Network Working Group                           Tomonori Takeda (Editor)
Internet Draft                                                       NTT
Intended Status: Informational
Created: April 14, 2008
Expires: October 14, 2008


  Applicability Statement for Layer 1 Virtual Private Networks (L1VPNs)
                                Basic Mode

             draft-ietf-l1vpn-applicability-basic-mode-05.txt


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Abstract

   This document provides an applicability statement on the use of
   Generalized Multiprotocol Label Switching (GMPLS) protocols and
   mechanisms to support Basic Mode Layer 1 Virtual Private Networks
   (L1VPNs).

   L1VPNs provide customer services and connectivity at layer 1 over
   layer 1 networks. The operation of L1VPNs is divided into the Basic
   Mode and the Enhanced Mode where the Basic Mode of operation does not
   feature any exchange of routing information between the layer 1
   network and the customer domain. This document examines how GMPLS
   protocols can be used to satisfy the requirements of a Basic Mode
   L1VPN.


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Table of Contents

   1. Introduction...................................................2
   1.1 Terminology...................................................3
   2. Basic Mode Overview............................................3
   3. Supported Network Types........................................4
   3.1 Data Plane....................................................4
   3.2 Control Plane.................................................4
   4. Addressing.....................................................5
   5. Provider Control of its Infrastructure.........................5
   5.1 Provisioning Model............................................5
   5.2 PE-PE Segment Control.........................................6
   5.2.1 Path Computation and Establishment..........................6
   5.2.2 Resource Management.........................................7
   5.2.3 Consideration of CE-PE Traffic Engineering Information......7
   5.3 Connectivity Restriction......................................8
   6. Customer Control of its L1VPN..................................8
   6.1 Topology Control..............................................8
   6.2 Note on Routing...............................................8
   7. Scalability and Resiliency.....................................9
   7.1 Scalability...................................................9
   7.2 Data Plane Resiliency........................................10
   7.3 Control Plane Resiliency.....................................11
   8. Security......................................................11
   8.1 Topology Confidentiality.....................................12
   8.2 External Control of the Provider Network.....................12
   8.3 Data Plane Security..........................................13
   8.4 Control Plane Security.......................................13
   9. Manageability Considerations..................................14
   10. IANA Considerations..........................................15
   11. References...................................................15
   11.1 Normative References........................................15
   11.2 Informative References......................................16
   12. Acknowledgments..............................................17
   13. Authors' Addresses...........................................17
   14. Intellectual Property Consideration..........................18
   15. Full Copyright Statement.....................................18


1. Introduction

   This document provides an applicability statement on the use of
   Generalized Multiprotocol Label Switching (GMPLS) protocols and
   mechanisms to Basic Mode Layer 1 Virtual Private Networks (L1VPNs) as
   specified in [RFC4847].




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   The operation of L1VPNs is divided into the Basic Mode and the
   Enhanced Mode. The Basic Mode of operation does not feature any
   exchange of routing information between the layer 1 network and the
   customer domain, while the Enhanced Mode of operation features
   exchange of routing information between the layer 1 network and the
   customer domain.

   The main GMPLS protocols and mechanisms applicable to the L1VPN Basic
   Mode are described in [L1VPN-BM], [L1VPN-BGP-DISC], and
   [L1VPN-OSPF-DISC], along with several other documents referenced
   within this document.

   Note that discussion in this document is focused on areas where GMPLS
   protocols and mechanisms are relevant.

1.1 Terminology

   The reader is assumed to be familiar with the terminology in
   [RFC3031], [RFC3209], [RFC3471], [RFC3473], [RFC4202], [RFC4026] and
   [RFC4847].

2. Basic Mode Overview

   As described in [RFC4847], in the Basic Mode service model, there is
   no routing exchange between the Customer Edge (CE) and the Provider
   Edge (PE). CE-CE L1VPN connections (i.e., CE-CE VPN connection in
   RFC4847) are set up by GMPLS signaling between the CE and the PE, and
   then across the provider network. A L1VPN connection is limited to
   the connection between CEs belonging to the same L1VPN.

   Note that in L1VPNs, routing operates within the provider network and
   may be used by PEs to exchange information specific to the L1VPNs
   supported by the provider network (e.g., membership information).

   In the L1VPN Basic Mode, the provider network is completely under the
   control of the provider. This includes the PE-PE segment of the CE-CE
   L1VPN connection that is controlled and computed by the provider (PE-
   PE segment control). On the other hand, the L1VPN itself, constructed
   from a set of CEs and the L1VPN connections provided by the provider,
   is under the control of each customer. This includes that a customer
   can request between which CEs a connection is to be established
   (topology control). Note that a customer may outsource the management
   of its L1VPN to a third party, including to the provider itself.
   There is a confidentiality requirement between the provider and each
   customer.

   [L1VPN-BM], which extends [RFC4208], specifies GMPLS signaling to
   establish CE-CE L1VPN connections.


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   [L1VPN-BGP-DISC] and [L1VPN-OSPF-DISC] specify alternative mechanisms
   to exchange L1VPN membership information between PEs, based on BGP
   and OSPF respectively.

3. Supported Network Types

3.1 Data Plane

   The provider network can be constructed from any type of layer 1
   switches, such as Time Division Multiplexing (TDM) switches, Optical
   Cross-Connects (OXCs), or Photonic Cross-Connects (PXCs).
   Furthermore, a PE may be an Ethernet Private Line (EPL) type of
   device, that maps Ethernet frames onto layer 1 connections (by means
   of Ethernet over TDM etc.). The provider network may be constructed
   from switches providing a single switching granularity (e.g., only
   VC3 switches), or from switches providing multiple switching
   granularities (e.g., from VC3/VC4 switches, or from VC3 switches and
   OXCs). The provider network may provide a single type of L1VPN
   connection (e.g., VC3 connections only), or multiple types of
   connection (e.g., VC3/VC4 connections, or VC3 connections and
   wavelength connections).

   A CE does not have to have the capability to switch at layer 1, but
   it must be capable of receiving a layer 1 signal and either switching
   it or terminating it with adaptation.

   As described in [RFC4847] and [L1VPN-BM], a CE and a PE are connected
   by one or more links. A CE may also be connected to more than one PE,
   and a PE may have more than one CE connected to it.

   A CE may belong to a single L1VPN, or to multiple L1VPNs, and a PE
   may support one or more L1VPNs through a single CE or through
   multiple CEs.

3.2 Control Plane

   The provider network is controlled by GMPLS. L1VPN Basic Mode
   provider networks are limited to a single AS within the scope of this
   document. Multi-AS Basic Mode L1VPNs are for future study.

   As described in [RFC4847] and [L1VPN-BM], a CE and a PE need to be
   connected by at least one control channel. It is necessary to
   disambiguate control plane messages exchanged between a CE and a PE
   if the CE-PE relationship is applicable to more than one L1VPN. This
   makes it possible to determine to which L1VPN such control plane
   messages apply. Such disambiguation can be achieved by allocating a
   separate control channel to each L1VPN (either using a separate
   physical channel, a separate logical channel such as an IP tunnel, or
   using separate addressing).


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   GMPLS allows any type of control channel to be used, as long as there
   is IP level reachability. In the L1VPN context, instantiation of a
   control channel between a CE and a PE may differ depending on
   security requirements, etc. This is discussed in Section 8.

4. Addressing

   As described in [L1VPN-BM], the L1VPN Basic Mode allows that customer
   addressing realms overlap with each other, and also overlap with the
   service provider addressing realm. That is, a customer network may
   re-use addresses used by the provider network, and may re-use
   addresses used in another customer network supported by the same
   provider network. This is the same as in any other VPN model.

   In addition, the L1VPN Basic Mode allows CE-PE control channel
   addressing realms to overlap. That is, a CE-PE control channel
   address (CE's address of this control channel and PE's address of
   this control channel) is unique within the L1VPN they belong to, but
   not necessarily unique across multiple L1VPNs.

   Furthermore, once a L1VPN connection has been established, the L1VPN
   Basic Mode does not enforce any restriction on address assignment for
   this L1VPN connection (treated as a link) for customer network
   operation (e.g., IP network, MPLS network).

5. Provider Control of its Infrastructure

5.1 Provisioning Model

   As described in [L1VPN-BM], for each L1VPN that has at least one
   customer-facing port on a given PE, the PE maintains a Port
   Information Table (PIT) associated with that L1VPN. A PIT provides a
   cross-reference between Customer Port Indices (CPIs) and Provider
   Port Indices (PPIs) and contains a list of <CPI, PPI> tuples for all
   the ports within the L1VPN. In addition, for local PE ports of a
   given L1VPN the PE retains an identifier known as the VPN-PPI, and
   this is stored in the PIT with the <CPI, PPI> tuples.

   When a new CE belonging to one or more L1VPNs is added to a PE, PIT
   entries associated to those L1VPNs need to be configured on the PE.
   Section 4 of [L1VPN-BM] specifies such procedures:

   - If no PIT exists for the L1VPN on the PE, a new PIT is created by
     the provider and associated with the VPN identifier.

   - The PIT (new or pre-existing) is updated to include information
     related to the newly added CE. The VPN-PPI, PPI, and CPI are
     installed in the PIT. Note that the PPI is well-known by the PE,


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     but the CPI must be discovered either through manual configuration
     or automatically by mechanisms such as the Link Management Protocol
     (LMP) [RFC4204]. In addition, a CE to PE control channel needs to
     be configured.

   - The updated PIT information needs to be configured in the PITs on
     remote PE associated with the L1VPN. For such purposes, manual
     configuration or some sort of auto-discovery mechanisms can be
     used. [L1VPN-BGP-DISC] and [L1VPN-OSPF-DISC] specify alternative
     auto-discovery mechanisms.

   - In addition, remote PIT information associated with the L1VPN needs
     to be configured on this PE if the PIT has been newly created.
     Again, this can be achieved through manual configuration or through
     auto-discovery, [L1VPN-BGP-DISC] and [L1VPN-OSPF-DISC].

   When L1VPN membership of an existing CE changes, or when a CE is
   removed from a PE, similar procedures need to be applied to update
   the local and remote PITs.

5.2 PE-PE Segment Control

   In the L1VPN Basic Mode, a PE-PE segment of a CE-CE L1VPN connection
   is completely under the control of provider network.

5.2.1 Path Computation and Establishment

   A PE-PE segment of a CE-CE L1VPN connection may be established based
   on various policies. Those policies can be applied per L1VPN or per
   L1VPN connection. The policy is configured by the provider, possibly
   based on the contracts with each customer.

   Examples of PE-PE segment connection establishment polices supported
   in the L1VPN Basic Mode are as follows.

   - Policy 1: On-demand establishment, on-demand path computation
   - Policy 2: On-demand establishment, pre-computed path
   - Policy 3: Pre-establishment, pre-computed path

   In each policy, the PE-PE path may be computed by the local PE, or by
   a path computation entity outside of the local PE (e.g., a Path
   Computation Element (PCE) [RFC4655], or a management system).

   In policies 2 and 3, pre-computation of paths (and pre-establishment
   if applicable) can be done at the network planning phase, or just
   before signaling (e.g., triggered by an off-line customer request).
   As the result of pre-computation (and pre-establishment), there could
   be multiple PE-PE segments for a specific pair of PEs. When a PE


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   receives a Path message from a CE for a L1VPN connection, a PE needs
   to determine which PE-PE segment to use. In such cases, the provider
   may want to control:

   - Which L1VPN uses which PE-PE L1VPN segment.
   - Which CE-CE L1VPN connection uses which PE-PE L1VPN segment.

   The former requires mapping between the PIT and the PE-PE segment.
   The latter requires some more sophisticated mapping method, for
   example:

   - Mapping between individual PIT entries and PE-PE segments.
   - Use of a Path Key ID [CONF-SEG] supplied by the provider to the CE,
     and signaled by the CE as part of the L1VPN connection request.

   The L1VPN Basic Mode does not preclude usage of other methods, if
   applicable.

   In policy 3, stitching or nesting is necessary in order to map the
   CE-CE L1VPN connection to a pre-established PE-PE segment.

5.2.2 Resource Management

   The provider network may operate resource management based on various
   policies. These policies can be applied per L1VPN or per L1VPN
   connection. The policy is configured by the provider, possibly based
   on the contracts with each customer.

   For example, a provider may choose to partition the resources of the
   provider network for limited use by different L1VPNs or customers.
   Such a function might be achieved within the scope of the Basic Mode
   using resource affinities [RFC3209], but the details of per-L1VPN
   resource models (especially in terms of CE-PE routing) are considered
   as part of the Enhanced Mode.

5.2.3 Consideration of CE-PE Traffic Engineering Information

   [L1VPN-OSPF-DISC] and [BGP-TE] allow CE-PE Traffic Engineering (TE)
   link information to be injected into the provider network, and in
   particular to be exchanged between PEs. This may be helpful for the
   ingress PE to prevent connection setup failure due to lack of
   resources or incompatible switching capabilities on remote CE-PE TE
   links.

   Furthermore, the L1VPN Basic Mode allows a remote CE to be reached
   through more than one TE link connected to the same PE (single-homed)
   or to different PEs (dual-homed). In such cases, to facilitate route
   choice, the ingress CE needs to initiate signaling by specifying the
   egress CE's router ID not the egress CPI in the Session Object and

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   the Explicit Route Object (ERO) if present so as to not constrain the
   choice of route within the provider network. Therefore, the CE's
   router ID needs to be configured in the PITs.

   Note that, as described in Section 7.2, consideration of the full
   feature set enabled by dual-homing (such as resiliency) is out of
   scope of the L1VPN Basic Mode.

5.3 Connectivity Restriction

   The L1VPN Basic Mode allows restricting connection establishment
   between CEs belonging to the same L1VPN for policy reasons (including
   L1VPN security). Since the PIT at each PE is associated with a L1VPN,
   this function can be easily supported. The restriction can be applied
   at the ingress PE or at the egress PE according to the applicable
   restriction policy, but note that applying the policy at the egress
   may waste signaling effort within the network as L1VPN connections
   are pointlessly attempted.

   In addition, the L1VPN Basic Mode does not restrict use of any
   advanced admission control based on various policies.

6. Customer Control of its L1VPN

6.1 Topology Control

   In the L1VPN Basic Mode, L1VPN connection topology is controlled by
   the customer. That is, a customer can request
   setup/deletion/modification of L1VPN connections using signaling
   mechanisms specified in [L1VPN-BM].

   Also note that if there are multiple CE-PE TE links (single-homed or
   multi-homed), a customer can specify which CE-PE TE link to use to
   support any L1VPN connection. Alternatively, a customer may let the
   provider choose the CE-PE TE link at the egress side, as described in
   Section 5.2.3.

6.2 Note on Routing

   A CE needs to obtain the remote CPI to which it wishes to request a
   connection. Since, in the L1VPN Basic Mode, there is no routing
   information exchange between a CE and a PE, there is no dynamic
   mechanism supported as part of the Basic Mode L1VPN service, and the
   knowledge of remote CPIs must be acquired in a L1VPN-specific way,
   perhaps through configuration or through a directory server.

   If a L1VPN is used by a customer to operate a private IP network, the
   customer may wish to form routing adjacencies over the CE-CE L1VPN


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   connections. The L1VPN Basic Mode does not enforce any restriction on
   such operation by a customer, and the use made of the L1VPN
   connections is transparent to the provider network.

   Furthermore, if a L1VPN is used by a customer to operate a private
   Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS) or GMPLS network, the customer
   may wish to treat a L1VPN connection as a TE link, and this requires
   a CE-CE control channel. Note that a Forwarding Adjacency [RFC4206]
   cannot be formed from the CE-CE L1VPN connection in the Basic Mode
   because there is no routing exchange between CE and PE - that is, the
   customer network and the provider network do not share a routing
   instance, and the customer control channel cannot be carried within
   the provider control plane. But where the CE provides suitable
   adaptation (for example, where the customer network is a packet-
   switched MPLS or GMPLS network) the customer control channel may be
   in-band and a routing adjacency may be formed between the CEs using
   the L1VPN connection. Otherwise, CE-CE control plane connectivity may
   form part of the L1VPN service provided to the customer by the
   provider and may be achieved within the L1VPN connection (for
   example, through the use of overhead bytes) or through a dedicated
   control channel connection or tunnel. The options available are
   discussed further in Section 10.2 of [RFC4847].

7. Scalability and Resiliency

7.1 Scalability

   There are several factors that impact scalability.

   o Number of L1VPNs (PITs) configured on each PE

     With the increase of this number, information to be maintained on
     the PE increases. Theoretically, the upper limit of the number of
     L1VPNs supported in a provider network is governed by how the ID
     associated with a L1VPN is allocated, and the number of PITs
     configured on each PE is limited by this number. However,
     implementations may impose arbitrary limits on the number of PITs
     supported by any one PE.

   o Number of CE-PE TE links for each L1VPN

     With the increase of this number, information to be maintained in
     each PIT increases. When auto-discovery mechanisms are used, the
     amount of information that an auto-discovery mechanism can support
     may restrict this number.

     Note that [L1VPN-OSPF-DISC] floods membership information not only
     among PEs, but also to all P nodes. This may lead to scalability


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     concerns, compared to [L1VPN-BGP-DISC], which distributes
     membership information only among PEs. Alternatively, a separate
     instance of the OSPF protocol can be used just between PEs for
     distributing membership information. In such a case, Ps do not
     participate in flooding.

     Note that in the L1VPN Basic Mode, a PE needs to obtain only CE-PE
     TE link information, and not customer routing information, which is
     quite different from the mode of operation of a L3VPN. Therefore,
     the scalability concern is considered to be less problematic.

   o Number of L1VPN connections

     With the increase of this number, information to be maintained on
     each PE/P increases. When stitching or nesting is used, state to
     be maintained at each PE increases compared to when connectivity is
     achieved without stitching or nesting.

     However, in a layer 1 core, this number is always bounded by the
     available physical resource because each LSP uses a separate label
     which is directly bound to a physical, switchable resource
     (timeslot, lambda, fiber). Thus, it can be safely assumed that the
     PEs/Ps can comfortably handle the number of LSPs that they may be
     called on to switch for a L1VPN.

7.2 Data Plane Resiliency

   The L1VPN Basic Mode supports following data plane recovery
   techniques [L1VPN-BM].

   o PE-PE segment recovery

     The CE indicates to protect the PE-PE segment by including
     Protection Object specified in [RFC4873] in the Path message and
     setting Segment Recovery Flags. The CE may also indicate the branch
     and merge nodes by including Secondary Explicit Route Object.

     Depending on the signaling mechanisms used within the provider
     network, details on how to protect the PE-PE segment may differ as
     follows.

     - If LSP stitching or LSP hierarchy are used to provision the PE-PE
       segment, then the PE-PE LSP may be protected using end-to-end
       recovery within the provider network.

     - If the CE-CE L1VPN connection is a single end-to-end LSP
      (including if session shuffling is used), then the PE-PE LSP
       segment may be protected using segment protection [RFC4873]


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   o CE-PE recovery and PE-PE recovery via link protection

     The CE indicates to protect ingress and egress CE-PE links as well
     as links within the provider network by including Protection Object
     specified in [RFC3473] and setting Link Flags in the Path message.

     - The ingress and egress CE-PE link may be protected at a lower
       layer

     Depending on the signaling mechanisms used within the provider
     network, details on how to protect links within the provider
     network may differ as follows.

     - If the PE-PE segment is provided as a single TE link (stitching
       or hierarchy) so that the provider network can perform simple PE-
       to-PE routing, then the TE link may offer link-level protection
       through the instantiation of multiple PE-PE LSPs.

     - The PE-PE segment may be provisioned using only link-protected
       links within the core network.

   Note that it is not possible to protect only the CE-PE portion or the
   PE-PE portion by link protection because the CE-CE signaling request
   asks for a certain level of link protection on all links used by the
   LSP. Also, it is not possible to protect the CE-PE portion by link
   recovery and the PE-PE portion by segment recovery at the same time.

   CE-CE recovery through the use of connections from one CE to diverse
   PEs (i.e., dual-homing) is not supported in the L1VPN Basic Mode.

7.3 Control Plane Resiliency

   The L1VPN Basic Mode allows use of GMPLS control plane resiliency
   mechanisms. This includes, but not limited to, control channel
   management in LMP [RFC4204] and fault handling in RSVP-TE ([RFC3473]
   and [RFC5063]) between a CE and a PE as well as within the provider
   network.

8. Security

   Security considerations are described in [RFC4847], and this section
   describes how these considerations are addressed in the L1VPN Basic
   Mode.

   Additional discussion of GMPLS security an be found in [GMPLS-SEC].





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8.1 Topology Confidentiality

   As specified in [L1VPN-BM], a provider's topology confidentiality is
   preserved by the Basic Mode. Since there is no routing exchange
   between PE and CE, the customer network can gather no information
   about the provider network. Further, as described in Section 4 of
   [RFC4208], a PE may filter the information present in a Record Route
   Object (RRO) that is signaled from the provider network to the
   customer network. In addition, as described in Section 5 of [RFC4208]
   and Section 4.4 of [L1VPN-BM], when a Notify message is sent to a CE,
   it is possible to hide the provider internal address. This is
   accomplished by a PE updating the Notify Node Address with its own
   address when the PE receives NOTIFY_REQUEST object from the CE.

   Even in the case of pre-computed and/or pre-signaled PE-PE segments,
   provider topology confidentiality may be preserved through the use of
   path key IDs [CONF-SEG].

   The customer's topology confidentiality cannot be completely hidden
   from the provider network. At the least, the provider network will
   know about the addresses and locations of CEs. Other customer
   topology information will remain hidden from the provider in the
   Basic Mode although care may be needed to protect the customer
   control channel as described in Section 8.4.

   The provider network is responsible for maintaining confidentiality
   of topology information between customers and across L1VPNs. Since
   there is no distribution of routing information from PE to CE in the
   Basic Mode, there is no mechanism by which the provider could
   accidentally, or deliberately but automatically, distribute this
   information.

8.2 External Control of the Provider Network

   The provider network is protected from direct control from within
   customer networks through policy and through filtering of signaling
   messages.

   There is a service-based policy installed at each PE that directs how
   a PE should react to a L1VPN connection request received from any CE.
   Each CE is configured at the PE (or through a policy server) for its
   membership of a L1VPN, and so CEs cannot dynamically bind to a PE or
   join a L1VPN. With this configuration comes the policy that tells the
   PE how to react to a L1VPN connection request (for example, whether
   to allow dynamic establishment of PE-PE connections). Thus, the
   provider network is protected against spurious L1VPN connection
   requests and can charge for all L1VPN connections according to the
   service agreement with the customers. Hence the provider network is
   substantially protected against denial of service attacks.

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   At the same time, if a Path message from a CE contains an Explicit
   Route Object (ERO) specifying the route within provider network, it
   is rejected by the PE. Thus, the customer network has no control over
   the resources in the provider network.

8.3 Data Plane Security

   As described in [RFC4847], at layer 1, data plane information is
   normally assumed to be secure once connections are established since
   the optical signals themselves are normally considered to be hard to
   intercept or modify, and it is considered difficult to insert data
   into an optical stream. This, the very use of an optical signal may
   be considered to provide confidentiality and integrity to the payload
   data. Furthemore, as indicated in [RFC4847], layer 1 VPN connections
   are each dedicated to a specific L1VPN which provides an additional
   element of security for the payload data.

   Misconnection remains a security vulnerabilty for user data. If a
   L1VPN connection were to be misconnected to the wrong destination,
   user data would be delivered to the wrong consumers. In order to
   protect against mis-delivery, each L1VPN connection is restricted to
   use only within a single L1VPN. That is, a L1VPN connection does not
   connect CEs that are in different L1VPNs. In order to realize this,
   the identity of CEs is assured as part of the service contract. And
   upon receipt of a request for connection setup, the provider network
   assures that the connection is requested between CEs belonging to the
   same L1VPN. This is achieved as described in Section 5.3.

   Furthermore, users with greater sensitivity to the security of their
   payload data should apply appropriate security measures within their
   own network layer. For example, a customer exchanging IP traffic over
   a L1VPN connection may choose to use IPsec to secure that traffic
   (i.e., to operate IPsec on the CE-CE exchange of IP traffic).

8.4 Control Plane Security

   There are two aspects for control plane security.

   First, the entity connected over a CE-PE control channel must be
   identified. This is done when a new CE is added as part of the
   service contract and the necessary control channel is established.
   This identification can use authentication procedures available in
   RSVP-TE [RFC3209]. That is, control plane entities are identified
   within the core protocols used for signaling, but are not
   authenticated unless the authentication procedures of [RFC3209] are
   used.




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   Second, it must be possible to secure communication over a CE-PE
   control channel. If a communication channel between the customer and
   the provider (control channel, management interface) is physically
   separate per customer, the communication channel could be considered
   as secure. However, when the communication channel is physically
   shared among customers, security mechanisms need to be available and
   should be enforced. RSVP-TE [RFC3209] provides for tamper-protection
   of signaling message exchanges through the optional Integrity object.
   IPsec tunnels can be used to carry the control plane messages to
   further ensure the integrity of the signaling messages.

   Note that even in the case of physically separate communication
   channels, customers may wish to apply security mechanisms, such as
   IPsec, to assure higher security, and such mechanisms must be
   available.

   Furthermore, the provider network needs mechanisms to detect Denial
   of Service (DoS) attacks and to protect against them reactively and
   proactively. In the Basic Mode, this relies on management systems.
   For example, management systems collect and analyze statistics on
   signaling requests from CEs, and protect against malicious behaviors
   where necessary.

   Lastly, it should be noted that customer control plane traffic
   carried over the provider network between CEs needs to be protected.
   Such protection is normally the responsibility of the customer
   network and can use the security mechanisms of the customer signaling
   and routing protocols (for example, RSVP-TE [RFC3209]) or may use
   IPsec tunnels between CEs. CE-CE control plane security may form part
   of the data plane protection where the control plane traffic is
   carried in-band in the L1VPN connection. Where the CE-CE control
   plane connectivity is provided as an explicit part of the L1VPN
   service by the provider, control plane security should form part of
   the service agreement between the provider and customer.

9. Manageability Considerations

   Manageability considerations are described in [RFC4847]. In the L1VPN
   Basic Mode, we rely on management systems for various aspects of the
   different service functions, such as fault management, configuration
   and policy management, accounting management, performance management,
   and security management (as described in Section 8).

   In order to support various management functionalities, MIB modules
   need to be supported. In particular, the GMPLS TE MIB (GMPLS-TE-STD-
   MIB) [RFC4802] can be used for GMPLS-based traffic engineering
   configuration and management, while the TE Link MIB (TE-LINK-STD-MIB)
   [RFC4220] can be used for TE links configuration and management.


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10. IANA Considerations

   This informational document makes no requests for IANA action.
   [RFC Editor - please remove this entire section before publication]

11. References

11.1 Normative References

   [RFC3031]          Rosen, E., Viswanathan, A. and R. Callon,
                      "Multiprotocol label switching Architecture", RFC
                      3031, January 2001.

   [RFC3209]          Awduche, D., Berger, L., Gan, D., Li, T.,
                      Srinivasan, V.  and G. Swallow, "RSVP-TE:
                      Extensions to RSVP for LSP Tunnels", RFC 3209,
                      December 2001.

   [RFC3471]          Berger, L., Editor, "Generalized Multi-Protocol
                      Label Switching (GMPLS) Signaling Functional
                      Description", RFC 3471, January 2003.

   [RFC3473]          Berger, L., Editor "Generalized Multi-Protocol
                      Label Switching (GMPLS) Signaling - Resource
                      ReserVation Protocol-Traffic Engineering (RSVP-TE)
                      Extensions", RFC 3473, January 2003.

   [RFC4026]          Anderssion, L., and Madsen, T., "Provider
                      Provisioned Virtual Private Network (VPN)
                      Terminology", RFC 4026, March 2005.

   [RFC4202]          Kompella, K., et al., "Routing Extensions in
                      Support of Generalized Multi-Protocol Label
                      Switching (GMPLS)", RFC 4202, October 2005.

   [RFC4208]          Swallow, G., et al., "Generalize Multiprotocol
                      Label Switching(GMPLS) User-Network Interface:
                      Resource ReserVation Protocol-Traffic Engineering
                      (RSVP-TE) Support for the Overlay Model," RFC4208,
                      October 2005.

   [RFC4847]          Takeda, T., Editor "Framework and Requirements for
                      Layer 1 Virtual Private Networks", RFC 4847, April
                      2007.

   [RFC4873]          Berger, L., et al., "GMPLS Based Segment
                      Recovery", RFC 4873, May 2007.



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   [L1VPN-BM]         Fedyk, D., and Rekhter, Y., Editors, "Layer 1
                      VPN Basic Mode", draft-ietf-l1vpn-basic-mode,
                      work in progress.

   [L1VPN-BGP-DISC]   Ould-Brahim, H., Fedyk, D., and Rekhter, Y.,
                      "BGP-based Auto-Discovery for L1VPNs", draft-ietf-
                      l1vpn-bgp-auto-discovery, work in progress.

   [L1VPN-OSPF-DISC]  Bryskin, I., and Berger, L., "OSPF Based L1VPN
                      Auto-Discovery", draft-ietf-l1vpn-ospf-auto-
                      discovery, work in progress.

11.2 Informative References

   [RFC4204]          Lang, J., "Link Management Protocol (LMP)",
                      RFC 4204, October 2005.

   [RFC4206]          Kompella, K., Rekhter, Y., "Label Switched Paths
                      (LSP) Hierarchy with Generalized Multi-Protocol
                      Label Switching (GMPLS) Traffic Engineering (TE)",
                      RFC 4206, October 2005.

   [RFC4220]          Dubuc, M., Nadeau, T., Lang, J., "Traffic
                      Engineering Link Management Information Base", RFC
                      4220, November 2005.

   [RFC4655]          Farrel, A., Vasseur, JP, Ash, J., "Path
                      Computation Element (PCE) Architecture", RFC 4655,
                      August 2006.

   [RFC4802]          Nadeau, T., Farrel, A., Editors, "Generalized
                      Multiprotocol Label Switching (GMPLS) Traffic
                      Engineering Management Information Base", RFC
                      4802, February 2007.

   [RFC5063]          Satyanarayana, A., and Rahman, R., "Extensions to
                      GMPLS RSVP Graceful Restart", RFC 5063, October
                      2007.

   [BGP-TE]           Ould-Brahim, H., Fedyk, D., and Rekhter, Y.,
                      "Traffic Engineering Attribute", draft-ietf-
                      softwire-bgp-te-attribute, work in progress.

   [CONF-SEG]         Bradford, R., Editor, "Preserving Topology
                      Confidentiality in Inter-Domain Path Computation
                      and Signaling", draft-ietf-pce-path-key, work in
                      progress.



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   [GMPLS-SEC]        Fang, L., " Security Framework for MPLS and GMPLS
                      Networks", draft-ietf-mpls-mpls-and-gmpls-
                      security-framework, work in progress.

12. Acknowledgments

   Authors would like to thank Ichiro Inoue for valuable comments. In
   addition, authors would like to thank Marco Carugi and Takumi Ohba
   for valuable comments in the early development of this document.

   Thanks to Tim Polk and Mark Townsley for comments during IESG review.

13. Authors' Addresses

   Deborah Brungard (AT&T)
   Rm. D1-3C22 - 200 S. Laurel Ave.
   Middletown, NJ 07748, USA
   Phone: +1 732 4201573
   Email: dbrungard@att.com

   Adrian Farrel
   Old Dog Consulting
   Phone:  +44 (0) 1978 860944
   Email:  adrian@olddog.co.uk

   Hamid Ould-Brahim
   Nortel Networks
   P O Box 3511 Station C
   Ottawa, ON K1Y 4H7 Canada
   Phone: +1 (613) 765 3418
   Email: hbrahim@nortel.com

   Dimitri Papadimitriou (Alcatel-Lucent)
   Francis Wellensplein 1,
   B-2018 Antwerpen, Belgium
   Phone: +32 3 2408491
   Email: dimitri.papadimitriou@alcatel-lucent.be

   Tomonori Takeda
   NTT Network Service Systems Laboratories, NTT Corporation
   3-9-11, Midori-Cho
   Musashino-Shi, Tokyo 180-8585 Japan
   Phone: +81 422 59 7434
   Email: takeda.tomonori@lab.ntt.co.jp






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14. Intellectual Property Consideration

   The IETF takes no position regarding the validity or scope of any
   Intellectual Property Rights or other rights that might be claimed
   to pertain to the implementation or use of the technology
   described in this document or the extent to which any license
   under such rights might or might not be available; nor does it
   represent that it has made any independent effort to identify any
   such rights.  Information on the procedures with respect to
   rights in RFC documents can be found in BCP 78 and BCP 79.

   Copies of IPR disclosures made to the IETF Secretariat and any
   assurances of licenses to be made available, or the result of an
   attempt made to obtain a general license or permission for the use
   of such proprietary rights by implementers or users of this
   specification can be obtained from the IETF on-line IPR repository
   at http://www.ietf.org/ipr.

   The IETF invites any interested party to bring to its attention
   any copyrights, patents or patent applications, or other
   proprietary rights that may cover technology that may be required
   to implement this standard.  Please address the information to the
   IETF at ietf-ipr@ietf.org.

15. Full Copyright Statement

   Copyright (C) The IETF Trust (2008).

   This document is subject to the rights, licenses and
   restrictions contained in BCP 78, and except as set
   forth therein, the authors retain all their rights.

   This document and the information contained herein are provided
   on an "AS IS" basis and THE CONTRIBUTOR, THE ORGANIZATION HE/SHE
   REPRESENTS OR IS SPONSORED BY (IF ANY), THE INTERNET SOCIETY,
   THE IETF TRUST AND THE INTERNET ENGINEERING TASK FORCE
   DISCLAIM ALL WARRANTIES, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT
   NOT LIMITED TO ANY WARRANTY THAT THE USE OF THE INFORMATION
   HEREIN WILL NOT INFRINGE ANY RIGHTS OR ANY IMPLIED WARRANTIES
   OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.










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