
   DDSReg message, or if the DDS_ID is an operating attribute with TLV
   length of 0, then the iSNS SHALL assign the DDS_ID value that is
   returned in the DDSReg Response message.

   The Operating Attributes can contain the DDS_Symbolic_Name and the
   DD_IDÆs of Discovery Domains to be added to the DDS.

   This message shall add any DDS members listed as operating
   attributes to the Discovery Domain Set specified by the DDS_ID key
   attribute.  In addition, if the DDS_Symbolic_Name is an operating
   attribute, then it will be stored in the iSNS as the
   DDS_Symbolic_Name for the specified Discovery Domain Set.

7.6.5.12 DDS Deregister (DDSDereg)

   The DDSDereg message type is 0x000C. This message allows an iSNS
   client to deregister an existing Discovery Domain Set (DDS) or
   remove some DDÆs from an existing DDS.


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   The DDSDereg message payload contains a Source Attribute, Key
   Attribute, and Operating Attributes.

   The Key Attribute for a DDSDereg message is the DDS ID for the set
   being removed, or having members removed.  If the DDS ID matches an
   existing DDS, and there are no operating attributes, then the DDS
   will be removed and a success error code returned.  If the key
   attribute does not match an existing DDS then the error code ôNo
   Such Entryö will be returned.

   If the DDS ID matches an existing DDS, and there are operating
   attributes matching DDS members, then the DDS members will be
   removed from the DDS and a success error code returned.  If any of
   the operating attributes do not match existing DDS members, then the
   error code ôNo Such Entryö will be returned and no DDS members shall
   be removed.

7.6.5.13 Entity Status Inquiry (ESI)

   The ESI message type is 0x000D. This message is sent by the iSNS
   server, and is used to verify that an iSNS client portal is
   reachable and available. The ESI message is sent to the ESI UDP port
   provided during registration, or the TCP connection used for ESI
   registration, depending on which communication type that is being
   used.

   The ESI message payload contains several attributes in TLV format,
   including the current iSNS timestamp, the EID, the Portal IP
   Address, and Portal TCP/UDP Port.

   The ESI response message payload contains the Attributes from the
   original ESI message.

   If the iSNS client portal fails to respond to three consecutive ESI
   messages, then the iSNS SHALL remove that client portal from the
   iSNS database. If there are no other remaining ESI monitored portals
   for the associated entity, then the entity SHALL also be removed.
   The appropriate State Change Notifications, if any, SHALL be
   triggered.

7.6.5.14 Name Service Heartbeat (Heartbeat)

   This message SHOULD only be sent by the active iSNS server.  It
   allows iSNS clients and backup servers listening to the broadcast or
   multicast address to discover the IP address of the primary and
   backup iSNS servers.  It also all concerned parties to monitor the
   health and status of the primary iSNS server.

   This message is NOT in TLV format.  There is no response message to
   the Name Service Heartbeat.





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        MSb                                            LSb
        0                                               31
        +------------------------------------------------+
        |            Active Server IP-Address            |
        +------------------------------------------------+
        |     iSNS TCP Port     |      iSNS UDP Port     |
        +------------------------------------------------+
        |                   Interval                     |
        +------------------------------------------------+
        |                    Counter                     |
        +------------------------------------------------+
        |      RESERVED         |    Backup Servers      |
        +------------------------------------------------+
        |    Primary Backup Server IP Address(if any)    |
        +------------------------------------------------+
        |Backup TCP Port(if any)|Backup UDP Port(if any) |
        +------------------------------------------------+
        |      2nd Backup Server IP Address(if any)      |
        +------------------------------------------------+
        |Backup TCP Port(if any)|Backup UDP Port(if any) |
        +------------------------------------------------+
        |                     . . .                      |
        +------------------------------------------------+
        |                VENDOR SPECIFIC                 |
        +------------------------------------------------+

   The heartbeat payload contains:

   Active Server IP-Address: the IP_Address of the active iSNS server
   in IPv6 format.

   Active TCP Port: the TCP Port of the server currently in use

   Active UDP Port: the UDP Port of the server currently in use,
   otherwise 0

   Interval: the interval, in seconds, of the heartbeat

   Counter: a monotonically incrementing count of heartbeats sent

   Backup Servers: the number of iSNS backup servers.  The IP address,
   TCP Port, and UDP Port of each iSNS backup server follow this field.
   Note that if backup servers are used, then the active iSNS server
   SHOULD list be among the list of backup servers.

   The content of the remainder of this message after the list of
   backup servers is vendor-specific.  Vendors may use additional
   fields to coordinate between multiple iSNS servers, and/or to
   identify vendor specific features.

7.6.5.15 Request Switch ID (RqstSwId)

   The RqstSwId message type is 0x0011. This message is used for iFCP
   Transparent Mode to allocate non-overlapping SWITCH_ID values

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   between 1 and 239. The iSNS server becomes the address assignment
   authority for the entire iFCP fabric.  To obtain multiple SWITCH_ID
   values, this request must be repeated multiple times to the iSNS
   server.

   The RqstSwId payload contains three TLV attributes in the following
   order: the requesting Switch Name (WWN) as the source attribute, the
   Space Identifier as the key attribute, and Preferred ID as the
   operating attribute. The Space Identifier is a string identifying
   the domain space for which the iSNS server shall allocate non-
   overlapping integer SWITCH_ID values between 1 and 239.  The
   Preferred_ID is the nominal SWITCH_ID value requested by the iSNS
   client.  If the Preferred_ID value is available and has not been
   already allocated for the Space_Identifier specified in the message,
   the iSNS server shall return the requested Preferred_ID value as the
   Assigned_ID to the requesting client.

   The RqstSwId response contains an Error Code, and the TLV attribute
   Assigned ID, which contains the integer value in the space
   requested. If no further unallocated values are available from this
   space, the iSNS server SHALL respond with the error code 18
   "SWITCH_ID not available".

   Once a SWITCH_ID value has been allocated to an iSNS client by the
   iSNS server for a given Space_Identifier, that SWITCH_ID value shall
   not be reused until it has been deallocated, or the ESI message
   detects that the iSNS client no longer exists on the network.

   The iSNS server and client SHALL use TCP to transmit and receive
   RqstSwId, RqstSwIdRsp, RlseSwId, and RlseSwIdRsp messages.

7.6.5.16 Release Switch ID (RlseSwId)

   The RlseSwId message type is 0x0012. This message may be used by
   iFCP Transparent Mode to release integer identifier values used to
   assign 3-byte Fibre Channel PORT_ID values.

   The RlseSwId message contains three TLV attributes in the following
   order: the requesting entity EID as the source attribute, the
   Space_Identifier as the key attribute, and Assigned_ID as the
   operating attribute.  Upon receiving the RlseSwId message, the iSNS
   server shall deallocate the SWITCH_ID value contained in the
   Assigned_ID attribute for the Space_Identifier attribute specified.
   Upon deallocation, that SWITCH_ID value can now be requested by, and
   assigned to, a different iSNS client.

   The iSNS server and client SHALL use TCP to transmit and receive
   RqstSwId, RqstSwIdRsp, RlseSwId, and RlseSwIdRsp messages.

7.6.5.17 Get Switch IDs (GetSwIds)

   The GetSwIds message type is 0x0013. This message is used to learn
   the currently-allocated SWITCH_ID values for a given
   Space_Identifier.

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   The GetSwIds message payload contains a Source Attribute and Key
   Attribute.

   The Key Attribute for the GetSwIds message is the Space_Identifier.
   The response to this message returns all of the SWITCH_ID values
   that have been allocated for the Space_Identifier specified.

7.7      Response Messages

   The iSNSP response message payloads contain an Error Code, followed
   by a list of attributes, and have the following format:

             MSb                                    LSb
             0                                       31
             +----------------------------------------+
             |          4-byte ERROR CODE             |
             +----------------------------------------+
             |      Key Attribute[1] (if present)     |
             +----------------------------------------+
             |      Key Attribute[2] (if present)     |
             +----------------------------------------+
             |      Key Attribute[3] (if present)     |
             +----------------------------------------+
             |                 . . .                  |
             +----------------------------------------+
             |  - Delimiter Attribute - (if present)  |
             +----------------------------------------+
             |   Operating Attribute[1] (if present)  |
             +----------------------------------------+
             |   Operating Attribute[2] (if present)  |
             +----------------------------------------+
             |   Operating Attribute[3] (if present)  |
             +----------------------------------------+
             |                 . . .                  |
             +----------------------------------------+

   The iSNS Response messages will be sent to the iSNS Client IP
   Address and the originating TCP/UDP Port that was used for the
   associated registration and query message.

7.7.1   Error Code

   The first field in an iSNSP response message payload is the Error
   Code for the operation that was performed.  The Error Code format is
   defined in section 7.4.

7.7.2   Key Attributes in Response

   Depending on the specific iSNSP request, the response message will
   contain Key Attributes.  For example, a Register Device Attribute
   Response message will contain the Key Attributes used in the Device
   Attribute Registration with the assigned values, if they were
   assigned by the iSNS.


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7.7.3   Delimiter Attribute in Response

   The Delimiter Attribute separates the key and operating attributes
   in a response message, if they exist.  The Delimiter Attribute has a
   tag value of 0 and a length value of 0.  The Delimiter Attribute is
   effectively 8 Bytes long, a 4 Byte tag containing 0x00000000, and a
   4 Byte length field containing 0x00000000.

7.7.4   Operating Attributes in Response

   The Operating Attributes in a response are the results related to
   the iSNS registration or query operation being performed.

   The number of Operating Attributes in the response depends on the
   specific iSNSP request or query response.  For example, the
   Operating Attributes in a Device Attribute Query Response message
   are the set of Operating Attributes from network entity entries that
   matched the Key Attributes in the associated Device Attribute Query
   message.

7.7.5   Registration and Query Message Types

   The following describes each query and message type.

7.7.5.1  Register Device Attribute Response (RegDevRsp)

   The RegDevRsp message type is 0x8001.  The RegDevRsp message
   contains the results for the RegDevAttr message with the same
   TRANSACTION ID.

   The Error Code contains the operation results.  If the registration
   completed successfully the code of ôNo Errorö is returned.  If an
   error occurred then the appropriate code will be returned.

   The Key Attributes contain the set of keys for the objects
   registered by the Register Device Attribute message.  If the iSNS
   assigned a unique Entity Identifier for a network entity, then the
   key attribute field shall contain the assigned Entity Identifier.

   There are no Operating Attributes in the RegDevRsp message.

7.7.5.2  Device Attribute Query Response (DevAttrQryRsp)

   The DevAttrQryRsp message type is 0x8002.  The DevAttrQryRsp message
   contains the results for the DevAttrQry message with the same
   TRANSACTION ID.

   The Error Code contains the operation results.  If the query
   completed successfully the code of ôNo Errorö is returned.  If an
   error occurred then the appropriate code will be returned.

   For a successful query result, the DevAttrQryRsp Operating
   Attributes will contain the results of the original DevAttrQry
   message.

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7.7.5.3  Device Get Next Response (DevGetNextRsp)

   The DevGetNextRsp message type is 0x8003. The DevGetNextRsp message
   contains the results for the DevGetNext message with the same
   TRANSACTION ID.

   The Error Code contains the operation results.  If the operation
   completed successfully the code of ôNo Errorö is returned.  If an
   error occurred then the appropriate code will be returned.

   The Key Attribute field contains the next key, in sequential order,
   after the Key Attribute used in the DevGetNext message.

   The Operating Attribute field contains the same attributes as in the
   DevGetNext message.  The values of the Operating Attributes are the
   attribute values associated with the key returned.

7.7.5.4  Deregister Device Response (DeregDevRsp)

   The DeregDevRsp message type is 0x8004. If the DeregDe operation
   completed successfully then the code of ôNo Errorö is returned.  If
   an error occurred then the appropriate code will be returned.

   The DeregDevRsp message does not contain any key or operating
   attributes.

7.7.5.5  SCN Register Response (SCNRegRsp)

   The SCNRegRsp message type is 0x8005. If the SCReg operation
   completed successfully then the code of ôNo Errorö is returned.  If
   an error occurred then the appropriate code will be returned.

   The SCNRegRsp message does not contain any key or operating
   attributes.

7.7.5.6  SCN Deregister Response (SCNDeregRsp)

   The SCNDeregRsp message type is 0x8006. If the SCNDereg operation
   completed successfully then the code of ôNo Errorö is returned.  If
   an error occurred then the appropriate code will be returned.

   The SCNDeregRsp message does not contain any key or operating
   attributes.

7.7.5.7  SCN Event Response (SCNEventRsp)

   The SCNEventRsp message type is 0x8007. If the SCNEvent operation
   completed successfully then the Error Code of ôNo Errorö is
   returned.  If an error occurred then the appropriate code will be
   returned.

   The SCNEventRsp message does not contain any key or operating
   attributes.


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7.7.5.8  SCN Response (SCNRsp)

   The SCNRsp message type is 0x8008. This message is sent by an iSNS
   client, and provides confirmation that the SCN message was received
   and processed.

   If the SCN operation completed successfully, then the Error Code of
   ôNo Errorö is returned by the iSNS client.  If an error occurred
   then the appropriate code will be returned.

   The SCNRsp response message payload also contains the SCN
   Destination Attribute representing the node or entity identifier
   that received the SCN.

7.7.5.9  DD Register Response (DDRegRsp)

   The DDRegRsp message type is 0x8009. If the DDReg operation
   completed successfully then the code of ôNo Errorö is returned.  If
   an error occurred then the appropriate code will be returned.

   If successful, the DD ID of the DD created or updated during the
   DDReg operation will be returned as an operating attribute of the
   message.

7.7.5.10 DD Deregister Response (DDDeregRsp)

   The DDDeregRsp message type is 0x800A.  If the DDDereg operation
   completed successfully then the code of ôNo Errorö is returned.  If
   an error occurred then the appropriate code will be returned.

   The DDDeregRsp message does not contain any key or operating
   attributes.

7.7.5.11 DDS Register Response (DDSRegRsp)

   The DDSRegRsp message type is 0x800B. If the DDSRegRsp operation
   completed successfully then the code of ôNo Errorö is returned.  If
   an error occurred then the appropriate code will be returned.

   If successful, the DDS ID of the DDS created or updated during the
   DDSReg operation will be returned as an operating attribute of the
   message.

7.7.5.12 DDS Deregister Response (DDSDeregRsp)

   The DDSDeregRsp message type is 0x800C. If the DDSDeregRsp operation
   completed successfully then the code of ôNo Errorö is returned.  If
   an error occurred then the appropriate code will be returned.

   The DDSDeregRsp message does not contain any key or operating
   attributes.




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7.7.5.13 Entity Status Inquiry Response (ESIRsp)

   The ESIRsp message type is 0x800D. This message is sent by an iSNS
   client, and provides confirmation that the ESI message was received
   and processed.

   The ESIRsp response message payload contains the attributes from the
   original ESI message.  These attributes represent the iSNS client
   portal that is responding to the ESI. The ESIRsp Attributes are in
   the order they were provided in the original ESI message.  An error
   code of "No Error" is returned.

   Upon receiving the ESIRsp from the iSNS client, the iSNS server
   SHALL update the timestamp attribute for that client entity and
   portal.

7.7.5.14 Request Switch ID Response (RqstSwIdRsp)

   The RqstSwIdRsp message type is 0x8011.  This message provides the
   response for RqstSwId.

   The RqstSwId response contains an Error Code and the TLV attribute
   Assigned ID, which contains the integer value in the space
   requested. If no further unallocated values are available from this
   space, the iSNS server SHALL respond with the error code 19
   "SWITCH_ID not available".

   Once a SWITCH_ID value is allocated by the iSNS server, it shall not
   be reused until it has been deallocated by the iSNS client to which
   the value was assigned, or the ESI message detects that the iSNS
   client no longer exists on the network.

   The iSNS server and client SHALL use TCP to transmit and receive
   RqstSwId, RqstSwIdRsp, RlseSwId, and RlseSwIdRsp messages.

7.7.5.15 Release Switch ID Response (RlseSwIdRsp)

   The RlseSwIdRsp message type is 0x8012. This message provides the
   response for RlseSwId.  The response contains an Error indicating if
   the request was successful or not.  If the Assigned_ID value in the
   original RlseSwId message is not allocated, then the iSNS server
   SHALL respond with this message using the error code 20 ôSWITCH_ID
   not allocatedö.

   The iSNS server and client SHALL use TCP to transmit and receive
   RqstSwId, RqstSwIdRsp, RlseSwId, and RlseSwIdRsp messages.

7.7.5.16 Get Switch IDs Response (GetSwIdRsp)

   The GetSwIdsResp message type is 0x8013. This message is used
   determine which SWITCH_ID values have been allocated for the
   Space_Identifier specified in the original GetSwId request message.



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   The GetSwIds response message payload contains an error code
   indicating if the request was successful, and a list of the Assigned
   IDs from the space requested.  The Assigned_ID attributes are listed
   in TLV format.

7.8      Vendor Specific Messages

   Vendor-specific iSNSP messages have a functional ID of between
   0x0100 and 0x01FF, while vendor-specific responses have a functional
   ID of between 0x8100 and 0x81FF.  The first key attribute in a
   vendor-specific message SHALL be the company OUI (tag=256)
   identifying original creator of the proprietary iSNSP message.  The
   contents of the remainder of the message are vendor-specific.

8.       Security Considerations

8.1      iSNS Security Threat Analysis

   When the iSNS protocol is deployed, the interaction between iSNS
   server and iSNS clients are subject to the following security
   threats:

   [1]  An attacker could alter iSNS protocol messages, such as to
   direct iSCSI and iFCP devices to establish connections with rogue
   peer devices, or to weaken/eliminate IPSec protection for iSCSI or
   iFCP traffic.

   [2]  An attacker could masquerade as the real iSNS server using
   false iSNS heartbeat messages.  This could cause iSCSI and iFCP
   devices to use rogue iSNS servers.

   [3]  An attacker could gain knowledge about iSCSI and iFCP devices
   by snooping iSNS protocol messages.  Such information could aid an
   attacker in mounting a direct attack on iSCSI and iFCP devices, such
   as a denial-of-service attack or outright physical theft.

   To address these threats, the following capabilities are needed:

   [a]  Unicast iSNS protocol messages may need to be authenticated.
   In addition, to protect against threat [3] above, confidentiality
   support is desireable, and REQUIRED when certain functions of iSNS
   are used.

   [b]  Multicast iSNS protocol messages such as the iSNS heartbeat
   message may need to be authenticated. These messages need not be
   confidential since they do not leak critical information.

8.2      iSNS Security Implementation and Usage Requirements

   If iSNS is used to distribute authorizations for communications
   between iFCP and iSCSI peer devices, IPsec ESP with null transform
   MUST be implemented.



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                 Internet Storage Name Service (iSNS)    February 2002

   If iSNS is used to distribute security policy for iFCP and iSCSI
   devices, then authentication, data integrity, and confidentiality
   MUST be supported and used.  Where confidentiality is desired or
   required, IPsec ESP with non-null transform SHOULD be used.

   In order to protect against an attacker masquerading as an iSNS
   server, client devices MUST support the ability to authenticate
   broadcast or multicast messages such as the iSNS heartbeat.  The
   iSNS authentication block (which is identical in format to the SLP
   authentication block) MAY be used for this purpose.  Note that the
   authentication block is used only for iSNS broadcast or multicast
   messages, and SHOULD NOT be used in unicast iSNS messages.

   There is no requirement that the communicating identities in iSNS
   protocol messages be kept confidential.  Specifically, the identity
   and location of the iSNS server shall not be considered
   confidential.

   For protecting unicast iSNS protocol messages, iSNS servers
   supporting security MUST implement ESP in tunnel mode and MAY
   implement transport mode.

   All iSNS implementations supporting security MUST support the replay
   protection mechanisms of IPsec.

   Conformant iSNS security implementations MUST support IKE for
   authentication, negotiation of security associations, and key
   management, using the IPSec DOI [RFC2407].  Manual keying SHOULD NOT
   be used since it does not provide the necessary rekeying support.
   Conformant iSNS security implementations MUST support authentication
   using a pre-shared key, and MAY support certificate-based peer
   authentication using digital signatures.  Peer authentication using
   the public key encryption methods outlined in IKE's sections 5.2 and
   5.3 [RFC2409] SHOULD NOT be supported.

   Conformant iSNS implementations MUST support both IKE Main Mode and
   Aggressive Mode.  IKE Main Mode with pre-shared key authentication
   SHOULD NOT be used when either of the peers use dynamically assigned
   IP addresses. While Main Mode with pre-shared key authentication
   offers good security in many cases, situations where dynamically
   assigned addreses are used force the use a group pre-shared key,
   which is vulnerable to man-in-the-middle attack.

   When digital signatures are used for authentication, either IKE Main
   Mode or IKE Aggressive Mode MAY be used.  In all cases, access to
   locally stored secret information (pre-shared key or private key for
   digital signing) MUST be suitably restricted, since compromise of
   the secret information nullifies the security properties of the
   IKE/IPsec protocols.

   When digital signatures are used to achieve authentiation, an IKE
   negotiator SHOULD use IKE Certificate Request Payload(s) to specify
   the certificate authority (or authorities) that are trusted in
   accordance with its local policy.  IKE negotiators SHOULD check the

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                 Internet Storage Name Service (iSNS)    February 2002

   pertinent Certificate Revocation List (CRL) before accepting a PKI
   certificate for use in IKE's authentication procedures.

   When iSNS is used without security, IP block storage protocol
   implementations MUST support a negative cache for authentication
   failures. This allows implementations to avoid continually
   contacting discovered endpoints which fail authentication within
   IPsec or at the application layer (in the case of iSCSI Login).  The
   negative cache need not be  maintained within the IPsec
   implementation, but rather within the IP block storage protocol
   implementation.

8.3      Using iSNS to Discover Security Requirements of Peer Devices

   The iSNS protocol is used to transfer naming, discovery, and
   management information between iSCSI devices, iFCP gateways,
   management stations, and the iSNS server.  Once communication
   between iSNS clients and the iSNS server have been secured through
   use of IPSec, the iSNS client devices have the capability to
   discover the security settings that they need to use for their peer-
   to-peer communications using the iSCSI and/or iFCP protocols.  This
   provides a potential scaling advantage over device-by-device
   configuration of individual security policies for each iSCSI and
   iFCP device.

   The iSNS server stores security settings for each iSCSI and iFCP
   device interface.  These security settings, which can be retrieved
   by authorized hosts, include use or non-use of IPSec, IKE, Main
   Mode, and Aggressive Mode.  For example, IKE may not be enabled for
   a particular interface of a peer device.  If a peer device can learn
   of this in advance by consulting the iSNS server, it will not need
   to waste time and resources attempting to initiate an IKE phase 1
   session with that peer device interface.

   If iSNS is used for this purpose, then the minimum information that
   should be learned from the iSNS server is the use or non-use of IKE
   and IPSec by each iFCP or iSCSI peer device interface.  This
   information is encoded in the Security Bitmap field of each Portal
   of the peer device, and is applicable on a per-interface basis for
   the peer device.  iSNS queries to acquire security configuration
   data about peer devices MUST be protected by IPSec/ESP
   authentication.

8.4      Using iSNS to Configure Security Policies of Client Devices

   Once communication between iSNS clients and the iSNS server are
   secured through use of IPsec, iSNS clients have the capability to
   discover the security settings required for communication via the
   iSCSI and/or iFCP protocols.  Use of iSNS for distribution of
   security policies offers the potential to reduce the burden of
   manual device configuration, and decrease the probability of
   communications failures due to incompatible security policies.  If
   iSNS is used to distribute security policies, then IPSec


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                 Internet Storage Name Service (iSNS)    February 2002

   authentication, data integrity, and confidentiality MUST be used to
   protect all iSNS protocol messages.

   The complete IKE/IPSec configuration of each iFCP and/or iSCSI
   device can be stored in the iSNS server, including policies that are
   used for IKE Phase 1 and Phase 2 negotiations between client
   devices.  The IKE payload format includes a series of one or more
   proposals that the iSCSI or iFCP device will use when negotiating
   the appropriate IPsec policy to use to protect iSCSI or iFCP
   traffic.

   In addition, the iSCSI Authentication Methods used by each iSCSI
   device can also be stored in the iSNS server.  The iSCSI AuthMethod
   field (tag=42) contains a null-terminated string embedded with the
   text values indicating iSCSI authentication methods to be used by
   that iSCSI device.

   Note that iSNS distribution of security policy is not necessary if
   the security settings can be determined by other means, such as
   manual configuration or IPsec security policy distribution. If an
   entity has already obtained its security configuration via other
   mechanisms, then it MUST NOT request security policy via iSNS.

   For further details on how to store and retrieve IKE policy
   proposals in the iSNS server, see [58].

8.5      Resource Issues

   The iSNS protocol is lightweight, and will not generate a
   significant amount of traffic.  iSNS traffic is characterized by
   occassional registration, notification, and update messages that do
   not consume measurable amounts of bandwidth.  Even software-based
   IPSec implementations should not have a problem handling the traffic
   loads generated by iSNS.

   To fulfill iSNS security requirements, the only additional resources
   needed beyond what is already required for iSCSI and iFCP involves
   the iSNS server.  Since iSCSI and iFCP end nodes are already
   required to implement IKE and IPSec, these existing requirements can
   also be used to fulfill IKE and IPSec requirements for iSNS clients.

8.6      iSNS Interaction with IKE and IPSec

   When IPSec security is enabled, each iSNS client that is registered
   in the iSNS database SHALL maintain at least one phase-1 and one
   phase-2 security association with the iSNS server.  All iSNS
   protocol messages between iSNS clients and the iSNS server SHALL be
   protected by a phase-2 security association.

   When an iSNS client is removed from the iSNS database, the iSNS
   server shall send a phase-1 delete message to the associated IKE
   peer, and tear down all phase-1 and phase-2 SA's associated with
   that iSNS client.


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                 Internet Storage Name Service (iSNS)    February 2002

9.       Normative References

   [iSCSI]     Satran, J., et al., "iSCSI", Internet draft (work in
               progress), draft-ietf-ips-iSCSI-09.txt, November 2001

   [iFCP]      Monia, C., et al., "iFCP - A Protocol for Internet Fibre
               Channel Storage Networking", Internet draft (work in
               progress), draft-ietf-ips-ifcp-07.txt, November 2001

   [RFC2608]   Guttman, E., Perkins, C., Veizades, J., Day, M.,
               "Service Location Protocol, Version 2", RFC 2608, June
               1999

   [iSCSIName] Bakke, M., et al., "iSCSI naming and Discovery", draft-
               ietf-ips-iscsi-name-disc-03.txt, November 2001

   [iSCSI-SLP] Bakke, M., "Finding iSCSI Targets and Name Servers Using
               SLP", Internet draft (work in progress), draft-ietf-ips-
               iscsi-slp-01.txt, July 2001

   [RFC2119]   Bradner, S., "Key Words for Use in RFCs to Indicate
               Requirement Levels, BCP 14, RFC 2119, March 1997

   [SEC-IPS]   Aboba, B., et al., "Securing IP Block Storage
               Protocols", draft-ietf-ips-security-07.txt, December
               2001

   [RFC2401]   Atkinson, R., Kent, S., "Security Architecture for the
               Internet Protocol", RFC 2401, November 1998

   [RFC2406]   Kent, S., Atkinson, R., "IP Encapsulating Security
               Payload (ESP)", RFC 2406, November 1998

   [RFC2407]   Piper, D., "The Internet IP Security Domain of
               Interpretation of ISAKMP", RFC 2407, November 1998

   [RFC2408]   Maughan, D., Schertler, M., Schneider, M., Turner, J.,
               "Internet Security Association and Key Management
               Protocol (ISAKMP), RFC 2408, November 1998

   [RFC2409]   Harkins, D., Carrel, D., "The Internet Key Exchange
               (IKE)", RFC 2409, November 1998

   [RFC2412]   Orman, H., "The OAKLEY Key Determination Protocol", RFC
               2412, November 1998

   [RFC793]    Postel, J., "Transmission Control Protocol", STD 7, RFC
               793, September 1981

   [DSS]       FIPS PUB 186-2, National Institute of Standards and
               Technology, Digital Signature Standard (DSS), Technical
               Report



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                 Internet Storage Name Service (iSNS)    February 2002

   [EUI-64]    Guidelines for 64-bit Global Identifier (EUI-64)
               Registration Authority, May 2001, IEEE,
               http://standards.ieee.org/regauth/oui/tutorials/EUI64.ht
               ml

   [802-1990]  IEEE Standards for Local and Metropolitan Area Networks:
               Overview and Architecture, Technical Committee on
               Computer Communications of the IEEE Computer Society,
               May 31, 1990

   [FC-FS]     Fibre Channel Framing and Signaling Interface, NCITS
               Working Draft Project 1331-D

10.      Informative References

   [RFC1035]   Mockapetris, P., "Domain Names - Implementation and
               Specification, RFC 1035, November 1987

   [RFC1305]   Mills, D., Network Time Protocol (Version 3), RFC 1305,
               March 1992

   [FC-GS]     Fibre Channel Generic Services, ANSI X3.288:1996

   [FC-GS-2]   Fibre Channel Generic Services-2, ANSI NCITS 288

   [FC-GS-3]   Fibre Channel Generic Services-3, NCITS 348-2000

   [FC-GS-4]   Fibre Channel Generic Services-4, NCITS Working Draft
               Project 1505-D



   [RFC2026] Bradner, S., "The Internet Standards Process -- Revision
      3", BCP 9, RFC 2026, October 1996.

   [RFC2119] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
      Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, March 1997


















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11.      Author's Addresses

   Josh Tseng
   Kevin Gibbons
   Charles Monia
   Nishan Systems
   3850 North First Street
   San Jose, CA 95134-1702
   Phone: (408) 519-3749
   Email: jtseng@nishansystems.com

   Franco Travostino
   Nortel Networks
   3 Federal Street
   Billerica, MA  01821
   Phone:  978-288-7708
   Email:  travos@nortelnetworks.com

   Tom McSweeney
   Curt Du Laney
   John Dowdy
   IBM
   4205 South Miami Blvd
   Research Triangle Park, NC 27709
   Email:  jdowdy@us.ibm.com
   Phone: (919) 254-5632

   Chad Gregory
   505 E. Huntland Drive, Suite 550
   Austin, TX 78752
   Email: chad.gregory@intel.com
   Phone: (512) 407-2137























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                 Internet Storage Name Service (iSNS)    November 2001


Full Copyright Statement

   "Copyright (C) The Internet Society (date). All Rights Reserved.
   This document and translations of it may be copied and furnished to
   others, and derivative works that comment on or otherwise explain it
   or assist in its implementation may be prepared, copied, published
   and distributed, in whole or in part, without restriction of any
   kind, provided that the above copyright notice and this paragraph
   are included on all such copies and derivative works. However, this
   document itself may not be modified in any way, such as by removing
   the copyright notice or references to the Internet Society or other
   Internet organizations, except as needed for the purpose of
   developing Internet standards in which case the procedures for
   copyrights defined in the Internet Standards process must be
   followed, or as required to translate it into languages other than
   English.

   The limited permissions granted above are perpetual and will not be
   revoked by the Internet Society or its successors or assigns.

   This document and the information contained herein is provided on an
   "AS IS" basis and THE INTERNET SOCIETY AND THE INTERNET ENGINEERING
   TASK FORCE DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING
   BUT NOT LIMITED TO ANY WARRANTY THAT THE USE OF THE INFORMATION
   HEREIN WILL NOT INFRINGE ANY RIGHTS OR ANY IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF
   MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE."




























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                      Appendix A  -- iSNS Examples

A.1 iSCSI Initialization Example

   This example assumes an SLP Service Agent (SA) has been implemented
   on the iSNS host, and an SLP User Agent (UA) has been implemented on
   the iSNS initiator.  See [RFC2608] for further details on SA's and
   UA's.  This example also assumes the target is configured to use the
   iSNS, and have its access control policy subordinated to the iSNS.

A.1.1    Simple iSCSI Target Registration

   In this example, a simple target with a single iSCSI name registers
   with the iSNS.  The target has not been assigned a Fully Qualified
   Domain Name (FQDN) by the administrator.

   +--------------------------+------------------+-------------------+
   |    iSCSI Target Device   |    iSNS          |Management Station |
   +--------------------------+------------------+-------------------+
   |Discover iSNS--SLP------->|                  |/*mgmt station is  |
   |                          |<--SLP--iSNS Here:| administratively  |
   |                          |      192.36.53.1 | authorized to view|
   |                          |                  | all DD's.  Device |
   |                          |                  | NAMEabcd has been |
   |      RegDevAttr--------->|                  | previously placed |
   |Oper Attrs:               |                  | into DDabcd******/|
   |tag=1: NULL               |                  |                   |
   |tag=2: "iSCSI"            |                  |                   |
   |tag=16: "192.36.4.5"      |                  |                   |
   |tag=17: "5001"            |                  |                   |
   |tag=19: 0                 |                  |                   |
   |tag=32: "NAMEabcd"        |                  |                   |
   |tag=33: "target"          |                  |                   |
   |tag=34: "disk 1"          |                  |                   |
   |                          |<---RegDevAttrRsp |                   |
   |                          |SUCCESS           |                   |
   |                          |tag=1: "iSNS:0001"|                   |
   |                          |tag=16: "192.36.4.5"                  |
   |                          |tag=17: "5001"    |                   |
   |                          |tag=32: "NAMEabcd"|                   |
   |                          |                  |                   |
   |      DevAttrQry--------->|      SCN-------->|                   |
   |Src:(tag=32) "NAMEabcd"   |(or SNMP trap)    |                   |
   |Key:(tag=2) "iSCSI"       |tag=1: "iSNS:0001"                    |
   |Key:(tag=33) "initiator"  |dest: "mgmt.foo.com"                  |
   |Oper Attrs:               |CHANGE IN NETWORK |                   |
   |tag=16:  NULL             |                  |                   |
   |tag=17:  NULL             |                  |<-------SCNRsp     |
   |tag=32:  NULL             |                  |                   |
   |/*Query asks for all iSCSI|                  |                   |
   |devices' IP address, port |<---DevAttrQryRsp |                   |
   |number, and Name*/        |SUCCESS           |                   |
   |                          |tag=16:"192.36.4.1"                   |
   |                          |tag=17:"50000"    |                   |

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                 Internet Storage Name Service (iSNS)    November 2001

   |                          |tag=32:"devpdq"   |                   |
   |                          |tag=16:"192.1.3.2"|<-----DevAttrQry   |
   |                          |tag=17:"50000"    |src: ôMGMTname1ö   |
   |                          |tag=32:"devrst"   |key:(tag=1)iSNS:0001
   |                          |                  |Op Attrs:          |
   |/*************************|                  |tag=16:  NULL      |
   |Our target "iSNS:0001"    |                  |tag=17:  NULL      |
   |discovers two initiators  |                  |tag=32:  NULL      |
   |in the same DD.  It will  |                  |                   |
   |accept iSCSI logins from  |                  |                   |
   |these two identified      |                  |                   |
   |initiators presented by   |                  |                   |
   |iSNS*********************/| DevAttrQryRsp--->|                   |
   |                          |SUCCESS           |                   |
   |                          |tag=16: 192.36.4.5|                   |
   |                          |tag=17: 5001      |                   |
   |                          |tag=32: NAMEabcd  |                   |
   +--------------------------+------------------+-------------------+


A.1.2    Target Registration and DD Configuration

   In this example, a more complex target registers with the iSNS.
   This target has been configured with a Fully Qualified Domain Name
   (FQDN) in the DNS servers, and the user wishes to use this
   identifier for the device.  Also, the user wishes to use public key
   certificates in the iSCSI login authentication.

   +--------------------------+------------------+-------------------+
   |    iSCSI Target Device   |    iSNS          |Management Station |
   +--------------------------+------------------+-------------------+
   |Discover iSNS--SLP-->     |                  |/*mgmt station is  |
   |                          |<--SLP--iSNS Here:| administratively  |
   |                          |      192.36.53.1 | authorized to view|
   |      RegDevAttr-->       |                  | all DD's ********/|
   |Oper Attrs:               |                  |                   |
   |tag=1: "jbod1.foo.com"    |                  |                   |
   |tag=2: "iSCSI"            |                  |                   |
   |tag=16: "192.36.34.4"     |                  |                   |
   |tag=17: "5001"            |                  |                   |
   |tag=19: "5 seconds"       |                  |                   |
   |tag=16: "192.36.53.5"     |                  |                   |
   |tag=17: "5001"            |                  |                   |
   |tag=32: "NAMEabcd"        |                  |                   |
   |tag=33: "Target"          |/*****************|                   |
   |tag=34: "Storage Array 1" |jbod1.foo.com is  |                   |
   |tag=43: X.509 cert        |now registered in |                   |
   |tag=32: "NAMEefgh"        |iSNS, but is not  |                   |
   |tag=33: "Target"          |in any DD. Therefore,                 |
   |tag=34: "Storage Array 2" |no other devices  |                   |
   |tag=43: X.509 cert        |can "see" it.     |                   |
   |                          |*****************/|                   |
   |                          |<--RegDevAttrRsp  |                   |
   |                          |SUCCESS           |                   |

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   |                          |tag=1: "jbod1.foo.com"                |
   |                          |tag=16: "192.36.34.4"                 |
   |                          |tag=17: "5001"    |                   |
   |                          |tag=16: "192.36.53.5"                 |
   |                          |tag=17: "5001"    |                   |
   |                          |tag=32: "NAMEabcd"|                   |
   |                          |tag=32: "NAMEefgh"|                   |
   |                          |                  |                   |
   |                          |       SCN------> |                   |
   |                          |  (or SNMP trap)  |                   |
   |                          |tag=1: jbod1.foo.com                  |
   |                          |dest: mgmt.foo.com|                   |
   |                          |CHANGE IN NETWORK |                   |
   |                          |                  |                   |
   |                          |                  |<--SCNRsp          |
   |                          |                  |<--DevAttrQry      |
   |                          |                  |src: mgmt.foo.com  |
   |                          |                  |key:  (tag=1)      |
   |                          |                  |  jbod1.foo.com    |
   |                          |                  |Op Attr: (tag=2)   |
   |                          |                  |Op Attr: (tag=16)  |
   |                          |                  |Op Attr: (tag=17)  |
   |                          |                  |Op Attr: (tag=32)  |
   |                          |                  |                   |
   |                          | DevAttrQryRsp--> |                   |
   |                          |SUCCESS           |                   |
   |                          |tag=2:  "iSCSI"   |                   |
   |                          |tag=16: 192.36.34.4                   |
   |                          |tag=17: 5001      |                   |
   |                          |tag=16: 192.36.53.5                   |
   |                          |tag=17: 5001      |/**Mgmt Station ***|
   |                          |tag=32:"NAMEabcd" |displays device,   |
   |                          |tag=32:"NAMEefgh" |the operator decides
   |                          |                  |to place "NAMEabcd"|
   |                          |                  |into Domain "DDxyz"|
   |/*************************|                  |******************/|
   |Target is now registered  |                  |                   |
   |in iSNS.  It has been placed                 |<--DDReg           |
   |in DDxyz by management    |                  |src: "mgmt.foo.com"|
   |station.                  |                  |key: "DDxyz ID"    |
   |*************************/|                  |Op Attr:           |
   |                          |                  |tag=32: "NAMEabcd" |
   |                          |    DDRegRsp----->|                   |
   |                          |    SUCCESS       |                   |
   +--------------------------+------------------+-------------------+


A.1.3    Initiator Registration and Target Discovery

   The following example illustrates a new initiator registering with
   the iSNS, and discovering the target NAMEabcd from the example in
   A.1.2.



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                 Internet Storage Name Service (iSNS)    November 2001

   +--------------------------+------------------+-------------------+
   |    iSCSI Initiator       |    iSNS          |Management Station |
   +--------------------------+------------------+-------------------+
   |Discover iSNS--SLP-->     |                  |/*mgmt station is  |
   |                          |<--SLP--iSNS Here:| administratively  |
   |                          |      192.36.53.1 | authorized to view|
   |RegDevAttr-->             |                  | all DD's ********/|
   |Oper Attrs:               |                  |                   |
   |tag=1: "svr1.foo.com"     |                  |                   |
   |tag=2: "iSCSI"            |                  |                   |
   |tag=16: "192.20.3.1"      |/*****************|                   |
   |tag=17: "5001"            |Device not in any |                   |
   |tag=19: 5 seconds         |DD, so it is      |                   |
   |tag=32: "NAMEijkl"        |inaccessible by   |                   |
   |tag=33: "Initiator"       |other devices     |                   |
   |tag=34: "Server1"         |*****************/|                   |
   |tag=43: X.509 certificate |                  |                   |
   |                          |<--RegDevAttrRsp  |                   |
   |                          |SUCCESS           |                   |
   |                          |tag=1: "svr1.foo.com"                 |
   |                          |tag=16: "192.20.3.1"                  |
   |                          |tag=17: "5001"    |                   |
   |                          |tag=32: "NAMEijkl"|                   |
   |                          |                  |                   |
   |                          |       SCN------> |                   |
   |                          |  (or SNMP trap)  |                   |
   |                          |tag=1: svr1.foo.com                   |
   |                          |dest: mgmt.foo.com|                   |
   |                          |CHANGE IN NETWORK |                   |
   |                          |                  |                   |
   |                          |                  |<------SCNRsp      |
   |                          |                  |<----DevAttrQry    |
   |                          |                  |src: mgmt.foo.com  |
   |                          |                  |key:  (tag=1)      |
   |                          |                  |  svr1.foo.com     |
   |                          |                  |Op Attr: (tag=2)   |
   |                          |                  |Op Attr: (tag=16)  |
   |                          |                  |Op Attr: (tag=17)  |
   |                          |                  |Op Attr: (tag=32)  |
   |                          | DevAttrQryRsp--> |                   |
   |                          |SUCCESS           |                   |
   |                          |tag=2:  "iSCSI"   |                   |
   |                          |tag=16:192.20.3.1 |                   |
   |                          |tag=17: "5001"    |                   |
   |                          |tag=32:"NAMEijkl" |                   |
   |                          |                  |/**Mgmt Station ***|
   |                          |                  |displays device,   |
   |                          |                  |the operator decides
   |                          |                  |to place "NAMEijkl"|
   |                          |                  |into Domain "DDxyz"|
   |                          |                  |with device NAMEabcd
   |                          |                  |******************/|
   |                          |                  |<--DDReg           |
   |                          |                  |src: (tag=1)       |

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                 Internet Storage Name Service (iSNS)    November 2001

   |                          |                  |  "mgmt.foo.com"   |
   |                          |                  |key: "DDxyz ID"    |
   |                          |                  |tag=32: "NAMEijkl  |
   |                          |                  |                   |
   |                          |     DDRegRsp---->|/******************|
   |                          |     SUCCESS      |"NAMEijkl" has been|
   |                          |                  |moved to "DDxyz"   |
   |                          |                  |******************/|
   |                          |<-----SCN         |                   |
   |                          |tag=32: "NAMEijkl"|                   |
   |                          |CHANGE IN DD MEMBERSHIP               |
   |    DevAttrQry----------->|                  |                   |
   |src: "NAMEabcd"           |/*****************|                   |
   |key:(tag=2) "iSCSI"       |Note that NAMEabcd|                   |
   |key:(tag=33) "Target"     |also receives an  |                   |
   |Op Attr: (tag=16)         |SCN that NAMEijkl |                   |
   |Op Attr: (tag=17)         |is in the same DD |                   |
   |Op Attr: (tag=32)         |*****************/|                   |
   |Op Attr: (tag=34)         |                  |                   |
   |Op Attr: (tag=43)         |<-----AttrQryRsp  |                   |
   |                          |SUCCESS           |                   |
   |                          |tag=16: 192.36.34.4                   |
   |                          |tag=17: 5001      |                   |
   |                          |tag=16: 192.36.53.5                   |
   |                          |tag=17: 5001      |                   |
   |                          |tag=32: NAMEabcd  |                   |
   |                          |tag=34: Volume 1  |                   |
   |                          |tag=43: X.509 cert|                   |
   |                          |                  |                   |
   |/***The initiator has discovered             |                   |
   |the target, and has everything               |                   |
   |needed to complete iSCSI login               |                   |
   |The same process occurs on the               |                   |
   |target side; the SCN prompts the             |                   |
   |target to download the list of               |                   |
   |authorized initiators from the               |                   |
   |iSNS (i.e., those initiators in the          |                   |
   |same DD as the target.************/          |                   |
   +--------------------------+------------------+-------------------+
















Tseng, Gibbons, et al.     Standards Track                  [Page 86]