MIPSHOP Working Group Heejin Jang
Internet-Draft Samsung AIT
Intended status: Informational Junghoon Jee
Expires: May 19, 2008 ETRI
Youn-Hee Han
KUT
Soohong Daniel Park
Samsung Electronics
Jaesun Cha
ETRI
November 16, 2007
Mobile IPv6 Fast Handovers over IEEE 802.16e Networks
draft-ietf-mipshop-fh80216e-05.txt
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Copyright Notice
Copyright (C) The IETF Trust (2007).
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Abstract
This document describes how a Mobile IPv6 Fast Handover can be
implemented on link layers conforming to the 802.16e suite of
specifications.
Table of Contents
1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
2. Terminology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
3. IEEE 802.16e Handover Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
4. Network Topology Acquisition and Network Selection . . . . . . 8
5. Interaction between FMIPv6 and IEEE 802.16e . . . . . . . . . 9
5.1. Access Router Discovery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
5.2. Handover Preparation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
5.3. Handover Execution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
5.4. Handover Completion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
6. The Examples of Handover Scenario . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
6.1. Predictive Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
6.2. Reactive Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
7. Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
8. IANA Consideration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
9. Acknowledgment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
10. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
10.1. Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
10.2. Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Authors' Addresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Intellectual Property and Copyright Statements . . . . . . . . . . 20
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1. Introduction
Mobile IPv6 (MIPv6) [RFC3775] is currently available to provide the
session continuity during handover. It is capable of handling IP
handover between different subnets in a transparent way for higher-
layer connections. However, the handover latency resulting from
MIPv6 is often unacceptable to real-time traffic such as Voice over
IP, and Mobile IPv6 Fast Handover protocol (FMIPv6) [RFC4068bis] has
been proposed as a mechanism to reduce the handover latency by
predicting and preparing the impending handover in advance.
As [RFC4260] pointed out, FMIPv6 assumes the support from the link-
layer technology, but the specific link-layer information available,
as well as the timing of its availability (before, during or after a
handover occurs), differs according to the particular link-layer
technology in use. This document is proposed to provide
informational guide to the developers about how to optimize the
FMIPv6 handover procedure, specifically in the 802.16 networks.
To provide the seamless handover, this proposal tries to maximize the
benefits of synchronizing the link layer handover with the fast IP
handover procedure by exploiting the link-layer handover indicators
when available. In this proposal, the Media Independent Handover
(MIH) services being defined in the IEEE 802.21 working group
[802.21] is used as an example of link-layer specific indicators for
this purpose. This document introduces a set of useful messages
among primitives proposed by IEEE 802.21 which can be cooperated with
802.16 handover and FMIPv6 procedures, and provides the most
appropriate timing for the trigger of each selected primitive during
802.16 handover procedure.
We begin with a summary of a handover procedure of [802.16e] which is
the amendment of 802.16 for mobility. Then the interaction between
802.16e and FMIPv6 is presented with the primitives proposed by IEEE
802.21 [802.21] for the close interaction between Layer 2 and Layer
3. Lastly, the examples of handover scenarios are described for both
predictive mode and reactive mode.
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2. Terminology
The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
"SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this
document is to be interpreted as described in [RFC2119].
Most of terms used in this document are defined in MIPv6 [RFC3775]
and FMIPv6 [RFC4068bis].
The following terms come from IEEE 802.16e specification [802.16e].
MOB_NBR-ADV
An IEEE 802.16e neighbor advertisement message sent
periodically by a base station.
MOB_MSHO-REQ
An IEEE 802.16e handover request message sent by a mobile node.
MOB_BSHO-RSP
An IEEE 802.16e handover response message sent by a base
station.
MOB_BSHO-REQ
An IEEE 802.16e handover request message sent by a base
station.
MOB_HO-IND
An IEEE 802.16e handover indication message sent by a mobile
node.
BSID
An IEEE 802.16e base station identifier.
Additionally, the following primitives are proposed by [802.21] and
the standardization is in progress.
Link_Detected (LD)
A trigger from the link layer to the IP layer in a mobile node
to report that a new link is detected.
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Link_Handover_Imminent (LHI)
A trigger from the link layer to the IP layer in a mobile node
to report that a native link layer handover/switch decision has
been made and its execution is imminent.
Link_Up (LUP)
A trigger from the link layer to the IP layer in a mobile node
to report that the mobile node completes the link layer
connection establishment with a new BS.
Handover_Commit (HC)
A control command from the IP layer to the link layer in a
mobile node in order to force the mobile node to switch from an
old BS to a new BS.
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3. IEEE 802.16e Handover Overview
Compared with the handover in the wireless LAN, the 802.16e handover
mechanism consists of more steps since 802.16e embraces the
functionality for elaborate parameter adjustment and procedural
flexibility.
When a mobile node (MN) stays in a link, it listens to L2 neighbor
advertisement messages, named a MOB_NBR-ADV, from its serving base
station (BS). A BS broadcasts them periodically to identify the
network and announces the characteristics of neighbor BSs. Once
receiving this, the MN decodes this message to find out information
about the parameters of neighbor BSs for its future handover. With
the provided information in a MOB_NBR-ADV, the MN may minimize the
handover latency by obtaining the channel number of neighbors and
reducing the scanning time, or may select the better target BS based
on the signal strength, QoS level, service price, etc.
The handover procedure is conceptually divided into two steps:
``handover preparation'' and ``handover execution'' [SH-802.16e].
The handover preparation can be initiated by either the MN or the BS.
During this period, neighbors are compared by the metrics such as
signal strength or QoS parameters and a target BS is selected among
them. If necessary, the MN may try to associate (initial ranging)
with candidate BSs to expedite a future handover. Once the MN
decides handover, it notifies its intent by sending a MOB_MSHO-REQ
message to the serving BS. The BS then replies with a MOB_BSHO-RSP
containing the recommended BSs to the MN after negotiating with
candidates. Optionally it may confirm handover to the target BS over
backbone when the target is decided. The BS alternatively may
trigger handover with a MOB_BSHO-REQ message.
After handover preparation, handover execution starts. When the MN
is about to move to the new link after deciding the target BS, it
sends a MOB_HO-IND message to the serving BS as a final indication
for its handover. Once the MN makes a new attachment, it conducts
802.16e ranging through which it can acquire physical parameters from
the target BS, tuning its parameters to the target BS. After ranging
with the target BS successfully, the MN negotiates basic capabilities
such as maximum transmit power and modulator/demodulator type. It
then performs authentication and key exchange procedure, and finally
registers with the target BS. If the target BS has already learned
some contexts such as authentication or capability parameters through
backbone, it may omit the corresponding procedures. For the detailed
procedure of the 802.16 network entry, refer to section 6.3.22 of
[802.16e]. After completing registration, the target BS starts to
serve the MN and communication via target BS is available. However,
when the MN moves to a different subnet, it should re-configure a new
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IP address and re-establish an IP connection. To resume the active
session of the previous link, the MN should perform IP layer handover
additionally.
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4. Network Topology Acquisition and Network Selection
This section describes how discovery of adjacent networks and
selection of target network work in 802.16e for background
information.
An MN can learn the network topology and acquire the link information
in two ways. One method is via L2 neighbor advertisements. A BS
supporting mobile functionality shall broadcast a MOB_NBR-ADV message
including the network topology periodically (maximum interval,
1sec.). This message includes BSIDs and channel information of
neighbor BSs, and is used to facilitate the MN's synchronization with
neighbor BSs. An MN can collect the necessary information of the
neighbor BSs through this message for its future handover.
Another method for acquisition of network topology is scanning, which
is the process to seek and monitor available BSs in order to find
suitable handover targets. While a MOB_NBR-ADV message includes
static information about neighbor BSs, scanning provides rather
dynamic parameters such as link quality parameters. Since the
MOB_NBR-ADV message delivers a list of neighbor BSIDs periodically
and scanning provides a way to sort out some adequate BSs, it is
recommended that when new BSs are found in the advertisement, the MN
identifies them via scanning and resolves their BSIDs to the
information of the subnet where the BS is connected. The
association, an optional initial ranging procedure occurring during
scanning, is one of the helpful methods to facilitate the impending
handover. The MN is able to get ranging parameters and service
availability information for the purpose of proper selection of the
target BS and expediting a potential future handover to it. The
detailed explanation of association is described in section 6.3.22 of
[802.16e].
After learning about neighbors, the MN may compare them to find a BS
which can serve better than the serving BS. The target BS may be
determined by considering various criteria such as required QoS,
cost, user preference, and policy. How to select the target BS is
not in the scope of this document.
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5. Interaction between FMIPv6 and IEEE 802.16e
In this section, we describe the desirable FMIPv6 handover procedure
in 802.16 networks. We introduce four primitives proposed by
[802.21] for the close interaction between FMIPv6 and 802.16e, and
present the detailed interaction procedure.
5.1. Access Router Discovery
Once a new BS is detected through the reception of a MOB_NBR-ADV and
scanning, an MN may try to learn the associated AR information as
soon as possible. In order to enable quick discovery of the
associated AR information in the IP layer, the link layer (802.16)
triggers a Link_Detected primitive to the IP layer (FMIPv6) on
detecting the new BS.
Receiving the Link_Detected from the link layer, the IP layer tries
to learn the associated AR information by exchanging the RtSolPr
(Router Solicitation for Proxy Advertisement) and the PrRtAdv (Proxy
Router Advertisement) with the PAR. The result of resolving BSIDs is
a list of [BSID, AR-Info] tuple(s). AR-Info consists of AR's prefix,
IP address and link layer address.
5.2. Handover Preparation
As mentioned in section 4, an MN initiates handover by sending a
MOB_MSHO-REQ to the BS and receives a MOB_BSHO-RSP from the BS as a
response. Alternatively, the BS can initiate handover by sending a
MOB_BSHO-REQ to the MN. After receiving either MOB_BSHO-RSP or
MOB_BSHO-REQ message, the MN sends an FBU (Fast Binding Update) to
the PAR.
After receiving either a MOB_BSHO-RSP or MOB_BSHO-REQ, the MN
triggers the Link_Handover_Imminent (LHI) in order to signal the IP
layer of the arrival of MOB_BSHO-REQ/MOB_BSHO-RSP in the link layer
as soon as possible. According to [802.21], the LHI primitive is
used to report that a native link layer handover/switch decision has
been made and its execution is imminent. At this time, the target
network decided in the link layer is notified to the IP layer by
using the MAC_access_router parameter (MAC address of the target AR)
of the LHI primitive.
On receiving the LHI, the IP layer sends an FBU to the PAR. Before
sending an FBack (Fast Binding Acknowledgement) to the MN, the PAR
sets up a tunnel between the PCoA (Previous CoA) and the NCoA (New
CoA) by exchanging HI (Handover Initiate) and HAck (Handover
Acknowledge) messages with the NAR, and forwards the packets destined
for the MN to NCoA. During the tunnel set-up procedure, the NAR
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checks the availability of the NCoA and confirms it in the HAck
message.
After the MN sends a MOB_HO-IND to the serving BS, data packet
transfer between the MN and the BS is not allowed any more.
Therefore, if possible, the MN should exchange an FBU and an FBack
message with the PAR before sending a MOB_HO-IND to the BS so as to
operate in predictive mode.
5.3. Handover Execution
When an FBack message arrives before handover, an MN runs in
predictive mode. If the MN can not acquire an FBack message on the
current link, it should run in reactive mode after handover. Note
that when a MOB_HO-IND is sent before an FBack arrives, the MN will
operate in reactive mode because the serving BS releases the MN's all
connections and resources after it receives a MOB_HO-IND. The BS may
retain the resource until the resource retain timer expires.
When an FBack message arrives, a Handover_Commit (HC) may be issued
from the IP layer to the link layer optionally so as to promote
sending the MOB_HO-IND message immediately. Until the HC occurs, the
link-layer keeps the current link if possible and postpone sending a
MOB_HO-IND message as long as possible to operate in predictive mode.
Similar concept has already introduced for the wireless LAN in
[I-D.irtf-mobopts-l2-abstractions]. An HC is also a command service
provided by [802.21].
After switching links, the MN synchronizes with the target BS and
performs the 802.16e network entry procedure. The MN exchanges the
RNG-REQ/RSP, SBC-REQ/RSP, PKM-REQ/RSP and REG-REQ/RSP messages with
the target BS. Some of these messages may be omitted if the
(previously) serving BS transferred the context to the target BS over
the backbone beforehand. When the network entry procedure is
completed and the link layer is ready for data transmission, it
informs the IP layer of the fact with a Link_Up (LUP) primitive,
forcing the IP layer to send an FNA (Fast Neighbor Advertisement) to
the NAR. In case of reactive mode, the MN should include an FBU
within an FNA message.
5.4. Handover Completion
When an MN establishes link connectivity with the NAR, it sends an
FNA message to the NAR. When an NCoA in the FNA is acceptable, in
predictive mode, the NAR stops defending the NCoA and delivers the
buffered packets to the MN. In reactive mode, the MN sends the FNA
containing the FBU. If the NAR detects the NCoA is already in use,
it MUST discard the FBU and reply with Router Advertisement with
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Neighbor Advertisement Acknowledge (NAACK) option to the MN.
Otherwise, the NAR forwards the inner FBU to the PAR, establishes the
tunnel, and finally delivers packets destined for the NCoA to the MN.
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6. The Examples of Handover Scenario
In this section, the recommended handover procedure over the 802.16e
network is shown for both predictive mode and reactive mode.
6.1. Predictive Mode
The procedure is described briefly as follows.
1. A BS broadcasts a MOB_NBR-ADV periodically.
2. If an MN discovers a new neighbor BS in this message, it
may perform scanning for the BS.
3. When a new BS is found through the MOB_NBR-ADV and
scanning, the MN's link layer notifies it to the IP layer
(FMIPv6) by a Link_Detected primitive.
4. Then the MN tries to resolve the new BS's BSID to the
associated AR by exchange of RtSolPr and PrRtAdv messages
with the PAR.
5. The MN initiates handover by sending a MOB_MSHO-REQ message
to the BS and receives a MOB_BSHO-RSP from the BS.
Alternatively, the BS may initiate handover by sending a
MOB_BSHO-REQ to the MN.
6. When the MN receives either MOB_BSHO-RSP or MOB_BSHO-REQ
from the BS, its link layer triggers a
Link_Handover_Imminent primitive to the IP layer.
7. On reception of a Link_Handover_Imminent, the MN's IP layer
sends an FBU message to the PAR. On receiving this message,
the PAR establishes tunnel with the NAR by exchange of HI
and HAck messages. During this time, the NAR confirms NCoA
availability in the new link via HAck.
8. The MN receives an FBack message before its handover and
operates in predictive mode after handover. It sends a
MOB_HO-IND message as a final indication of handover.
Issue of a MOB_HO-IND may be promoted by using a
Handover_Commit command from the IP layer.
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9. The MN conducts handover to the target BS and performs
the 802.16e network entry procedure.
10. As soon as the network entry procedure is completed, the
MN's link layer signals the IP layer with a Link_Up and
the MN issues an FNA to the NAR.
11. When the NAR receives the FNA from the MN, it delivers
the buffered packets to the MN.
(MN L3 MN L2) s-BS PAR NAR t-BS
| | | | | |
1-2. | |<---MOB_NBR-ADV --------| | | |
| |<-------Scanning------->| | | |
3. |<-LD--| | | | |
4. |--------------(RtSolPr)-------------->| | |
|<--------------PrRtAdv----------------| | |
| | | | | |
5. | |------MOB_MSHO-REQ----->| | | |
| |<-----MOB_BSHO-RSP------| | | |
| | or | | | |
| |<-----MOB_BSHO-REQ------| | | |
6. |<-LHI-| | | | |
7. |------------------FBU---------------->| | |
| | | |-----HI---->| |
| | | |<---HACK----| |
|<-----------------FBack---------------|--> | |
| | | forward pkt=====>| |
8. |(HC)->|-------MOB_HO-IND------>| | | |
disconnect| | | | |
connect | | | | |
9. | |<-------------802.16 network entry---------------->|
10. |<-LUP-| | | | |
|-------------------------FNA---------------------->| |
11. |<=============================================deliver pkt |
| | | | |
Figure 3. Predictive Fast Handover in 802.16e
6.2. Reactive Mode
The procedure is described as follows in case of reactive mode.
1.~ 7. The same as the case of predictive Mode.
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8. In case the MN cannot receive an FBack message before its
handover, it operates in reactive mode after handover.
It sends a MOB_HO-IND message as a final indication of
handover.
9. The MN conducts handover to the target BS and performs
the 802.16e network entry procedure.
10. As soon as the network entry procedure is completed, the
MN's link layer signals the IP layer with a Link_Up and
the MN issues an FNA encapsulating an FBU to the NAR.
11. Receiving the FNA, the NAR verifies the availability of
NCoA and forwards the inner FBU to the PAR, establishing
the tunnel. If the NAR detects an NCoA is already in use,
it MUST discard the FBU and reply with Router Advertisement
with NAACK option to the MN. Otherwise, it delivers the
packets destined for NCoA to the MN.
(MN L3 MN L2) s-BS PAR NAR t-BS
| | | | | |
1-2. | |<---MOB_NBR-ADV & Scan--| | | |
| |<-------Scanning------->| | | |
3. |<-LD--| | | | |
4. |--------------(RtSolPr)-------------->| | |
|<--------------PrRtAdv----------------| | |
| | | | | |
5. | |------MOB_MSHO-REQ----->| | | |
| |<-----MOB_BSHO-RSP------| | | |
| | or | | | |
| |<-----MOB_BSHO-REQ------| | | |
6. |<-LHI-| | | | |
7. |--------FBU----X---> | | | |
8. | |-------MOB_HO-IND------>| | | |
disconnect| | | | |
connect | | | | |
9. | |<-------------802.16 network entry---------------->|
10. |<-LUP-| | | | |
|-------------------------FNA[FBU]----------------->| |
11. | | | |<---FBU-----| |
| | | |----FBack-->| |
| | | forward pkt=====>| |
|<=============================================deliver pkt |
| | | | | |
Figure 4. Reactive Fast Handover in 802.16e
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7. Security Considerations
The security consideration of the FMIPv6 specification [RFC4068bis]
is applicable to this document. Particularly, the 802.16e
architecture supports a number of mandatory authentication
mechanisms, for example, EAP-TTLS, EAP-SIM and EAP-AKA, as well as,
secure IP address management between the MN and its network entity.
That will allow secure handover operation between the MN and the
network entity.
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8. IANA Consideration
This document does not require any new number assignment from IANA.
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9. Acknowledgment
Many thanks IETF Mobility Working Group members of KWISF (Korea
Wireless Internet Standardization Forum) for their efforts on this
work. In addition, we would like to thank Alper E. Yegin, Jinhyeock
Choi, Rajeev Koodli, Soininen Jonne, Gabriel Montenegro, Singh Ajoy,
Yoshihiro Ohba, Behcet Sarikaya, Vijay Devarapalli and Ved Kafle who
have provided the technical advice.
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10. References
10.1. Normative References
[RFC2119] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, March 1997.
[RFC3775] Johnson, D., Perkins, C., and J. Arkko, "Mobility Support
in IPv6", RFC 3775, June 2004.
[RFC4068bis] Koodli, R., "Mobile IPv6 Fast Handovers", draft-ietf
-mipshop-fmipv6-rfc4068bis-03 (work in progress),
October 2007.
[802.16e] IEEE 802.16 TGe Working Document, "Amendment 2: Physical
and Medium Access Control Layers for Combined Fixed and
Mobile Operation in Licensed Bands and Corrigendum 1",
IEEE Std 802.16e-2005 and IEEE Std 802.16-2004/
Cor 1-2005, February 2006.
10.2. Informative References
[I-D.irtf-mobopts-l2-abstractions]
Teraoka, F., "Unified L2 Abstractions for L3-Driven Fast
Handover", draft-irtf-mobopts-l2-abstractions-04 (work in
progress), August 2007.
[RFC4260] McCann, P., "Mobile IPv6 Fast Handovers for 802.11
Networks", RFC 4260, November 2005.
[802.21] IEEE 802.21 Working Group Document,"Draft IEEE Standard
for Local and Metropolitan Area Networks: Media
Independent Handover Services", IEEE P802.21/D7.1,
August 2007.
[SH-802.16e] Kim, K., Kim, C., and T. Kim, "A Seamless Handover
Mechanism for IEEE 802.16e Broadband Wireless Access",
International Conference on Computational Science,
vol. 2, pp. 527-534, 2005.
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Authors' Addresses
Heejin Jang
Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology
P.O. Box 111
Suwon 440-600
Korea
Email: heejin.jang@samsung.com
Junghoon Jee
Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute
161 Gajeong-dong, Yuseong-gu
Daejon 305-350
Korea
Email: jhjee@etri.re.kr
Youn-Hee Han
Korea University of Technology and Education
Email: yhhan@kut.ac.kr
Soohong Daniel Park
Samsung Electronics
416 Maetan-3dong, Yeongtong-gu
Suwon 442-742
Korea
Email: soohong.park@samsung.com
Jaesun Cha
Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute
161 Gajeong-dong, Yuseong-gu
Daejon 305-350
Korea
Email: jscha@etri.re.kr
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Jang, et al. Expires May 19, 2008 [Page 20]
