mipshop C. Williams
Internet-Draft MCSR Labs
Expires: January 17, 2005 July 19, 2004
Localized Mobility Management Goals
draft-ietf-mipshop-lmm-requirements-03
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Copyright Notice
Copyright (C) The Internet Society (2004). All Rights Reserved.
Abstract
This document describes goals for Localized Mobility Management (LMM)
for IP layer mobility, such as in Mobile IP and Mobile IPv6. These
goals are intended to guide the design of a protocol specification
for LMM. Localized Mobility Management, in general, introduces
enhancements to IP layer mobility protocols to reduce the amount of
latency in IP layer mobility management messages exchanged between a
Mobile Node (MN) and its peer entities. In addition, LMM seeks to
reduce the amount of signaling over the global Internet when a mobile
node traverses within a defined local domain. The identified goals
are essential for localized mobility management functionality. They
are intended to be used as a guide for analysis on the observed
benefits over the identified goals for architecting and deploying LMM
schemes.
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Table of Contents
1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
2. Terminology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
3. Goals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
3.1 Intra-domain mobility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
3.1.1 Optimized signaling within the Local Coverage Area . . . . 6
3.2 Security . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
3.2.1 Security services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
3.2.2 Non-interference with peer entities . . . . . . . . . . . 6
3.2.3 No new vulnerabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
3.3 Induced LMM functional requirements . . . . . . . . . . . 7
3.3.1 No additional functionality at peer entities . . . . . . . 7
3.3.2 No changes to existing components . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
3.3.3 No additional messages to peer entities . . . . . . . . . 7
3.4 Scalability, Reliability, and Performance . . . . . . . . 7
3.4.1 Linear complexity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
3.4.2 Linear routing state growth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
3.4.3 No additional points of failure . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
3.4.4 No worse performance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
3.4.5 Scalable expansion of the network . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
3.4.6 Resilience to topological changes . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
3.4.7 Header or Tunneling overhead . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
3.5 Mobility Management Support . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
3.5.1 No increase of latency or packet loss . . . . . . . . . . 9
3.5.2 No increase of service disruption . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
3.5.3 No new messages to peer entities . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
3.6 Auto-configuration capabilities for LMM constituents . . . 9
3.7 LMM inter-working with IP routing infrastructure . . . . . 9
3.8 Sparse routing element population . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
3.9 Support for Mobile IPv4 or Mobile IPv6 Handover . . . . . 10
3.10 Simple Network design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
3.11 Stability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
3.12 Quality of Service requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
3.12.1 Co-exist with end-to-end QoS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
3.12.2 Co-exist with link-local QoS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
4. Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
4.1 Trust model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
4.2 Potential new vulnerabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
5. Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Normative references . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Author's Address . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
A. LMM requirements and HMIPv6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
B. Changes from last revision . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Intellectual Property and Copyright Statements . . . . . . 20
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1. Introduction
In order to meet the demands of real-time applications and the
expectations of future wireless users for service level quality
similar to the one of wireline users, IP layer mobility management is
facing a number of technical challenges in terms of performance and
scalability [5][6][7]. These manifest themselves as increased
latencies in the control signaling between a Mobile Node and its peer
entities, namely the Home Agent (HA) and its Corresponding Nodes
(CNs).
In the base Mobile IP protocols [1][2], movement between two subnets
requires that the Mobile Node obtain a new care-of address in the new
subnet. This allows the Mobile Node to receive traffic on the new
subnet. In order for the routing change to become effective,
however, the Mobile Node must issue a binding update (also known in
Mobile IPv4 as a Home Agent registration) to the Home Agent so that
the Home Agent can change the routing from the previous subnet to the
new subnet. The binding update establishes a host route on the Home
Agent between the Mobile Node's Home Address and its new care-of
address. In addition, if route optimization is in use [2], the
Mobile Node may also issue binding updates to Correspondent Nodes to
allow them to send traffic directly to the new care-of address rather
than tunneling their traffic through the Home Agent.
The same approach applies also to a number of other IP layer mobility
management protocols. For example, in the Host Identity Protocol
(HIP) mobility management scheme [8], a Mobile Node sends an
Readdress (REA) packet to its peer; this is very similar the Binding
Updates send in Mobile IPv6 Route Optimization. In general, IP layer
mobility protocols maintain a binding between a host identifier and
either one care-of address or a set of care-of addresses. In Mobile
IP, the home address acts as the host identifier, and only one
care-of address is allowed. In other IP layer mobility protocols the
host identifier is typically something else and more than one care-of
addresses may be allowed.
After movement, traffic destined for the Mobile Node is sent to the
old care-of address and is, effectively, dropped until the peer
entities process mobility management messages. If the Mobile Node is
at some geographical and topological distance away from a peer
entity, the amount of time involved in sending the binding updates
may be greater than 100 hundred milliseconds. This latency in routing
update may cause some packets for the Mobile Node to be lost at the
old Access Router. For instance, [10] is one such solution for
extending Mobile IP to alleviate the above performance limitations.
In general such proposals are identified as hierarchical/regional or
more generically Localized Mobility Management (LMM).
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LMM Localized mobility management schemes allow the Mobile Node to
continue receiving traffic on the new subnet without any change in
the bindings at the peer entities. The latency involved in updating
the care-of-address bindings at far geographical and topological
distances is eliminated or reduced until such time as the Mobile Node
is in a position to manage the latency cost.
Having provided some motivation and brief summary of the underlying
principles of LMM, it is important to enumerate goals for LMM.
Goals for LMM:
o reduce the signaling induced by changes in the point of attachment
due to the movement of a host; reduction in signaling delay will
minimize packet loss and possible session loss;
o reduce the usage of air-interface and network resources for
mobility;
o reduce the processing overhead at the peer nodes, thereby
improving protocol scalability;
o avoid or minimize the changes of, or impact to the Mobile Node,
Home Agent or the Correspondent Node;
o avoid creating single points of failure;
o simplify the network design and provisioning for enabling LMM
capability in a network;
o allow progressive LMM deployment capabilities.
o LMM should introduce no new security vulnerabilities.
Identifying a set of desired properties that will render the protocol
internals, for some LMM scheme, robust enough to cater for the
aforementioned considerations becomes essential in designing a widely
accepted solution. The remainder of this document present a set of
goals that encompass essential considerations for the design of an
LMM scheme. It is with this foundation that we can seek to ensure
that the resulting LMM solution will best preserve the fundamental
philosophies and architectural principles of the Internet in practice
today.
This document is meant to capture the thinking and analysis of LMM
that began in Spring 2001 and is not meant to bind any futures
efforts that, due to gained wisdom, may wish to depart from it.
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2. Terminology
See [9] for mobility terminology used in this document.
Peer entity A generic name used for nodes that communicate with a
mobile node using mobility-specific signaling. In Mobile IP and
IPv6, the Home Agent and Correspondent Node are peer entities.
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3. Goals
This section describes the goals for a LMM solution. These desired
properties are relevant to both all IP layer local mobility
management schemes, independent of the actual IP layer macro mobility
protocol.
3.1 Intra-domain mobility
LMM is introduced to minimize the signaling traffic to the peer
entities, e.g. Home Agent and/or Correspondent Node(s), for
intra-domain mobility (within a Local Coverage Area). This is the
fundamental reason for introducing localized mobility management. In
the LMM infrastructure a peer entity outside the administration
domain must always be able to address the mobile host by the same IP
address, so that from the point of view of hosts outside the
administration domain, the IP address of the mobile host remains
fixed regardless of any changes in the Mobile Node's subnet. The peer
entities are not aware of the Mobile Node's Intra-domain movement.
3.1.1 Optimized signaling within the Local Coverage Area
By its very nature, LMM reintroduces triangle routing into the base
IP layer mobility protocol in that all traffic must go through the
LMM agent. There is no way to avoid this. The LMM framework should be
designed in such a way as to reduce the length of the unwanted
triangle leg. The LMM design should not prohibit optimal placement
of LMM agents to reduce or eliminate additional triangle routing
introduced by LMM.
NOTE: It is not required that a LMM scheme specify LMM agents as part
of its solution.
3.2 Security
3.2.1 Security services
LMM protocol must provide security services within the respective
local coverage area.
The security of exchanging LMM specific information and signaling
must be ensured. In general, an LMM scheme must cater for
authentication mechanisms that prevent malicious deflection of
traffic destined to a legitimate MN. If applicable, replay protection
must exist mutually between the LMM agents.
3.2.2 Non-interference with peer entities
LMM protocol must not interfere with the security provisioning that
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exists between the peer entities and the Mobile Node.
3.2.3 No new vulnerabilities
LMM protocol must not introduce new security holes or the possibility
for DOS-style attacks with the base global mobility management
protocol that may be used for inter-domain mobility.
3.3 Induced LMM functional requirements
3.3.1 No additional functionality at peer entities
Any Localized Mobility Management protocol must not inject any
additional functionality over the base IP layer macro mobility
protocol employed. Thus, the LMM framework must not add any
modifications or extensions to the peer entities, including Mobile IP
or Mobile IPv6 Correspondent Node(s) and Home Agents. It is
essential to minimize the involvement of the Mobile Node in routing
beyond what is in the basic mobility protocol. Preferences, load
balancing, and other complex schemes requiring heavy mobile node
involvement in the mobility management task should BE avoided.
3.3.2 No changes to existing components
Non-LMM-aware routers, hosts, Mobile IP and IPv6 Home Agents, and
Mobile Nodes must be able to interoperate with LMM agents.
3.3.3 No additional messages to peer entities
By definition a localized mobility management scheme strives to
minimize excessive IP mobility management signaling toward its peer
entities, caused by frequent changes in the IP network location (i.e,
change in the Care-of Address (CoA)). The amount of regional
signaling must not surpass the amount of global signaling that would
have otherwise occurred if LMM were not present [4].
3.4 Scalability, Reliability, and Performance
3.4.1 Linear complexity
The LMM complexity must increase at most linearly with the size of
the local domain and the number of Mobile Nodes.
3.4.2 Linear routing state growth
Any Localized Mobility Management protocol must assure that that LMM
routing state scales at most linearly with the number of Mobile Nodes
registered, and that the increase in routing state is confined to
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those Access Routers/Access Network Routers (ANR) involved in
implementing the LMM protocol at hand. While host routes apparently
cannot be eliminated by any mobility management protocol including
base IP mobility, any LMM protocol must keep the number of host
routes to a minimum.
3.4.3 No additional points of failure
The LMM framework must not introduce additional points of failure in
the network. The current access router would be excluded from this
requirement.
3.4.4 No worse performance
The LMM framework should not degrade in any way the basic IP mobility
performance of a mobile host communications with a peer entity.
3.4.5 Scalable expansion of the network
It is imperative that the LMM function must afford larger operational
scales by means of incremental deployment. The LMM framework must not
introduce any additional restrictions in how wireless ISPs configure
their network, nor how they interconnect with other networks beyond
those introduced by standard IP routing. In addition, the amount of
regional signaling should not increase as the Local Domain expands in
size.
3.4.6 Resilience to topological changes
The LMM protocols must be topology-independent. The LMM protocols
must be able to adapt to topological changes within the domain. The
topological changes may include the addition or removal/failure of
LMM agents or that of changes in the routing of the local domain over
which the LMM scheme is applied.
3.4.7 Header or Tunneling overhead
The LMM framework must not prevent header compression from being
applied. It is recommended that candidate LMM designs that require
additional header overhead for tunnel be reviewed by the ROHC working
group to determine if the header compressor can be restarted from
transferred compressor context when handover occurs without requiring
any full header packet exchange on the new link.
3.5 Mobility Management Support
The following LMM requirements pertain to both inter-domain and
intra-domain hand-off.
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3.5.1 No increase of latency or packet loss
The LMM framework must not increase the amount of latency or amount
of packet loss, compared to what exists with the core Mobile IP and
Mobile IPv6 specification [1][2]. Indeed, the LMM framework should
decrease the amount of latency or amount of packet loss that exists
with the core mobility protocols.
3.5.2 No increase of service disruption
The LMM framework must not increase the amount of service disruption,
compared to that already exists with the Mobile IP and Mobile IPv6
core mobility specifications. Again, the LMM framework should
decrease the amount of service disruption that already exists with
the IP layer mobility management protocols.
3.5.3 No new messages to peer entities
The LMM framework must not increase the number of messages between
the mobile host and the respective peer entities. The LMM framework
should decrease the number of messages between the mobile host and
the respective peer entities. With respect to Mobile IP and Mobile
IPv6, the current number of messages is defined in the Mobile IP core
mobility specifications [1][2].
3.6 Auto-configuration capabilities for LMM constituents
It is essential that the configuration tasks of the LMM scheme can
adapt to topological changes with minimal (or no) human intervention;
manual configuration is usually tedious, prone to human error and for
large-scale deployment, impossible. Automating the configuration task
of the LMM function is elemental for addressing realistically
incremental deployment of LMM agents within an expanding network
domain of large numbers of MNs requiring robust IP services.
By introducing self-organizing LMM agents that caters for dynamic
discovery, configuration and management while embracing resiliency
with respect to state consistency or failure, an LMM scheme can
address successfully the previously mentioned scalability
requirements.
3.7 LMM inter-working with IP routing infrastructure
The LMM framework must not disrupt core IP routing outside the local
domain.
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3.8 Sparse routing element population
Any LMM protocol must be designed to be geared towards incremental
deployment capabilities; the latter implies that the LMM scheme
itself imposes minimum requirements on the carriers' network.
Incremental deployment capabilities for an LMM protocol signifies
that an initial set of sparse LMM agents can populate the
administration domain of a network provider and operate sufficiently.
In addition, any LMM scheme must be compatible with any additional
deployment of LMM agents in future infrastructure expansions; that is
to say, allow progressive LMM deployment capabilities.
It is for this reason that the LMM framework must not require that
all routing elements be assumed to be LMM-aware in the signaling
interactions of an LMM protocol. The LMM framework must BE supported,
at the very minimum, by a sparse (proper subset) LMM agent population
that is co-located within the routing topology of a single
administration domain.
3.9 Support for Mobile IPv4 or Mobile IPv6 Handover
Since one of the primary goals of LMM is to minimize signaling during
handover, an LMM solution must be available for the standardized
Mobile IPv4 or Mobile IPv6 handover algorithms. LMM and the Mobile IP
or Mobile IPv6 handover algorithms must maintain compatibility in
their signaling interactions for fulfilling complementary roles with
respect to each other.
This requirement should not be interpreted as ruling out useful
optimizations of LMM and Mobile IP or Mobile IPv6 handoff schemes
that simplify the implementation or deployment of LMM or Mobile IP or
Mobile IPv6 handoff.
3.10 Simple Network design
LMM should simplify the network design and provisioning for enabling
LMM capability in a network and allow progressive LMM deployment
capabilities.
3.11 Stability
LMM must avoid any forwarding loops.
3.12 Quality of Service requirements
3.12.1 Co-exist with end-to-end QoS
The LMM must have the ability to coexist with QoS schemes to hide the
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mobility of the MN to its peer by avoiding end-to-end QoS signaling.
3.12.2 Co-exist with link-local QoS
The LMM must have the ability to coexist with the QoS schemes to
facilitate the new provisioning of both uplink and downlink QoS after
a handoff.
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4. Security Considerations
The usual threats against mobility mechanisms are [11]
unauthorized redirection of traffic, and
flooding.
An LMM scheme must cater for suitable authorization or other security
mechanisms that prevent malicious flooding and other deflection of
traffic. When LMM mechanisms are applied only within a single
administrative domain, solving these issues may be easier than in the
case of generic end-to-end mobility. It must be remembered, though,
that the MNs are not necessarily trusted. In the general setting, it
is possible that there are authenticated but malicious MNs that
attempt to disrupt the service. The situation is complicated by the
co-existence of multiple mobility mechanisms, such as Mobile IP and
LMM. Since security mechanisms are, in general, non-composable, each
protocol combination should be analyzed separately.
Due to administrative constraints, any LMM function should allow for
any security provisioning to be negotiable or at least
pre-configurable. In certain administrative domains, reduced
security requirements may be allowed, so as to minimize incurred
overhead.
Involvement with the LMM function into the security semantics of the
end-to-end IP mobility signaling between the MN and its peers is
beyond the functional scope of any LMM protocol. It is important to
implement the effect of mobility localization without interfering
with security mechanisms between visiting MNs and their peers. Any
possibly existing security associations between the MN and its peers
must be considered transparent for the LMM function.
4.1 Trust model
By necessity, the MN must trust the LMM agents to provide LMM
services. In most settings the MN must probably authenticate the LMM
agents before it can trust them. Whenever several LMM agents are
co-operating (as may be the case in fast mobility, for example), the
agents must trust each other, at least to an extent. Typically, this
trust is manifested in the amount of space and resources that the LMM
agent that is receiving packets from another LMM agent is ready do
reserve and use.
The LMM agents should not trust the MNs. Basically, they must assume
that the MNs may try to launch various kinds of attacks against them
or other MNs. On the other hand, the LMM agents are considered to be
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obliged to provide services to the MNs. That is, even though the LMM
agents do not trust the MNs, they must still be willing to provide
the LMM services to the MNs.
An LMM protocol may assume that the involved nodes do not trust any
one else in the network but what has been defined above. On the
other hand, it is also possible to assume one or more trusted third
parties.
4.2 Potential new vulnerabilities
Beyond the possibility of failure, any LMM agents can also exhibit
new security vulnerabilities, including the following.
Denial of service. It is possible that an LMM agent may receive LMM
messages that incur redundant processing or resource reservation
at the LMM agent, and as a result, deprive other MNs from LMM
services. The LMM function should ensure that malicious nodes are
excluded from further communications with the LMM agents, in the
event that their mobility signals are discarded. Thus, the LMM
function must cater for denial of service attacks at the LMM agent
nodes.
Message replay. Signals that are sent by the MN to a LMM agent can
also be captured and replayed by malicious nodes towards the LMM
agents; the LMM agents must ensure that such signaling is either
authenticated or have a restricted lifetime. Hence, the LMM
function must ensure protection from replay attacks at the LMM
agents.
Unauthorized creation of LMM state. If an attacker is able to create
an unauthorized LMM state at an LMM agent, it can effectively
forward packets to itself, to a black hole, or to a flood victim.
The LMM agents should make sure that any LMM state is strongly
linked to a known MN.
Creation of LMM state before a MN arrives. If an attacker is able to
anticipate the care-of-address a MN is likely to use on a link,
and if it can attach to the link using that particular address, it
can use the address for a while, move away, and request LMM
services on that address. Such a request would be authorized
since the attacker was legally using the very address. When the
victim later comes to the link, it will not get any packets since
its address is forwarded away. If the care-of-address assignment
is completed as part of the LMM services, then the LMM system
should make sure that a new MN cannot acquire a care-of-address
that has previously been assigned to another MN. In the case
where by care-of-address assignment is completed in a manner
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unrelated to the LMM services, then authentication must be
completed prior to beginning LMM services.
Unauthorized tearing down of LMM state. If an attacker is able to
cause an LMM agent to discard its LMM state before requested by
the MN, the MN may experience loss of service. Since LMM is
basically an optimization, this threat may not be so severe and
may be ignored by an LMM mechanism.
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5. Acknowledgments
Thank you to all who participated in the LMM requirement discussion
on the Mobile IP working group alias. First, the editor wishes to
recognize Theo Pagtzis's work on LMM requirement analysis. Theo has
contributed significantly to the LMM discussion on the mailing list
and at IETF working group meetings and has provided text for various
requirements. Special thanks also to Gabriel Montenegro, John
Loughney, Alper Yegin, Alberto Lopez Toledo, and Madjid Nakhjiri for
providing input to the draft in its preliminary stage and many other
comments they had. Thanks to the LMM requirement analysis design
team: Hesham Soliman, Erik Nordmark, Theo Pagtzis, James Kempf, and
Jari Malinen. Thanks to Pekka Nikander for changes to make the
document non-Mobile IP specific and the security considerations. He
also produced the final xml2rfc format that was used for submitting
the draft to the RFC Editor.
Additional comments on the LMM requirements were received from:
Charlie Perkins, Muhammad Jaseemuddin, Tom Weckstr, Jim Bound, Gopal
Dommety, Glenn Morrow, Arthur Ross, Samita Chakrabarti, Karim
El-Malki, Phil Neumiller, Behcet Sarikaya, Karann Chew, Michael
Thomas, Pat Calhoun, Bill Gage, Vinod Choyi, John Loughney, Wolfgang
Schoenfeld, David Martin, Daichi Funato, Ichiro Okajima, Jari
Malinen, Kacheong Poon, Koshimi Takashi, and Cedric Westphal.
An LMM requirement analysis of this body of work was completed by a
number of members of the Mobile IP working group and published as
[4].
In addition special thanks to the Mobile IP working group chairs,
Phil Roberts, Gabriel Montenegro, and Basavaraj Patil, for their
input as well as capturing/organizing the initial set of requirements
from the discussions. Thomas Narten provided important AD feedback
and review.
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Normative references
[1] Perkins, C., "IP Mobility Support for IPv4", RFC 3344, August
2002.
[2] Johnson, D., Perkins, C. and J. Arkko, "Mobility Support in
IPv6", RFC 3775, June 2004.
[3] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate Requirement
Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, March 1997.
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Informative References
[4] Pagtzis, T., Williams, C., Kirstein, P., Perkins, C. and A.
Yegin, "Requirements for Localized IP Mobility Management", in
Proceedings of IEEE Wireless Communications and Networking
Conference (WCNC2003), Louisiana, New Orleans, March 2003.
[5] Karlsson, G., "Quality Requirements for Multimedia Network
Services", in Proceedings of Radiovetenskap och kommunikation,
pages 96-100, June 1996.
[6] Kurita, T., Iai, S. and N. Kitawaki, "Effects of transmission
delay in audiovisual communications", Electronics and
Communications in Japan, Vol 77, No 3, pages 63-74, 1995.
[7] Wang, Y., Claypool, M. and Z. Zuo, "An Empirical Study of
RealVideo Performance Across the Internet", in Proceedings of
ACM SIGCOMM Internet Measurement Workshop, Nov 2001.
[8] Moskowitz, R., "Host Identity Protocol", draft-ietf-hip-base-00
(work in progress), June 2004.
[9] Manner, J. and M. Kojo, "Mobility Related Terminology", RFC
3753, June 2004.
[10] Soliman, H., Castelluccia, C., Malki, K. and L. Bellier,
"Hierarchical Mobile IPv6 mobility management (HMIPv6)",
draft-ietf-mipshop-hmipv6-02 (work in progress), June 2004.
[11] Nikander, P., "Mobile IP version 6 Route Optimization Security
Design Background", draft-nikander-mobileip-v6-ro-sec-02 (work
in progress), December 2003.
Author's Address
Carl Williams
MCSR Labs
3790 El Camino Real
Palo Alto, CA 94306
USA
Phone: +1 650 279 5903
EMail: carlw@mcsr-labs.org
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Appendix A. LMM requirements and HMIPv6
HMIPv6 was evaluated as a localized mobility management protocol, and
that it was mostly found to satisfy the requirements put forth in
this document. This section details one exception with some
explanation.
Exception:
One LMM requirement that needs further clarification with respect to
HMIPv6 is the requirement that states that LMM should not introduce
additional single points of failure. The HMIPv6 Mobility Anchor
Point (MAP) is a new single point of failure. Proposals for HMIPv6
MAP replication can be optionally incorporated in order to avoid this
new single point of failure. Such proposals can also be applied to
the base Mobile IPv6 specification to also allow for Home Agent
fail-over as well.
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Appendix B. Changes from last revision
Changes since last revision:
o Updated all references
o Small editorial fixes throughout the document
o Added reference to HIP in Introduction
o Identified HMIPv6 as a possible solution for LMM per feedback
o Change requirements to goals and/or desired properties
o Minor change to Peer entity definition - states using
mobility-specific signaling
o Captured more fully the definition of intra-domain movement in
section 3.1
o LMM security provisioning was updated - section 3.2.1
o Clarification in section 3.2.3 and 3.3.3
o must changed to should in section 3.4.4
o must not changed to should not in section 3.5.1
o scalability and auto-configuration sections presented more as
goals
o section 3.4.8 is now a subsection of 3.1
o all uppercase directives changed to lowercase in an effort to
present more along the lines of a goals document
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