INTERNET-DRAFT Editor: R. Harrison draft-ietf-ldapbis-authmeth-11.txt Novell, Inc. Obsoletes: 2829, 2830 July, 2004 Intended Category: Draft Standard LDAP: Authentication Methods and Connection Level Security Mechanisms Status of this Memo This document is an Internet-Draft and is in full conformance with all provisions of Section 10 of RFC2026. This document is intended to be, after appropriate review and revision, submitted to the RFC Editor as a Standard Track document. Distribution of this memo is unlimited. Technical discussion of this document will take place on the IETF LDAP Revision Working Group mailing list <ietf-ldapbis@OpenLDAP.org>. Please send editorial comments directly to the author <roger_harrison@novell.com>. Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF), its areas, and its working groups. Note that other groups may also distribute working documents as Internet- Drafts. Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any time. It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference material or to cite them other than as "work in progress." The list of current Internet-Drafts can be accessed at http://www.ietf.org/ietf/1id-abstracts.txt The list of Internet- Draft Shadow Directories can be accessed at http://www.ietf.org/shadow.html. Copyright Notice Copyright (C) The Internet Society (2004). All Rights Reserved. Abstract This document describes authentication methods and connection level security mechanisms of the Lightweight Directory Access Protocol (LDAP). Harrison Expires January 2005 [Page 1]
Internet-Draft LDAP Authentication Methods 16 July 2004 This document details establishment of TLS (Transport Layer Security) using the Start TLS operation. This document details the simple Bind authentication method including anonymous, unauthenticated, and plain-text password methods and the SASL (Simple Authentication and Security Layer) Bind authentication method including the use of DIGEST-MD5 and EXTERNAL mechanisms. This document discusses various authentication and authorization states through which a connection to an LDAP server may pass and the actions that trigger these state changes. Table of Contents 1. Introduction.....................................................3 1.1. Relationship to Other Documents................................5 1.2. Conventions Used in this Document..............................5 1.2.1. Glossary of Terms............................................5 1.2.2. Security Terms and Concepts..................................6 1.2.3. Keywords.....................................................6 2. Implementation Requirements......................................6 3. Start TLS Operation..............................................7 3.1. Sequencing of the Start TLS Operation..........................7 3.1.1. Start TLS Request ...........................................7 3.1.2. Start TLS Response...........................................8 3.1.3. TLS Version Negotiation......................................8 3.1.4. Client Certificate...........................................8 3.1.5. Discovery of Resultant Security Level........................8 3.1.6. Server Identity Check........................................8 3.1.7. Refresh of Server Capabilities Information...................9 3.2. Effects of TLS on a Client's Authorization Identity............9 3.2.1. TLS Connection Establishment Effects........................10 3.2.2. Client Assertion of Authorization Identity..................10 3.2.3. TLS Connection Closure Effects..............................10 4. LDAP Associations...............................................10 4.1. Anonymous LDAP Association on Unbound Connections.............10 4.2 Anonymous LDAP Association After Failed Bind...................10 4.3. Invalidated Associations......................................11 5. Bind Operation .................................................11 5.1. Simple Authentication Choice..................................11 5.2. SASL Authentication Choice....................................11 6. Anonymous Authentication Mechanism of Simple Bind...............12 7. Unauthenticated Authentication Mechanism of Simple Bind.........12 8. Simple Authentication Mechanism of Simple Bind .................12 9. SASL Protocol Profile...........................................13 9.1. SASL Service Name for LDAP....................................13 9.2. SASL Authentication Initiation and Protocol Exchange..........13 9.3. Octet Where Negotiated Security Mechanisms Take Effect........14 9.4. Determination of Supported SASL Mechanisms....................15 9.5. Rules for Using SASL Security Layers..........................15 Harrison Expires January 2005 [Page 2]
Internet-Draft LDAP Authentication Methods 16 July 2004 9.6 Support for Multiple Authentications...........................15 10. SASL EXTERNAL Mechanism........................................15 10.1. Implicit Assertion...........................................16 10.2. Explicit Assertion...........................................16 10.3. SASL Authorization Identity..................................16 10.4. SASL Authorization Identity Syntax...........................16 11. SASL DIGEST-MD5 Mechanism......................................17 12. General Requirements for Password Handling.....................18 13. TLS Ciphersuites...............................................18 13.1. TLS Ciphersuites Recommendations.............................19 14. Security Considerations........................................20 14.1. Start TLS Security Considerations............................20 15. IANA Considerations............................................21 Acknowledgments....................................................21 Normative References...............................................22 Informative References.............................................23 Author's Address...................................................23 Appendix A. LDAP Association State Transition Tables...............23 A.1. LDAP Association States.......................................23 A.2. Actions that Affect LDAP Association State....................24 A.3. Decisions Used in Making LDAP Association State Changes.......24 A.4. LDAP Association State Transition Table.......................24 Appendix B. Example Deployment Scenarios...........................25 Appendix C. Authentication and Authorization Concepts..............26 C.1. Access Control Policy.........................................26 C.2. Access Control Factors........................................26 C.3. Authentication, Credentials, Identity.........................26 C.4. Authorization Identity........................................27 Appendix D. RFC 2829 Change History................................27 Appendix E. RFC 2830 Change History................................31 Appendix F. RFC 2251 Change History................................32 Appendix G. Change History to Combined Document....................32 Appendix H. Issues to be Resolved..................................43 Intellectual Property Rights.......................................57 1. Introduction The Lightweight Directory Access Protocol (LDAP) [Roadmap] is a powerful protocol for accessing directories. It offers means of searching, retrieving and manipulating directory content, and ways to access a rich set of security functions. It is vital that these security functions be interoperable among all LDAP clients and servers on the Internet; therefore there has to be a minimum subset of security functions that is common to all implementations that claim LDAP conformance. Basic threats to an LDAP directory service include: Harrison Expires January 2005 [Page 3]
Internet-Draft LDAP Authentication Methods 16 July 2004 (1) Unauthorized access to directory data via data-retrieval operations, (2) Unauthorized access to directory data by monitoring others' access, (3) Unauthorized access to reusable client authentication information by monitoring others' access, (4) Unauthorized modification of directory data, (5) Unauthorized modification of configuration information, (6) Denial of Service: Use of resources (commonly in excess) in a manner intended to deny service to others, (7) Spoofing: Tricking a user or client into believing that information came from the directory when in fact it did not, either by modifying data in transit or misdirecting the client's connection. Tricking a user or client into sending privileged information to a hostile entity that appears to be the directory server but is not. Tricking a directory server into believing that information came from a particular client when in fact it came from a hostile entity, and (8) Hijacking: An attacker seizes control of an established protocol session. Threats (1), (4), (5), (6), (7) are (8) are active attacks. Threats (2) and (3) are passive attacks. Threats (1), (4), (5) and (6) are due to hostile clients. Threats (2), (3), (7) and (8) are due to hostile agents on the path between client and server or hostile agents posing as a server, e.g. IP spoofing. LDAP offers the following security mechanisms: (1) Authentication by means of the Bind operation. The Bind operation provides a simple method which supports anonymous, unauthenticated, and authenticated with password mechanisms, and the Secure Authentication and Security Layer (SASL) method which supports a wide variety of authentication mechanisms, (2) Mechanisms to support vendor-specific access control facilities (LDAP does not offer a standard access control facility) (3) Data integrity protection by means of TLS or SASL mechanisms with security layers that provide data integrity protection, (4) Data confidentiality protection by means of the TLS protocol or SASL mechanisms that provide data confidentiality protection, Harrison Expires January 2005 [Page 4]
Internet-Draft LDAP Authentication Methods 16 July 2004 (5) Server resource usage limitation by means of administrative limits configured on the server, and (6) Server authentication by means of the TLS protocol or SASL mechanism. LDAP may also be protected by means outside the LDAP protocol, e.g. with IP-level security [RFC2401]. At the moment, imposition of access controls is done by means outside the scope of LDAP. It seems clear that allowing implementations, faced with the above requirements, to simply pick and choose among the possible alternatives is not a strategy that is likely to lead to interoperability. In the absence of mandates, clients will be written that do not support any security function supported by the server, or worse, they will support only clear text passwords that provide inadequate security for most circumstances. It is desirable to allow clients to authenticate using a variety of mechanisms including mechanisms where identities are represented as distinguished names [X.501] [Models] in string form [LDAPDN] or are used in different systems (e.g. user name in string form). Because these authentication mechanisms transmit credentials in plain text form and other authentication mechanisms do not provide data security services, it is desirable to ensure secure interopability by indentifying a mandatory-to-implement mechanism for establishing transport-layer security services. The set of security mechanisms provided in LDAP and described in this document is intended to meet the security needs for a wide range of deployment scenarios and still provide a high degree of interoperability among various LDAP implementations and deployments. Appendix B contains example deployment scenarios that list the mechanisms that might be used to achieve a reasonable level of security in various circumstances. 1.1. Relationship to Other Documents This document is an integral part of the LDAP Technical Specification [Roadmap]. This document obsoletes RFC 2829. Sections 2 and 4 of RFC 2830 are obsoleted by [Protocol]. The remainder of RFC 2830 is obsoleted by this document. 1.2. Conventions Used in this Document 1.2.1. Glossary of Terms The following terms are used in this document. To aid the reader, these terms are defined here. Harrison Expires January 2005 [Page 5]
Internet-Draft LDAP Authentication Methods 16 July 2004 - "user" represents any human or application entity which is accessing the directory using a directory client. A directory client (or client) is also known as a directory user agent (DUA). - "connection" and "LDAP connection" both refer to the underlying transport protocol connection between two protocol peers. - "TLS connection" refers to a TLS-protected [TLS] LDAP connection. - "association" and "LDAP association" both refer to the association of the LDAP connection and its current authentication and authorization state. 1.2.2. Security Terms and Concepts In general, security terms in this document are used consistently with the definitions provided in [RFC2828]. In addition, several terms and concepts relating to security, authentication, and authorization are presented in Appendix C of this document. While the formal definition of these terms and concepts is outside the scope of this document, an understanding of them is prerequisite to understanding much of the material in this document. Readers who are unfamiliar with security-related concepts are encouraged to review Appendix C before reading the remainder of this document. 1.2.3. Keywords The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT", "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in RFC 2119 [RFC2119]. 2. Implementation Requirements LDAP server implementations MUST support the anonymous authentication mechanism of simple bind (as discussed in Section 6). LDAP implementations that support any authentication mechanism other than the anonymous authentication mechanism of simple bind MUST support the DIGEST-MD5 [DIGEST-MD5] mechanism of SASL bind (as detailed in section 11). DIGEST-MD5 is a reasonably strong authentication mechanism that provides (mandatory-to-implement) data security (data integrity and data confidentiality) services. LDAP impementations SHOULD support the simple (DN and password) authentication mechanism of simple bind (as detailed in section 8). Implementations that support this mechanism MUST be capable of protecting it by establishment of TLS (as discussed in section 3) or other suitable suitable data confidentiality and data integrity protection (e.g. IPSec). Harrison Expires January 2005 [Page 6]
Internet-Draft LDAP Authentication Methods 16 July 2004 Implementations MAY support additional mechanisms of the simple and SASL bind choices. Some of these mechanisms are discussed below. LDAP server implementations SHOULD support client assertion of authorization identity via the SASL EXTERNAL mechanism (sections 3.2.2 and 9). 3. Start TLS Operation The Start Transport Layer Security (Start TLS) operation defined in section 4.14 of [Protocol] provides the ability to establish TLS [TLS] on an LDAP connection. 3.1. Sequencing of the Start TLS Operation This section describes the overall procedures clients and servers must follow for TLS establishment. These procedures take into consideration various aspects of the overall security of the LDAP association including discovery of resultant security level and assertion of the client's authorization identity. Note that the precise effects, on a client's authorization identity, of establishing TLS on an LDAP connection are described in detail in section 3.2. 3.1.1. Start TLS Request A client may send the Start TLS extended request at any time after establishing an LDAP connection, except: - when TLS is currently established on the connection, - when a multi-stage SASL negotiation is in progress on the connection, or - when it has not yet received responses for all operation requests previously issued on the connection. As described in [Protocol] Section 4.14.2.2, a (detected) violation of any of these requirements results in a return of the operationsError resultCode. Client implementers should ensure that they strictly follow these operation sequencing requirements to prevent interoperability issues. Operational experience has shown that violating these requirements causes interoperability issues because there are race conditions that prevent servers from detecting some violations of these requirements due to server hardware speed, network latencies, etc. There is no general requirement that the client have or have not already performed a Bind operation (section 4) before sending a Start TLS operation request. If the client did not establish a TLS connection before sending a request and the server requires the client to establish a TLS Harrison Expires January 2005 [Page 7]
Internet-Draft LDAP Authentication Methods 16 July 2004 connection before performing that request, the server MUST reject that request by sending a resultCode of confidentialityRequired. 3.1.2. Start TLS Response The server will return an extended response with the resultCode of success if it is willing and able to negotiate TLS. It will return resultCode other than success (documented in [Protocol] section 4.13.2.2) if it is unwilling or unable to do so. In the successful case, the client (which has ceased to transfer LDAP requests on the connection) MUST either begin a TLS negotiation or close the connection. The client will send PDUs in the TLS Record Protocol directly over the underlying transport connection to the server to initiate [TLS] negotiation. 3.1.3. TLS Version Negotiation Negotiating the version of TLS to be used is a part of the TLS Handshake Protocol [TLS]. Please refer to that document for details. 3.1.4. Client Certificate In an LDAP server requests a client to provide its certificate during TLS negotiation and the client does not present a suitablle certifcate (e.g. one that can be validated), the server MAY use a local security policy to determine whether to successfully complete TLS negotiation. If the client provides a certificate that can be validated, information in the certificate may be used by the server in establishing the client's authorization identity by use of the SASL external mechanism as discussed in Section 9. 3.1.5. Discovery of Resultant Security Level After a TLS connection is established on an LDAP connection, both parties must individually decide whether or not to continue based on the security level achieved. The procedure for ascertaining the TLS connection's security level is implementation dependent. If the client or server decides that the security level is not high enough for it to continue, it SHOULD gracefully close the TLS connection immediately after the TLS negotiation has completed (see [Protocol] section 4.13.3.1 and section 3.2.3 below). The client may then close the connection, attempt to Start TLS again, send an unbind request, or send any other LDAP request. 3.1.6. Server Identity Check The client MUST check its understanding of the server's hostname against the server's identity as presented in the server's Certificate message in order to prevent man-in-the-middle attacks. Harrison Expires January 2005 [Page 8]
Internet-Draft LDAP Authentication Methods 16 July 2004 Matching is performed according to these rules: - The client MUST use the server name provided by the user (or other trusted entity) as the value to compare against the server name as expressed in the server's certificate. A hostname derived from the user input is to be considered provided by the user only if derived in a secure fashion (e.g., DNSSEC). - If a subjectAltName extension of type dNSName is present in the certificate, it SHOULD be used as the source of the server's identity. - Matching is case-insensitive. - The "*" wildcard character is allowed. If present, it applies only to the left-most name component. For example, *.bar.com would match a.bar.com and b.bar.com, but it would not match a.x.bar.com nor would it match bar.com. If more than one identity of a given type is present in the certificate (e.g. more than one dNSName name), a match in any one of the set is considered acceptable. If the hostname does not match the dNSName-based identity in the certificate per the above check, user-oriented clients SHOULD either notify the user (clients may give the user the opportunity to continue with the connection in any case) or terminate the connection and indicate that the server's identity is suspect. Automated clients SHOULD close the connection, returning and/or logging an error indicating that the server's identity is suspect. Beyond the server identity checks described in this section, clients SHOULD be prepared to do further checking to ensure that the server is authorized to provide the service it is observed to provide. The client may need to make use of local policy information in making this determination. 3.1.7. Refresh of Server Capabilities Information Upon TLS session establishment, the client SHOULD discard or refresh all information about the server it obtained prior to the initiation of the TLS negotiation and not obtained through secure mechanisms. This protects against man-in-the-middle attacks that may have altered any server capabilities information retrieved prior to TLS establishment. The server may advertise different capabilities after TLS establishment. In particular, the value of supportedSASLMechanisms may be different after TLS has been negotiated (specifically, the EXTERNAL and PLAIN [PLAIN] mechanisms are likely to be listed only after a TLS negotiation has been performed). 3.2. Effects of TLS on a Client's Authorization Identity Harrison Expires January 2005 [Page 9]
Internet-Draft LDAP Authentication Methods 16 July 2004 This section describes the effects on a client's authorization identity brought about by establishing TLS on an LDAP connection. The default effects are described first, and next the facilities for client assertion of authorization identity are discussed including error conditions. Finally, the effects of closing the TLS connection are described. Authorization identities and related concepts are described in Appendix C. 3.2.1. TLS Connection Establishment Effects The decision to keep or invalidate the established LDAP association (section 12) after TLS connection establishment is a matter of local server policy. 3.2.2. Client Assertion of Authorization Identity After successfully establishing a TLS session, a client may request that its certificate exchanged during the TLS establishment be utilized to determine the authorization identity of the LDAP association. The client accomplishes this via an LDAP Bind request specifying a SASL mechanism of EXTERNAL [SASL] (section 9). 3.2.3. TLS Connection Closure Effects The decision to keep or invalidate the established LDAP association after TLS closure is a matter of local server policy. 4. LDAP Associations Every LDAP connection has an associated authentication and authorization state referred to as the "LDAP association". The Bind operation defined in section 4.2 of [Protocol] and discussed further in section 5 below allows authentication information to be exchanged between the client and server to set the authentication and authorization state and thus establish a new LDAP association. 4.1. Anonymous LDAP Association on Unbound Connections Prior to the successful completion of a Bind operation and during any subsequent authentication exchange, the session has an anonymous LDAP association. Among other things this implies that the client need not send a Bind Request in the first PDU of the connection. The client may send any operation request prior to binding, and the server MUST treat it as if it had been performed after an anonymous bind operation (section 6). This authentication state on an LDAP association is sometimes referred to as an implied anonymous bind. 4.2 Anonymous LDAP Association After Failed Bind Upon receipt of a Bind request, the LDAP association is moved to an anonymous state and only upon successful completion of the Harrison Expires January 2005 [Page 10]
Internet-Draft LDAP Authentication Methods 16 July 2004 authentication exchange (and the Bind operation) is the association moved to an authenticated state. Thus, a failed Bind operation produces an anonymous LDAP association on the session. 4.3. Invalidated Associations The server may invalidate the LDAP association at any time, e.g. if the established security association between the client and server has unexpectedly failed or been compromised. The association remains invalidated until the next bind request. While the association is invalidated, the server may reject any operation request other than Bind, Unbind, and Start TLS by responding with a resultCode of strongAuthRequired to indicate that the client needs to bind to reestablish its authentication state before the server will attempt to perform the requested operation. This behavior is explained here to help client implementers properly understand and react to this situation. 5. Bind Operation The Bind operation ([Protocol] section 4.2) allows authentication information to be exchanged between the client and server to establish a new LDAP association. The Bind request typically specifies the desired authentication identity. Some Bind mechanisms also allow the client to specify the authorization identity. If the authorization identity is not specified, the server derives it from the authentication identity in an implementation-specific manner. If the authorization identity is specified the server MUST verify that the client's authentication identity is permitted to assume (e.g. proxy for) the asserted authorization identity. The server MUST reject the Bind operation with an invalidCredentials resultCode in the Bind response if the client is not so authorized. 5.1. Simple Authentication Choice The simple authentication choice of the Bind Operation provides three authentication mechanisms: 1. an anonymous authentication mechanism (section 6), 2. an unauthenticated authentication mechanism (section 7), and 3. a simple authentication mechanism using credentials consisting of a name (in the form of an LDAP distinguished name [LDAPDN]) and a password (section X). 5.2. SASL Authentication Choice The sasl authentication choice of the Bind Operation provides facilities for using any SASL mechanism (sections 9-11) including Harrison Expires January 2005 [Page 11]
Internet-Draft LDAP Authentication Methods 16 July 2004 authentication mechanisms and other services (e.g. data security services). 6. Anonymous Authentication Mechanism of Simple Bind An LDAP client may use the anonymous authentication mechanism of the simple Bind choice to explicitly establish an anonymous LDAP association by sending a Bind request with a name value of zero length and with the simple authentication choice containing a password value of zero length. 7. Unauthenticated Authentication Mechanism of Simple Bind An LDAP client may use the unauthenticated authentication mechanism of the simple Bind choice to establish an anonymous LDAP association by sending a Bind request with a name value, a distinguished name in LDAP string form [LDAPDN], of non-zero length, and specifying the the simple authentication choice containing a password value of zero length. Unauthenticated binds can have significant security issues (see section 14). Servers SHOULD by default reject unauthenticated bind requests with a resultCode of invalidCredentials, and clients may need to actively detect situations where they would unintentionally make an unauthenticated bind request. 8. Simple Authentication Mechanism of Simple Bind An LDAP client may use the simple authentication mechanism of the simple Bind choice to establish an authenticated LDAP association by sending a Bind request with a name value, a distinguished name in LDAP string form [LDAPDN], and specifying the simple authentication choice containing an OCTET STRING password value of non-zero length. Servers that map the DN sent in the bind request to a directory entry with an associated set of one or more passwords, will compare the presented password to the set of passwords associated with that entry. The presented password is considered valid if it matches any member of this set. If the DN is not valid, or the password is not valid for the DN, or the server otherwise considers the credentials to be invalid, the server is to return the invalidCredentials result code. The server is only to return success result code when the credentials are valid and the server is willing to provide service to the entity these credentials identify. Server behavior is undefined for Bind requests with a zero-length name value and specifying the simple authentication choice with a value of non-zero length. The simple authentication mechanism of simple bind is not suitable for authentication in environments where there is no network or Harrison Expires January 2005 [Page 12]
Internet-Draft LDAP Authentication Methods 16 July 2004 transport layer confidentiality. LDAP implementations MUST be capable of protecting it by establishment of TLS (as discussed in section 3) or other suitable data confidentiality and data integrity protection(e.g. IPSec). LDAP implementations SHOULD support authentication with the "simple" authentication choice when the connection is protected against eavesdropping using TLS, as defined in section 4. LDAP implementations SHOULD NOT support authentication with the "simple" authentication choice unless the data on the connection is protected using TLS or other data confidentiality and data integrity protection. 9. SASL Protocol Profile LDAP allows authentication via any SASL mechanism [SASL]. As LDAP includes native anonymous and simple (plain text) authentication methods, the ANONYMOUS [ANONYMOUS] and PLAIN [PLAIN] SASL mechanisms are typically not used with LDAP. Each protocol that utilizes SASL services is required to supply certain information profiling the way they are exposed through the protocol ([SASL] section 5). This section explains how each of these profiling requirements are met by LDAP. 9.1. SASL Service Name for LDAP The SASL service name for LDAP is "ldap", which has been registered with the IANA as a GSSAPI service name. 9.2. SASL Authentication Initiation and Protocol Exchange SASL authentication is initiated via an LDAP bind request ([Protocol] section 4.2) with the following parameters: - The version is 3. - The AuthenticationChoice is sasl. - The mechanism element of the SaslCredentials sequence contains the value of the desired SASL mechanism. - The optional credentials field of the SaslCredentials sequence may be used to provide an initial client response for mechanisms that are defined to have the client send data first (see [SASL] sections 5 and 5.1). In general, a SASL authentication protocol exchange consists of a series of server challenges and client responses, the contents of which are specific to and defined by the SASL mechanism. Thus for some SASL authentication mechanisms, it may be necessary for the client to respond to one or more server challenges by invoking the BindRequest multiple times. A challenge is indicated by the server sending a BindResponse with the resultCode set to saslBindInProgress. This indicates that the server requires the client to send a new bind request with the same sasl mechanism to continue the authentication process. Harrison Expires January 2005 [Page 13]
Internet-Draft LDAP Authentication Methods 16 July 2004 To the LDAP protocol, these challenges and responses are opaque binary tokens of arbitrary length. LDAP servers use the serverSaslCreds field, an OCTET STRING, in a bind response message to transmit each challenge. LDAP clients use the credentials field, an OCTET STRING, in the SaslCredentials sequence of a bind request message to transmit each response. Note that unlike some Internet protocols where SASL is used, LDAP is not text-based, thus no Base64 transformati ons are performed on these challenge and response values. Clients sending a bind request with the sasl choice selected SHOULD send an zero-length value in the name field. Servers receiving a bind request with the sasl choice selected SHALL ignore any value in the name field. A client may abort a SASL bind negotiation by sending a BindRequest with a different value in the mechanism field of SaslCredentials, or an AuthenticationChoice other than sasl. If the client sends a BindRequest with the sasl mechanism field as an empty string, the server MUST return a BindResponse with authMethodNotSupported as the resultCode. This will allow clients to abort a negotiation if it wishes to try again with the same SASL mechanism. The server indicates completion of the SASL challenge-response exchange by responding with a bind response in which the resultCode is either success, or an error indication. The serverSaslCreds field in the bind response can be used to include an optional challenge with a success notification for mechanisms which are defined to have the server send additional data along with the indication of successful completion. [[TODO: Some implementations send back a serverSaslCreds field with zero length rather than just omitting it as part of the final bind response. Some clients expect this present/zero-length behavior. Need to provide clarification at this point of the document on what behavior is expected and what servers and clients should do to promote interoperability when unexpected behavior occurs. This issue is being taken up with the SASL WG. Likely outcome: both approaches will be declared equivalent, servers will be advised to send back present, zero-length field, clients will be advised to accept either.]] 9.3. Octet Where Negotiated Security Mechanisms Take Effect SASL security layers take effect following the transmission by the server and reception by the client of the final successful BindResponse in the exchange. Once a SASL security layer providing integrity or confidentiality services takes effect, the layer remains in effect until a new layer is installed (i.e. at the first octet following the final Harrison Expires January 2005 [Page 14]
Internet-Draft LDAP Authentication Methods 16 July 2004 BindResponse of the bind operation that caused the new layer to take effect). Thus, an established SASL security layer is not affected by a failed or non-SASL Bind. 9.4. Determination of Supported SASL Mechanisms Clients may determine the SASL mechanisms a server supports by reading the supportedSASLMechanisms attribute from the root DSE (DSA-Specific Entry) ([Models] section 5.1). The values of this attribute, if any, list the mechanisms the server supports in the current LDAP session state. LDAP servers SHOULD allow an anonymously-bound client to retrieve the supportedSASLMechanisms attribute of the root DSE. Because SASL mechanisms provide critical security functions, clients and servers should be configurable to specify what mechanisms are acceptable and allow only those mechanisms to be used. Both clients and servers must confirm that the negotiated security level meets their requirements before proceeding to use the connection. 9.5. Rules for Using SASL Security Layers If a SASL security layer is negotiated, the client SHOULD discard information about the server it obtained prior to the initiation of the SASL negotiation and not obtained through secure mechanisms. If a lower level security layer (such as TLS) is negotiated, any SASL security services SHALL be layered on top of such security layers regardless of the order of their negotiation. In all other respects, SASL security services and other security layers act independently, e.g. if both TLS and SASL security service are in effect then removing the SASL security service does not affect the continuing service of TLS and vice versa. 9.6 Support for Multiple Authentications LDAP supports multiple SASL authentications as defined in [SASL] section 6.3. 10. SASL EXTERNAL Mechanism A client can use the EXTERNAL SASL [SASL] mechanism to request the LDAP server to authenticate and establish a resulting authorization identity using security credentials exchanged by a lower security layer (such as by TLS authentication or IP-level security [RFC2401]). The resulting authentication identity of the LDAP association is derived from the security credentials in an implementation-specific manner. If the client's authentication credentials have not been established at a lower security layer, the SASL EXTERNAL bind MUST fail with a resultCode of inappropriateAuthentication. Although this situation has the effect of leaving the LDAP association in an Harrison Expires January 2005 [Page 15]
Internet-Draft LDAP Authentication Methods 16 July 2004 anonymous state (section 5), the state of any established security layer is unaffected. A client may either implicitly request that its LDAP authorization identity be derived from its authentication credentials exchanged at a lower security layer or it may explicitly provide an authorization identity and assert that it be used in combination with those authentication credentials. The former is known as an implicit assertion, and the latter as an explicit assertion. 10.1. Implicit Assertion An implicit authorization identity assertion is performed by invoking a Bind request of the SASL form using the EXTERNAL mechanism name that does not include the optional credentials octet string (found within the SaslCredentials sequence in the Bind Request). The server will derive the client's authorization identity from the authentication identity supplied by the security layer (e.g., a public key certificate used during TLS establishment) according to local policy. The underlying mechanics of how this is accomplished are implementation specific. 10.2. Explicit Assertion An explicit authorization identity assertion is performed by invoking a Bind request of the SASL form using the EXTERNAL mechanism name that includes the credentials octet string. This string MUST be constructed as documented in section 3.4.1. 10.3. SASL Authorization Identity When the EXTERNAL SASL mechanism is being negotiated, if the SaslCredentials credentials field is present, it contains an authorization identity. Other mechanisms define the location of the authorization identity in the credentials field. In either case, the authorization identity is represented in the authzId form described below. 10.4. SASL Authorization Identity Syntax The authorization identity is a string of UTF-8 [RFC3629] encoded [Unicode] characters corresponding to the following ABNF [RFC2234] grammar: authzId = dnAuthzId / uAuthzId DNCOLON = %x64 %x6e %x3a ; "dn:" UCOLON = %x75 %x3a ; "u:" ; distinguished-name-based authz id. dnAuthzId = DNCOLON distinguishedName ; unspecified authorization id, UTF-8 encoded. uAuthzId = UCOLON userid Harrison Expires January 2005 [Page 16]
Internet-Draft LDAP Authentication Methods 16 July 2004 userid = *UTF8 ; syntax unspecified where the <distinguishedName> production is defined in section 3 of [LDAPDN] and <UTF8> production is defined in section 1.3 of [Models]. In order to support additional specific authorization identity forms, future updates to this specification may add new choices supporting other forms of the authzId production. The dnAuthzId choice is used to assert authorization identities in the form of a distinguished name to be matched in accordance with the distinguishedNameMatch matching rule [Syntaxes]. The decision to allow or disallow an authentication identity to have access to the requested authorization identity is a matter of local policy ([SASL] section 4.2). For this reason there is no requirement that the asserted dn be that of an entry in the directory. The uAuthzId choice allows for compatibility with clients that wish to assert an authorization identity to a directory but do not have that identity in distinguished name form. The value contained within a uAuthzId MUST be prepared using [SASLPrep] before being compared octet-wise. The format of userid is defined as only a sequence of UTF-8 [RFC3629] encoded [Unicode] characters, and further interpretation is subject to prior agreement between the client and server. For example, the userid could identify a user of a specific directory service or be a login name or the local-part of an RFC 822 email address. A uAuthzId SHOULD NOT be assumed to be globally unique. 11. SASL DIGEST-MD5 Mechanism LDAP servers that implement any authentication method or mechanism other than simple anonymous bind MUST implement the SASL DIGEST-MD5 mechanism [DIGEST-MD5]. This provides client authentication with protection against passive eavesdropping attacks but does not provide protection against man-in-the-middle attacks. DIGEST-MD5 also provides data integrity and data confidentiality capabilities. Support for subsequent authentication ([DIGEST-MD5] section 2.2) is OPTIONAL in clients and servers. Implementers must take care to ensure that they maintain the semantics of the DIGEST-MD5 specification even when handling data that has different semantics in the LDAP protocol. For example, the SASL DIGEST-MD5 authentication mechanism utilizes realm and username values ([DIGEST-MD5] section 2.1) which are syntactically simple strings and semantically simple realm and username values. These values are not LDAP DNs, and there is no requirement that they be represented or treated as such. Username and realm values that look like LDAP DNs in form, e.g. <cn=bob, dc=example,dc=com>, are syntactically allowed, however DIGEST-MD5 Harrison Expires January 2005 [Page 17]
Internet-Draft LDAP Authentication Methods 16 July 2004 treats them as simple strings for comparison purposes. To illustrate further, the two DNs <cn=Bob,dc=example,dc=com> (upper case "B") and <cn=bob,dc=example,dc=com> (lower case "b") are equivalent when being compared semantically as LDAP DNs because the cn attribute is defined to be case insensitive, however the two values are not equivalent if they represent username values in DIGEST-MD5 because [SASLPrep] semantics are used by DIGEST-MD5. 12. General Requirements for Password Handling The transmission of passwords in the clear--typically for authentication or modification--poses a significant security risk. This risk can be avoided by using SASL authentication [SASL] mechanisms that do not transmit passwords in the clear or by negotiating transport or session layer confidentiality services before transmitting password values. To mitigate the security risks associated with the use of passwords, a server implementation that supports any password-based authentication mechanism MUST implement a configuration that at the time of authentication or password modification, requires: 1) A Start TLS encryption layer has been successfully negotiated. OR 2) Some other confidentiality mechanism that protects the password value from snooping has been provided. OR 3) The server returns a resultCode of confidentialityRequired for the operation (i.e. simple bind with password value, SASL bind transmitting a password value in the clear, add or modify including a userPassword value, etc.), even if the password value is correct. 13. TLS Ciphersuites A client or server implementation that supports TLS MUST support TLS_DHE_DSS_WITH_3DES_EDE_CBC_SHA. Servers SHOULD NOT support weaker ciphersuites unless other data integrity and confidentiality protection (such as a SASL security layer) is in place. Several issues should be considered when selecting TLS ciphersuites that are appropriate for use in a given circumstance. These issues include the following: - The ciphersuite's ability to provide adequate confidentiality protection for passwords and other data sent over the LDAP connection. Client and server implementers should recognize that some TLS ciphersuites provide no confidentiality protection while other ciphersuites that do provide confidentiality protection may be vulnerable to being cracked using brute force Harrison Expires January 2005 [Page 18]
Internet-Draft LDAP Authentication Methods 16 July 2004 methods, especially in light of ever-increasing CPU speeds that reduce the time needed to successfully mount such attacks. Client and server implementers SHOULD carefully consider the value of the password or data being protected versus the level of confidentially protection provided by the ciphersuite to ensure that the level of protection afforded by the ciphersuite is appropriate. - The ciphersuite's vulnerability (or lack thereof) to man-in-the- middle attacks. Ciphersuites vulnerable to man-in-the-middle attacks SHOULD NOT be used to protect passwords or sensitive data, unless the network configuration is such that the danger of a man-in-the-middle attack is tolerable. 13.1. TLS Ciphersuites Recommendations As of the writing of this document, the following recommendations regarding TLS ciphersuites are applicable. Because circumstances are constantly changing, this list must not be considered exhaustive, but is hoped that it will serve as a useful starting point for implementers. The following ciphersuites defined in [TLS] MUST NOT be used for confidentiality protection of passwords or data: TLS_NULL_WITH_NULL_NULL TLS_RSA_WITH_NULL_MD5 TLS_RSA_WITH_NULL_SHA The following ciphersuites defined in [TLS] can be cracked easily (less than a day of CPU time on a standard CPU in 2000) and are NOT RECOMMENDED for use in confidentiality protection of passwords or data. TLS_RSA_EXPORT_WITH_RC4_40_MD5 TLS_RSA_EXPORT_WITH_RC2_CBC_40_MD5 TLS_RSA_EXPORT_WITH_DES40_CBC_SHA TLS_DH_DSS_EXPORT_WITH_DES40_CBC_SHA TLS_DH_RSA_EXPORT_WITH_DES40_CBC_SHA TLS_DHE_DSS_EXPORT_WITH_DES40_CBC_SHA TLS_DHE_RSA_EXPORT_WITH_DES40_CBC_SHA TLS_DH_anon_EXPORT_WITH_RC4_40_MD5 TLS_DH_anon_EXPORT_WITH_DES40_CBC_SHA The following ciphersuites are vulnerable to man-in-the-middle attacks: TLS_DH_anon_EXPORT_WITH_RC4_40_MD5 TLS_DH_anon_WITH_RC4_128_MD5 TLS_DH_anon_EXPORT_WITH_DES40_CBC_SHA TLS_DH_anon_WITH_DES_CBC_SHA TLS_DH_anon_WITH_3DES_EDE_CBC_SHA Harrison Expires January 2005 [Page 19]
Internet-Draft LDAP Authentication Methods 16 July 2004 14. Security Considerations Security issues are discussed throughout this memo; the unsurprising conclusion is that mandatory security is important and that session confidentiality protection is required when snooping is a problem. Servers can minimize denial of service attacks by timing out idle connections, and returning the unwillingToPerform resultCode rather than performing computationally expensive operations requested by unauthorized clients. The use of cleartext passwords and other unprotected authentication credentials is strongly discouraged over open networks when the underlying transport service cannot guarantee confidentiality. Operational experience shows that clients can (and frequently do) misuse unauthenticated bind (see section 5.1). For example, a client program might make a decision to grant access to non- directory information on the basis of completing a successful bind operation. Some LDAP server implementations will return a success response to an unauthenticated bind thus leaving the client with the impression that the server has successfully authenticated the identity represented by the user name, when in effect, an anonymous LDAP association has been created. Clients that use the results from a simple bind operation to make authorization decisions should actively detect unauthenticated bind requests (by verifying that the supplied password is not empty) and react appropriately. Access control SHOULD always be applied when reading sensitive information or updating directory information. A connection on which the client has not established connection integrity and privacy services (e.g via Start TLS, IPSec or a suitable SASL mechanism) is subject to man-in-the-middle attacks to view and modify information in transit. LDAP itself provides no security or protection from accessing or updating the directory by other means than through the LDAP protocol, e.g. from inspection by database administrators. Client and server implementors SHOULD take measures to protect credentials and other confidential data by using data protection services as discussed in this document. Additional security considerations relating to the various authentication methods and mechanisms discussed in this document apply and can be found in [DIGEST-MD5], [SASL], [SASLPrep], [StringPrep], [TLS] and [RFC3629]. 14.1. Start TLS Security Considerations The goals of using the TLS [TLS] protocol with LDAP are to ensure connection confidentiality and integrity, and to optionally provide for authentication. TLS expressly provides these capabilities Harrison Expires January 2005 [Page 20]
Internet-Draft LDAP Authentication Methods 16 July 2004 (although the authentication services of TLS are available to LDAP only in combination with the SASL EXTERNAL authentication method, and then only if the SASL EXTERNAL implementation chooses to make use of the TLS credentials). All security gained via use of the Start TLS operation is gained by the use of TLS itself. The Start TLS operation, on its own, does not provide any additional security. The level of security provided though the use of TLS depends directly on both the quality of the TLS implementation used and the style of usage of that implementation. Additionally, an man-in-the- middle attacker can remove the Start TLS extended operation from the supportedExtension attribute of the root DSE. Both parties SHOULD independently ascertain and consent to the security level achieved once TLS is established and before beginning use of the TLS connection. For example, the security level of the TLS connection might have been negotiated down to plaintext. Clients SHOULD either warn the user when the security level achieved does not provide data confidentiality and/or integrity protection, or be configurable to refuse to proceed without an acceptable level of security. Server implementors SHOULD allow for server administrators to elect whether and when connection confidentiality and/or integrity is required, as well as elect whether and when client authentication via TLS is required. Implementers should be aware of and understand TLS security considerations as discussed in the TLS specification [TLS]. 15. IANA Considerations The following IANA considerations apply to this document: Please update the GSSAPI service name registry to point to [Roadmap] and this document. [To be completed] Acknowledgments This document combines information originally contained in RFC 2829 and RFC 2830. The editor acknowledges the work of Harald Tveit Alvestrand, Jeff Hodges, Tim Howes, Steve Kille, RL "Bob" Morgan , and Mark Wahl, each of whom authored one or more of these documents. This document is based upon input of the IETF LDAP Revision working group. The contributions and suggestions made by its members in Harrison Expires January 2005 [Page 21]
Internet-Draft LDAP Authentication Methods 16 July 2004 shaping the contents and technical accuracy of this document is greatly appreciated. Normative References [[Note to the RFC Editor: please replace the citation tags used in referencing Internet-Drafts with tags of the form RFCnnnn.]] [RFC2234] Crocker, D., Ed. and P. Overell, "Augmented BNF for Syntax Specifications: ABNF", RFC 2234, November 1997. [DIGEST-MD5] Leach, P. C. Newman, and A. Melnikov, "Using Digest Authentication as a SASL Mechanism", draft-ietf-sasl- rfc2831bis-xx.txt, a work in progress. [RFC2119] Bradner, S., "Key Words for use in RFCs to Indicate Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, March 1997. [LDAPDN] Zeilenga, Kurt D. (editor), "LDAP: String Representation of Distinguished Names", draft-ietf- ldapbis-dn-xx.txt, a work in progress. [Models] Zeilenga, Kurt D. (editor), "LDAP: Directory Information Models", draft-ietf-ldapbis-models-xx.txt, a work in progress. [Protocol] Sermersheim, J., "LDAP: The Protocol", draft-ietf- ldapbis-protocol-xx.txt, a work in progress. [Roadmap] K. Zeilenga, "LDAP: Technical Specification Road Map", draft-ietf-ldapbis-roadmap-xx.txt, a work in progress. [SASL] Melnikov, A. (editor), "Simple Authentication and Security Layer (SASL)", draft-ietf-sasl-rfc2222bis- xx.txt, a work in progress. [SASLPrep] Zeilenga, K., "Stringprep profile for user names and passwords", draft-ietf-sasl-saslprep-xx.txt, (a work in progress). [StringPrep] Hoffman P. and M. Blanchet, "Preparation of Internationalized Strings ('stringprep')", draft- hoffman-rfc3454bis-xx.txt, a work in progress. [Syntaxes] Legg, S. (editor), "LDAP: Syntaxes and Matching Rules", draft-ietf-ldapbis-syntaxes-xx.txt, a work in progress. [TLS] Dierks, T. and C. Allen. "The TLS Protocol Version 1.1", draft-ietf-tls-rfc2246-bis-xx.txt, a work in progress. [RFC3629] Yergeau, F., "UTF-8, a transformation format of ISO 10646", RFC 3629, STD 63, November 2003. Harrison Expires January 2005 [Page 22]
Internet-Draft LDAP Authentication Methods 16 July 2004 [Unicode] The Unicode Consortium, "The Unicode Standard, Version 3.2.0" is defined by "The Unicode Standard, Version 3.0" (Reading, MA, Addison-Wesley, 2000. ISBN 0-201- 61633-5), as amended by the "Unicode Standard Annex #27: Unicode 3.1" (http://www.unicode.org/reports/tr27/) and by the "Unicode Standard Annex #28: Unicode 3.2" (http://www.unicode.org/reports/tr28/). Informative References [ANONYMOUS] Zeilenga, K.,"Anonymous SASL Mechanism", draft- zeilenga-sasl-anon-xx.txt, a work in progress. [RFC2828] Shirey, R., "Internet Security Glossary", RFC 2828, May 2000. [PLAIN] Zeilenga, K.,"Plain SASL Mechanism", draft-zeilenga- sasl-plain-xx.txt, a work in progress. [RFC2401] Kent, S. and R. Atkinson, "Security Architecture for the Internet Protocol", RFC 2401, November 1998. Author's Address Roger Harrison Novell, Inc. 1800 S. Novell Place Provo, UT 84606 USA +1 801 861 2642 roger_harrison@novell.com Appendix A. LDAP Association State Transition Tables This section provides a state transition table to represent a state diagram for the various authentication and TLS states through which an LDAP association may pass during the course of its existence and the actions that cause these changes in state. This section is based entirely on information found in this document and other documents that are part of the LDAP Technical Specification [Roadmap]. As such, it is strictly informational in nature. A.1. LDAP Association States The following table lists the valid LDAP association states and provides a description of each state. The ID for each state is used in the state transition table in section A.4. ID State Description Harrison Expires January 2005 [Page 23]
Internet-Draft LDAP Authentication Methods 16 July 2004 -- -------------------------------------------------------------- S1 Anonymous no Authentication ID is associated with the LDAP connection no Authorization ID is in force S2 Authenticated Authentication ID = I Authorization ID = X S3 Authenticated SASL EXTERNAL, implicit authorization ID Authentication ID = J Authorization ID = Y S4 Authenticated SASL EXTERNAL, explicit authorization ID Z Authentication ID = J Authorization ID = Z A.2. Actions that Affect LDAP Association State The following table lists the actions that can affect the authentication and authorization state of an LDAP association. The ID for each action is used in the state transition table in section A.4. ID Action -- -------------------------------------------------------------- A1 Client bind request fails A2 Client successfully performs anonymous simple bind A3 Client successfully performs unauthenticated simple bind A4 Client successfully performs simple bind with name and password OR SASL bind with any mechanism except EXTERNAL using an authentication ID = I that maps to authorization ID X A5 Client Binds SASL EXTERNAL with implicit assertion of authorization ID (section 9.1)]. The current authentication ID maps to authorization ID = Y. A6 Client Binds SASL EXTERNAL with explicit assertion of authorization ID = Z (section 9.2)] A7 Client Start TLS request fails A8 Client Start TLS request succeeds A9 Client or Server: graceful TLS removal A.3. Decisions Used in Making LDAP Association State Changes Certain changes in the authentication and authorization state of an LDAP association are only allowed if the server can affirmatively answer a question. These questions are applied as part of the criteria for allowing or disallowing a state transition in the state transition table in section A.4. ID Decision Question -- -------------------------------------------------------------- D1 Are lower-layer credentials available? D2 Can lower-layer credentials for Auth ID "K" be mapped to asserted AuthZID "L"? A.4. LDAP Association State Transition Table Harrison Expires January 2005 [Page 24]
Internet-Draft LDAP Authentication Methods 16 July 2004 The LDAP Association table below lists the the actions that could affect authentication and authorization state of an LDAP association and the resulting state of an LDAP association after a given action occurs. S1, the initial state for the state machine described in this table, is the authentication state when an LDAP connection is initially established. Next Action State Comment ------- ----- ------------------------------------------------- A1 S1 Section 4 A2 S1 Section 6 A3 S1 Section 7 A4 S2 Sections 8, 9 A5, S1 Failed bind, section 10.1 D1=no A5, S3 D1=yes A6, S1 Failed bind, section 10.2 D1=no A6, S1 Failed bind, section 10.2 D1=yes, D2=no A6, S4 D1=yes, D2=yes A7 no [Protocol] section 4.14.2.2 change A8 no [Protocol] section 4.14.2.1 change A9 S1 [Protocol] section 4.14.3.1 Appendix B. Example Deployment Scenarios The following scenarios are typical for LDAP directories on the Internet, and have different security requirements. (In the following discussion, "sensitive data" refers to information whose disclosure, alteration, destruction, or loss would adversely affect the interests or business of its owner or user. Also note that there may be data that is protected but not sensitive.) This is not intended to be a comprehensive list; other scenarios are possible, especially on physically protected networks. (1) A read-only directory, containing no sensitive data, accessible to "anyone", and TCP connection hijacking or IP spoofing is not a problem. Anonymous authentication, described in section 7, is suitable for this type of deployment, and requires no additional security functions except administrative service limits. (2) A read-only directory containing no sensitive data; read access is granted based on identity. TCP connection hijacking is not Harrison Expires January 2005 [Page 25]
Internet-Draft LDAP Authentication Methods 16 July 2004 currently a problem. This scenario requires data confidentiality for sensitive authentication information AND data integrity for all authentication information. (3) A read-only directory containing no sensitive data; and the client needs to ensure the identity of the directory server and that the directory data is not modified while being returned from the server. A data origin authentication service AND data integrity service are required. (4) A read-write directory, containing no sensitive data; read access is available to "anyone", update access to properly authorized persons. TCP connection hijacking is not currently a problem. This scenario requires data confidentiality for sensitive authentication information AND data integrity for all authentication information. (5) A directory containing sensitive data. This scenario requires data confidentiality protection AND secure authentication. Appendix C. Authentication and Authorization Concepts This appendix defines basic terms, concepts, and interrelationships regarding authentication, authorization, credentials, and identity. These concepts are used in describing how various security approaches are utilized in client authentication and authorization. C.1. Access Control Policy An access control policy is a set of rules defining the protection of resources, generally in terms of the capabilities of persons or other entities accessing those resources. Security objects and mechanisms, such as those described here, enable the expression of access control policies and their enforcement. C.2. Access Control Factors A request, when it is being processed by a server, may be associated with a wide variety of security-related factors (section 4.2 of [Protocol]). The server uses these factors to determine whether and how to process the request. These are called access control factors (ACFs). They might include source IP address, encryption strength, the type of operation being requested, time of day, etc. Some factors may be specific to the request itself, others may be associated with the connection via which the request is transmitted, others (e.g. time of day) may be "environmental". Access control policies are expressed in terms of access control factors. E.g., a request having ACFs i,j,k can perform operation Y on resource Z. The set of ACFs that a server makes available for such expressions is implementation-specific. C.3. Authentication, Credentials, Identity Harrison Expires January 2005 [Page 26]
Internet-Draft LDAP Authentication Methods 16 July 2004 Authentication credentials are the evidence supplied by one party to another, asserting the identity of the supplying party (e.g. a user) who is attempting to establish an association with the other party (typically a server). Authentication is the process of generating, transmitting, and verifying these credentials and thus the identity they assert. An authentication identity is the name presented in a credential. There are many forms of authentication credentials -- the form used depends upon the particular authentication mechanism negotiated by the parties. For example: X.509 certificates, Kerberos tickets, simple identity and password pairs. Note that an authentication mechanism may constrain the form of authentication identities used with it. C.4. Authorization Identity An authorization identity is one kind of access control factor. It is the name of the user or other entity that requests that operations be performed. Access control policies are often expressed in terms of authorization identities; e.g., entity X can perform operation Y on resource Z. The authorization identity bound to an association is often exactly the same as the authentication identity presented by the client, but it may be different. SASL allows clients to specify an authorization identity distinct from the authentication identity asserted by the client's credentials. This permits agents such as proxy servers to authenticate using their own credentials, yet request the access privileges of the identity for which they are proxying [SASL]. Also, the form of authentication identity supplied by a service like TLS may not correspond to the authorization identities used to express a server's access control policy, requiring a server-specific mapping to be done. The method by which a server composes and validates an authorization identity from the authentication credentials supplied by a client is implementation-specific. Appendix D. RFC 2829 Change History This appendix lists the changes made to the text of RFC 2829 in preparing this document. D.0. General Editorial Changes Version -00 - Changed other instances of the term LDAP to LDAP where v3 of the protocol is implied. Also made all references to LDAP use the same wording. - Miscellaneous grammatical changes to improve readability. - Made capitalization in section headings consistent. Version -01 Harrison Expires January 2005 [Page 27]
Internet-Draft LDAP Authentication Methods 16 July 2004 - Changed title to reflect inclusion of material from RFC 2830 and 2251. D.1. Changes to Section 1 Version -01 - Moved conventions used in document to a separate section. D.2. Changes to Section 2 Version -01 - Moved section to an appendix. D.3. Changes to Section 3 Version -01 - Moved section to an appendix. D.4 Changes to Section 4 Version -00 - Changed "Distinguished Name" to "LDAP distinguished name". D.5. Changes to Section 5 Version -00 - Added the following sentence: "Servers SHOULD NOT allow clients with anonymous authentication to modify directory entries or access sensitive information in directory entries." D.5.1. Changes to Section 5.1 Version -00 - Replaced the text describing the procedure for performing an anonymous bind (protocol) with a reference to section 4.2 of RFC 2251 (the protocol spec). Version -01 - Brought text describing procedure for performing an anonymous bind from section 4.2 of RFC 2251 bis. This text will be removed from the draft standard version of that document. D.6. Changes to Section 6. Version -00 Harrison Expires January 2005 [Page 28]
Internet-Draft LDAP Authentication Methods 16 July 2004 Reorganized text in section 6.1 as follows: 1. Added a new section (6.1) titled "Simple Authentication" and moved one of two introductory paragraphs for section 6 into section 6.1. Added sentences to the paragraph indicating: a. simple authentication is not suitable for environments where confidentiality is not available. b. LDAP implementations SHOULD NOT support simple authentication unless confidentiality and data integrity mechanisms are in force. 2. Moved first paragraph of section 6 (beginning with "LDAP implementations MUST support authentication with a password...") to section on Digest Authentication (Now section 6.2). D.6.1. Changes to Section 6.1. Version -00 Renamed section to 6.2 - Added sentence from original section 6 indicating that the DIGEST-MD5 SASL mechanism is required for all conforming LDAP implementations D.6.2. Changes to Section 6.2 Version -00 - Renamed section to 6.3 - Reworded first paragraph to remove reference to user and the userPassword password attribute Made the first paragraph more general by simply saying that if a directory supports simple authentication that the simple bind operation MAY performed following negotiation of a TLS ciphersuite that supports confidentiality. - Replaced "the name of the user's entry" with "a DN" since not all bind operations are performed on behalf of a "user." - Added Section 6.3.1 heading just prior to paragraph 5. - Paragraph 5: replaced "The server" with "DSAs that map the DN sent in the bind request to a directory entry with a userPassword attribute." D.6.3. Changes to section 6.3. Version -00 - Renamed to section 6.4. D.7. Changes to section 7. Harrison Expires January 2005 [Page 29]
Internet-Draft LDAP Authentication Methods 16 July 2004 none D.7.1. Changes to section 7.1. Version -00 - Clarified the entity issuing a certificate by moving the phrase "to have issued the certificate" immediately after "Certification Authority." D.8. Changes to section 8. Version -00 - Removed the first paragraph because simple authentication is covered explicitly in section 6. - Added section 8.1. heading just prior to second paragraph. - Added section 8.2. heading just prior to third paragraph. - Added section 8.3. heading just prior to fourth paragraph. Version -01 - Moved entire section 8 of RFC 2829 into section 3.4 (Using SASL for Other Security Services) to bring material on SASL mechanisms together into one location. D.9. Changes to section 9. Version -00 - Paragraph 2: changed "EXTERNAL mechanism" to "EXTERNAL SASL mechanism." - Added section 9.1. heading. - Modified a comment in the ABNF from "unspecified userid" to "unspecified authz id". - Deleted sentence, "A utf8string is defined to be the UTF-8 encoding of one or more ISO 10646 characters," because it is redundant. - Added section 9.1.1. heading. - Added section 9.1.2. heading. Version -01 - Moved entire section 9 to become section 3.5 so that it would be with other SASL material. Harrison Expires January 2005 [Page 30]
Internet-Draft LDAP Authentication Methods 16 July 2004 D.10. Changes to Section 10. Version -00 - Updated reference to cracking from a week of CPU time in 1997 to be a day of CPU time in 2000. - Added text: "These ciphersuites are NOT RECOMMENDED for use... and server implementers SHOULD" to sentence just prior the second list of ciphersuites. - Added text: "and MAY support other ciphersuites offering equivalent or better protection," to the last paragraph of the section. D.11. Changes to Section 11. Version -01 - Moved to section 3.6 to be with other SASL material. D.12. Changes to Section 12. Version -00 - Inserted new section 12 that specifies when SASL protections begin following SASL negotiation, etc. The original section 12 is renumbered to become section 13. Version -01 - Moved to section 3.7 to be with other SASL material. D.13. Changes to Section 13 (original section 12). None Appendix E. RFC 2830 Change History This appendix lists the changes made to the text of RFC 2830 in preparing this document. E.0. General Editorial Changes - Material showing the PDUs for the Start TLS response was broken out into a new section. - The wording of the definition of the Start TLS request and Start TLS response was changed to make them parallel. NO changes were made to the ASN.1 definition or the associated values of the parameters. Harrison Expires January 2005 [Page 31]
Internet-Draft LDAP Authentication Methods 16 July 2004 - A separate section heading for graceful TLS closure was added for parallelism with section on abrupt TLS closure. Appendix F. RFC 2251 Change History This appendix lists the changes made to the text of RFC 2251 in preparing this document. F.0. General Editorial Changes - All material from section 4.2 of RFC 2251 was moved into this document. - A new section was created for the Bind Request - Section 4.2.1 of RFC 2251 (Sequencing Bind Request) was moved after the section on the Bind Response for parallelism with the presentation of the Start TLS operations. The section was also subdivided to explicitly call out the various effects being described within it. - All SASL profile information from RFC 2829 was brought within the discussion of the Bind operation (primarily sections 4.4 - 4.7). Appendix G. Change History to Combined Document G.1. Changes for draft-ldap-bis-authmeth-02 General - Added references to other LDAP standard documents, to sections within the document, and fixed broken references. - General editorial changes--punctuation, spelling, formatting, etc. Section 1. - Added glossary of terms and added sub-section headings Section 2. - Clarified security mechanisms 3, 4, & 5 and brought language in line with IETF security glossary. Section 3. - Brought language in requirement (3) in line with security glossary. - Clarified that information fetched prior to initiation of TLS negotiation must be discarded Harrison Expires January 2005 [Page 32]
Internet-Draft LDAP Authentication Methods 16 July 2004 -Clarified that information fetched prior to initiation of SASL negotiation must be discarded - Rewrote paragraph on SASL negotiation requirements to clarify intent Section 4.4. - Added stipulation that sasl choice allows for any SASL mechanism not prohibited by this document. (Resolved conflict between this statement and one that prohibited use of ANONYMOUS and PLAIN SASL mechanisms.) Section 5.3.6 - Added a.x.bar.com to wildcard matching example on hostname check. Section 6 - Added LDAP Association State Transition Tables to show the various states through which an LDAP association may pass along with the actions and decisions required to traverse from state to state. Appendix A - Brought security terminology in line with IETF security glossary throughout the appendix. G.2. Changes for draft-ldap-bis-authmeth-03 General - Added introductory notes and changed title of document and references to conform to WG chair suggestions for the overall technical specification. - Several issues--H.13, H.14, H.16, H.17--were resolved without requiring changes to the document. Section 3 - Removed reference to /etc/passwd file and associated text. Section 4 - Removed sections 4.1, 4.2 and parts of section 4.3. This information was being duplicated in the protocol specification and will now reside there permanently. Section 4.2 - changed words, "not recommended" to "strongly discouraged" Section 4.3 Harrison Expires January 2005 [Page 33]
Internet-Draft LDAP Authentication Methods 16 July 2004 - Based on ldapbis WG discussion at IETF52 two sentences were added indicating that clients SHOULD NOT send a DN value when binding with the sasl choice and servers SHALL ignore any value received in this circumstance. - Section 8.3.1 - Generalized the language of this section to not refer to any specific password attribute or to refer to the directory entry as a "user" entry. Section 11 - Added security consideration regarding misuse of unauthenticated access. - Added security consideration requiring access control to be applied only to authenticated users and recommending it be applied when reading sensitive information or updating directory information. G.3. Changes for draft-ldap-bis-authmeth-04 General - Changed references to use [RFCnnnn] format wherever possible. (References to works in progress still use [name] format.) - Various edits to correct typos and bring field names, etc. in line with specification in [Protocol] draft. - Several issues--H.13, H.14, H.16, H.17--were resolved without requiring changes to the document. Section 4.4.1. - Changed ABNF grammar to use productions that are like those in the model draft. Section 5 - Removed sections 5.1, 5.2, and 5.4 that will be added to [Protocol]. Renumbered sections to accommodate this change. - Section 6 - Reviewed LDAP Association State table for completeness and accuracy. Renumbered actions A3, A4, and A5 to be A5, A3, and A4 respectively. Re-ordered several lines in the table to ensure that actions are in ascending order (makes analyzing the table much more logical). Added action A2 to several states where it Harrison Expires January 2005 [Page 34]
Internet-Draft LDAP Authentication Methods 16 July 2004 was missing and valid. Added actions A7 and A8 placeholders to states S1, S2, S4 and S5 pending resolution of issue H.28. Section 11 - Modified security consideration (originally added in -03) requiring access control to be applied only to authenticated users. This seems nonsensical because anonymous users may have access control applied to limit permissible actions. - Section 13 - Verified all normative references and moved informative references to a new section 14. G.4. Changes for draft-ldap-bis-authmeth-05 General - General editory changes to fix punctuation, spelling, line length issues, etc. - Verified and updated intra- and inter-document references throughout. - Document-wide review for proper usage of RFC 2119 keywords with several changes to correct improper usage. Abstract - Updated to match current contents of documents. This was needed due to movement of material on Bind and Start TLS operations to [Protocol] in this revision. Section 3. - Renamed section to "Rationale for LDAP Security Mechanisms" and removed text that did not support this theme. Part of the motivation for this change was to remove the implication of the previous section title, "Required Security Mechanisms", and other text found in the section that everything in the section was a requirement - Information from several removed paragraphs that describe deployment scenarios will be added Appendix A in the next revision of the draft. - Paragraph beginning, " If TLS is negotiated, the client MUST discard all information..." was moved to section 5.1.7 and integrated with related material there. - Paragraph beginning, "If a SASL security layer is negotiated..." was moved to section 4.2 Section 4.l. Harrison Expires January 2005 [Page 35]
Internet-Draft LDAP Authentication Methods 16 July 2004 - Changed wording of first paragraph to clarify meaning. Section 4.2. - Added paragraph from section 3 of -04 beginning, "If a SASL security layer is negotiated..." Section 4.3.3. - Renamed to "Other SASL Mechanisms" and completely rewrote the section (one sentence) to generalize the treatment of SASL mechanisms not explicitly mentioned in this document. Section 4.4.1. - Added paragraph beginning, "The dnAuthzID choice allows client applications..." to clarify whether DN form authorization identities have to also have a corresponding directory entry. This change was based on editor's perception of WG consensus. - Made minor clarifying edits in the paragraph beginning, "The uAuthzID choice allows for compatibility..." Section 5.1.1. - Made minor clarifying edits in the last paragraph of the section. Section 5.1.7. - Wording from section 3 paragraph beginning " If TLS is negotiated, the client MUST discard all information..." was moved to this section and integrated with existing text. Section 5.2. - Changed usage of "TLS connection" to "TLS session" throughout. - Removed empty section 5.2.1 and renumbered sections it had previously contained. Section 8. - Added introductory paragraph at beginning of section. Section 8.1. - Changed term "data privacy" to "data confidentiality" to be consistent with usage in rest of document. Section 8.2. - Changed first paragraph to require implementations that implement *password-based* authentication to implement and support DIGEST-MD5 SASL authentication. Harrison Expires January 2005 [Page 36]
Internet-Draft LDAP Authentication Methods 16 July 2004 Section 11. - First paragraph: changed "session encryption" to "session confidentiality protection" to be consistent with usage in rest of document. Appendix B. - Began changes to incorporate information on deployment scenarios removed from section 3. G.5. Changes for draft-ldap-bis-authmeth-06 General - Combined Section 2 (Introduction) and Section 3 (Motivation) and moved Introduction to section 1. All following sections numbers were decremented by one as result. - Edits to fix typos, I-D nits, etc. - Opened several new issues in Appendix G based on feedback from WG. Some of these have been resolved. Others require further discussion. Section 1 - Added additional example of spoofing under threat (7). Section 2.1 - Changed definition of "LDAP association" and added terms, "connection" and "TLS connection" to bring usage in line with [Protocol]. Section 4.1.6 - Clarified sentence stating that the client MUST NOT use derived forms of DNS names. Section 5.1 - Began edits to LDAP Association state table to clarify meaning of various states and actions. - Added action A9 to cover abandoned bind operation and added appropriate transitions to the state transition table to accommodate it. Section 7.2 - Replaced first paragraph to clarify that the "DIGEST-MD5" SASL mechanism is required to implement. Harrison Expires January 2005 [Page 37]
Internet-Draft LDAP Authentication Methods 16 July 2004 Section 9 - Rewrote the section to make the advice more applicable over the long term, i.e. more "timeless." The intent of content in the original section was preserved. Section 10 - Added a clarifying example to the consideration regarding misuse of unauthenticated access. G.6. Changes for draft-ldap-bis-authmeth-07 General - Updated external and internal references to accommodate changes in recent drafts. - Opened several new issues in Appendix G based on feedback from WG. Some of these have been resolved. Others require further discussion. Section 3 - Rewrote much of section 3.3 to meet the SASL profile requirements of draft-ietf-sasl-rfc2222bis-xx.txt section 5. - Changed treatement of SASL ANONYMOUS and PLAIN mechanisms to bring in line with WG consensus. Section 4 - Note to implementers in section 4.1.1 based on operational experience. - Clarification on client continuing by performing a Start TLS with TLS already established in section 4.1.4. - Moved verification of mapping of client's authentication ID to asserted authorization ID to apply only to explicit assertion. The local policy in place for implicit assertion is adequate. Section 7 - Removed most of section 7.2 as the information is now covered adequately via the new SASL profile in section 3.3. Added note to implementors regarding the treatment of username and realm values in DIGEST-MD5. - Section 7.3. Minor clarifications in wording. Harrison Expires January 2005 [Page 38]
Internet-Draft LDAP Authentication Methods 16 July 2004 - Section 7.3.1. Clarification that a match of the presented value to any member of the set of stored passwords constitutes a successful authentication. G.7. Changes for draft-ldap-bis-authmeth-08 General - Changed usage from LDAPv3 to LDAP for usage consistency across LDAP technical specification. - Fixed a number of usage nits for consistency and to bring doc in conformance with publication guidelines. Abstract - Significant cleanup and rewording of abstract based on WG feedback. Section 2.1 - New definition of user. Section 3 - Added 1.5 sentences at end of introductory paragraph indicating the effect of the Bind op on the LDAP association. Section 3.1 - Retitled section and clarified wording Section 3.2 - Clarified that simple authentication choice provides three types of authentication: anonymous, unauthenticated, and simple password. Section 3.3.3 - New wording clarifying when negotiated security mechanisms take effect. Section 3.3.5 - Changed requirement to discard information about server fetched prior to SASL negotiation from MUST to SHOULD to allow for information obtained through secure mechanisms. Section 3.3.6 - Simplified wording of first paragraph based on suggestion from WG. Harrison Expires January 2005 [Page 39]
Internet-Draft LDAP Authentication Methods 16 July 2004 Section 3.4 - Minor clarifications in wording. Section 3.4.1 - Minor clarifications in wording in first sentence. - Explicitly called out that the DN value in the dnAuthzID form is to be matched using DN matching rules. - Called out that the uAuthzID MUST be prepared using SASLprep rules before being compared. - Clarified requirement on assuming global uniqueness by changing a "generally... MUST" wording to "SHOULD". Section 4.1.1 - Simplified wording describing conditions when Start TLS cannot be sent. - Simplified wording in note to implementers regarding race condition with outstanding LDAP operations on connection. Section 4.1.5 - Removed section and moved relevant text to section 4.2.2. Section 4.1.6 - Renumbered to 4.1.5. - Updated server identity check rules for server's name based on WG list discussion. Section 4.1.7 - Renumbered to 4.1.6 - Changed requirement to discard information about server fetched prior to TLS negotion from MUST to SHOULD to allow for information obtained through secure mechanisms. Section 6.1 - Clarified wording. - Added definition of anonymous and unauthenticated binds. Section 10 - Added security consideration (moved from elsewhere) discouraging use of cleartext passwords on unprotected communication channels. Section 11 - Added an IANA consideration to update GSSAPI service name registry to point to [Roadmap] and [Authmeth] Harrison Expires January 2005 [Page 40]
Internet-Draft LDAP Authentication Methods 16 July 2004 G.8. Changes for draft-ldap-bis-authmeth-09 General - Updated section references within document - Changed reference tags to match other docs in LDAP TS - Used non-quoted names for all SASL mechanisms Abstract - Inspected keyword usage and removed several improper usages. - Removed sentence saying DIGEST-MD5 is LDAP's mandatory-to- implement mechanism. This is covered elsewhere in document. - Moved section 5, authentication state table, of -08 draft to section 8 of -09 and completely rewrote it. Section 1 - Reworded sentence beginning, "It is also desirable to allow authentication methods to carry identities based on existingù non-LDAP DN-forms..." - Clarified relationship of this document to other documents in the LDAP TS. Section 3.3.5 - Removed paragraph beginning,"If the client is configured to support multiple SASL mechanisms..." because the actions specified in the paragraph do not provide the protections indicated. Added a new paragraph indicating that clients and server should allow specification of acceptable mechanisms and only allow those mechanisms to be used. - Clarified independent behavior when TLS and SASL security layers are both in force (e.g. one being removed doesn't affect the other). Section 3.3.6 - Moved most of section 4.2.2, Client Assertion of Authorization Identity, to sections 3.3.6, 3.3.6.1, and 3.3.6.2. Section 3.3.6.4 - Moved some normative comments into text body. Section 4.1.2 - Non success resultCode values are valid if server is *unwilling* or unable to negotiate TLS. Harrison Expires January 2005 [Page 41]
Internet-Draft LDAP Authentication Methods 16 July 2004 Section 4.2.1 - Rewrote entire section based on WG feedback. Section 4.2.2 - Moved most of this section to 3.3.6 for better document flow. Section 4.2.3 - Rewrote entire section based on WG feedback. Section 5.1 - Moved imperative language regarding unauthenticated access from security considerations to here. Section 6 - Added several paragraphs regarding the risks of transmitting passwords in the clear and requiring server implementations to provide a specific configuration that reduces these risks. Section 6.2 - Added sentence describing protections provided by DIGEST-MD5 method. - Changed DNs in exmple to be dc=example,dc=com. Section 10 - Updated consideration on use of cleartext passwords to include other unprotected authentication credentials - Substantial rework of consideration on misuse of unauthenticated bind. G.9. Changes for draft-ldap-bis-authmeth-10 General - Many editorial changes throughout to clarify wording and better express intent, primarily based on suggestions from WG mail list. - More standard naming of authentication mechanisms throughout document, e.g. "Anonymous Authentication Mechanism of the Simple Bind Choice". Section 1 - Editorial changes to add clarity. - Moved section 2 of authmeth -09 into section 1 Section 2 Harrison Expires January 2005 [Page 42]
Internet-Draft LDAP Authentication Methods 16 July 2004 - New section outlining implementation requirements. Section 3.1.1 - Editorial clarification on need for following operation sequencing requirements. Section 3.1.4 - New section added to describe use of client certificates with Start TLS. Incorporates material moved from other sections of authmeth -09. Section 4 - New section added to discuss LDAP Associations. Related material was moved from various other sections of authmeth -09 and incorporated into this new section. Section 5 - Added several paragraphs regarding transmission and derivation of authentication and authorization identities using the Bind operation. Section 8 - Clarified rules for determining valid credentials and situations where invalidCredentials result is to be returned. Section 14 - Added three security considerations based on WG feedback. Appendix A - Simplfied state tables by removing two unnecessary actions from the actions table, and removing the current state column of the state transition table. Updated references to authmeth and [Protocol]. Appendix H. Issues to be Resolved This appendix lists open questions and issues that need to be resolved before work on this document is deemed complete. H.1. Section 1 lists 6 security mechanisms that can be used by LDAP servers. I'm not sure what mechanism 5, "Resource limitation by means of administrative limits on service controls" means. Status: resolved. Changed wording to "administrative service limits" to clarify meaning. Harrison Expires January 2005 [Page 43]
Internet-Draft LDAP Authentication Methods 16 July 2004 H.2. Section 2 paragraph 1 defines the term, "sensitive." Do we want to bring this term and other security-related terms in alignment with usage with the IETF security glossary (RFC 2828)? Status: resolved. WG input at IETF 51 was that we should do this, so the appropriate changes have been made. H.3. Section 2, deployment scenario 2: What is meant by the term "secure authentication function?" Status: resolved. Based on the idea that a "secure authentication function" could be provided by TLS, I changed the wording to require data confidentiality for sensitive authentication information and data integrity for all authentication information. H.4. Section 3, deployment scenario 3: What is meant by the phrase, "directory data is authenticated by the server?" Status: resolved. I interpreted this to mean the ability to ensure the identity of the directory server and the integrity of the data sent from that server to the client, and explictly stated such. H.5. Section 4 paragraph 3: What is meant by the phrase, "this means that either this data is useless for faking authentication (like the Unix "/etc/passwd" file format used to be)?" Status: resolved. Discussion at IETF 52 along with discussions with the original authors of this material have convinced us that this reference is simply too arcane to be left in place. In -03 the text has been modified to focus on the need to either update password information in a protected fashion outside of the protocol or to update it in session well protected against snooping, and the reference to /etc/passwd has been removed. H.6. Section 4 paragraph 7 begins: "For a directory needing session protection..." Is this referring to data confidentiality or data integrity or both? Status: resolved. Changed wording to say, "For a directory needing data security (both data integrity and data confidentiality)..." H.7. Harrison Expires January 2005 [Page 44]
Internet-Draft LDAP Authentication Methods 16 July 2004 Section 4 paragraph 8 indicates that "information about the server fetched prior to the TLS negotiation" must be discarded. Do we want to explicitly state that this applies to information fetched prior to the *completion* of the TLS negotiation or is this going too far? Status: resolved. Based on comments in the IETF 51 LDAPBIS WG meeting, this has been changed to explicitly state, "fetched prior to the initiation of the TLS negotiation..." H.8. Section 4 paragraph 9 indicates that clients SHOULD check the supportedSASLMechanisms list both before and after a SASL security layer is negotiated to ensure that they are using the best available security mechanism supported mutually by the client and server. A note at the end of the paragraph indicates that this is a SHOULD since there are environments where the client might get a list of supported SASL mechanisms from a different trusted source. I wonder if the intent of this could be restated more plainly using one of these two approaches (I've paraphrased for the sake of brevity): Approach 1: Clients SHOULD check the supportedSASLMechanisms list both before and after SASL negotiation or clients SHOULD use a different trusted source to determine available supported SASL mechanisms. Approach 2: Clients MUST check the supportedSASLMechanisms list both before and after SASL negotiation UNLESS they use a different trusted source to determine available supported SASL mechanisms. Status: resolved. WG input at IETF 51 was that Approach 1 was probably best. I ended up keeping the basic structure similar to the original to meet this intent. H.9. Section 6.3.1 states: "DSAs that map the DN sent in the bind request to a directory entry with a userPassword attribute will... compare [each value in the named user's entry]... with the presented password." This implies that this applies only to user entries with userPassword attributes. What about other types of entries that might allow passwords and might store in the password information in other attributes? Do we want to make this text more general? Status: resolved in -03 draft by generalizing section 8.3.1 to not refer to any specific password attribute and by removing the term "user" in referring to the directory entry specified by the DN in the bind request. H.10 userPassword and simple bind Harrison Expires January 2005 [Page 45]
Internet-Draft LDAP Authentication Methods 16 July 2004 We need to be sure that we don't require userPassword to be the only attribute used for authenticating via simple bind. (See 2251 sec 4.2 and authmeth 6.3.1. Work with Jim Sermersheim on resolution to this. On publication state something like: "This is the specific implementation of what we discussed in our general reorg conversation on the list." (Source: Kurt Zeilenga) Status: resolved in -03 draft by generalizing section 8.3.1 to not refer to any specific password attribute and by removing the term "user" in referring to the directory entry specified by the DN in the bind request. H.11. Meaning of LDAP Association The original RFC 2830 uses the term "LDAP association" in describing a connection between an LDAP client and server regardless of the state of TLS on that connection. This term needs to be defined or possibly changed. Status: resolved. at IETF 51 Bob Morgan indicated that the term "LDAP association" was intended to distinguish the LDAP-level connection from the TLS-level connection. This still needs to be clarified somewhere in the draft. Added "LDAP association" to a glossary in section 1. H.12. Is DIGEST-MD5 mandatory for all implementations? Reading 2829bis I think DIGEST-MD5 is mandatory ONLY IF your server supports password based authentication...but the following makes it sound mandatory to provide BOTH password authentication AND DIGEST- MD5: "6.2. Digest authentication LDAP implementations MUST support authentication with a password using the DIGEST-MD5 SASL mechanism for password protection, as defined in section 6.1." The thing is for acl it would be nice (though not critical) to be able to default the required authentication level for a subject to a single "fairly secure" mechanism--if there is no such mandatory authentication scheme then you cannot do that. (Source: Rob Byrne) Status: resolved. -00 version of the draft added a sentence at the beginning of section 8.2 stating that LDAP server implementations must support this method. H.13. Ordering of authentication levels requested Again on the subject of authentication level, is it possible to define an ordering on authentication levels which defines their relative "strengths" ? This would be useful in acl as you could say things like"a given aci grants access to a given subject at this authentication level AND ABOVE". David Chadwick raised this before Harrison Expires January 2005 [Page 46]
Internet-Draft LDAP Authentication Methods 16 July 2004 in the context of denying access to a subject at a given authentication level, in which case he wanted to express "deny access to this subject at this authentication level AND TO ALL IDENTITIES AUTHENTICATED BELOW THAT LEVEL". (Source: Rob Byrne) Status: out of scope. This is outside the scope of this document and will not be addressed. H.14. Document vulnerabilities of various mechanisms While I'm here...in 2829, I think it would be good to have some comments or explicit reference to a place where the security properties of the particular mandatory authentication schemes are outlined. When I say "security properties" I mean stuff like "This scheme is vulnerable to such and such attacks, is only safe if the key size is > 50, this hash is widely considered the best, etc...". I think an LDAP implementor is likely to be interested in that information, without having to wade through the security RFCs. (Source: Rob Byrne) Status: out of scope. This is outside the scope of this document and will not be addressed. H.15. Include a Start TLS state transition table The pictoral representation it is nominally based on is here (URL possibly folded): http://www.stanford.edu/~hodges/doc/LDAPAssociationStateDiagram- 1999-12-14.html (Source: Jeff Hodges) Status: Resolved. Table provided in -03. Review of content for accuracy in -04. Additional review is needed, plus comments from WG members indicate that additional description of each state's meaning would be helpful. Did a significant revision of state transition table in -09. Changes were based on suggestions from WG and greatly simplified overall table. H.16. Empty sasl credentials question I spent some more time looking microscopically at ldap-auth-methods and ldap-ext-tls drafts. The drafts say that the credential must have the form dn:xxx or u:xxx or be absent, and although they don't say what to do in the case of an empty octet string I would say that we could send protocolError (claim it is a bad PDU). There is still the question of what to do if the credential is 'dn:' (or 'u:') followed by the empty string. (Source: ariel@columbia.edu via Jeff Hodges) Harrison Expires January 2005 [Page 47]
Internet-Draft LDAP Authentication Methods 16 July 2004 Status: resolved. Kurt Zeilenga indicated during ldapbis WG discussion at IETF 52 that SASL AuthzID credentials empty and absent are equivalent in the latest SASL ID. This resolves the issue. H.17. Hostname check from MUST to SHOULD? I am uneasy about the hostname check. My experience from PKI with HTTP probably is a contributing factor; we have people using the short hostname to get to a server which naturally has the FQDN in the certificate, no end of problems. I have a certificate on my laptop which has the FQDN for the case when the system is on our Columbia network with a fixed IP; when I dial in however, I have some horrible dialup name, and using the local https server becomes annoying. Issuing a certificate in the name 'localhost' is not a solution! Wildcard match does not solve this problem. For these reasons I am inclined to argue for 'SHOULD' instead of 'MUST' in paragraph... Also, The hostname check against the name in the certificate is a very weak means of preventing man-in-the-middle attacks; the proper solution is not here yet (SecureDNS or some equivalent). Faking out DNS is not so hard, and we see this sort of thing in the press on a pretty regular basis, where site A hijacks the DNS server for site B and gets all their requests. Some mention of this should be made in the draft. (Source: ariel@columbia.edu via Jeff Hodges) Status: resolved. Based on discussion at IETF 52 ldapbis WG meeting, this text will stand as it is. The check is a MUST, but the behavior afterward is a SHOULD. This gives server implementations the room to maneuver as needed. H.18. Must SASL DN exist in the directory? If the 'dn:' form of sasl creds is used, is it the intention of the draft(ers) that this DN must exist in the directory and the client will have the privileges associated with that entry, or can the server map the sasl DN to perhaps some other DN in the directory, in an implementation-dependent fashion? We already know that if *no* sasl credentials are presented, the DN or altname in the client certificate may be mapped to a DN in an implementation-dependent fashion, or indeed to something not in the directory at all. (Right?) (Source: ariel@columbia.edu via Jeff Hodges) Status: resolved. (11/12/02)Based on my research I propose that the DN MUST exist in the directory when the DN form of sasl creds is used. I have made this proposal to the ldapbis mailing list. (11/21/02) Feedback from mailing list has proposed removing this paragraph entirely because (1) explicit assertion of authorization identity should only be done when proxying (2) mapping of the asserted authorization identity is implementation specific and Harrison Expires January 2005 [Page 48]
Internet-Draft LDAP Authentication Methods 16 July 2004 policy driven [SASL] section 4.2, and (3) keeping this paragraph is not required for interoperability. H.19. DN used in conjunction with SASL mechanism We need to specify whether the DN field in Bind operation can/cannot be used when SASL mechanism is specified. (source: RL Bob) Status: resolved. (-03) Based on ldapbis WG discussion at IETF52 two sentences were added to section 4.3 indicating that clients SHOULD NOT send a DN value when binding with the sasl choice and servers SHALL ignore any value received in this circumstance. During edits for -04 version of draft it was noted that [Protocol] section 4.2 conflicts with this draft. The editor of [Protocol] has been notified of the discrepancy, and they have been handled. H.20. Bind states Differences between unauthenticated and anonymous. There are four states you can get into. One is completely undefined (this is now explicitly called out in [Protocol]). This text needs to be moved from [Protocol] to this draft. (source: Jim Sermersheim) Status: Resolved. There are four states: (1) no name, no password (anon); (2) name, no password (anon); (3) no name, password (invalid); (4) name, password (simple bind). States 1, 2, and 4 are called out in [AuthMeth]. State 3 is called out in [Protocol]; this seems appropriate based on review of alternatives. H.21. Misuse of unauthenticated access Add a security consideration that operational experience shows that clients can misuse unauthenticated access (simple bind with name but no password). Servers SHOULD by default reject authentication requests that have a DN with an empty password with an error of invalidCredentials. (Source: Kurt Zeilenga and Chris Newman (Sun)) Status: Resolved. Added to security considerations in -03. H.22. Need to move Start TLS protocol information to [Protocol] Status: Resolved. Removed Sections 5.1, 5.2, and 5.4 for -04 and they are [Protocol] -11. H.23. Split Normative and Non-normative references into separate sections. Status: Resolved. Changes made in -04 H.24. What is the authentication state if a Bind operation is abandoned? Status: Resolved. Harrison Expires January 2005 [Page 49]
Internet-Draft LDAP Authentication Methods 16 July 2004 (3/24/03) This following text appears in section 4.2.1 of [Protocol] revision -13 to cover what happens if a bind operation is abandoned: A failed or abandoned Bind Operation has the effect of leaving the connection in an anonymous state. To arrive at a known authentication state after abandoning a bind operation, clients may unbind, rebind, or make use of the BindResponse. (6/28/03): The state table in section 6 of [AuthMeth] has been updated to reflect this wording. H.25. Difference between checking server hostname and server's canonical DNS name in Server Identity Check? Section 4.1.6: I now understand the intent of the check (prevent man-in-the-middle attacks). But what is the subtle difference between the "server hostname" and the "server's canonical DNS name"? (Source: Tim Hahn) Status: Resolved. (11/12/02) Sent suggested wording change to this paragraph to the ldapbis mail list and also asked for opinion as to whether we should discuss the distinction between server DNS hostname and server canonical DNS hostname in [AuthMeth]. (11/21/02): RL Bob Morgan will provide wording that allows derivations of the name that are provided securely. (6/28/03): posted to the WG list asking Bob or any other WG member who is knowledgeable about the issues involved to help me with wording or other information I can use to make this change and close the work item. (10/08/03): Based on WG list feedback, I've updated this text to read what I judge to be the WG consensus, "The client MUST use the server provided by the user (or other trusted entity) as the value to compare against the server name as expressed in the server's certificate. A hostname derived from the user input is to be considered provided by the user only if derived in a secure fashion (e.g., DNSSEC)." H.26. Server Identity Check using servers located via SRV records Section 4.1.6: What should be done if the server was found using SRV records based on the "locate" draft/RFC? (Source: Tim Hahn). Status: Resolved. Section 5 of draft-ietf-ldapext-locate-08 specifically calls out how the server identity should be performed if the server is located using the method defined in that draft. This is the right location for this information, and the coverage appears to be adequate. Harrison Expires January 2005 [Page 50]
Internet-Draft LDAP Authentication Methods 16 July 2004 H.27 Inconsistency in effect of TLS closure on LDAP association. Section 4.4.1 of authmeth -03 (section 4.1 of RFC2830) states that TLS closure alert will leave the LDAP association intact. Contrast this with Section 4.5.2 (section 5.2 of RFC2830) that says that the closure of the TLS connection MUST cause the LDAP association to move to an anonymous authentication. Status: Resolved. (11/12/02) This is actually a [Protocol] issue because these sections have now been moved to [Protocol] -11. I have proposed the following text for Section 4.4.1 of [AuthMeth] -03 (section 4.13.3.1 of [Protocol]) to resolve this apparent discrepancy: " Either the client or server MAY terminate the TLS connection on an LDAP association by sending a TLS closure alert. The LDAP connection remains open for further communication after TLS closure occurs although the authentication state of the LDAP connection is affected (see [AuthMeth] section 4.2.2). (11/21/02): resolution to this is expected in [Protocol] -12 (06/28/03): [Protocol]-15 clarifies that a TLS closure alert terminates the TLS connection while leaving the LDAP connection intact. The authentication state table in [AuthMeth] specifies the effect on the LDAP association. H.28 Ordering of external sources of authorization identities Section 4.3.2 implies that external sources of authorization identities other than TLS are permitted. What is the behavior when two external sources of authentication credentials are available (e.g. TLS and IPsec are both present (is this possible?)) and a SASL EXTERNAL Bind operation is performed? Status: resolved. 11/20/02: Resolved by Section 4.2 of [SASL] which states that the decision to allow or disallow the asserted identity is based on an implementation defined policy. H.29 Rewrite of Section 9, TLS Ciphersuites This section contains anachronistic references and needs to be updated/rewritten in a way that provides useful guidance for future readers in a way that will transcend the passage of time. Status: Resolved. (6/28/03): Rewrote the section to cover the general issues and considerations involved in selecting TLS ciphersuites. H.30 Update to Appendix A, Example Deployment Scenarios This section needs to be updated to indicate which security mechanisms and/or combinations of security mechanisms described Harrison Expires January 2005 [Page 51]
Internet-Draft LDAP Authentication Methods 16 July 2004 elsewhere in the document can provide the types of protections suggested in this appendix. H.31 Use of PLAIN SASL Mechanism At least one LDAP server implementer has found the SASL "PLAIN" mechanism useful in authenticating to legacy systems that do not represent authentication identities as DNs. Section 3.3.1 appears to implicitly disallow the use of the SASL "PLAIN" mechanism with LDAP. Should we allow the use of this mechanism? I.e. is this "SASL" "PLAIN" MUST NOT be used with LDAP, or is it simply that LDAP doesn't define bindings for these mechanism. If SASL "PLAIN" is allowed, the following adjustments will be needed to section 3.3.1: (a) change section heading, (b) remove reference to "PLAIN" in the section, (c) ensure wording of last sentence regarding non-DN AuthZIDs is consistent with rest of the section. Status: Resolved. (6/28/03): email to WG list stating issue and asking if we should remove the reference to SASL "PLAIN". For -07 draft I've generalized the SASL profile in section 3.3 to allow any SASL mechanism. H.32 Clarification on use of SASL mechanisms Section 3.3.1: BTW, what _are_ the "ANONYMOUS" and "PLAIN" SASL mechanisms? They are not defined in RFC2222. If you refer to other SASL mechanisms than those in rfc2222, Maybe you should only list which mechanisms _are_used, instead of which ones are _not. (Source: Hallvard Furuseth) I (Kurt Zeilenga) note[s] as well that the ANONYMOUS/PLAIN section (4.2) should be deleted. ANONYMOUS and PLAIN, like in other mechanism, can be used in LDAP if a) supported and b) enabled. I note that they each offer capabilities not found in their simple bind equivalents (and hence are used in some deployments). For example, PLAIN (over TLS) is quite useful when interacting with legacy authentication subsystems. (Source: Kurt Zeilenga) Status: Resolved. For -07 draft I've generalized the SASL profile in section 3.3 to allow any SASL mechanism. H.33 Clarification on use of password protection based on AuthZID form Section 3.3.1: "If an authorization identity of a form different from a DN is requested by the client, a mechanism that protects the Harrison Expires January 2005 [Page 52]
Internet-Draft LDAP Authentication Methods 16 July 2004 password in transit SHOULD be used." What has that to do with DNs? A mechanism that protects the password in transit should be used in any case, shouldn't it? Status: Resolved. In -08 draft this text was removed. There is already a general security consideration that covers this issue. H.34 Clarification on use of matching rules in Server Identity Check The text in section 4.1.6 isn't explicit on whether all rules apply to both CN and dNSName values. The text should be clear as to which rules apply to which values.... in particular, the wildcard rules. (Source: Kurt Zeilenga) H.35 Requested Additions to Security Considerations Requested to mention hostile servers which the user might have been fooled to into contacting. Which mechanisms that are standardized by the LDAP standard do/do not disclose the user's password to the server? (Or to servers doing man-in-the-middle attack? Or is that a stupid question?) Requested to mention denial of service attacks. Requested list of methods that need/don't need the server to know the user's plaintext password. (I say 'know' instead of 'store' because it could still store the password encrypted, but in a way which it knows how to decrypt.) (Source: Hallvard Furuseth) H.36 Add reference to definition of DIGEST-MD5 Need a reference to the definition of DIGEST-MD5 SASL mechanism in section 7.2 (Source: Hallvard Furuseth) Status: Resolved. A reference to to the DIGEST-MD5 SASL mechanism, [DigestAuth], is included in the -07 revision. H.37 Clarification on procedure for certificate-based authentication 8.1. Certificate-based authentication with TLS states: "Following the successful completion of TLS negotiation, the client will send an LDAP bind request with the SASL "EXTERNAL" mechanism." Is this immediately following, or just some time later? Should the wording, "the client will send..." actually read, "the client MUST send..."? Status: Resolved. In -10 this text has been absorbed into the SASL EXTERNAL mechanism section. Harrison Expires January 2005 [Page 53]
Internet-Draft LDAP Authentication Methods 16 July 2004 H.38 Effect of Start TLS on authentication state Should the server drop all knowledge of connection, i.e. return to anonymous state, if it gets a Start TLS request on a connection that has successfully bound using the simple method? Status: Resolved. In -09 the effect on an LDAP association by a Start TLS operation is made a matter of local policy. This is based on editorÆs perception of WG consensus gaged by conversations at IETF 58 and subsequent discussion on the WG mail list. H.39 Be sure that there is a consideration in [SCHEMA] that discusses multiple password values in userPassword Allowing multiple values obviously does raise a number of security considerations and these need to be discussed in the document. Certainly applications which intend to replace the userPassword with new value(s) should use modify/replaceValues (or modify/deleteAttribute+addAttribute). Additionally, server implementations should be encouraged to provide administrative controls which, if enabled, restrict userPassword to one value. H.40. Clarify need to verify mapping between authentication identity and resulting authorization identity on implicit assertion of AuthZID. 4.2.2.3. Error Conditions "For either form of assertion, the server MUST verify that the client's authentication identity as supplied in its TLS credentials is permitted to be mapped to the asserted authorization identity." This makes sense for the explicit assertion case, but seems to be ambiguous for the implicit case. IMHO, the mapping can be done as two steps: a). deriving LDAP authentication identity from TLS credentials; If t this steps fails, EXTERNAL mechanism returns failure. b). verify that the authorization identity is allowed for the derived authentication identity. This is always "noop" for the implicit case. I am not sure that the text is saying this. (Source: Alexey Melnikov email 8/1/2003 5:30:43 PM) Status: Resolved in -07. After reading the comments and the text of the draft, I believe that this should be clarified. The local policy used to map the AuthNID to the AuthZID in the implicit case is sufficient and that no additional verification is useful or needed. This text has been moved to apply only to the explicit assertion case. H.41. Section 7.2 contains unnecessary and misleading detail. Harrison Expires January 2005 [Page 54]
Internet-Draft LDAP Authentication Methods 16 July 2004 " I am not sure why this section is required in the document. DIGEST-MD5 is defined in a separate document and there should be nothing magical about its usage in LDAP. If DIGEST-MD5 description creates confusion for LDAP implementors, let's fix the DIGEST-MD5 document! Also, this section tries to redefine DIGEST-MD5 behavior, which is explicitly prohibited by the SASL specification." (Source: Alexey Melnikov: email 8/1/2003 5:30:43 PM) Status: Resolved. After reading the comments and the text of the draft plus the related text in draft-ietf-sasl-rfc2831bis-02.txt plus http://www.ietf.org/internet-drafts/draft-ietf-sasl-rfc2222bis- 02.txt, I am inclined to agree with Alexey. In -07 I rewrote section 3.3 (SASL mechanisms) to match the profiling requirements rfc2831bis. I then dramatically reduced the material in section 7.2 to a bare minimum and let the SASL profile stand on its own. H.42. Does change for H.41 cause interoperability issue? There is one issue with the way the authmeth draft is currently written that changes the SASL DIGEST-MD5 behavior on the way the server responds with the subsequent authentication information . This has been documented in this fashion since RFC 2829 (section 6.1) was originally published and may cause an interoperability issue at this point if it changed to follow the DIGEST-MD5 spec (as it was in -07 of AuthMeth). Take this issue to the list. Status: Resolved (10/08/03) This item was discussed on the WG list between 5/2/03 and 5/9/03. Consensus apppears to support the notion that RFC 2829 was in error and that the semantics of RFC 2831 are correct and should be reflected in authmeth. This is already the case as of the -07 draft. H.43. DIGEST-MD5 Realms recommendations for LDAP From http://www.ietf.org/internet-drafts/draft-ietf-sasl-rfc2222bis- 02.txt: A protocol profile SHOULD provide a guidance how realms are to be constructed and used in the protocol and MAY further restrict its syntax and protocol-specific semantics." I don't believe that any such guidance exists within the LDAP TS. The most likely place for this to reside is in the authmeth draft. Related email from Alexey Melnikov (8/4/2003 1:08:40 PM): "The problem I have with the document is that it references realm without explaining what it is (or at least some examples of valid values). For LDAP, some recommendations should be given. For example: 1). Use a hardcoded string as the realm (one of the implementations I worked on was doing that) Harrison Expires January 2005 [Page 55]
Internet-Draft LDAP Authentication Methods 16 July 2004 2). Use hostname (realm==host) or domain/cluster name (realm includes multiple hosts). 3). Use a node in DIT above user entry, for example for "cn=Barbara Jensen, ou=Accounting, o=Ace Industry, c=US" and "cn=John Doe, ou=Accounting, o=Ace Industry, c=US" realm can be "ou=Accounting, o=Ace Industry, c=US" (or "o=Ace Industry, c=US"); for "cn=Gern Jensen, ou=Product Testing,o=Ace Industry, c=US" realm can be "ou=Product Testing, o=Ace Industry, c=US". Of course other choices are possible. Alexey To summarize: I'd like authmeth to define a realm name for use with Digest-MD5 that corresponds to LDAP DNs known to this server. Authzid is okay, but perhaps could be better put into context. John McMeeking (5/12/2003) Status: Resolved. draft-ietf-sasl-rfc2222bis-03.txt no longer requires this information in a SASL protocol. In addition, the ldapbis WG chairs have ruled this work out of scope. Individuals are welcome to make submissions to provide guidance on the use of realm and realm values in LDAP. H.44. Use of DNs in usernames and realms in DIGEST-MD5 In reading the discussion on the mailing list, I reach the following conclusions: DIGEST-MD5 username and realm are simple strings. The syntax of these strings allows strings that look like DNs in form, however, DIGEST-MD5 treats them a simple strings for comparision purposes. For example, the DNs cn=roger, o=US and cn=roger,o=us are equivalent when being compared semantically as DNs, however, these would be considered two different username values in DIGEST-MD5 because simple octet-wise semantics (rather than DN semantics) are used to compare username values in DIGEST-MD5. Ditto for realm values. Status: Resolved. In -07 revision I added notes to implementors expressing this issue in section 7.2. H.45: Open Issue: Is Simple+TLS mandatory to implement? Going forward, it would be much better to clarify that simple +TLS is to be used for DN/password credentials and DIGEST-MD5 (or PLAIN+TLS) be used for username/password credentials. (Kurt Zeilenga, 5/12/2003) Harrison Expires January 2005 [Page 56]
Internet-Draft LDAP Authentication Methods 16 July 2004 I don't believe you can mandate simple/TLS! At the time RFC 2829 was debated, a large number on the WG wanted this. They did not get their way because of the complexity of the solution. It was argued that a password-based method would be better. I think they believed it would still be DN/password, though. (Ron Ramsay, 5/12/2003) This was officially opened as an issue by WG co-chair Kurt Zeilenga on 5/12/03. Little direct discussion has occurred since, however there has been significant discussion on the use of DN values as the username for DIGEST-MD5. Status: Resolved. Based on WG list discussion, Kurt Zeilenga has gaged a lack of WG consensus that Simple+TLS should be mandatory to implement. No further discussion is necessary. Intellectual Property Rights By submitting this Internet-Draft, I accept the provisions of Section 3 of RFC 3667. By submitting this Internet-Draft, I certify that any applicable patent or other IPR claims of which I am aware have been disclosed, and any of which I become aware will be disclosed, in accordance with RFC 3668. The IETF takes no position regarding the validity or scope of any Intellectual Property Rights or other rights that might be claimed to pertain to the implementation or use of the technology described in this document or the extent to which any license under such rights might or might not be available; nor does it represent that it has made any independent effort to identify any such rights. Information on the procedures with respect to rights in RFC documents can be found in BCP 78 and BCP 79. Copies of IPR disclosures made to the IETF Secretariat and any assurances of licenses to be made available, or the result of an attempt made to obtain a general license or permission for the use of such proprietary rights by implementers or users of this specification can be obtained from the IETF on-line IPR repository at http://www.ietf.org/ipr. The IETF invites any interested party to bring to its attention any copyrights, patents or patent applications, or other proprietary rights that may cover technology that may be required to implement this standard. Please address the information to the IETF at ietf- ipr@ietf.org. Full Copyright Statement Harrison Expires January 2005 [Page 57]
Internet-Draft LDAP Authentication Methods 16 July 2004 Copyright (C) The Internet Society (2004). This document is subject to the rights, licenses and restrictions contained in BCP 78, and except as set forth therein, the authors retain all their rights. This document and the information contained herein are provided on an "AS IS" basis and THE CONTRIBUTOR, THE ORGANIZATION HE/SHE REPRESENTS OR IS SPONSORED BY (IF ANY), THE INTERNET SOCIETY AND THE INTERNET ENGINEERING TASK FORCE DISCLAIM ALL WARRANTIES, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO ANY WARRANTY THAT THE USE OF THE INFORMATION HEREIN WILL NOT INFRINGE ANY RIGHTS OR ANY IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. Harrison Expires January 2005 [Page 58]
