Network Working Group                                      Derrell Piper
INTERNET-DRAFT                                                     Nokia
draft-ietf-ipsec-isakmp-gss-auth-07.txt                    Brian Swander
                                                               Microsoft
                                                           July 14, 2001


                A GSS-API Authentication Method for IKE
               <draft-ietf-ipsec-isakmp-gss-auth-07.txt>


Status of this Memo

   This document is an Internet Draft and is in full conformance with
   all provisions of Section 10 of RFC-2026 [Bra96]. Internet Drafts are
   working documents of the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF), its
   areas, and working groups.  Note that other groups may also
   distribute working documents as Internet Drafts.

   Internet Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months
   and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any
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   To learn the current status of any Internet Draft, please check the
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   ftp.isi.edu (US West Coast).


Table of Contents


   1.  Abstract......................................................2
   2.  Terms and Definitions.........................................2
   3.  Discussion....................................................4
   3.1 SKEYID Generation for GSS-API.................................6
   3.2 IKE Phase 1 Authentication for GSS-API........................7
   3.3 GSS-API Identifiers: Method, Attribute, and Payload...........8
   3.4 The GSS-API Authentication Method Vendor ID Signature.........10
   4.  Change Log....................................................10
   5.  Security Considerations.......................................11
   Acknowledgments...................................................12
   References........................................................12
   Authors' Address..................................................12





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1. Abstract

   This document describes an alternate authentication method for IKE
   which makes use of GSS-API to authenticate the Diffie-Hellman
   exchange.  The mechanism described here extends the authentication
   methods defined in RFC-2409 without introducing any modifications to
   the IKE key exchange protocol.

   It also documents the Microsoft Windows 2000 implementation of this
   protocol, which uses Kerberos via the Microsoft SSPI interface to
   authenticate Windows 2000 machines within a Window 2000 domain,
   within trusted Windows 2000 domains, and when Windows 2000 is
   operating in MIT-Kerberos compatibility mode, such that Windows 2000
   systems are members of the MIT-KDC realm or the MIT-KDC realm has
   Kerberos trust with the Windows 2000 domain.

   For a list of changes since the previous version of this document,
   please see Section 4.

2. Terms and Definitions

   The keywords MUST, MUST NOT, REQUIRED, SHALL, SHALL NOT, SHOULD,
   SHOULD NOT, RECOMMENDED, MAY, and OPTIONAL, when they appear in this
   document, are to be interpreted as described in [RFC 2119].

2.1 Notation

   RFC-2409 uses the following notation throughout that draft.  That
   notation is included here along with a few additions.

      HDR is an ISAKMP header whose exchange type is the method.  When
      written as HDR* it indicates payload encryption.

      SA is an SA negotiation payload with one or more proposals. An
      initiator MAY provide multiple proposals for negotiation; a
      responder MUST reply with only one.

      <P>_b indicates the body of payload <P>-- the ISAKMP generic
      payload is not included.

      SAi_b is the entire body of the SA payload (minus the ISAKMP
      generic header)-- i.e. the DOI, situation, all proposals and all
      transforms offered by the Initiator.

      CKY-I and CKY-R are the Initiator's cookie and the Responder's
      cookie, respectively, from the ISAKMP header.

      g^xi and g^xr are the Diffie-Hellman public values of the



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      initiator and responder respectively.

      g^xy is the Diffie-Hellman shared secret.

      GIi and GIr are identity name strings for the GSS-API initiator
      and responder GSS-API endpoints.  These name strings are private
      to GSS-API.

      GSSi and GSSr are initiator and responder GSS-API tokens generated
      by the local GSS-API's using GSS_Init_sec_context and
      GSS_Accept_sec_context respectively.

      GSSi(n) and GSSr(n) are optional tokens which may be included for
      additional GSS-API token exchanges in IKE Main Mode when either
      side encounters GSS_S_CONTINUE_NEEDED from its underlying GSS-API
      mechanism.

      KE is the key exchange payload which contains the public
      information exchanged in a Diffie-Hellman exchange. There is no
      particular encoding used for the data of a KE payload.

      Nx is the nonce payload; x can be: i or r for the ISAKMP initiator
      and responder respectively.

      IDx is the identity payload for "x".  x can be: "ii" or "ir" for
      the ISAKMP initiator and responder respectively during phase one
      negotiation; or "ui" or "ur" for the user initiator and responder
      respectively during phase two.  The ID payload format for the
      Internet DOI is defined in RFC-2407.

      HASH (and any derivative such as HASH(2) or HASH_I) is the hash
      payload. The contents of the hash are specific to the
      authentication method.

      prf(key, msg) is the keyed pseudo-random function-- often a keyed
      hash function-- used to generate a deterministic output that
      appears pseudo-random.  prf's are used both for key derivations
      and for authentication (i.e. as a keyed MAC).

      SKEYID is a string derived from secret material known only to the
      active players in the exchange.

      SKEYID_e is the keying material used by the ISAKMP SA to protect
      it's messages.

      SKEYID_a is the keying material used by the ISAKMP SA to
      authenticate it's messages.




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      SKEYID_d is the keying material used to derive keys for non-ISAKMP
      security associations.

      <x>y indicates that "x" is encrypted with the key "y".

      --> signifies "initiator to responder" communication (requests).

      <-- signifies "responder to initiator" communication (replies).

      | signifies concatenation of information-- e.g. X | Y is the
      concatenation of X with Y.

      [ x ] indicates that x is optional.

      < x | y > indicates that one of "x" or "y" will be chosen.

      (n) indicates that this is the n-th instance of this item.

2.2 Payload Encryption

   Payload encryption (when noted by a '*' after the ISAKMP header) MUST
   begin immediately after the ISAKMP header. When communication is
   protected, all payloads following the ISAKMP header MUST be
   encrypted.  Encryption keys are generated from SKEYID_e in a manner
   that is defined for each algorithm.

3. Discussion

   The ISAKMP/Oakley resolution document (RFC-2409) defines a key
   negotiation protocol that blends the Oakley key determination
   protocol (RFC-2412) with ISAKMP (RFC-2408) to provide authenticated
   cryptographic key exchange for use with IP security protocols (e.g.
   AH/ESP).  The IKE negotiation includes an authentication method
   negotiation which is used to select a scheme to be used for
   authenticating a Diffie-Hellman key exchange.  There are currently
   five defined authentication methods: pre-shared key, DSS signature,
   RSA signature, and two forms of RSA encryption.  This document
   defines a new method that uses the Generic Security Services API
   ([Linn98]) to provide the necessary authentication.

   The GSS-API abstraction is that a host operating system provides an
   API to applications that request security services (e.g. integrity
   protection or confidentiality) through a formal interface (e.g.,
   [Wray98]).  GSS-API provides opaque tokens to applications which are
   responsible for sending the tokens to peer GSS-API implementations,
   presumably on remote hosts.  A by-product of any GSS-API exchange is
   a one way or mutual authentication using whatever authentication
   scheme the application chose to bind to when GSS-API was initialized



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   (or whatever was negotiated by SPNEGO (RFC-2478)).  Typical
   authentication packages include Kerberos and SSL.

   The ISAKMP/Oakley resolution defines a Main Mode and an Aggressive
   Mode for establishing Security Associations (SA's) between IPSEC
   hosts.  These modes have a fixed set of round-trips: 4.5 or 5 for
   Main Mode and 1 or 1.5 for Aggressive (depending on whether the
   Commit bit (RFC-2408, Section 3.1) is used by the responder).

   When using GSS-API, there's a separate protocol being run by the GSS-
   API packages on the initiator and on the responder.  (Initiator and
   responder are ISAKMP terms, both are GSS-API clients.)  The basic
   model is that the IKE initiator calls GSS_Init_sec_context (with
   mutual_req_flag) to construct a GSS-API token and sends this along
   with the KE and nonce in the second Main Mode exchange.  The
   responder calls GSS_Accept_sec_context on this token and sends the
   output of GSS_Accept_sec_context (another token) back along with his
   KE and his nonce.  On receipt of the responder's token, the initiator
   calls GSS_Init_sec_context a second time to complete the mutual
   authentication.  Finally, each side exchanges a HASH payload which
   has been wrapped using GSS_Wrap.  Successfully calling GSS_Unwrap to
   unwrap the HASH payloads along with verifying the hashes proves
   possession of the GSS-API shared secret and authenticates the Diffie-
   Hellman exchange.

   GSS-API requires that a client identify the target GSS-API endpoint
   by name.  If the initiator does not already know the GSS-API endpoint
   name of the ISAKMP target, a new Phase 1 attribute can be used to
   exchange endpoint names during the first Main Mode round trip
   (Section 3.2).  Note that these name string are bound to the exchange
   but otherwise unauthenticated.  The GSS-API endpoint names are also
   assumed to be opaque.

   For Windows 2000 compatibility, these opaque blobs are encoded as
   unicode strings.  For instance, for machine 'briansw' in domain
   'IPSEC.MICROSOFT.COM', the identity is 'briansw@IPSEC.MICROSOFT.COM'
   (in unicode).  This identity is just a particular example, and it
   should not be assumed that the GSS-API identity is necessarily the
   machine name + domain name.

   Since the GSS-API tokens are exchanged during Phase 1 along with the
   KE payloads, they are not protected by the (yet to be formed) ISAKMP
   SA.  To prevent a cut/paste attack on the GSS-API tokens, it's
   therefore necessary to include the tokens in the HASH_I and HASH_R
   computation (Section 3.1).  This binds the tokens to a particular
   ISAKMP exchange.  If used, the GSS Identity Name strings MUST also be
   included in these hash calculations.




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   In addition, the output from the prf for each hash is wrapped using
   GSS_Wrap.  Upon receipt of either hash payload, each side MUST
   successfully call GSS_Unwrap.  This proves possession of the GSS-API
   shared secret by each peer and prevents an active man-in-the-middle
   attack from simply forwarding on the GSS-API tokens.  The choice of
   whether to use integrity protection only or integrity with
   confidentiality is somewhat mechanism specific.  However, since the
   strength of the algorithm chosen necessarily determines the outcome
   of the authentication for ISAKMP, the strongest possible protection
   SHOULD be chosen.  The following flags should be specified to
   GSS_Init_sec_context on the initiating side:

           Flag                    Requirement
           ----                    -----------
           mutual_req_flag         MUST
           integ_req_flag          MUST
           conf_req_flag           SHOULD

   The number of messages in this protocol is dictated by whether or not
   either endpoint chooses to return GSS_S_CONTINUE_NEEDED.  Depending
   on this, a message could be one of two possible outcomes.  This
   choice in denoted by < opt1 | opt2>.  For instance, in Main Mode, the
   Responder's third message may be either another GSS token or his
   final HASH payload.  This is denoted as, < GSSr(n) | HASH_R >.

3.1 SKEYID Generation for GSS-API

   RFC-2409 defines several authentication methods for Main Mode or
   Aggressive Mode -- digital signatures, authentication using public
   key encryption, and pre-shared keys.  This document introduces
   another and defines the value of SKEYID for GSS-API authentication as
   follows.

     For GSS-API:               SKEYID = prf(Ni_b | Nr_b, g^xy)

   To authenticate either exchange the initiator of the protocol
   generates HASH_I and the responder generates HASH_R where:

     HASH_I = GSS_Wrap(prf(SKEYID, g^xi | g^xr | CKY-I | CKY-R | SAi_b |
                  IDii_b [ | GIi ] | GSSi [ | GSSi(n) ... ]))

     HASH_R = GSS_Wrap(prf(SKEYID, g^xr | g^xi | CKY-R | CKY-I | SAi_b |
                  IDir_b [ | GIr ] | GSSr [ | GSSr(n) ... ]))

   For authentication using GSS-API, the GSS-API package on either side
   provides authentication of the GSS-API identities, and HASH_I and
   HASH_R are used to bind the GSS-API identities and tokens to the Main
   Mode exchange.  The GSS_Wrap (and subsequent GSS_Unwrap) proves



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   possession of the GSS-API shared secret for each peer.  The initiator
   MUST specify the mutual_req_flag to request mutual authentication
   between the two GSS-API packages.  A provision is defined for the
   GSS-API peers to exchange GSS-API identities during Main Mode, at the
   expense of identity protection for the GSS-API endpoint identities.

   The content of the HASH_I and HASH_R ISAKMP payloads are the output
   tokens from GSS_Wrap.  The input to GSS_Wrap is the output of the
   negotiated IKE hash function (prf) over the specified data.  In other
   words, you take the data, hash it with the negotiated hash function,
   and then call GSS_Wrap on the hash digest.  The output of GSS_Wrap is
   placed in the HASH_I and HASH_R payloads.

   When the optional GSSi(n) and GSSr(n) tokens are sent in a Main Mode
   exchange (see Section 3.2).  All of the GSS-API tokens exchanged MUST
   be included in the subsequent HASH_I/HASH_R calculations defined
   above.

3.2 IKE Phase 1 Authentication for GSS-API

   Using GSS-API, the ancillary information exchanged during the second
   round-trip are GSS-API tokens; the exchange is authenticated in GSS-
   API and the GSS-API tokens are bound to the exchange using HASH_I and
   HASH_R.

   If the GSS-API requires that the initiator and responder have prior
   knowledge of the GSS-API endpoint names for each peer, this
   information may be exchanged during the first round trip (by
   including the GSS Identity Name attribute in the SA) at the expense
   of identity protection for the GSS-API endpoints.  When the GSS-API
   requires the exchange of identity names, Aggressive Mode cannot be
   used.  For Windows 2000 compatibility, these entities MUST be
   exchanged.

   Additionally, the local GSS-API may choose to make use of additional
   GSS-API token exchanges, using the optional GSSi2 and GSSr2 tokens,
   based on local criteria.  For example, a GSS-API implementation using
   Kerberos may choose to make use of an extra round-trip for clock
   synchronization reasons.  These extra round-trips can only be done in
   Main Mode.  When extra messages are used, the HASH_I computation is
   deferred until each side is "done".

   Main Mode using GSS-API is defined as

          Initiator                          Responder
         -----------                        -----------
          HDR, SA                     -->
                                      <--    HDR, SA



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          HDR, KE, Ni, GSSi           -->
                                      <--    HDR, KE, Nr, GSSr
          HDR*, IDii,
            < GSSI(n) | HASH_I>       -->
                                      <--    HDR*, IDir,
                                               < GSSR(n) | HASH_R >
        [ HDR*, < GSSI(n) | HASH_I >  -->
                                      <--    HDR*, <GSSR(n) | HASH_R > ]

   The Main Mode exchange terminates when each side has generated and
   sent their corresponding HASH token and has successfully processed
   the other side's HASH token.  The HASH token is generated when the
   underlying GSS-API mechanism returns GSS_S_COMPLETE (as opposed to
   GSS_S_CONTINUE_NEEDED).  The receipt of a HASH token necessarily
   indicates that the peer is prepared to terminate the GSS-API
   exchange.

   Aggressive Mode using GSS-API is defined as

          Initiator                          Responder
         -----------                        -----------
          HDR, SA, KE, Ni,
            IDii, GSSi                -->
                                      <--    HDR, SA, KE, Nr,
                                               IDir, GSSr, HASH_R
          HDR, HASH_I                 -->

   Aggressive Mode works only for a single token exchange.  If either
   the initiator's second call or any of the responder's calls encounter
   GSS_S_CONTINUE_NEEDED, Aggressive Mode cannot be used and each side
   should fall back to Main Mode.  When this occurs, the side
   encountering the unexpected GSS_S_CONTINUE_NEEDED MUST send an ISAKMP
   Notify (UNSUPPORTED-EXCHANGE-TYPE) and terminate the Aggressive Mode
   exchange.

3.3 GSS-API Identifiers: Authentication Method, Attribute, and Payload

   Implementations using the GSS-API Authentication Method will need to
   agree on the values for the following items, after exchanging
   recognizable ISAKMP Vendor ID payloads (Section 3.4).

3.3.1 Authentication Method (IKE)

  GSS-API using Kerberos                65001
  Generic GSS-API                       65002
  GSS-API with SPNEGO                   65003
  GSS-API using SPKM                    65004




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  Generic GSS-API

     Specifies generic GSS-API authentication.  The underlying
     GSS-API implementation is not constrained to use any
     particular mechanism.  The two parties must agree on the
     underlying mechanism using some out-of-band method.

  GSS-API with SPNEGO

     Specifies GSS-API authentication using The Simple and
     Protected GSS-API Negotiation Mechanism [RFC2478].  SPNEGO
     ensures that the two parties agree upon a mutually acceptable
     mechanism.

  GSS-API using Kerberos

     Specifies GSS-API authentication using The Kerberos Version 5
     GSS-API Mechanism [RFC1964].

  GSS-API using SPKM

     Specifies GSS-API authentication using The Simple Public-Key
     GSS-API Mechanism (SPKM) [RFC2025].

3.3.2 Attribute Classes

       class                         value              type
   ------------------------------------------------------------
   GSS Identity Name                 16384               B/V

   GSS Identity Name Attribute (IKE)

     When using the GSS-API authentication method, the GSS Identity
     Name attribute may be used to pass the GSS-API endpoint names
     for the initiator and responder.  The format for these name
     strings are private to the underlying GSS-API mechanism.

3.3.3 GSS-API Token Payload (ISAKMP)

     When using the GSS-API authentication method, the GSS Token Payload
     is used to pass the content of the GSSi[2] and GSSr[2] tokens.  The
     Next Payload value for the GSS-API Token Payload is 129.

      0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
     +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
     ! Next Payload  !   RESERVED    !        Payload Length         !
     +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
     |    Vendor     |                 Token Data                    ~



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     +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+

                  Figure 1: GSS-API Token Payload (ISAKMP)

       o  Next Payload (1 octet) - Identifier for the payload type of
          the next payload in the message.  If the current payload is
          the last in the message, this field will be zero (0).

       o  RESERVED (1 octet) - Unused, must be zero (0).

       o  Payload Length (2 octets) - Length in octets of the current
          payload, including the generic payload header.

       o  Vendor Encoding (1 octet) - Vendor-specific encoding or
          versioning prefix, may be non-zero.

       o  Token Data (variable length) - GSS-API token data (private
          to the local GSS-API).

3.4 The GSS-API Authentication Method ISAKMP Vendor ID Signature

   This memo describes a protocol that lives on top of RFC-2408 and as a
   companion to RFC-2409.  These standards-track protocols reserve some
   of their "magic number" space for private use by mutually consenting
   parties.  It is from this number space that this memo obtains some of
   the "magic numbers" it needs (payload types, authentication method,
   attributes).  As part of the "mutually consenting parties" part of
   the requirement implementors of this protocol are encouraged to use a
   Vendor ID payload to announce willingness to engage in this protocol.
   The contents of the Vendor ID payload will be the following
   hexadecimal string: 0xb46d8914f3aaa3f2fedeb7c7db2943ca, which is the
   result of an MD5 hash of "A GSS-API Authentication Method for IKE".
   An RFC-2409 implementation which implements this protocol and
   receives a Vendor ID payload with this string in the body of the
   payload can assume that the sender of the Vendor ID payload has
   likewise implemented this protocol and is therefore a "mutually
   consenting party".

   For Windows 2000 compatibility, the contents of the Vendor ID payload
   is instead the result of an MD5 hash over the ASCII string "GSSAPI".
   Microsoft's IKE implementation does not send this payload, but MUST
   receive either this Vendor ID or the generic Microsoft Vendor ID (an
   MD5 hash over the ASCII string "MS NT5 ISAKMPOAKLEY").

   If this protocol is advanced to standards-track status IANA will
   assign new "magic numbers" out of the appropriate number spaces (the
   "magic numbers" will no longer be from the private use ranges) and
   the requirement to use a Vendor ID payload will cease.



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4. Change Log

4.1 Changes from -06/07

     o  No changes.  Draft resubmitted to make ID current again.

4.2 Changes from -05

     o  Specify unicode encoding for opaque endpoint ID's in Section 3
        for Windows 2000 compatibility.
     o  Make endpoint ID exchange in Section 3.2 mandatory for Windows
        2000 compatibility.
     o  Added extra reserved byte proceeding token payload format for
        Windows 2000 compatibility.
     o  Added Vendor ID usage guidelines for Windows 2000 compatibility.

4.3 Changes from -04

     o  Cleanup Section 3.2 description of GSS_S_CONTINUE_NEEDED
        handling with Aggressive Mode.

4.4 Changes from -03

     o  Restore private use numbers to V2 values (Microsoft Windows
   2000).

4.5 Changes from -02

     o  Generalize exchange for "n" round-trips.
     o  Remove GSSIi and GSSIr nomenclature; use GIi and GIr explicitly.
     o  Move magic numbers into mutual consent range; add Section 3.4.
     o  Add second paragraph to Security Considerations.
     o  Update document references.
     o  Update preamble language (RFC-2026).

4.6 Changes from -01

     o  Add optional GSSi2 and GSSr2 token definitions to Section 3.1.
     o  Add optional GSSi2 and GSSr2 tokens to Main Mode diagram.
     o  Add GSS Token Payload Figure to Section 3.3.
     o  Update document references to reflect IPSEC RFC status (!).
     o  Update most references to ISAKMP/Oakley to IKE.

4.7 Changes from -00

     o  GSSIi and GSSIr are required; remove optional brackets.
     o  Add text for GSS_Wrap/GSS_Unwrap over HASH_I and HASH_R.




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5. Security Considerations

   This entire draft pertains to a negotiated key management protocol,
   combining Oakley (RFC-2412) with ISAKMP (RFC-2408), which negotiates
   and derives keying material for security associations in a secure and
   authenticated manner.  Specific discussion of the various security
   protocols and transforms identified in this document can be found in
   the associated base documents, in the cipher references, and
   throughout this document.

   This draft defines an authentication method that is based on GSS-API.
   The strength of the authentication is therefore completely dependent
   on the underlying GSS-API mechanism definition.  This document
   defines a protocol which provides mutual authentication between the
   GSS-API peers and binds the IKE exchange to the GSS-API shared
   secrets.  It does not provide any additional authentication beyond
   that provided by the GSS-API mechanism.

Acknowledgments

   Thanks to Dan Harkins for reviewing the early drafts and for allowing
   me to liberate the notation from RFC-2409.  Special thanks to Bill
   Sommerfeld, Ran Canetti, Pau-Chen Cheng, and Hugo Krawczyk for
   pointing out serious problems in the first version of this document.

References

   [Linn98] Linn, J., "Generic Security Service Application Program
   Interface, Version 2, Update 1," draft-ietf-cat-rfc2078bis-08.txt
   (supersedes RFC-2078).  Work in progress.

   [Wray98] Wray, J., "Generic Security Service API Version 2 : C-
   bindings," draft-ietf-cat-gssv2-cbind-09.txt (supersedes RFC-1509).
   Work in progress.

Author's Address:

   Derrell Piper <ddp@cips.nokia.com>
   Nokia Corporation
   1538 Pacific Ave
   Santa Cruz, CA 95060
   United States of America
   +1 831 460-3800 x3822

   Brian Swander <briansw@microsoft.com>
   Microsoft Corporation
   One Microsoft Way
   Redmond, WA 98052



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   United States of America
   +1 425 703-8182

















































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