MIPSHOP Working Group Heejin Jang
Internet-Draft Samsung AIT
Intended status: Informational Junghoon Jee
Expires: July 6, 2007 ETRI
Youn-Hee Han
KUT
Soohong Daniel Park
Samsung Electronics
Jaesun Cha
ETRI
January 2, 2007
Mobile IPv6 Fast Handovers over IEEE 802.16e Networks
draft-ietf-mipshop-fh80216e-01.txt
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Copyright Notice
Copyright (C) The Internet Society (2007).
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Abstract
This document describes how a Mobile IPv6 Fast Handover could be
implemented on link layers conforming to the 802.16e suite of
specifications.
Table of Contents
1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
2. Terminology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
3. Deployment Architectures for Mobility on IEEE 802.16e . . . . 6
4. IEEE 802.16e Handovers Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
5. Network Topology Acquisition and Cell Selection . . . . . . . 9
6. Interaction between FMIPv6 and IEEE 802.16e . . . . . . . . . 10
6.1. Access Router Discovery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
6.2. Handover Preparation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
6.3. Handover Execution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
6.4. Handover Completion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
7. The Examples of Handover Scenario . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
7.1. Predictive Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
7.2. Reactive Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
8. Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
9. Acknowledgment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
10. Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Authors' Addresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Intellectual Property and Copyright Statements . . . . . . . . . . 20
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1. Introduction
In order to provide the session continuity during handover, Mobile
IPv6 protocol [2] is currently available. It is capable of handling
IP handovers between different subnets in a transparent way for
higher-level connections. However, the handover latency resulting
from standard Mobile IPv6 is often unacceptable to real-time traffic
such as Voice over IP, and Mobile IPv6 Fast Handover protocol
(FMIPv6) [3] has been proposed as a mechanism to improve the handover
latency by predicting and preparing the impending handover in
advance.
As [4] pointed out, Mobile IPv6 Fast Handover assumes the support
from the link-layer technology, but the particular link-layer
information available, as well as the timing of its availability
(before, during or after a handover has occurred), differs according
to the particular link-layer technology in use.
This document describes Mobile IPv6 Fast Handovers on 802.16
networks. There are three kinds of handover modes, hard handover,
fast base station (BS) switching and soft handover in IEEE 802.16e.
In this version of the draft, we consider the hard handover mode
because this is the default mode. We begin with a summary of a
handover procedure on 802.16e [6], the amendment of 802.16 for
mobility. Then the interaction between 802.16e and FMIPv6 is
presented with the primitives proposed by IEEE 802.21 for the close
interaction between Layer 2 and Layer 3. Lastly, the examples of
handover scenario are described for both predictive mode and reactive
mode.
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2. Terminology
The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
"SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this
document is to be interpreted as described in RFC2119 [1].
Most of terms used in this draft are defined in Mobile IPv6 [2] and
FMIPv6 [3].
The following terms come from IEEE 802.16e specification [6].
MOB_NBR-ADV
IEEE 802.16e neighbor advertisement message sent periodically
by a base station.
MOB_MSHO-REQ
IEEE 802.16e handover request message sent by a mobile node.
MOB_BSHO-RSP
IEEE 802.16e handover response message sent by a base station.
MOB_BSHO-REQ
IEEE 802.16e handover request message sent by a base station.
MOB_HO-IND
IEEE 802.16e handover indication message sent by a mobile node.
BSID
IEEE 802.16e base station identifier.
Additionally, the following triggers are proposed by IEEE 802.21 [7]
and the standardization is in progress. We also referred to [5].
New_BS_Found (NBF)
A trigger from the link layer to IP layer in a mobile node to
report that new BS is detected.
Link_Going_Down (LGD)
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A trigger from the link layer to IP layer in a mobile node to
report that a link down event will be fired in the near future.
Link_Up (LUP)
A trigger from the link layer to IP layer in a mobile node to
report that the mobile node completes L2 connection
establishment with a new BS and preparation for carrying IP
packets.
Link_Switch (LSW)
A control command come from IP layer to the link layer in a
mobile node in order to force the mobile node to switch from an
old BS to a new BS.
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3. Deployment Architectures for Mobility on IEEE 802.16e
In this section, we describe two possible deployment architectures of
802.16 networks and the mobile node's handover over it.
Figure 1 shows the deployment with two IP subnets. An access router
(AR) and several base stations (BSs) form a single subnet. In this
case, the movement between BSs does not always require IP mobility.
The handover from BS1 to BS2, or within same subnet, can be carried
out using link layer mobility without IP mobility. However, the
handover from BS5 to BS6 may require IP mobility since they belong to
the different subnets respectively.
/-------------------------------------\
| IP Backbone |
\-------------------------------------/
| |
/-----------\ /-----------\
| AR1 | | AR2 |
\-----------/ \-----------/
/ / | \ \ / / | \ \
/ / | \ \ / / | \ \
/ | | | \ / | | | \
BS1 BS2 BS3 BS4 BS5 BS6 BS7 BS8 BS9 BS10
Figure 1. The 802.16e deployment architecture in a centralized manner
Figure 2 represents an alternative 802.16e deployment where a subnet
consists of only single AR and single BS. In this case, a BS may be
integrated with an AR, composing one box in view of implementation.
Every handover in this architecture means a change of subnet,
resulting in IP handovers.
/------------------\
| IP Backbone |
\------------------/
/ | \
/ | \
/ | \
----- ----- -----
| AR1 | | AR2 | | AR3 |
| BS1 | | BS2 | | BS3 |
----- ----- -----
Figure 2. The 802.16e deployment architecture with integrated BSs &
ARs
The FMIPv6 is a kind of IP mobility solution, so needs to be
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performed when a mobile node (MN) handovers across the subnet.
Regarding its specific operation, the FBU (Fast Binding Update)
message is sent conditionally depending on whether the target BS is
under different subnet or not. The information may be available to
the MN before handover through the link-layer technology or
implementation-specific method. This document describes the case
when an MN handovers across the subnet.
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4. IEEE 802.16e Handovers Overview
Compared with the handover in the wireless LAN, the 802.16e handover
mechanism consists of more steps since 802.16e embraces the
functionality for elaborate parameter adjustment and procedural
flexibility.
When an MN stays in a link, it listens to L2 neighbor advertisement
messages, named MOB_NBR-ADV, from its serving BS. A BS broadcasts
them periodically to identify the network and announces the
characteristics of neighbor BSs. Once receiving this, the mobile
node decodes this message to find out information about the
parameters of neighbors for its future handover. With the provided
information in MOB_NBR-ADV, the MN may minimize the handover latency
by decoding the channel number of neighbors and reducing the scanning
time, or may select the target BS tailored for its taste.
In 802.16e, the handover procedure is conceptually divided into two
steps: ``handover preparation'' and ``handover execution'' [8]. The
handover preparation begins with a decision by MN or BS. During the
handover preparation, neighbors are compared by the metrics such as
signal strength or QoS parameters and the target BS is selected among
them. If necessary, the MN may try to associate (initial ranging)
with candidate BSs to expedite a potential future handover. Once the
MN decides handover, it may notify its intent by sending MOB_MSHO-REQ
message to the serving BS (s-BS). The serving BS then replies with
MOB_BSHO-RSP containing the recommended BSs to the MN after
negotiating with candidates. When the target is decided, the BS may
confirm the handover to target BS (t-BS) over backbone. The BS also
can trigger handover with MOB_BSHO-REQ message.
After handover preparation, handover execution starts. When the MN
sets the target BS finally and is about to move to the link, it sends
MOB_HO-IND to the serving BS as a final indication for handover and
for resource release, then conducting handover. Once the MN switches
the link, it shall conduct 802.16e ranging through which it can
acquire physical parameters from the target BS, tuning its parameters
to the target BS. After ranging with the target BS successfully, the
MN negotiates basic capabilities and performs authentication, finally
registering with the target BS. If the target BS has already learned
some contexts such as authentication or capability parameters through
backbone, the MN may omit the corresponding procedures. Since this
point, the target BS starts to serve the MN and communication via
target BS is available. However, when the MN moves to different
subnet, it should re-configure new IP address and re-establish IP
connection. To resume the active session of previous link, the MN
should perform IP handover additionally.
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5. Network Topology Acquisition and Cell Selection
An MN can learn the network topology and acquire the link information
in two ways. One method is via L2 neighbor advertisements. A BS
supporting mobile functionality shall broadcast a MOB_NBR-ADV message
including the network topology at a periodic interval (maximum
interval, 1sec.). This message includes the BSID and channel
information of neighbor BSs and is used to facilitate the MN's
synchronization with neighbor BSs. An MN can collect the necessary
information of the neighbor BSs for its future handover through this
message.
Another method for acquisition of network topology is scanning, which
is the process to seek and monitor available BS suitability as
targets for handover. While the MOB_NBR-ADV message includes static
information about neighbor BSs, scanning provides rather dynamic
parameters such as link quality parameters. Since the MOB_NBR-ADV
message delivers a list of neighbor BSIDs periodically and scanning
provides a way to sort out some adequate BSs, it is recommended that
when new BSs are found in the advertisement, the MN identifies them
via scanning and resolves their BSIDs to the associated network
information. The association, optional initial ranging procedure
occurring during scanning, is one of the helpful methods to
facilitate the impending handover. An MN is able to get ranging
parameters and service availability information for the purpose of
proper selection of the target BS and expediting a potential future
handover to it.
After learning about neighbors, the MN may compare them to find
another BS which can serve better than the serving BS. The target BS
may be determined considering various criteria such as required QoS,
cost, user preference, policy, etc. How to select the target BS is
not in the scope of this draft.
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6. Interaction between FMIPv6 and IEEE 802.16e
In this section, we describe the desirable FMIPv6 handover procedure
in 802.16 networks. We introduce four primitives for the close
interaction between FMIPv6 and 802.16e, and present their interaction
by using the primitives.
6.1. Access Router Discovery
Once a new BS is detected through the reception of MOB_NBR-ADV, an MN
tries to learn the associated AR information. With the new BSID in
MOB_NBR-ADV message, the MN requests the associated AR information to
the PAR (Previous AR). To minimize the possible latency from new BS
detection in link layer (802.16) to the resolution in IP layer
(fmip6), the link layer can trigger the New_BS_Found primitive to the
IP layer within the MN.
The result of resolving BSIDs is a list of [BSID, AR-Info] tuple(s).
AR-Info consists of the corresponding new AR's information including
its prefix, IP address and link layer address. The RtSolPr (Router
Solicitation for Proxy Advertisement) and PrRtAdv (Proxy Router
Advertisement) messages of FMIPv6 are used for the resolution. Note
that this phase is not necessarily involved with any specific
handover procedure and the MN may perform them at any convenient
time.
6.2. Handover Preparation
As mentioned in Section 4, an MN may initiate handover by sending
MOB_MSHO-REQ to the serving BS and receive MOB_BSHO-RSP from it.
Also, the BS can initiate handover by sending MOB_BSHO-REQ to the MN.
After receiving either MOB_BSHO-RSP or MOB_BSHO-REQ message, the MN
may send FBU (Fast Binding Update) to the PAR. At this time, the
Link_Going_Down (LGD) is introduced to signal IP layer of the arrival
of MOB_BSHO-REQ/MOB_BSHO-RSP in link layer as soon as possible. The
MN may be notified of the target BS as a parameter at the same time.
On receiving LGD, the MN's IP layer (fmip6) sends FBU to the PAR.
Before sending FBAck (Fast Binding Acknowledgement) to the MN, the
PAR sets up tunnel between PCoA (Previous CoA) and NCoA (New CoA) by
exchange of HI (Handover Initiate) and HAck (Handover Acknowledge)
messages, and forwards the packets destined for MN to NCoA. During
this time, an available NCoA is confirmed with HAck message.
After the MN sends a MOB_HO-IND to the serving BS, data packet
transfer between MN and serving BS is not allowed any more.
Therefore, if possible, the MN should exchange a FBU and a FBAck
message with the PAR before sending MOB_HO-IND to the serving BS so
as to operate as predictive mode.
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6.3. Handover Execution
When the FBAck message arrives before handover, the MN runs
predictive mode. If the MN can not acquire FBAck message on the
current link, it should run the reactive mode after handover. Note
that when MOB_HO-IND is sent prior to the arrival of FBAck, the MN
should operate as reactive mode since when the serving BS receives
this message, it releases MN's all connections and resources. The
serving BS may retain the resource until the resource retain timer
expires.
If applicable, the primitive from IP layer to link layer can be used
to optimize the L2/L3 interaction. Link_Switch trigger (LSW) can be
issued from the IP layer to the link layer within MN when FBAck
message arrives to make the possibility of predictive mode operation
higher or to promote the issue of MOB_HO-IND message immediately.
Similar concept has already introduced for the wireless LAN in [5]
and the IEEE 802.21 document [8] also provides MIH (Media Independent
Handover) command service for the same reason.
After switching links, the MN synchronizes with the target BS and
performs the 802.16e network entry procedure. The MN may exchange
the RNG-REQ/RSP, SBC-REQ/RSP, PKM-REQ/RSP and REG-REQ/RSP messages
with the target BS. Some of these messages may be omitted if the
(previously) serving BS transferred the context to the target BS over
the backbone before. On completion of the network entry procedure,
according to WiMAX model, the initial service flow (ISF) for IPv6 CS
needs to be established by the network. ISF is the first flow of the
pre-provisioned service before carrying the data packets. For more
detailed description, refer to [9]. After that, the MN's link layer
informs its IP layer of the fact with Link_Up (LUP) trigger, forcing
IP layer to send FNA (Fast Neighbor Advertisement) to the NAR (New
AR). In case of reactive mode, the MN should include the FBU within
the FNA message.
6.4. Handover Completion
Receiving the FNA, in predictive mode, the NAR should verify the
availability of NCoA. If the NAR detects the NCoA is already in use,
it MUST discard the FBU and reply with Router Advertisement with
Neighbor Advertisement Acknowledge (NAACK) option to the MN.
Otherwise, the NAR starts to flush the buffered packets to MN. In
reactive mode, the NAR should forward the inner FBU to the PAR,
establishing the tunnel, finally forwarding the packets destined to
the NCoA to the MN.
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7. The Examples of Handover Scenario
In this section, the recommended handover procedure over 802.16
network is shown for both predictive mode and reactive mode. Note
that there is no need of IP mobility when the target BS is under same
subnet. Therefore FBU is sent conditionally depending on whether the
target BS is under different subnet or not. In following scenarios,
the MN is assumed to move to the different subnet.
7.1. Predictive Mode
The procedure is described briefly as follows.
1. A BS broadcasts MOB_NBR-ADV periodically.
2. If the MN discovers a new neighbor BS in this message, it
may perform scanning for it.
3. When a new BS is found through the MOB_NBR-ADV or
scanning, the MN's link layer notifies it of the IP layer
(fmip6) by New_BS_Found primitive.
4. Then the MN may try to resolve new neighbor's BSID to the
associated AR by exchange of RtSolPr and PrRtAdv with the
PAR.
5. The MN initiates handover by sending MOB_MSHO-REQ to the
serving BS and receives MOB_BSHO-RSP from it. Also, the
serving BS can initiate handover by sending MOB_BSHO-REQ
to the MN.
6. When the MN receives either MOB_BSHO-RSP or MOB_BSHO-REQ
from BS, its link layer triggers Link_Going_Down to IP
layer.
7. On reception of LGD, the MN IP layer exchanges FBU and
FBAck with the PAR. Before sending the FBAck, the PAR
establishes tunnel with the NAR by exchange of HI and HAck
messages. During this time, the NAR confirms NCoA
availability in new link via HAck.
8. When the FBAck arrives before handover, the MN
operates as predictive mode. It sends MOB_HO-IND
as a final indication of handovers.
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9. The MN conducts handover to the target BS and performs
802.16e network entry procedure.
10. As soon as the network entry and ISF setup are completed,
the MN's link layer signals its IP layer with Link_Up and
then the MN issues the FNA encapsulating FBU to the NAR.
11. When the NAR receives the FNA from the MN, it delivers
the buffered packets to the MN.
---------- ----------
MN L3 MN L2 | s-BS PAR | | NAR t-BS |
---------- ----------
| | | | | |
|<-NBF-|<-----MOB_NBR-ADV-------| | | |
| |( Scanning )| | | |
|--------------(RtSolPr)-------------->| | |
|<--------------PrRtAdv----------------| | |
| | | | | |
| | [MN initiation] | | | |
| |------MOB_MNHO-REQ----->| | | |
|<-LGD-|<-----MOB_BSHO-RSP------| | | |
| | or | | | |
| | [BS initiation] | | | |
|<-LGD-|<-----MOB_BSHO-REQ------| | | |
| | | | | |
|------------------FBU---------------->| | |
| | | |-----HI---->| |
| | | |<---HACK----| |
|<-----------------FBACK---------------|--> | |
|(LSW)>|-------MOB_HO-IND------>| forward========>| |
disconnect | packets | |
| connect | | | |
|<-LUP-|<--------802.16 network reentry & ISF ------------>|
connect | | | |
|-------------------------FNA---------------------->| |
|<===============================================deliver |
| | | | packets |
Figure 3. Predictive Fast Handover in 802.16
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7.2. Reactive Mode
The procedure is described as follows in case of reactive mode.
1. A BS broadcasts MOB_NBR-ADV periodically.
2. If the MN discovers a new neighbor BS in this message, it
may perform scanning for it.
3. When a new BS is found through the MOB_NBR-ADV or
scanning, the MN's link layer notifies it of the IP layer
(fmip6) by New_BS_Found primitive.
4. Then the MN may try to resolve new neighbor's BSID to the
associated AR by exchange of RtSolPr and PrRtAdv with the
PAR.
5. The MN initiates handover by sending MOB_MSHO-REQ to the
BS and receives MOB_BSHO-RSP from the BS. Also, the BS
can initiate handover by sending MOB_BSHO-REQ to the MN.
6. When the MN receives either MOB_BSHO-RSP or MOB_BSHO-REQ
from the BS, its link layer triggers Link_Going_Down to
IP layer, thereby sending FBU if possible.
7. When the MN can not receive FBAck on the current link, it
runs the reactive mode. After conducting handover to the
target BS, the MN performs the 802.16e network entry
procedure.
8. As soon as the network entry and ISF setup are completed,
the MN's link layer signals its IP layer with Link_Up and
then the MN issues the FNA encapsulating FBU to the NAR.
9. Receiving FNA, the NAR verifies the availability of NCoA
and forwards the inner FBU to the PAR, establishing the
tunnel.
10. If the NAR detects the NCoA is already in use, it MUST
discard the FBU and reply with Router Advertisement with
NAACK option to the MN. Otherwise, it delivers the
packets destined for NCoA to the MN.
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---------- ----------
MN L3 MN L2 | s-BS PAR | | NAR t-BS |
---------- ----------
| | | | | |
|<-NBF-|<-----MOB_NBR-ADV-------| | | |
| |( Scanning )| | | |
|--------------(RtSolPr)-------------->| | |
|<--------------PrRtAdv----------------| | |
| | | | | |
| | [MN initiation] | | | |
| |------MOB_MSHO-REQ----->| | | |
|<-LGD-|<-----MOB_BSHO-RSP------| | | |
| | or | | | |
| | [BS initiation] | | | |
|<-LGD-|<-----MOB_BSHO-REQ------| | | |
| | | | | |
|-----------------(FBU)--------------->| | |
| |-------MOB_HO-IND------>| | | |
disconnect| | | | |
| connect | | | |
|<-LUP-|<--------802.16 network reentry & ISF ------------>|
connect | | | |
|-------------------------FNA[FBU]----------------->| |
| | | |<---FBU-----| |
| | | |----FBACK-->| |
| | | forward | |
| | | packets=========>| |
|<================================================deliver |
| | | | packets |
Figure 4. Reactive Fast Handover in 802.16
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8. Security Considerations
The security consideration of the FMIPv6 specification [3] is
applicable to this document. Particularly, 802.16e architecture
supports a number of mandatory authorization mechanisms, for example,
EAP-TTLS, EAP-SIM and EAP-AKA, as well as, secure IP address
management between the MN and its network entity. That will allow
secure handover operation between the mobile node and the network
entity.
Further security considerations will be carefully studied along with
this document.
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9. Acknowledgment
Many thanks IETF Mobility Working Group members of KWISF (Korea
Wireless Internet Standardization Forum) for their efforts on this
work. In addition, we would like to thank Alper E. Yegin, Jinhyeock
Choi and Misun Do who have provided the technical advice.
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10. Normative References
[1] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate Requirement
Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, March 1997.
[2] Johnson, D., Perkins, C., and J. Arkko, "Mobility Support in
IPv6", RFC 3775, June 2004.
[3] Koodli, R., "Fast Handovers for Mobile IPv6", RFC 4068,
July 2005.
[4] McCann, P., "Mobile IPv6 Fast Handovers for 802.11 Networks",
RFC 4260, November 2005.
[5] Teraoka, F., "Unified L2 Abstractions for L3-Driven Fast
Handover", draft-irtf-mobopts-l2-abstractions-01 (work in
progress), September 2006.
[6] IEEE 802.16 TGe Working Document, "Amendment 2:
Physical and Medium Access Control Layers for Combined Fixed and
Mobile Operation in Licensed Bands and Corrigendum 1",
IEEE Std 802.16e¢â-2005 and IEEE Std 802.16¢â-2004/Cor 1-2005,
February 2006.
[7] IEEE 802.21 Working Group Document,"Draft IEEE Standard for Local
and Metropolitan Area Networks: Media Independent Handover
Services", IEEE P802.21/D03.00, December 2006.
[8] Kim, K., Kim, C., and T. Kim, "A Seamless Handover Mechanism
for IEEE 802.16e Broadband Wireless Access", International
Conference on Computational Science, vol. 2, pp. 527-534, 2005.
[9] WiMAX Network Working Group, "End-to-End Network Systems
Architecture (Stage 3: Detailed Protocols and Procedures)",
August 2006 release 1 V&V Draft.
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Authors' Addresses
Heejin Jang
Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology
P.O. Box 111
Suwon 440-600
Korea
Email: heejin.jang@samsung.com
Junghoon Jee
Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute
161 Gajeong-dong, Yuseong-gu
Daejon 305-350
Korea
Email: jhjee@etri.re.kr
Youn-Hee Han
Korea University of Technology and Education
Email: yh21.han@gmail.com
Soohong Daniel Park
Samsung Electronics
416 Maetan-3dong, Yeongtong-gu
Suwon 442-742
Korea
Email: soohong.park@samsung.com
Jaesun Cha
Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute
161 Gajeong-dong, Yuseong-gu
Daejon 305-350
Korea
Email: jscha@etri.re.kr
Jang, et al. Expires July 6, 2007 [Page 19]
Internet-Draft FMIPv6 over 802.16e January 2007
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