IPTEL Working Group                                               J. Yu
Internet Draft                                                  NeuStar
Document: draft-ietf-iptel-tel-np-06.txt                  June 29, 2005
Category: Standards Track


     New Parameters for the "tel" URI to Support Number Portability


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Copyright Notice

   Copyright (C) The Internet Society (2005).  All rights reserved.

Abstract

   This document defines several new parameters in the "tel" Uniform
   Resource Identifier (URI) to carry the number portability (NP)-
   related information that can be passed to the next-hop network node
   after an NP database dip has been performed.

   This work is being discussed on the iptel@ietf.org mailing list.






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1. Conventions used in this document

   The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
   "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this
   document are to be interpreted as described in RFC2119 [RFC2119].

2. Introduction

   Number portability (NP) [RFC3482] allows the telephony subscribers
   to keep their telephone numbers when they change service provider
   (service provider portability), move to a new location (location
   portability), or change the subscribed services (service
   portability).  The NP implementations in many countries presently
   support service provider portability for geographic telephone
   numbers and freephone numbers (e.g., 800 numbers in the North
   America).  NP impacts call signaling and routing.  One impact is the
   need to carry the NP-related information in the "tel" URI [RFC3966]
   for protocols such as the Session Initiation Protocol (SIP)
   [RFC3261] and H.323 [H323] after the NP database dip has been
   performed.  Another impact is for a Voice over IP (VoIP) server to
   use the NP-related information in a received "tel" URI to determine
   routing.

   A routing number is associated with a geographical telephone number
   that has been ported out from a donor carrier to another carrier.  A
   donor carrier is the initial carrier where a geographical telephone
   number was located before ever being ported.  A "non-ported"
   geographical telephone number does not have any routing number
   associated with it because the first N digits of the geographical
   telephone number can be used for routing.  A routing number can also
   be used to indicate the switch or network node that originates a
   call or service similar to the Jurisdiction Information Parameter in
   Signaling System Number 7 (SS7) Integrated Services Digital Network
   User Part (ISUP).

   The NP database dip indicator is used to inform the downstream
   servers or switches during call setup that there is no need to
   perform the NP database dip for a geographical telephone number
   again.

   A "Carrier Identification Code (CIC)" identifies the current
   freephone service provider for a freephone number.  This parameter
   can also be used to carry the pre-subscribed or dialed long distance
   carrier information; however, that is outside the scope of this
   document.

   This document defines several new parameters for the "tel" Uniform
   Resource Identifier (URI) [RFC3966] to support NP.  Section 3 lists
   the abbreviations used in this document.  Section 4 provides the
   formal syntax definition.  Section 5 describes the rules for a
   network node that deals with some or all of the parameters defined
   in this document for a "tel" URI.  Section 6 provides a few examples
   to show how those parameters defined in this document are added to a

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   "tel" URI after retrieving NP-related information from the NP
   database.  Section 7 discusses the security considerations.

3. Abbreviations

   ABNF   Augmented Backus-Naur Form
   ANSI   American National Standards Institute
   CIC    Carrier Identification Code (also cic)
   CIP    Carrier Identification Parameter
   FCI    Forward Call Indicator
   GAP    Generic Address Parameter
   GSTN   Global Switched Telephone Network
   IC     Identification Code
   IETF   Internet Engineering Task Force
   IP     Internet Protocol
   ISUP   Integrated Services Digital Network User Part
   JIP    Jurisdiction Information Parameter
   NP     Number Portability
   NPDB   Number Portability Database
   npdi   NP Database Dip Indicator
   rn     Routing Number
   PNTI   Ported Number Translation Indicator
   SIP    Session Initiation Protocol
   SS7    Signaling System Number 7
   URI    Uniform Resource Identifier
   VoIP   Voice over IP

4. Formal Syntax

   The following syntax specification uses the Augmented Backus-Naur
   Form (ABNF) as described in RFC-2234 [RFC2234] and defines new
   parameters in accordance with the ABNF for the "tel" URI provided in
   RFC 3966 [RFC3966].

   rn                      = *1(routing-number)
   npdi                    = *1(npdb-dip-indicator)
   cic                     = *1(carrier-id-code)
   routing-number          = "rn=" global-rn / local-rn
   global-rn               = 1*global-hex-digits
   local-rn                = 1*phonedigit-hex rn-context
   rn-context              = ";rn-context=" rn-descriptor
   rn-descriptor           = domainname / global-hex-digits
   global-hex-digits       = "+" 1*3(phonedigit) *phonedigit-hex
   phonedigit              = DIGIT / [ visual-separator ]
   phonedigit-hex          = HEXDIG / "*" / "#" / [ visual-separator ]
   visual-separator        = "-" / "." / "(" / ")"
   domainname              = *( domainlabel "." ) toplabel ["."]
   domainlabel             = alphanum
                             / alphanum *( alphanum / "-" ) alphanum
   toplabel                = ALPHA / ALPHA *( alphanum / "-" ) alphanum
   alphanum                = ALPHA / DIGIT
   npdb-dip-indicator      = "npdi"

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   carrier-id-code         = "cic=" global-cic / local-cic
   global-cic              = 1*global-hex-digits
   local-cic               = 1*phonedigit-hex cic-context
   cic-context             = ";cic-context=" rn-descriptor

   The "routing-number", "npdb-dip-indicator" or "carrier-id-code" each
   can appear in the "tel" URI at most once.

   For a "global-rn", the routing number information after "+" MUST
   begin with a valid E.164 [E164] country code.  Hexadecimal digit is
   allowed after the country code in the "global-rn".

   For a "local-rn", the routing number in the "rn" parameter MUST be
   interpreted according to the "rn-context".  For example, if a
   national routing number is in the "rn" parameter, the "rn-context"
   MUST contain a valid E.164 country code after "+" if it is in the
   "global-hex-digits" format.  Hexadecimal digit is allowed in the
   "local-rn".

   For a "global-cic", the CIC information after "+" MUST begin with a
   valid E.164 country code.

   For a "local-cic", the CIC value in the "cic" parameter MUST be
   interpreted according to the "cic-context".  For example, if the
   national CIC value is in the "cic" parameter, the "cic-context"
   SHALL contain a valid E.164 country code after "+" if it is in the
   "global-hex-digits" format.

5. Normative Rules

   This section discusses how a network node handles a received "tel"
   URI that contains one or more of the parameters defined in this
   document or has accessed an NP database for a freephone number or
   geographical telephone number and needs to add some of the
   parameters defined in this document to a "tel" URI.

   In countries where there is no freephone number portability or
   geographical telephone number portability, the call routing can be
   based on the leading digits of the freephone number or geographical
   telephone number.  This document does not describe those scenarios.

   Please note that two accesses to the freephone databases are
   normally done for routing a call to a freephone number.  The first
   one is done by the originating network that queries a freephone
   database for the CIC information so that the call can be routed to
   the serving freephone service provider of the called freephone
   number.  When the call reaches the serving freephone provider, the
   second database access is performed to map the freephone number to a
   geographical telephone number and/or internal routing information.
   This document does not address the case where internal routing
   information is returned.



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   The first freephone database contains the CIC information for all
   the active freephone numbers while the second one usually contains
   mapping information only for those freephone numbers served by a
   freephone service provider.  Because the originating carrier may
   provide freephone service, its freephone database would contain the
   CIC information for all the active freephone numbers plus the
   mapping information for those freephone numbers it serves.  This
   document refers to the two database accesses as "the first freephone
   database access" and "the second freephone database access".

   When handling the "rn" and "cic" parameters and the phone numbers in
   the "tel" URI for the purposes such as database access and routing,
   the visual separators in them are removed before using the
   information in them.

   When a network node handles a "tel" URI that contains invalid "rn"
   or "cic" information, it may release the call or drop the invalid
   parameter and access the appropriate NP database or freephone
   database to see if it can retrieve a valid routing number for a
   geographical telephone number or valid CIC for the freephone number.

5.1 Handling "tel" URI with Defined Parameter or Parameters

   If the "tel" URI contains the "npdi" parameter, the network node
   SHALL NOT retrieve the NP-related information for geographical
   telephone numbers even if it is set to do so.

   If the "tel" URI contains the "cic" parameter whose CIC value is
   different from the one this network node is associated with, this
   network node SHALL NOT retrieve the NP-related information for the
   geographical telephone number or perform the first freephone
   database access for the freephone number in the "tel" URI.

   For the "cic" and "rn" parameters and either a freephone number or
   geographical telephone number, the order of processing is to look
   for the "cic" parameter first for call routing.  If the CIC
   information is not useful or the "cic" parameter does not exist,
   then the next step is to look for the "rn" parameter.  If the
   information in the "rn" parameter is not useful or the "rn"
   parameter does not exist, then the freephone number or geographical
   telephone number is used.

   If the network node does not know how to route based on the "cic" or
   "rn" parameter, the local policies SHALL decide whether to stop the
   call processing or continue the call processing by ignoring the
   invalid/unknown information.

   When looking for the "cic" parameter and that parameter exists in
   the "tel" URI:

   - The network node SHALL ignore the "cic" parameter if the CIC
     identifies a carrier or service provider associated with that node
     and look for the "rn" parameter for making the routing decision.

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     It SHALL remove the "cic" parameter when it routes the call to the
     next-hop network node that belongs to another carrier or service
     provider.

   - The network node SHALL invoke special handling process if the
     "cic" parameter contains a code that requires such a treatment.
     For example, a CIC value of "0110" in the response to a freephone
     DB query in the North America indicates "local, translated
     geographical telephone number provided").  In this particular
     example, the "cic" parameter is ignored.  Please note that this
     particular CIC value of "+1-0110" normally will not appear in the
     call setup message. It is given as an example to show that such
     special CIC values may exist.  The exact code values and the
     handling of them are outside the scope of this document.

   - Otherwise, the network node SHALL make the routing decision based
     on the CIC.  The network node SHALL NOT remove the "cic" parameter
     unless it is handing over the call to the carrier or service
     provider identified by the CIC and the local policies require it
     to remove the "cic" parameter.  How the call is actually routed
     based on the CIC value in the "cic" parameter is outside the scope
     of this document.

   When looking for the "rn" parameter and that parameter exists in the
   "tel" URI:

   - If the routing number in the "rn" parameter points to this network
     node (e.g., the call has reached the intended network node), this
     network node SHALL look for the freephone number or geographical
     telephone number for making the routing decision.  It SHALL remove
     the "rn" parameter when setting up the call to the next-hop
     network node regardless if that next-hop network node is in the
     same or different network.

   - If the routing number in the "rn" parameter points to a network
     this network node is in (e.g., in some countries the routing
     number gets the call to the serving carrier network where another
     NP database access is required to locate the serving switch), this
     network node SHALL look for the freephone number or geographical
     telephone number for making the routing decision.  The network
     node MAY access the NP database for routing information if it is
     set to do so.  It SHALL remove the "rn" parameter if the next-hop
     network node belongs to another carrier or service provider.

   - Otherwise, the network node SHALL make the routing decision based
     on the routing number in the "rn" parameter.  How the call is
     actually routed based on the routing number in the "rn" parameter
     is outside the scope of this document.

   When the "cic" or "rn" parameter is not used for routing, the
   network node uses the freephone number or geographical telephone
   number for making routing decisions.  It may access the NP database
   if it is set to do so, or it may route the call to a designated

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   network node that will access the NP database, or it may route the
   call based on the local routing table.  How the call is handled at
   this stage is outside the scope of this document.  See Section 5.2
   for rules in adding the parameter or parameters defined in this
   document to the "tel" URI if the network node is set to access the
   NP database.

5.2 Adding Defined Parameter or Parameters to the "tel" URI

   There are two cases in terms of NP database access.  One is for a
   geographical telephone number and the other is for a freephone
   number.  They are discussed in Sections 5.2.1 and 5.2.2 for a "tel"
   URI that is used for routing.

   Section 5.2.3 discusses a special case where the "rn" parameter is
   added to a "tel" URI that is associated with the first network node
   that handles the call request from the caller.  Section 5.3.4
   discusses the addition of the parameter or parameters defined in
   this document to the "tel" URI due to protocol conversion.

5.2.1 Retrieving NP-related information for a geographical telephone
      number

   When a network node accesses an NP database for a geographical
   telephone number:

   - If the network node retrieves a routing number, it SHALL add the
     "rn" parameter to the "tel" URI to carry the routing number
     information in the "global-rn" or "local-rn" format.  It SHALL
     also add the "npdi" parameter.

   - If the network node does not retrieve a routing number (e.g., for
     a non-ported geographical telephone number), it SHALL add the
     "npdi" parameter to the "tel" URI.

   The network node SHALL follow the rules described in Section 5.1 for
   using the information in the "tel" URI to make the routing decision.

5.2.2 Retrieving NP-related information for a freephone number

   When a network node performs the first or second freephone database
   access for a freephone number:

   - If the network node retrieves a CIC that identifies a carrier or
     service provider associated with that network node, or indicates
     that a geographic number is supplied (e.g., "+1-0110" means
     "local, translated geographical telephone number provided"), it
     would have retrieved a geographical telephone number.  The network
     node SHALL NOT add the "cic" parameter and SHALL replace the
     freephone number in the "tel" URI with the retrieved geographical
     telephone number in either the "global-number" or "local-number"
     format.


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     Some freephone databases may not return the geographical telephone
     number but internal routing information in a proprietary format
     (e.g., switch ID and trunk group ID).  That case is outside the
     scope of this document.

   - If the network node retrieves a CIC that belongs to another
     freephone service provider, the network node SHALL add the "cic"
     parameter to the "tel" URI that contains the CIC in the "global-
     cic" or "local-cic" format.

     The originating carrier may have business agreements with a
     freephone service provider to return the geographical telephone
     number in addition to the CIC.  When a geographical telephone
     number is returned, the network node SHALL replace the freephone
     number in the "tel" URI with the returned geographical telephone
     number in either the "global-number" or "local-number" format.

   - If the network node retrieves a geographical telephone number
     (which is the typical case for the second freephone database
     access), the network node SHALL replace the freephone number in
     the "tel" URI with the retrieved geographical telephone number in
     either the "global-number" or "local-number" format.

     When a geographical telephone number is returned in the response,
     it is possible that the NP-related information for that
     geographical telephone number could also be returned.  In that
     case, the network node SHALL add the "npdi" parameter and SHALL
     add the "rn" parameter to contain the routing number in either the
     "global-rn" or "local-rn" format only when the routing number is
     available.

   The network node SHALL follow the rules described in Section 5.1 for
   using the information in the "tel" URI to make the routing decision.

5.2.3 Adding location information about the caller

   In SS7 ISUP, the JIP identifies the switch that originates the call
   and the information in it may be used by the serving carrier to
   determine the call charge to the caller or by the involved carriers
   to determine the settlement amount between them.

   A network node that is the first to handle the call request from the
   caller MAY include the "rn" parameter to the "tel" URI associated
   with the caller, if one exists.  For example, if the network node is
   a Global Switched Telephone Network (GSTN) gateway that receives an
   ISUP message that contains the JIP, the correct location information
   in the JIP can be placed in the "rn" parameter of the "tel" URI that
   is associated with the caller.

   Please note that the information in the "rn" parameter may not be
   authenticated; therefore, the use of the information by the
   recipient of the "tel" URI for anything related to charging is done
   at its own risk.

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5.2.4 Adding the parameter or parameters defined in this document due
      to protocol conversion

   A GSTN gateway needs to convert between SS7 ISUP and the VoIP
   protocol such as SIP or H.323.  This type of network node SHALL map
   between the corresponding ISUP parameters and the parameters defined
   in this document associated with the "tel" URI for routing and MAY
   map between the corresponding ISUP parameters and the parameters
   defined in this document that are in the "tel" URI associated with
   the caller.

   Since ISUP support for NP depends on the individual country, the
   following discussion applies to a situation when a network node is
   to map between the NP information in the American National Standards
   Institute (ANSI) ISUP and the NP-related parameters in the "tel"
   URI.

   For a ported geographical telephone number, the network node SHALL
   convert the routing number in the ISUP Called Party Number parameter
   to a routing number in either the "global-rn" or "local-rn" format
   and carry it in the "rn" parameter for a "tel" URI that is used for
   routing.  The network node SHALL convert the phone number that is
   marked as the "ported number" in the ISUP Generic Address Parameter
   (GAP) to a phone number in either the "global-number" or "local-
   number" format [RFC3966] and put it in the global-number-digits or
   local-number-digits (see [RFC3966]) part of the "tel" URI that is
   used for routing.

   For a non-ported geographical telephone number, the network node
   SHALL convert the phone number in the ISUP Called Party Number
   parameter to a phone number in either the "global-number" or "local-
   number" format and put it in the global-number-digits or local-
   number-digits (see [RFC3966]) part of the "tel" URI that is used for
   routing.  A "rn" SHALL NOT appear in the "tel" URI unless the local
   policies require the network node to include it.  It is outside the
   scope of this document how to include the "rn" parameter if the
   local policies require the network node to do so.

   The network node SHALL include the "npdi" parameter in the "tel" URI
   that is used for routing when the Ported Number Translation
   Indicator (PNTI) bit in the Forward Call Indicator (FCI) parameter
   is set to "1".

   The network node SHALL include the "cic" parameter in either the
   "global-cic" or "local-cic" format in the "tel" URI that is used for
   routing when the ISUP Carrier Identification Parameter (CIP) is
   present.

   The network node MAY include the "rn" parameter in the "tel" URI
   associated with the caller information when the ISUP JIP is present.
   This may be subject to the network node's local policy and/or the
   signaling protocol that carries the "tel" URI.

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   Mapping NP-related parameters in a "tel" URI to the NP-related
   information in the ISUP message depends on the national ISUP
   implementation and is outside the scope of this document.

6. Examples

   A. A "tel" URI, tel:+1-800-123-4567, contains a freephone number "+1-
     800-123-4567".  Assume that this freephone number is served by a
     freephone service provide with a CIC "+1-6789".  After retrieving
     the NP-related information, the "tel" URI would be set to

        tel:+1-800-123-4567;cic=+1-6789

   B. A "tel" URI, tel:+1-800-123-4567;cic=+1-6789, is handled by a
     network node in the serving freephone service provider's network.
     Assume that the freephone number is mapped to a geographical
     telephone number "+1-202-533-1234".  After retrieving the NP-
     related information, the "tel" URI would be set to

        tel:+1-202-533-1234

   C. A "tel" URI, tel:+1-202-533-1234, contains a geographical
     telephone number "+1-202-533-1234".  Assume that this geographical
     telephone number is ported and is associated with a routing number
     "1-202-544-0000".  After retrieving the NP-related information,
     the "tel" URI would be set to

        tel:+1-202-533-1234;rn=+1-202-544-0000;npdi

   D. A "tel" URI, tel:+1-202-533-6789, contains a geographical
     telephone number "+1-202-533-6789".  Assume that this geographical
     telephone number is not ported.  After accessing the NP database,
     the "tel" URI would be set to

        tel:+1-202-533-6789;npdi

   E. A "tel" URI, tel:+1-202-533-1234;rn=+1-202-000-0000;npdi, contains
     an invalid routing number (e.g., no routing information on "+1-
     202-000-0000"), the network node may drop the "rn" parameter and
     access the NP database again.

   F. A "tel" URI, tel:+1-800-123-456, contains a freephone number "+1-
     800-123-456" that is one digit short.  When accessing the
     freephone database, there won't be any "cic" information for this
     freephone number.  The call would be released.

   G. A "tel" URI, tel:+1-800-123-4567;cic=+1-56789, is handled by a
     network node in an originating or transit network.  The "cic"
     information is invalid.  The network node may drop the "cic"
     parameter and access the freephone database again.  If the same
     wrong CIC information is received, the network node would release
     the call because it does not know how to route the call with an

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     invalid CIC.  If the valid information is received, the network
     node will include the "cic" to contain the received CIC and route
     the call based on the "cic".

7. Security Considerations

   In addition to those security implications discussed in the revised
   "tel" URI [RFC3966], there are new security implications associated
   with the parameters defined in this document.

   If the value of the "rn" or "cic" in the "tel" URI is changed
   illegally when the signaling message carrying the "tel" URI is en
   route to the destination entity, the signaling message or call may
   be routed to the wrong network or network node causing the call
   setup to be rejected.

   If the "npdi" is illegally inserted into the "tel" URI when the
   signaling message carrying the "tel" URI is en route to the
   destination entity, the call may be routed to the wrong network or
   network node causing the call setup to be rejected.  It is less a
   problem if the "npdi" is illegally removed.  An additional NPDB
   query may be performed to retrieve the routing number information
   and have the "npdi" included again.

   If the "rn" in the "tel" URI that is associated with the caller is
   illegally changed or inserted, the call charge based on that "rn"
   would be incorrect.

   It is RECOMMENDED that protocols carrying the "tel" URI ensure
   message integrity during the message transfer between the two
   communicating network nodes so as to detect any unauthorized changes
   to the content of the "tel" URI and other information.

8. Normative References

   [RFC2119] S. Bradner, RFC2119, "Key words for use in RFCs to
             Indicate Requirement Levels," March 1997.

   [RFC3966] H. Schulzrinne, RFC3966, "The tel URI for Telephone
             Numbers," December 2004.

   [RFC2234] D. Crocker and P. Overell, RFC2234, "Augmented BNF for
             Syntax Specifications: ABNF," November 1997.

   [E164]    ITU-T Recommendation E.164, "The international public
             telecommunication numbering plan," May 1997.

9. Informative References

   [RFC3482] M. Foster, T. McGarry and J. Yu, RFC3482, "Number
             Portability in the GSTN: An Overview," February 2003.


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   [RFC3261] J. Rosenberg, et al., RFC3261, "SIP: Session Initiation
             Protocol," June 2002.

   [H323]    ITU-T Recommendation H.323, "Packet-Based Multimedia
             Communications Systems," November 2000.

10. Acknowledgments

   The author would like to thank Penn Pfautz, Jon Peterson, Jonathan
   Rosenberg, Henning Schulzrinne, Antti Vaha-Sipila, Flemming
   Andreasen and Mike Hammer for their discussions and comments.

11. Author's Address

   James Yu
   NeuStar, Inc.
   46000 Center Oak Plaza
   Sterling, VA 20166
   U.S.A.
   Phone: +1-571-434-5572
   Email: james.yu@neustar.biz

12. Full Copyright Statement

   Copyright (C) The Internet Society (2005).

   This document is subject to the rights, licenses and restrictions
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Internet-Draft      New Parameters for the "tel" URI          June 2005
                     to Support Number Portability

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