IPv6 Working Group D. Thaler
INTERNET-DRAFT M. Talwar
July 14, 2005 Microsoft
Expires January 2006 C. Patel
All Play, No Work
Neighbor Discovery Proxies (ND Proxy)
<draft-ietf-ipv6-ndproxy-03.txt>
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Copyright Notice
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Copyright (C) The Internet Society (2005). All Rights Reserved.
Abstract
Bridging multiple links into a single entity has several
operational advantages. A single subnet prefix is sufficient to
support multiple physical links. There is no need to allocate
subnet numbers to the different networks, simplifying management.
Bridging some types of media requires network-layer support,
however. This document describes these cases and specifies the
IP-layer support that enables bridging under these circumstances.
The behavior of one common type of IPv4 ARP Proxy deployed today
is documented herein for informational purposes, but this document
concentrates on describing similar behavior for IPv6.
1. Introduction
In the IPv4 Internet today, it is common for Network Address
Translators (NATs) [NAT] to be used to easily connect one or more
leaf links to an existing network without requiring any
coordination with the network service provider. Since NATs modify
IP addresses in packets, they are problematic for many IP
applications. As a result, it is desirable to address the problem
(for both IPv4 and IPv6) without the need for NATs, while still
maintaining the property that no explicit cooperation from the
router is needed.
Another common solution is IEEE 802 bridging, as specified in
[BRIDGE]. It is expected that whenever possible links will be
bridged at the link layer using classic bridge technology [BRIDGE]
as opposed to using the mechanisms herein. However, classic
bridging at the data-link layer has the following limitations
(among others):
o It requires the ports to support promiscuous mode.
o It requires all ports to support the same type of link-layer
addressing (in particular, IEEE 802 addressing).
As a result, two common scenarios, described below, are not
solved, and it is these two scenarios we specifically target in
this document. While the mechanism described herein may apply to
other scenarios as well, we will concentrate our discussion on
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these two scenarios.
1.1. SCENARIO 1: Wireless upstream
The following figure illustrates a likely example:
| +-------+ +--------+
local |Ethernet | | Wireless | Access |
+---------+ A +-))) (((-+ +--> rest of network
hosts | | | link | Point |
| +-------+ +--------+
In this scenario, the access point has assigned an IPv4 and/or an
IPv6 subnet prefix to the wireless link, and uses link-layer
encryption so that wireless clients may not see each other's data.
Classic bridging requires the bridge (node A in the above diagram)
to be in promiscuous mode. In this wireless scenario, A cannot
put its wireless interface into promiscuous mode, since one
wireless node cannot see traffic to/from other wireless nodes.
This document describes a solution for both IPv4 and IPv6 which
does not involve NAT or require any change to the access point or
router.
Multiple variants of IPv4 ARP proxying have been used for some
years to solve this problem. ARP-based bridges were first
described in [ARPPROXY], but that variant decrements the TTL, does
not forward all-ones broadcasts, and requires proxies to keep per-
packet state on recent subnet broadcasts. The first two
characteristics can cause problems with applications and protocols
which assume that nodes in the subnet prefix can be reached with
TTL 1 (or with TTL 255, with TTL 255 verified on receipt) and/or
with a subnet broadcast. The third characteristic results in
scalability issues in proxy implementations. As a result,
multiple variants have emerged in different implementations over
time. In this document, we describe one such variant, and enable
equivalent functionality for IPv6 to remove this incentive to
deploy NATs in IPv6.
We also note that Prefix Delegation [PD] could also be used to
solve this scenario. There are, however, two disadvantages to
this. First, if an implementation already supports IPv4 ARP
proxying (which is indeed supported in a number of implementations
today), then IPv6 Prefix Delegation would result in separate IPv6
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subnets on either side of the device, while a single IPv4 subnet
would span both segments. This topological discrepancy can
complicate applications and protocols which use the concept of a
local subnet. Secondly, the extent to which Prefix Delegation is
supported, and supported without additional charge, is up to the
service provider. Hence, there is no guarantee that Prefix
Delegation will work without explicit configuration or additional
charge. Bridging, on the other hand, allows the device to work
with zero configuration, regardless of the service provider's
policies, just as a NAT does. Hence bridging avoids the incentive
to NAT IPv6 just to avoid paying for, or requiring configuration
to get, another prefix.
1.2. SCENARIO 2: PPP upstream
The following figure illustrates another likely example:
| +-------+ +--------+
local |Ethernet | | PPP link | |
+---------+ A +-----------+ Router +--> rest of network
hosts | | | | |
| +-------+ +--------+
In this scenario, the router believes that the other end of the
PPP link (node A) has a single IPv4 address, as negotiated by PPP.
For IPv6, it has assigned a /64 to the link and advertises it in
an IPv6 Router Advertisement.
Classic bridging does not support non-802 media, and hence IPv4
connectivity is solved by making the proxy (node A in the above
diagram) be a NAT. This document does not specify any other IPv4
solution for this scenario. However, this document does specify a
solution for IPv6 which does not involve NAT or require any change
to the router.
2. Terminology
The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL
NOT", "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL"
in this document are to be interpreted as described in BCP 14, RFC
2119 [KEYWORDS].
The term "proxy interface" will be used to refer to an interface
(which could itself be a bridge interface) over which network
layer proxying is done as defined herein.
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In this document we make no distinction between a "link" (in the
classic IPv6 sense) and a "subnet". We use the term "segment" to
apply to a bridged component of the link.
Finally, while it is possible that functionality equivalent to
that described herein may be achieved by nodes which do not
fulfill all the requirements in [NODEREQ], in the remainder of
this document we will describe behavior in terms of an IPv6 node
as defined in that document.
3. Requirements
Proxy behavior is designed with the following requirements in
mind:
o Support connecting multiple segments with a single subnet
prefix.
o Support media which cannot be bridged at the link-layer.
Note, this document does not support bridging of non-802
media for IPv4.
o Support both IPv6 and IPv4 for 802 media.
o Do not require any changes to existing routers. That is, any
routers on the subnet should be unaware that the subnet is
being bridged.
o Provide full connectivity between all nodes in the subnet.
For example, if there are existing nodes (such as any routers
on the subnet) which have addresses in the subnet prefix,
adding a proxy must allow bridged nodes to have full
connectivity with existing nodes on the subnet.
o Prevent loops.
o Also work in the absence of any routers.
o Support nodes moving between segments. For example, a node
should be able to keep its address without seeing its address
as a duplicate due to any cache maintained at the proxy.
o Allow dynamic addition of a proxy without adversely
disrupting the network.
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o The proxy behavior should not break any existing classic
bridges in use on a network segment.
3.1. Non-requirements
The following items are not considered requirements, as they are
not met by classic bridges:
o Show up as a hop in a traceroute.
o Use the shortest path between two nodes on different
segments.
o Be able to use all available interfaces simultaneously.
Instead, bridging technology relies on disabling redundant
interfaces to prevent loops.
o Support connecting media on which Neighbor Discovery is not
possible. For example, some technologies such as [6TO4] use
an algorithmic mapping from IPv6 address to the underlying
link-layer (IPv4 in this case) address, and hence cannot
support bridging arbitrary IP addresses.
The following additional items are not considered requirements for
this document:
o Support network-layer protocols other than IPv4 and IPv6. We
do not preclude such support, but it is not specified in this
document.
o Support Neighbor Discovery, Router Discovery, or DHCPv4
packets using IPsec. We also note that the current methods
for securing these protocols do not use IPsec so this is
considered acceptable.
o Support Redirects for off-subnet destinations that point to a
router on a different segment from the redirected host.
While this scenario may be desirable, no solution is
currently known which does not have undesirable side effects
outside the subnet. As a result, this scenario is outside
the scope of this document.
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4. Proxy Behavior
Network layer support for proxying between multiple interfaces
SHOULD be used only when classic bridging is not possible.
When a proxy interface comes up, the node puts it in "all-
multicast" mode so that it will receive all multicast packets. It
is common for interfaces to not support full promiscuous mode
(e.g., on a wireless client), but all-multicast mode is generally
still supported.
As with all other interfaces, IPv4 and IPv6 maintain a neighbor
cache (aka "ARP cache") for each proxy interface, which will be
used as described below. For readability, we will describe the
neighbor cache as if both IPv4 and IPv6 neighbors use the same
state machine described in [ND].
4.1. Forwarding Packets
When a packet from any IP source address other than the
unspecified address is received on a proxy interface, the neighbor
cache of that interface SHOULD be consulted to find an entry for
the source IP address. If no entry exists, one is created in the
STALE state.
When any IP or ARP packet is received on a proxy interface, it
must be parsed to see whether it is known to be of a type that
negotiates link-layer addresses. This document covers the
following types: ARP, IPv6 Neighbor Discovery, IPv6 Router
Discovery, IPv6 Redirects, and DHCPv4. These packets are ones
that can carry link-layer addresses, and hence must be proxied (as
described below) so that packets between nodes on different
segments can be received by the proxy and have the correct link-
layer address type on each segment.
When any other IP broadcast or multicast packet is received on a
proxy interface, in addition to any normal IP behavior such as
being delivered locally, it is forwarded unchanged (other than
using a new link-layer header) out all other proxy interfaces on
the same link. (As specified in [BRIDGE], the proxy may instead
support multicast learning and filtering but this is OPTIONAL.)
In particular, the IPv4 TTL or IPv6 Hop Limit is not updated, and
no ICMP errors (except as noted in Section 4.1.1 below) are sent
as a result of attempting this forwarding.
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When any other IP unicast packet is received on a proxy interface,
if it is not locally destined then it is forwarded unchanged
(other than using a new link-layer header) to the proxy interface
for which the next hop address appears in the neighbor cache.
Again the IPv4 TTL or IPv6 Hop Limit is not updated, and no ICMP
errors (except as noted in Section 4.1.1 below) are sent as a
result of attempting this forwarding. To choose a proxy interface
to forward to, the neighbor cache is consulted, and the interface
with the neighbor entry in the "best" state is used. In order of
least to most preferred, the states (per [ND]) are INCOMPLETE,
STALE, DELAY, PROBE, REACHABLE. A packet is never forwarded back
out the same interface on which it arrived; such a packet is
instead silently dropped.
If no cache entry exists (as may happen if the proxy has
previously evicted the cache entry or if the proxy is restarted),
the proxy SHOULD queue the packet and initiate Neighbor Discovery
as if the packet were being locally generated. The proxy MAY
instead silently drop the packet. In this case, the entry will
eventually be recreated when the sender re-attempts neighbor
discovery.
The link layer header, and the link-layer address within the
payload for each forwarded packet will be modified as follows:
1) The source address will be the address of the outgoing
interface.
2) The destination address will be the address in the neighbor
entry corresponding to the destination IP address.
3) The link-layer address within the payload is substituted with
the address of the outgoing interface.
4.1.1. Sending Packet Too Big Messages
Whenever any IPv4 packet is to be forwarded out an interface whose
MTU is smaller than the size of the packet, and the Dont Fragment
bit is set, the ARP proxy drops the packet and sends a
Fragmentation Needed message back to the source.
Similarly, whenever any IPv6 packet is to be forwarded out an
interface whose MTU is smaller than the size of the packet, the ND
proxy drops the packet and sends a Packet Too Big message back to
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the source, as described in [ICMPv6].
4.1.2. Proxying Packets With Link-Layer Addresses
Once it is determined that the packet is either
multicast/broadcast or else is not locally destined (if unicast),
the special types enumerated above (ARP, etc.) that carry link-
layer addresses are handled by generating a proxy packet that
contains the proxy's link-layer address on the outgoing interface
instead. Section 7, "Guidelines to proxy developers", describes
the scenarios in which the link-layer address substitution in the
payload should be performed.
As with all forwarded packets, the link-layer header is also new.
Note that any change to the length of a proxied packet, such as
when the link-layer address length changes, will require
corresponding changes to fields in the IP header, namely the IPv4
Total Length and Header Checksum fields, or the IPv6 Payload
Length field.
4.1.3. IPv4 ARP Proxying
When any IPv4 or ARP packet is received on a proxy interface, it
must be parsed to see whether it is known to be one of the
following types: ARP, or DHCPv4.
4.1.3.1. ARP REQUEST Packets
If the received packet is an ARP REQUEST, the request is processed
locally but no ARP REPLY is generated immediately. Instead, the
ARP REQUEST is proxied (as described above) and the ARP REPLY will
be proxied when it is received. This ensures that the proxy does
not interfere with hosts moving from one segment to another since
it never responds to an ARP REQUEST based on its own cache.
4.1.3.2. ARP REPLY Packets
If the received packet is an ARP REPLY, the neighbor cache on the
receiving interface is first updated as if the ARP REPLY were
locally destined, and then the ARP REPLY is proxied as described
above.
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4.1.3.3. DHCPv4 Packets
If the received packet is a DHCPv4 DISCOVER or REQUEST message,
then instead of changing the client's hardware address in the
payload, the BROADCAST (B) flag is set in the proxied packet.
This ensures that the proxy will be able to receive and proxy the
response since the response will be broadcast rather than unicast
to that hardware address. The hardware address is thus used only
as a unique identifier and hence need not be a link-layer address
on the same segment.
One limitation of this rule is that if the authentication protocol
for DHCPv4 described in [DHCPAUTH] is used, only clients that set
the BROADCAST flag themselves will be able to use DHCPv4 through
the proxy. If [DHCPAUTH] is not used, a DHCPv4 client might still
detect, with previously undefined behavior, that the broadcast bit
has been changed from the setting in the message originally set by
the client. However, the point of this rule is not to solve this
problem, but rather to document existing practice.
4.1.4. IPv6 ND Proxying
When any IPv6 packet is received on a proxy interface, it must be
parsed to see whether it is known to be one of the following
types: IPv6 Neighbor Discovery, IPv6 Router Discovery, or IPv6
Redirects.
4.1.4.1. ICMPv6 Neighbor Solicitations
If the received packet is an ICMPv6 Neighbor Solicitation, the NS
is processed locally as described in section 7.2.3 of [ND] but no
NA is generated immediately. Instead the NS is proxied as
described above and the NA will be proxied when it is received.
This ensures that the proxy does not interfere with hosts moving
from one segment to another since it never responds to an NS based
on its own cache.
4.1.4.2. ICMPv6 Neighbor Advertisements
If the received packet is an ICMPv6 Neighbor Advertisement, the
neighbor cache on the receiving interface is first updated as if
the NA were locally destined, and then the NA is proxied as
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described above.
4.1.4.3. ICMPv6 Router Advertisements
The following special processing is done for IPv6 Router
Advertisements (RAs).
A new "Proxy" bit is defined in the existing Router Advertisement
flags field as follows:
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
|M|O|H|Prf|P|Rsv|
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
where "P" indicates the location of the Proxy bit, and "Rsv
indicates the remaining reserved bits.
The proxy determines an "upstream" proxy interface, typically
through a physical choice dictated by the scenario (see Scenarios
1 and 2 above), or through manual configuration.
When an RA with the P bit clear arrives on the upstream interface,
the P bit is set when the RA is proxied out all other
("downstream") proxy interfaces (see secion 6).
If an RA with the P bit set has arrived on a given interface
(including the upstream interface) within the last 60 minutes,
that interface MUST NOT be used as a proxy interface; i.e., proxy
functionality is disabled on that interface.
Furthermore, if any RA (regardless of the value of the P bit) has
arrived on a "downstream" proxy interface within the last 60
minutes, that interface MUST NOT be used as a proxy interface.
4.1.4.4. ICMPv6 Redirects
If the received packet is an ICMPv6 Redirect message, then the
proxied packet should be modified as follows. If the proxy has a
valid (i.e., not INCOMPLETE) neighbor entry for the target address
on the same interface as the redirected host, then the TLLA option
in the proxied Redirect simply contains the link-layer address of
the target as found in the proxy's neighbor entry, since the
redirected host may reach the target address directly. Otherwise,
if the proxy has a valid neighbor entry for the target address on
some other interface, then the TLLA option in the proxied packet
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contains the link-layer address of the proxy on the sending
interface, since the redirected host must reach the target address
through the proxy. Otherwise, the proxy has no valid neighbor
entry for the target address, and the proxied packet contains no
TLLA option, which will cause the redirected host to perform
neighbor discovery for the target address.
4.2. Originating Packets
Locally originated packets that are sent on a proxy interface also
follow the same rules as packets received on a proxy interface.
If no neighbor entry exists when a unicast packet is to be locally
originated, an interface can be chosen in any implementation-
specific fashion. Once the neighbor is resolved, the actual
interface will be discovered and the packet will be sent on that
interface. When a multicast or broadcast packet is to be locally
originated, an interface can be chosen in any implementation-
specific fashion, and the packet will then be forwarded out other
proxy interfaces on the same link as described in Section 4.1
above.
5. Example
Consider the following topology, where A and B are nodes on
separate segments which are connected by a proxy P:
A---|---P---|---B
a p1 p2 b
A and B have link-layer addresses a and b, respectively. P has
link-layer addresses p1 and p2 on the two segments. We now walk
through the actions that happen when A attempts to send an initial
IPv6 packet to B.
A first does a route lookup on the destination address B. This
matches the on-link subnet prefix, and a destination cache entry
is created as well as a neighbor cache entry in the INCOMPLETE
state. Before the packet can be sent, A needs to resolve B's
link-layer address and sends a Neighbor Solicitation (NS) to the
solicited-node multicast address for B. The SLLA option in the
solicitation contains A's link-layer address.
P receives the solicitation (since it is receiving all link-layer
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multicast packets) and processes it as it would any multicast
packet by forwarding it out to other segments on the link.
However, before actually sending the packet, it determines if the
packet being sent is one which requires proxying. Since it is an
NS, it creates a neighbor entry for A on interface 1 and records
its link-layer address. It also creates a neighbor entry for B
(on an arbitrary proxy interface) in the INCOMPLETE state. Since
the packet is multicast, P then needs to proxy the NS out all
other proxy interfaces on the subnet. Before sending the packet
out interface 2, it replaces the link-layer address in the SLLA
option with its own link-layer address, p2.
B receives this NS, processing it as usual. Hence it creates a
neighbor entry for A mapping it to the link-layer address p2. It
responds with a Neighbor Advertisement (NA) sent to A containing
B's link-layer address b. The NA is sent using A's neighbor
entry, i.e. to the link-layer address p2.
The NA is received by P, which then processes it as it would any
unicast packet; i.e., it forwards this out interface 1, based on
the neighbor cache. However, before actually sending the packet
out, it inspects it to determine if the packet being sent is one
which requires proxying. Since it is an NA, it updates its
neighbor entry for B to be REACHABLE and records the link-layer
address b. P then replaces the link-layer address in the TLLA
option with its own link-layer address on the outgoing interface,
p1. The packet is then sent out interface 1.
A receives this NA, processing it as usual. Hence it creates a
neighbor entry for B on interface 2 in the REACHABLE state and
records the link-layer address p1.
6. Loop Prevention
An implementation MUST ensure that loops are prevented by using
the P bit in RA's as follows. The proxy determines an "upstream"
proxy interface, typically through a physical choice dictated by
the scenario (see Scenarios 1 and 2 above), or through manual
configuration. As described in Section 4.1.3.3, only the upstream
interface is allowed to receive RAs, and never from other proxies.
Proxy functionality is disabled on an interface otherwise.
Finally, a proxy MUST wait until it has sent two P bit RAs on a
given "downstream" interface before it enables forwarding on that
interface.
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7. Guidelines to proxy developers
Proxy developers will have to accomodate protocols or protocol
options (for example, new ICMP messages) that are developed in the
future, or protocols that are not mentioned in this document (for
example, proprietary protocols). This section prescribes
guidelines that can be used by proxy developers to accomodate
protocols that are not mentioned herein.
1) If a link-layer address carried in the payload of the
protocol can be used in the link-layer header of future
messages, then the proxy should substitute it with its own
address. For example the link-layer address in NA messages is
used in the link-layer header for future messages, and,
hence, the proxy substitutes it with its own address.
For broadcast/multicast packets, the link-layer address
substituted within the payload will be different for each
outgoing interface.
2) If the link-layer address in the payload of the protocol will
never be used in any link-layer header, then the proxy should
not substitute it with its own address. No special actions
are required for supporting these protocols. For example,
[DHCPv6] is in this category.
8. IANA Considerations
This document has no actions for IANA.
9. Security Considerations
Proxies are susceptible to the same kind of security issues that
plague hosts using unsecured Neighbor Discovery or ARP. Even if
these protocols are secured, the proxies may process unsecured
messages, and update the neighbor cache. Malicious nodes within
the subnet can take advantage of this property, and hijack
traffic. The threats are discussed in detail in [PSREQ].
As a result, securing Neighbor Discovery or ARP must take into
account the ability to proxy messages. This document does not
introduce any new requirements in this regard.
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From an IPv6 perspective, RFC 2461 [ND] already defines the
ability to proxy Neighbor Advertisements. Since the ND packets
must be modified whenever the link-layer address formats are
different (as with PPP) or promiscuous reception is not possible
(as with 802.11), securing any solution in this space requires
that hosts have a secure relationship with the proxy.
It is reasonable for nodes on the leaf subnet to have a secure
relationship with the proxy, and accept ND packets from either the
owner of a specific address (normal SEND), or which it can verify
are from a trusted proxy (see below).
For nodes on the external subnet, there is a tradeoff between
security (where all nodes have a secure relationship with the
proxy) and privacy (where no nodes are aware that the proxy is a
proxy). In the case of a point-to-point external link (Scenario
2) however, SEND may not be a requirement on that link.
Verifying that ND packets come from a trusted proxy requires an
extension to the SEND protocol and is left for future work, but is
similar to the problem of securing Router Advertisements which is
supported today.
10. Appendix A: Comparison with Naive RA Proxy
It has been suggested that a simple Router Advertisement (RA)
proxy would be sufficient, where the subnet prefix in an RA is
"stolen" by the proxy and applied to a downstream link instead of
an upstream link. Other ND messages are not proxied.
There are many problems with this approach. First, it requires
cooperation from all nodes on the upstream link. No node
(including the router sending the RA) can have an address in the
subnet or it will not have connectivity with nodes on the
downstream link. This is because when a node on a downstream link
tries to do Neighbor Discovery, and the proxy does not send the NS
on the upstream link, it will never discover the neighbor on the
upstream link. Similarly, if messages are not proxied during DAD,
conflicts can occur.
Second, if the proxy assumes that no nodes on the upstream link
have addresses in the prefix, such a proxy could not be safely
deployed without cooperation from the network administrator since
it introduces a requirement that the router itself not have an
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address in the prefix. This rules out use in situations where
bridges and Network Address Translators (NATs) are used today,
which is the problem this document is directly addressing.
Instead, where a prefix is desired for use on one or more
downstream links in cooperation with the network administrator,
Prefix Delegation [PD] should be used instead.
11. Authors' Addresses
Dave Thaler
Microsoft Corporation
One Microsoft Way
Redmond, WA 98052-6399
Phone: +1 425 703 8835
EMail: dthaler@microsoft.com
Mohit Talwar
Microsoft Corporation
One Microsoft Way
Redmond, WA 98052-6399
Phone: +1 425 705 3131
EMail: mohitt@microsoft.com
Chirayu Patel
All Play, No Work
Bangalore, Karnataka 560038
Phone: +91-98452-88078
EMail: chirayu@chirayu.org
12. Normative References
[ARP]
D. Plummer, "An Ethernet Address Resolution Protocol", STD
37, RFC 826, November 1982.
[ARPPROXY]
J. Postel, "Multi-LAN address resolution", RFC 925, October
1984.
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[BRIDGE]
T. Jeffree, editor, "Media Access Control (MAC) Bridges",
ANSI/IEEE Std 802.1D, 2004,
http://standards.ieee.org/getieee802/download/802.1D-2004.pdf.
[DHCPv4]
R. Droms, "Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol", RFC 2131,
March 1997.
[ICMPv6]
Conta, A. and S. Deering, "Internet Control Message Protocol
(ICMPv6) for the Internet Protocol Version 6 (IPv6)
Specification", RFC 2463, December 1998.
[KEYWORDS]
S. Bradner, "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, March, 1997.
[ND] Narten, T., Nordmark, E. and W. Simpson, "Neighbor Discovery
for IP Version 6 (IPv6)", RFC 2461, December 1998.
[NODEREQ]
J. Loughney, "IPv6 Node Requirements", Work in progress,
draft-ietf-ipv6-node-requirements-11.txt, August 2004.
13. Informative References
[6TO4]
Carpenter, B. and K. Moore, "Connection of IPv6 Domains via
IPv4 Clouds", RFC 3056, February 2001.
[DHCPAUTH]
Droms, R. and W. Arbaugh, Eds., "Autentication for DHCP
Messages", RFC 3118, June 2001.
[DHCPv6]
Droms, R., Ed., Bound, J., Volz, B., Lemon, T., Perkins, C.
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and M. Carney, "Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol for IPv6
(DHCPv6)", RFC 3315, July 2003.
[NAT]
Srisuresh, P. and K. Egevang, "Traditional IP Network Address
Translator (Traditional NAT)", RFC 3022, January 2001.
[PD] Troan, O. and R. Droms, "IPv6 Prefix Options for Dynamic Host
Configuration Protocol (DHCP) version 6", RFC 3633, December
2003.
[PSREQ]
Nikander, P., Kempf, J. and E. Nordmark, "IPv6 Neighbor
Discovery (ND) Trust Models and Threats", RFC 3756, May 2004.
14. Full Copyright Statement
Copyright (C) The Internet Society (2005). This document is
subject to the rights, licenses and restrictions contained in BCP
78, and except as set forth therein, the authors retain all their
rights.
This document and the information contained herein are provided on
an "AS IS" basis and THE CONTRIBUTOR, THE ORGANIZATION HE/SHE
REPRESENTS OR IS SPONSORED BY (IF ANY), THE INTERNET SOCIETY AND
THE INTERNET ENGINEERING TASK FORCE DISCLAIM ALL WARRANTIES,
EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO ANY WARRANTY THAT
THE USE OF THE INFORMATION HEREIN WILL NOT INFRINGE ANY RIGHTS OR
ANY IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A
PARTICULAR PURPOSE.
15. Intellectual Property
The IETF takes no position regarding the validity or scope of any
Intellectual Property Rights or other rights that might be claimed
to pertain to the implementation or use of the technology
described in this document or the extent to which any license
under such rights might or might not be available; nor does it
represent that it has made any independent effort to identify any
such rights. Information on the procedures with respect to rights
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in RFC documents can be found in BCP 78 and BCP 79.
Copies of IPR disclosures made to the IETF Secretariat and any
assurances of licenses to be made available, or the result of an
attempt made to obtain a general license or permission for the use
of such proprietary rights by implementers or users of this
specification can be obtained from the IETF on-line IPR repository
at http://www.ietf.org/ipr.
The IETF invites any interested party to bring to its attention
any copyrights, patents or patent applications, or other
proprietary rights that may cover technology that may be required
to implement this standard. Please address the information to the
IETF at ietf-ipr@ietf.org.
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Table of Contents
1: Introduction ............................................. 2
1.1: SCENARIO 1: Wireless upstream .......................... 3
1.2: SCENARIO 2: PPP upstream ............................... 4
2: Terminology .............................................. 4
3: Requirements ............................................. 5
3.1: Non-requirements ....................................... 6
4: Proxy Behavior ........................................... 7
4.1: Forwarding Packets ..................................... 7
4.1.1: Sending Packet Too Big Messages ...................... 8
4.1.2: Proxying Packets With Link-Layer Addresses ........... 9
4.1.3: IPv4 ARP Proxying .................................... 9
4.1.3.1: ARP REQUEST Packets ................................ 9
4.1.3.2: ARP REPLY Packets .................................. 9
4.1.3.3: DHCPv4 Packets ..................................... 10
4.1.4: IPv6 ND Proxying ..................................... 10
4.1.4.1: ICMPv6 Neighbor Solicitations ...................... 10
4.1.4.2: ICMPv6 Neighbor Advertisements ..................... 10
4.1.4.3: ICMPv6 Router Advertisements ....................... 11
4.1.4.4: ICMPv6 Redirects ................................... 11
4.2: Originating Packets .................................... 12
5: Example .................................................. 12
6: Loop Prevention .......................................... 13
7: Guidelines to proxy developers ........................... 14
8: IANA Considerations ...................................... 14
9: Security Considerations .................................. 14
10: Appendix A: Comparison with Naive RA Proxy .............. 15
11: Authors' Addresses ...................................... 16
12: Normative References .................................... 16
13: Informative References .................................. 17
14: Full Copyright Statement ................................ 18
15: Intellectual Property ................................... 18
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