Network Working Group Y. Nir
Internet-Draft Check Point
Intended status: Standards Track April 5, 2015
Expires: October 7, 2015
ChaCha20, Poly1305 and their use in IKE & IPsec
draft-ietf-ipsecme-chacha20-poly1305-02
Abstract
This document describes the use of the ChaCha20 stream cipher along
with the Poly1305 authenticator, combined into an AEAD algorithm for
IPsec.
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Table of Contents
1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.1. Conventions Used in This Document . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
2. ChaCha20 & Poly1305 for ESP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
2.1. AAD Construction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
3. Use in IKEv2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
4. Negotiating in IKE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
5. Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
6. IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
7. Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
8. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
8.1. Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
8.2. Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Author's Address . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
1. Introduction
The Advanced Encryption Standard (AES - [FIPS-197]) has become the
gold standard in encryption. Its efficient design, wide
implementation, and hardware support allow for high performance in
many areas, including IPsec VPNs. On most modern platforms, AES is
anywhere from 4x to 10x as fast as the previous most-used cipher,
3-key Data Encryption Standard (3DES - [FIPS-46]), which makes it not
only the best choice, but the only choice.
The problem is that if future advances in cryptanalysis reveal a
weakness in AES, VPN users will be in an unenviable position. With
the only other widely supported cipher being the much slower 3DES, it
is not feasible to re-configure IPsec installations to use 3DES.
[standby-cipher] describes this issue and the need for a standby
cipher in greater detail.
This document proposes the ChaCha20 stream cipher as such a standby
cipher in an Authenticated Encryption with Associated Data (AEAD)
construction with the Poly1305 authenticator for use with the
Encapsulated Security Protocol (ESP - [RFC4303]) and the Internet Key
Exchange Protocol (IKEv2 - [RFC7296]). The algorithms are described
in a separate document ([chacha_poly]). This document only describes
the IPsec-specific things.
1.1. Conventions Used in This Document
The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
"SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this
document are to be interpreted as described in [RFC2119].
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2. ChaCha20 & Poly1305 for ESP
AEAD_CHACHA20_POLY1305 is a combined mode algorithm, or AEAD. The
construction follows the AEAD construction in section 2.8 of
[chacha_poly]:
o The Initialization Vector (IV) is 64-bit, and is used as part of
the nonce. The IV MUST be unique for each SA but does not need to
be unpredictable. The use of a counter or an LFSR is RECOMMENDED.
o A 32-bit sender ID is prepended to the 64-bit IV to form the
96-bit nonce. For regular IPsec, this is set to all zeros. IPsec
extensions that allow multiple senders, such as GDOI ([RFC6407])
or [RFC6054] may set this to different values.
o The encryption key is 256-bit.
o The Internet Key Exchange protocol generates a bitstring called
KEYMAT that is generated from a PRF. That KEYMAT is divided into
keys for encryption, message authentication and whatever else is
needed. For the ChaCha20 algorithm, 256 bits are used for the
key. TBD: do we want an extra 32 bits as salt for the nonce like
in GCM, or keep the salt (=SenderID) at zero?
o The ChaCha20 encryption algorithm requires the following
parameters: a 256-bit key, a 96-bit nonce, and a 32-bit initial
block counter. For ESP we set these as follows:
* The key is set to the key mentioned above.
* The 96-bit nonce is formed from a concatenation of the 32-bit
sender ID and the 64-bit IV, as described above.
* The Initial Block Counter is set to one (1). The reason that
one is used for the initial counter rather than zero is that
zero is reserved for generating the one-time Poly1305 key (see
below)
o As ChaCha20 is not a block cipher, no padding should be necessary.
However, in keeping with the specification in RFC 4303, the ESP
does have padding, so as to align the buffer to an integral
multiple of 4 octets.
o The same key and nonce, along with a block counter of zero are
passed to the ChaCha20 block function, and the top 256 bits of the
result are used as the Poly1305 key. The nonce passed to the
block function here is the same nonce that is used in ChaCha20,
including the 32-bit Sender ID bits, and the key passed is the
same as the encryption key.
o Finally, the Poly1305 function is run on the data to be
authenticated, which is, as specified in section 2.8 of
[chacha_poly] a concatenation of the following in the below order:
* The Authenticated Additional Data (AAD) - see Section 2.1.
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* Padding that rounds the length up to 16 bytes. This is 4 or 8
bytes depending on whether extended sequence numbers (ESN) is
set for the SA. The padding is all zeros.
* The ciphertext
* Padding that rounds the total length up to an integral multiple
of 16 bytes. This padding is also all zeros.
* The length of the additional data in octets (as a 64-bit
little-endian integer).
* The length of the ciphertext in octets (as a 64-bit little-
endian integer).
o The 128-bit output of Poly1305 is used as the tag. All 16 bytes
are included in the packet.
The encryption algorithm transform ID for negotiating this algorithm
in IKE is TBA by IANA.
2.1. AAD Construction
The construction of the Additional Authenticated Data (AAD) is
similar to the one in [RFC4106]. For security associations (SAs)
with 32-bit sequence numbers the AAD is 8 bytes: 4-byte SPI followed
by 4-byte sequence number ordered exactly as it is in the packet.
For SAs with ESN the AAD is 12 bytes: 4-byte SPI followed by an
8-byte sequence number as a 64-bit network order integer.
3. Use in IKEv2
AEAD algorithms can be used in IKE, as described in [RFC5282]. More
specifically, the Encrypted Payload is as described in section 3 of
that document, the IV is 64 bits, as described in Section 2, and the
AAD is as described in section 5.1 of RFC 5282, so it's 32 bytes (28
for the IKEv2 header + 4 bytes for the encrypted payload header)
assuming no unencrypted payloads.
4. Negotiating in IKE
When negotiating the ChaCha20-Poly1305 algorithm for use in IKE or
IPsec, the value xxx (TBA by IANA) should be used in the transform
substructure of the SA payload as the ENCR (type 1) transform ID. As
with other AEAD algorithms, INTEG (type 3) transform substructures
SHOULD NOT be specified unless at least one of the ENCR transforms is
non-AEAD.
5. Security Considerations
The ChaCha20 cipher is designed to provide 256-bit security.
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The Poly1305 authenticator is designed to ensure that forged messages
are rejected with a probability of 1-(n/(2^102)) for a 16n-byte
message, even after sending 2^64 legitimate messages, so it is SUF-
CMA in the terminology of [AE].
The most important security consideration in implementing this draft
is the uniqueness of the nonce used in ChaCha20. The nonce should be
selected uniquely for a particular key, but unpredictability of the
nonce is not required. Counters and LFSRs are both acceptable ways
of generating unique nonces, as is encrypting a counter using a
64-bit cipher such as DES. Note that it is not acceptable to use a
truncation of a counter encrypted with a 128-bit or 256-bit cipher,
because such a truncation may repeat after a short time.
Another issue with implementing these algorithms is avoiding side
channels. This is trivial for ChaCha20, but requires some care for
Poly1305. Considerations for implementations of these algorithms are
in the [chacha_poly] document.
6. IANA Considerations
IANA is requested to assign one value from the IKEv2 "Transform Type
1 - Encryption Algorithm Transform IDs" registry, with name
ENCR_CHACHA20_POLY1305, and this document as reference.
7. Acknowledgements
All of the algorithms in this document were designed by D. J.
Bernstein. The AEAD construction was designed by Adam Langley. The
author would also like to thank Adam for helpful comments, as well as
Yaron Sheffer for telling me to write the algorithms draft. Thanks
also to Martin Willi for pointing out the discrepancy with the final
version of the algorithm document.
8. References
8.1. Normative References
[RFC2119] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, March 1997.
[RFC4303] Kent, S., "IP Encapsulating Security Payload (ESP)", RFC
4303, December 2005.
[RFC5282] Black, D. and D. McGrew, "Using Authenticated Encryption
Algorithms with the Encrypted Payload of the Internet Key
Exchange version 2 (IKEv2) Protocol", RFC 5282, August
2008.
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[RFC6054] McGrew, D. and B. Weis, "Using Counter Modes with
Encapsulating Security Payload (ESP) and Authentication
Header (AH) to Protect Group Traffic", RFC 6054, November
2010.
[RFC7296] Kivinen, T., Kaufman, C., Hoffman, P., Nir, Y., and P.
Eronen, "Internet Key Exchange Protocol Version 2
(IKEv2)", RFC 7296, October 2014.
[chacha_poly]
Langley, A. and Y. Nir, "ChaCha20 and Poly1305 for IETF
protocols", draft-nir-cfrg-chacha20-poly1305-01 (work in
progress), January 2014.
8.2. Informative References
[AE] Bellare, M. and C. Namprempre, "Authenticated Encryption:
Relations among notions and analysis of the generic
composition paradigm", 2000,
<http://cseweb.ucsd.edu/~mihir/papers/oem.html>.
[FIPS-197]
National Institute of Standards and Technology, "Advanced
Encryption Standard (AES)", FIPS PUB 197, November 2001,
<http://csrc.nist.gov/publications/fips/fips197/
fips-197.pdf>.
[FIPS-46] National Institute of Standards and Technology, "Data
Encryption Standard", FIPS PUB 46-2, December 1993,
<http://www.itl.nist.gov/fipspubs/fip46-2.htm>.
[RFC4106] Viega, J. and D. McGrew, "The Use of Galois/Counter Mode
(GCM) in IPsec Encapsulating Security Payload (ESP)", RFC
4106, June 2005.
[RFC6407] Weis, B., Rowles, S., and T. Hardjono, "The Group Domain
of Interpretation", RFC 6407, October 2011.
[standby-cipher]
McGrew, D., Grieco, A., and Y. Sheffer, "Selection of
Future Cryptographic Standards", draft-mcgrew-standby-
cipher (work in progress), January 2013.
Author's Address
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Yoav Nir
Check Point Software Technologies Ltd.
5 Hasolelim st.
Tel Aviv 6789735
Israel
Email: ynir.ietf@gmail.com
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