Internet Engineering Task Force MMUSIC WG Internet Draft H. Schulzrinne, A. Rao, R. Lanphier draft-ietf-mmusic-rtsp-03.txt Columbia U./Netscape/Progressive Networks July 30, 1997 Expires: January 30, 1998 Real Time Streaming Protocol (RTSP) STATUS OF THIS MEMO This document is an Internet-Draft. Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF), its areas, and its working groups. Note that other groups may also distribute working documents as Internet-Drafts. Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any time. It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference material or to cite them other than as ``work in progress''. To learn the current status of any Internet-Draft, please check the ``1id-abstracts.txt'' listing contained in the Internet-Drafts Shadow Directories on ftp.is.co.za (Africa), nic.nordu.net (Europe), munnari.oz.au (Pacific Rim), ds.internic.net (US East Coast), or ftp.isi.edu (US West Coast). Distribution of this document is unlimited. Abstract: The Real Time Streaming Protocol, or RTSP, is an application-level protocol for control over the delivery of data with real-time properties. RTSP provides an extensible framework to enable controlled, on-demand delivery of real-time data, such as audio and video. Sources of data can include both live data feeds and stored clips. This protocol is intended to control multiple data delivery sessions, provide a means for choosing delivery channels such as UDP, multicast UDP and TCP, and delivery mechanisms based upon RTP (RFC 1889). H. Schulzrinne, A. Rao, R. Lanphier Page 1 INTERNET-DRAFT RTSP July 30, 1997 Contents * 1 Introduction + 1.1 Purpose + 1.2 Requirements + 1.3 Terminology + 1.4 Protocol Properties + 1.5 Extending RTSP + 1.6 Overall Operation + 1.7 RTSP States + 1.8 Relationship with Other Protocols * 2 Notational Conventions * 3 Protocol Parameters + 3.1 RTSP Version + 3.2 RTSP URL + 3.3 Conference Identifiers + 3.4 Session Identifiers + 3.5 SMPTE Relative Timestamps + 3.6 Normal Play Time + 3.7 Absolute Time * 4 RTSP Message + 4.1 Message Types + 4.2 Message Headers + 4.3 Message Body + 4.4 Message Length * 5 General Header Fields * 6 Request + 6.1 Request Line + 6.2 Request Header Fields * 7 Response + 7.1 Status-Line o 7.1.1 Status Code and Reason Phrase o 7.1.2 Response Header Fields * 8 Entity + 8.1 Entity Header Fields + 8.2 Entity Body * 9 Connections + 9.1 Pipelining + 9.2 Reliability and Acknowledgements * 10 Method Definitions + 10.1 OPTIONS + 10.2 DESCRIBE + 10.3 ANNOUNCE + 10.4 SETUP + 10.5 PLAY + 10.6 PAUSE + 10.7 TEARDOWN + 10.8 GET_PARAMETER + 10.9 SET_PARAMETER + 10.10 REDIRECT H. Schulzrinne, A. Rao, R. Lanphier Page 2 INTERNET-DRAFT RTSP July 30, 1997 + 10.11 RECORD + 10.12 Embedded (Interleaved) Binary Data * 11 Status Code Definitions + 11.1 Redirection 3xx + 11.2 Client Error 4xx o 11.2.1 405 Method Not Allowed o 11.2.2 451 Parameter Not Understood o 11.2.3 452 Conference Not Found o 11.2.4 453 Not Enough Bandwidth o 11.2.5 45x Session Not Found o 11.2.6 45x Method Not Valid in This State o 11.2.7 45x Header Field Not Valid for Resource o 11.2.8 45x Invalid Range o 11.2.9 45x Parameter Is Read-Only o 11.2.10 45x Aggregate operation not allowed o 11.2.11 45x Only aggregate operation allowed * 12 Header Field Definitions + 12.1 Accept + 12.2 Accept-Encoding + 12.3 Accept-Language + 12.4 Allow + 12.5 Authorization + 12.6 Bandwidth + 12.7 Blocksize + 12.8 C-PEP + 12.9 C-PEP-Info + 12.10 Cache-Control + 12.11 Conference + 12.12 Connection + 12.13 Content-Encoding + 12.14 Content-Language + 12.15 Content-Length + 12.16 Content-Type + 12.17 Date + 12.18 Expires + 12.19 From + 12.20 Host + 12.21 If-Modified-Since + 12.22 Last-Modified + 12.23 Location + 12.24 PEP + 12.25 PEP-Info + 12.26 Proxy-Authenticate + 12.27 Public + 12.28 Range + 12.29 Referer + 12.30 Retry-After + 12.31 Scale + 12.32 Speed + 12.33 Server H. Schulzrinne, A. Rao, R. Lanphier Page 3 INTERNET-DRAFT RTSP July 30, 1997 + 12.34 Session + 12.35 Transport + 12.36 Transport-Info + 12.37 User-Agent + 12.38 Vary + 12.39 Via + 12.40 WWW-Authenticate * 13 Caching * 14 Examples + 14.1 Media on Demand (Unicast) + 14.2 Streaming of a Container file + 14.3 Live Media Presentation Using Multicast + 14.4 Playing media into an existing session + 14.5 Recording * 15 Syntax + 15.1 Base Syntax * 16 Security Considerations * A RTSP Protocol State Machines + A.1 Client State Machine + A.2 Server State Machine * B Open Issues * C Changes * D Author Addresses * E Acknowledgements * References 1 Introduction 1.1 Purpose The Real-Time Streaming Protocol (RTSP) establishes and controls either a single or several time-synchronized streams of continuous media such as audio and video. It does not typically deliver the continuous streams itself, although interleaving of the continuous media stream with the control stream is possible (see Section 10.12). In other words, RTSP acts as a ``network remote control'' for multimedia servers. The set of streams to be controlled is defined by a presentation description. This memorandum does not define a format for a presentation description. H. Schulzrinne, A. Rao, R. Lanphier Page 4 INTERNET-DRAFT RTSP July 30, 1997 There is no notion of an RTSP connection; instead, a server maintains a session labeled by an identifier. An RTSP session is in no way tied to a transport-level connection such as a TCP connection. During an RTSP session, an RTSP client may open and close many reliable transport connections to the server to issue RTSP requests. Alternatively, it may use a connectionless transport protocol such as UDP. The streams controlled by RTSP may use RTP [1], but the operation of RTSP does not depend on the transport mechanism used to carry continuous media. The protocol is intentionally similar in syntax and operation to HTTP/1.1, so that extension mechanisms to HTTP can in most cases also be added to RTSP. However, RTSP differs in a number of important aspects from HTTP: * RTSP introduces a number of new methods and has a different protocol identifier. * An RTSP server needs to maintain state by default in almost all cases, as opposed to the stateless nature of HTTP. * Both an RTSP server and client can issue requests. * Data is carried out-of-band, by a different protocol. (There is an exception to this.) * RTSP is defined to use ISO 10646 (UTF-8) rather than ISO 8859-1, consistent with current HTML internationalization efforts [3]. * The Request-URI always contains the absolute URI. Because of backward compatibility with a historical blunder, HTTP/1.1 carries only the absolute path in the request and puts the host name in a separate header field. This makes ``virtual hosting'' easier, where a single host with one IP address hosts several document trees. The protocol supports the following operations: Retrieval of media from media server: The client can request a presentation description via HTTP or some other method. If the presentation is being multicast, the presentation description contains the multicast addresses and ports to be used for the continuous media. If the presentation is to be sent only to the client via unicast, the client provides the destination for security reasons. H. Schulzrinne, A. Rao, R. Lanphier Page 5 INTERNET-DRAFT RTSP July 30, 1997 Invitation of a media server to a conference: A media server can be ``invited'' to join an existing conference, either to play back media into the presentation or to record all or a subset of the media in a presentation. This mode is useful for distributed teaching applications. Several parties in the conference may take turns ``pushing the remote control buttons''. Addition of media to an existing presentation: Particularly for live presentations, it is useful if the server can tell the client about additional media becoming available. RTSP requests may be handled by proxies, tunnels and caches as in HTTP/1.1. 1.2 Requirements The key words ``MUST'', ``MUST NOT'', ``REQUIRED'', ``SHALL'', ``SHALL NOT'', ``SHOULD'', ``SHOULD NOT'', ``RECOMMENDED'', ``MAY'', and ``OPTIONAL'' in this document are to be interpreted as described in RFC 2119 [4]. 1.3 Terminology Some of the terminology has been adopted from HTTP/1.1 [5]. Terms not listed here are defined as in HTTP/1.1. Conference: a multiparty, multimedia presentation, where ``multi'' implies greater than or equal to one. Client: The client requests continuous media data from the media server. Connection: A transport layer virtual circuit established between two programs for the purpose of communication. H. Schulzrinne, A. Rao, R. Lanphier Page 6 INTERNET-DRAFT RTSP July 30, 1997 Continuous media: Data where there is a timing relationship between source and sink, that is, the sink must reproduce the timing relationshop that existed at the source. The most common examples of continuous media are audio and motion video. Continuous media can be realtime (interactive), where there is a ``tight'' timing relationship between source and sink, or streaming (playback), where the relationship is less strict. Participant: Participants are members of conferences. A participant may be a machine, e.g., a media record or playback server. Media server: The network entity providing playback or recording services for one or more media streams. Different media streams within a presentation may originate from different media servers. A media server may reside on the same or a different host as the web server the presentation is invoked from. Media parameter: Parameter specific to a media type that may be changed while the stream is being played or prior to it. (Media) stream: A single media instance, e.g., an audio stream or a video stream as well as a single whiteboard or shared application group. When using RTP, a stream consists of all RTP and RTCP packets created by a source within an RTP session. This is equivalent to the definition of a DSM-CC stream([18]). Message: The basic unit of RTSP communication, consisting of a structured sequence of octets matching the syntax defined in Section 15 and transmitted via a connection or a connectionless protocol. Presentation: A set of one or more streams which the server allows the client to manipulate together. A presentation has a single time axis for all streams belonging to it. Presentations are defined by presentation descriptions (see below). A presentation description contains RTSP URIs that define which streams can be controlled individually and an RTSP URI to control the whole presentation. A movie or live concert consisting of one or more audio and video streams is an example of a presentation. H. Schulzrinne, A. Rao, R. Lanphier Page 7 INTERNET-DRAFT RTSP July 30, 1997 Presentation description: A presentation description contains information about one or more media streams within a presentation, such as the set of encodings, network addresses and information about the content. Other IETF protocols such as SDP [6] use the term ``session'' for a live presentation. The presentation description may take several different formats, including but not limited to the session description format SDP. Response: An RTSP response. If an HTTP response is meant, that is indicated explicitly. Request: An RTSP request. If an HTTP request is meant, that is indicated explicitly. RTSP session: A complete RTSP ``transaction'', e.g., the viewing of a movie. A session typically consists of a client setting up a transport mechanism for the continuous media stream (SETUP), starting the stream with PLAY or RECORD and closing the stream with TEARDOWN. 1.4 Protocol Properties RTSP has the following properties: Extendable: New methods and parameters can be easily added to RTSP. Easy to parse: RTSP can be parsed by standard HTTP or MIME parsers. Secure: RTSP re-uses web security mechanisms, either at the transport level (TLS [7]) or within the protocol itself. All HTTP authentication mechanisms such as basic [5, Section 11.1] and digest authentication [8] are directly applicable. Transport-independent: RTSP may use either an unreliable datagram protocol (UDP) [9], a reliable datagram protocol (RDP, not widely used [10]) or a reliable stream protocol such as TCP [11] as it implements application-level reliability. H. Schulzrinne, A. Rao, R. Lanphier Page 8 INTERNET-DRAFT RTSP July 30, 1997 Multi-server capable: Each media stream within a presentation can reside on a different server. The client automatically establishes several concurrent control sessions with the different media servers. Media synchronization is performed at the transport level. Control of recording devices: The protocol can control both recording and playback devices, as well as devices that can alternate between the two modes (``VCR''). Separation of stream control and conference initiation: Stream control is divorced from inviting a media server to a conference. The only requirement is that the conference initiation protocol either provides or can be used to create a unique conference identifier. In particular, SIP [12] or H.323 may be used to invite a server to a conference. Suitable for professional applications: RTSP supports frame-level accuracy through SMPTE time stamps to allow remote digital editing. Presentation description neutral: The protocol does not impose a particular presentation description or metafile format and can convey the type of format to be used. However, the presentation description must contain at least one RTSP URI. Proxy and firewall friendly: The protocol should be readily handled by both application and transport-layer (SOCKS [13]) firewalls. A firewall may need to understand the SETUP method to open a ``hole'' for the UDP media stream. HTTP-friendly: Where sensible, RTSP re-uses HTTP concepts, so that the existing infrastructure can be re-used. This infrastructure includes PICS (Platform for Internet Content Selection [20]) for associating labels with content. However, RTSP does not just add methods to HTTP, since the controlling continuous media requires server state in most cases. Appropriate server control: If a client can start a stream, it must be able to stop a stream. Servers should not start streaming to clients in such a way that clients cannot stop the stream. H. Schulzrinne, A. Rao, R. Lanphier Page 9 INTERNET-DRAFT RTSP July 30, 1997 Transport negotiation: The client can negotiate the transport method prior to actually needing to process a continuous media stream. Capability negotiation: If basic features are disabled, there must be some clean mechanism for the client to determine which methods are not going to be implemented. This allows clients to present the appropriate user interface. For example, if seeking is not allowed, the user interface must be able to disallow moving a sliding position indicator. An earlier requirement in RTSP was multi-client capability. However, it was determined that a better approach was to make sure that the protocol is easily extensible to the multi-client scenario. Stream identifiers can be used by several control streams, so that ``passing the remote'' would be possible. The protocol would not address how several clients negotiate access; this is left to either a ``social protocol'' or some other floor control mechanism. 1.5 Extending RTSP Since not all media servers have the same functionality, media servers by necessity will support different sets of requests. For example: * A server may only be capable of playback, not recording and thus has no need to support the RECORD request. * A server may not be capable of seeking (absolute positioning), say, if it is to support live events only. * Some servers may not support setting stream parameters and thus not support GET_PARAMETER and SET_PARAMETER. A server SHOULD implement all header fields described in Section 12. It is up to the creators of presentation descriptions not to ask the impossible of a server. This situation is similar in HTTP/1.1, where the methods described in [H19.6] are not likely to be supported across all servers. RTSP can be extended in three ways, listed in order of the magnitude of changes supported: H. Schulzrinne, A. Rao, R. Lanphier Page 10 INTERNET-DRAFT RTSP July 30, 1997 * Existing methods can be extended with new parameters, as long as these parameters can be safely ignored by the recipient. (This is equivalent to adding new parameters to an HTML tag.) * New methods can be added. If the recipient of the message does not understand the request, it responds with error code 501 (Not implemented) and the sender should not attempt to use this method again. A client may also use the OPTIONS method to inquire about methods supported by the server. The server SHOULD list the methods it supports using the Public response header. * A new version of the protocol can be defined, allowing almost all aspects (except the position of the protocol version number) to change. 1.6 Overall Operation Each presentation and media stream may be identified by an RTSP URL. The overall presentation and the properties of the media the presentation is made up of are defined by a presentation description file, the format of which is outside the scope of this specification. The presentation description file may be obtained by the client using HTTP or other means such as email and may not necessarily be stored on the media server. For the purposes of this specification, a presentation description is assumed to describe one or more presentations, each of which maintains a common time axis. For simplicity of exposition and without loss of generality, it is assumed that the presentation description contains exactly one such presentation. A presentation may contain several media streams. The presentation description file contains a description of the media streams making up the presentation, including their encodings, language, and other parameters that enable the client to choose the most appropriate combination of media. In this presentation description, each media stream that is individually controllable by RTSP is identified by an RTSP URL, which points to the media server handling that particular media stream and names the stream stored on that server. Several media streams can be located on different servers; for example, audio and video streams can be split across servers for load sharing. The description also enumerates which transport methods the server is capable of. Besides the media parameters, the network destination address and port need to be determined. Several modes of operation can be distinguished: H. Schulzrinne, A. Rao, R. Lanphier Page 11 INTERNET-DRAFT RTSP July 30, 1997 Unicast: The media is transmitted to the source of the RTSP request, with the port number chosen by the client. Alternatively, the media is transmitted on the same reliable stream as RTSP. Multicast, server chooses address: The media server picks the multicast address and port. This is the typical case for a live or near-media-on-demand transmission. Multicast, client chooses address: If the server is to participate in an existing multicast conference, the multicast address, port and encryption key are given by the conference description, established by means outside the scope of this specification. 1.7 RTSP States RTSP controls a stream which may be sent via a separate protocol, independent of the control channel. For example, RTSP control may occur on a TCP connection while the data flows via UDP. Thus, data delivery continues even if no RTSP requests are received by the media server. Also, during its lifetime, a single media stream may be controlled by RTSP requests issued sequentially on different TCP connections. Therefore, the server needs to maintain ``session state'' to be able to correlate RTSP requests with a stream. The state transitions are described in Section A. Many methods in RTSP do not contribute to state. However, the following play a central role in defining the allocation and usage of stream resources on the server: SETUP, PLAY, RECORD, PAUSE, and TEARDOWN. SETUP: Causes the server to allocate resources for a stream and start an RTSP session. PLAY and RECORD: Starts data transmission on a stream allocated via SETUP. PAUSE: Temporarily halts a stream, without freeing server resources. TEARDOWN: Frees resources associated with the stream. The RTSP session ceases to exist on the server. H. Schulzrinne, A. Rao, R. Lanphier Page 12 INTERNET-DRAFT RTSP July 30, 1997 1.8 Relationship with Other Protocols RTSP has some overlap in functionality with HTTP. It also may interact with HTTP in that the initial contact with streaming content is often to be made through a web page. The current protocol specification aims to allow different hand-off points between a web server and the media server implementing RTSP. For example, the presentation description can be retrieved using HTTP or RTSP. Having the presentation description be returned by the web server makes it possible to have the web server take care of authentication and billing, by handing out a presentation description whose media identifier includes an encrypted version of the requestor's IP address and a timestamp, with a shared secret between web and media server. However, RTSP differs fundamentally from HTTP in that data delivery takes place out-of-band, in a different protocol. HTTP is an asymmetric protocol, where the client issues requests and the server responds. In RTSP, both the media client and media server can issue requests. RTSP requests are also not stateless, in that they may set parameters and continue to control a media stream long after the request has been acknowledged. Re-using HTTP functionality has advantages in at least two areas, namely security and proxies. The requirements are very similar, so having the ability to adopt HTTP work on caches, proxies and authentication is valuable. While most real-time media will use RTP as a transport protocol, RTSP is not tied to RTP. RTSP assumes the existence of a presentation description format that can express both static and temporal properties of a presentation containing several media streams. 2 Notational Conventions Since many of the definitions and syntax are identical to HTTP/1.1, this specification only points to the section where they are defined rather than copying it. For brevity, [HX.Y] is to be taken to refer to Section X.Y of the current HTTP/1.1 specification (RFC 2068). All the mechanisms specified in this document are described in both prose and an augmented Backus-Naur form (BNF) similar to that used in RFC 2068 [H2.1]. It is described in detail in [14]. H. Schulzrinne, A. Rao, R. Lanphier Page 13 INTERNET-DRAFT RTSP July 30, 1997 In this draft, we use indented and smaller-type paragraphs to provide background and motivation. Some of these paragraphs are marked with HS, AR and RL, designating opinions and comments by the individual authors which may not be shared by the co-authors and require resolution. 3 Protocol Parameters 3.1 RTSP Version [H3.1] applies, with HTTP replaced by RTSP. 3.2 RTSP URL The ``rtsp'', ``rtspu'' and ``rtsps'' schemes are used to refer to network resources via the RTSP protocol. This section defines the scheme-specific syntax and semantics for RTSP URLs. rtsp_URL = ( "rtsp:" | "rtspu:" | "rtsps:" ) "//" host [ ":" port ] [abs_path] host = <A legal Internet host domain name of IP address (in dotted decimal form), as defined by Section 2.1 of RFC 1123> port = *DIGIT abs_path is defined in [H3.2.1]. Note that fragment and query identifiers do not have a well-defined meaning at this time, with the interpretation left to the RTSP server. The scheme rtsp requires that commands are issued via a reliable protocol (within the Internet, TCP), while the scheme rtspu identifies an unreliable protocol (within the Internet, UDP). The scheme rtsps indicates that a TCP connection secured by TLS [7] must be used. If the port is empty or not given, port 554 is assumed. The semantics are that the identified resource can be controlled be RTSP at the server listening for TCP (scheme ``rtsp'') connections or UDP (scheme ``rtspu'') packets on that port of host, and the Request-URI for the resource is rtsp_URL. The use of IP addresses in URLs SHOULD be avoided whenever possible (see RFC 1924 [15]). H. Schulzrinne, A. Rao, R. Lanphier Page 14 INTERNET-DRAFT RTSP July 30, 1997 A presentation or a stream is identified by an textual media identifier, using the character set and escape conventions [H3.2] of URLs [16]. URLs may refer to a stream or an aggregate of streams ie. a presentation. Accordingly, requests described in Section 10 can apply to either the whole presentation or an individual stream within the presentation. Note that some request methods can only be applied to streams, not presentations and vice versa. For example, the RTSP URL rtsp://media.example.com:554/twister/audiotrack identifies the audio stream within the presentation ``twister'', which can be controlled via RTSP requests issued over a TCP connection to port 554 of host media.example.com. Also, the RTSP URL rtsp://media.example.com:554/twister identifies the presentation ``twister'', which may be composed of audio and video streams. This does not imply a standard way to reference streams in URLs. The presentation description defines the hierarchical relationships in the presentation and the URLs for the individual streams. A presentation description may name a stream 'a.mov' and the whole presentation 'b.mov'. The path components of the RTSP URL are opaque to the client and do not imply any particular file system structure for the server. This decoupling also allows presentation descriptions to be used with non-RTSP media control protocols, simply by replacing the scheme in the URL. 3.3 Conference Identifiers Conference identifiers are opaque to RTSP and are encoded using standard URI encoding methods (i.e., LWS is escaped with %). They can contain any octet value. The conference identifier MUST be globally unique. For H.323, the conferenceID value is to be used. H. Schulzrinne, A. Rao, R. Lanphier Page 15 INTERNET-DRAFT RTSP July 30, 1997 conference-id = 1*OCTET ; LWS must be URL-escaped Conference identifiers are used to allow to allow RTSP sessions to obtain parameters from multimedia conferences the media server is participating in. These conferences are created by protocols outside the scope of this specification, e.g., H.323 [17] or SIP [12]. Instead of the RTSP client explicitly providing transport information, for example, it asks the media server to use the values in the conference description instead. If the conference participant inviting the media server would only supply a conference identifier which is unique for that inviting party, the media server could add an internal identifier for that party, e.g., its Internet address. However, this would prevent that the conference participant and the initiator of the RTSP commands are two different entities. 3.4 Session Identifiers Session identifiers are opaque strings of arbitrary length. Linear white space must be URL-escaped. A session identifier SHOULD be chosen randomly and SHOULD be at least eight octets long to make guessing it more difficult. (See Section 16). session-id = 1*OCTET ; LWS must be URL-escaped 3.5 SMPTE Relative Timestamps A SMPTE relative time-stamp expresses time relative to the start of the clip. Relative timestamps are expressed as SMPTE time codes for frame-level access accuracy. The time code has the format hours:minutes:seconds:frames.subframes, with the origin at the start of the clip. For NTSC, the frame rate is 29.97 frames per second. This is handled by dropping the first two frame indices (values 00 and 01) of every minute, except every tenth minute. If the frame value is zero, it may be omitted. Subframes are measured in one-hundredth of a frame. smpte-range = "smpte" "=" smpte-time "-" [ smpte-time ] smpte-time = 2DIGIT ":" 2DIGIT ":" 2DIGIT [ ":" 2DIGIT ] [ "." 2DIGIT] Examples: smpte=10:12:33:20- smpte=10:07:33- smpte=10:07:00-10:07:33:05.01 H. Schulzrinne, A. Rao, R. Lanphier Page 16 INTERNET-DRAFT RTSP July 30, 1997 3.6 Normal Play Time Normal play time (NPT) indicates the stream absolute position relative to the beginning of the presentation, measured in seconds and microseconds. The beginning of a presentation corresponds to 0 seconds and 0 microseconds. Negative values are not defined. The microsecond field is always less than 1,000,000. NPT is defined as in DSM-CC [18]: ``Intuitively, NPT is the clock the viewer associates with a program. It is often digitally displayed on a VCR. NPT advances normally when in normal play mode (scale = 1), advances at a faster rate when in fast scan forward (high positive scale ratio), decrements when in scan reverse (high negative scale ratio) and is fixed in pause mode. NPT is (logically) equivalent to SMPTE time codes.'' [18] npt-range = "npt" "=" npt-time "-" [ npt-time ] npt-time = 1*DIGIT [ ":" *DIGIT ] Examples: npt=123:45-125 3.7 Absolute Time Absolute time is expressed as ISO 8601 timestamps, using UTC (GMT). Fractions of a second may be indicated. utc-range = "clock" "=" utc-time "-" [ utc-time ] utc-time = utc-date "T" utc-time "Z" utc-date = 8DIGIT ; < YYYYMMDD > utc-time = 6DIGIT [ "." fraction ] ; < HHMMSS.fraction > Example for November 8, 1996 at 14h37 and 20 and a quarter seconds UTC: 19961108T143720.25Z Example 4 RTSP Message RTSP is a text-based protocol and uses the ISO 10646 character set in UTF-8 encoding (RFC 2044). Lines are terminated by CRLF, but receivers should be prepared to also interpret CR and LF by themselves as line terminators. H. Schulzrinne, A. Rao, R. Lanphier Page 17 INTERNET-DRAFT RTSP July 30, 1997 Text-based protocols make it easier to add optional parameters in a self-describing manner. Since the number of parameters and the frequency of commands is low, processing efficiency is not a concern. Text-based protocols, if done carefully, also allow easy implementation of research prototypes in scripting languages such as Tcl, Visual Basic and Perl. The 10646 character set avoids tricky character set switching, but is invisible to the application as long as US-ASCII is being used. This is also the encoding used for RTCP. ISO 8859-1 translates directly into Unicode, with a high-order octet of zero. ISO 8859-1 characters with the most-significant bit set are represented as 1100001x 10xxxxxx. RTSP messages can be carried over any lower-layer transport protocol that is 8-bit clean. Requests contain methods, the object the method is operating upon and parameters to further describe the method. Methods are idempotent, unless otherwise noted. Methods are also designed to require little or no state maintenance at the media server. 4.1 Message Types See [H4.1] 4.2 Message Headers See [H4.2] 4.3 Message Body See [H4.3] 4.4 Message Length When a message-body is included with a message, the length of that body is determined by one of the following (in order of precedence): H. Schulzrinne, A. Rao, R. Lanphier Page 18 INTERNET-DRAFT RTSP July 30, 1997 1. Any response message which MUST NOT include a message-body (such as the 1xx, 204, and 304 responses) is always terminated by the first empty line after the header fields, regardless of the entity-header fields present in the message. (Note: An empty line consists of only CRLF.) 2. If a Content-Length header field (section 12.15) is present, its value in bytes represents the length of the message-body. If this header field is not present, a value of zero is assumed. 3. By the server closing the connection. (Closing the connection cannot be used to indicate the end of a request body, since that would leave no possibility for the server to send back a response.) Note that RTSP does not (at present) support the HTTP/1.1 ``chunked'' transfer coding(see [H3.6]) and requires the presence of the Content-Length header field. Given the moderate length of presentation descriptions returned, the server should always be able to determine its length, even if it is generated dynamically, making the chunked transfer encoding unnecessary. Even though Content-Length must be present if there is any entity body, the rules ensure reasonable behavior even if the length is not given explicitly. 5 General Header Fields See [H4.5], except that Pragma, Transfer-Encoding and Upgrade headers are not defined: general-header = Cache-Control ; Section 12.10 | Connection ; Section 12.12 | Date ; Section 12.17 | Via ; Section 12.39 6 Request A request message from a client to a server or vice versa includes, within the first line of that message, the method to be applied to the resource, the identifier of the resource, and the protocol version in use. H. Schulzrinne, A. Rao, R. Lanphier Page 19 INTERNET-DRAFT RTSP July 30, 1997 Request = Request-Line ; Section 6.1 *( general-header ; Section 5 | request-header ; Section 6.2 | entity-header ) ; Section 8.1 CRLF [ message-body ] ; Section 4.3 6.1 Request Line Request-Line = Method SP Request-URI SP RTSP-Version SP seq-no CRLF Method = "DESCRIBE" ; Section 10.2 | "ANNOUNCE" ; Section 10.3 | "GET_PARAMETER" ; Section 10.8 | "OPTIONS" ; Section 10.1 | "PAUSE" ; Section 10.6 | "PLAY" ; Section 10.5 | "RECORD" ; Section 10.11 | "REDIRECT" ; Section 10.10 | "SETUP" ; Section 10.4 | "SET_PARAMETER" ; Section 10.9 | "TEARDOWN" ; Section 10.7 | extension-method extension-method = token Request-URI = "*" | absolute_URI RTSP-Version = "RTSP" "/" 1*DIGIT "." 1*DIGIT seq-no = 1*DIGIT 6.2 Request Header Fields request-header = Accept ; Section 12.1 | Accept-Encoding ; Section 12.2 | Accept-Language ; Section 12.3 | Authorization ; Section 12.5 | From ; Section 12.19 | If-Modified-Since ; Section 12.21 | Range ; Section 12.28 | Referer ; Section 12.29 | User-Agent ; Section 12.37 H. Schulzrinne, A. Rao, R. Lanphier Page 20 INTERNET-DRAFT RTSP July 30, 1997 Note that in contrast to HTTP/1.1, RTSP requests always contain the absolute URL (that is, including the scheme, host and port) rather than just the absolute path. HTTP/1.1 requires servers to understand the absolute URL, but clients are supposed to use the Host request header. This is purely needed for backward-compatibility with HTTP/1.0 servers, a consideration that does not apply to RTSP. The asterisk "*" in the Request-URI means that the request does not apply to a particular resource, but to the server itself, and is only allowed when the method used does not necessarily apply to a resource. One example would be OPTIONS * RTSP/1.0 7 Response [H6] applies except that HTTP-Version is replaced by RTSP-Version. Also, RTSP defines additional status codes and does not define some HTTP codes. The valid response codes and the methods they can be used with are defined in the table 1. After receiving and interpreting a request message, the recipient responds with an RTSP response message. Response = Status-Line ; Section 7.1 *( general-header ; Section 5 | response-header ; Section 7.1.2 | entity-header ) ; Section 8.1 CRLF [ message-body ] ; Section 4.3 7.1 Status-Line The first line of a Response message is the Status-Line, consisting of the protocol version followed by a numeric status code, the sequence number of the corresponding request and the textual phrase associated with the status code, with each element separated by SP characters. No CR or LF is allowed except in the final CRLF sequence. H. Schulzrinne, A. Rao, R. Lanphier Page 21 INTERNET-DRAFT RTSP July 30, 1997 Status-Line = RTSP-Version SP Status-Code SP seq-no SP Reason-Phrase CRLF 7.1.1 Status Code and Reason Phrase The Status-Code element is a 3-digit integer result code of the attempt to understand and satisfy the request. These codes are fully defined in section11. The Reason-Phrase is intended to give a short textual description of the Status-Code. The Status-Code is intended for use by automata and the Reason-Phrase is intended for the human user. The client is not required to examine or display the Reason-Phrase. The first digit of the Status-Code defines the class of response. The last two digits do not have any categorization role. There are 5 values for the first digit: * 1xx: Informational - Request received, continuing process * 2xx: Success - The action was successfully received, understood, and accepted * 3xx: Redirection - Further action must be taken in order to complete the request * 4xx: Client Error - The request contains bad syntax or cannot be fulfilled * 5xx: Server Error - The server failed to fulfill an apparently valid request The individual values of the numeric status codes defined for RTSP/1.0, and an example set of corresponding Reason-Phrase's, are presented below. The reason phrases listed here are only recommended - they may be replaced by local equivalents without affecting the protocol. Note that RTSP adopts most HTTP/1.1 status codes and adds RTSP-specific status codes in the starting at 450 to avoid conflicts with newly defined HTTP status codes. H. Schulzrinne, A. Rao, R. Lanphier Page 22 INTERNET-DRAFT RTSP July 30, 1997 Status-Code = "100" ; Continue | "200" ; OK | "201" ; Created | "300" ; Multiple Choices | "301" ; Moved Permanently | "302" ; Moved Temporarily | "303" ; See Other | "304" ; Not Modified | "305" ; Use Proxy | "400" ; Bad Request | "401" ; Unauthorized | "402" ; Payment Required | "403" ; Forbidden | "404" ; Not Found | "405" ; Method Not Allowed | "406" ; Not Acceptable | "407" ; Proxy Authentication Required | "408" ; Request Time-out | "409" ; Conflict | "410" ; Gone | "411" ; Length Required | "412" ; Precondition Failed | "413" ; Request Entity Too Large | "414" ; Request-URI Too Large | "415" ; Unsupported Media Type | "451" ; Parameter Not Understood | "452" ; Conference Not Found | "453" ; Not Enough Bandwidth | "45x" ; Session Not Found | "45x" ; Method Not Valid in This State | "45x" ; Header Field Not Valid for Resource | "45x" ; Invalid Range | "45x" ; Parameter Is Read-Only | "45x" ; Aggregate operation not allowed | "45x" ; Only aggregate operation allowed | "500" ; Internal Server Error | "501" ; Not Implemented | "502" ; Bad Gateway | "503" ; Service Unavailable | "504" ; Gateway Time-out | "505" ; RTSP Version not supported | extension-code H. Schulzrinne, A. Rao, R. Lanphier Page 23 INTERNET-DRAFT RTSP July 30, 1997 extension-code = 3DIGIT Reason-Phrase = *<TEXT, excluding CR, LF> RTSP status codes are extensible. RTSP applications are not required to understand the meaning of all registered status codes, though such understanding is obviously desirable. However, applications MUST understand the class of any status code, as indicated by the first digit, and treat any unrecognized response as being equivalent to the x00 status code of that class, with the exception that an unrecognized response MUST NOT be cached. For example, if an unrecognized status code of 431 is received by the client, it can safely assume that there was something wrong with its request and treat the response as if it had received a 400 status code. In such cases, user agents SHOULD present to the user the entity returned with the response, since that entity is likely to include human-readable information which will explain the unusual status. H. Schulzrinne, A. Rao, R. Lanphier Page 24 INTERNET-DRAFT RTSP July 30, 1997 Code Reason 100 Continue all 200 OK all 201 Created RECORD 300 Multiple Choices all 301 Moved Permanently all 302 Moved Temporarily all 303 See Other all 305 Use Proxy all 400 Bad Request all 401 Unauthorized all 402 Payment Required all 403 Forbidden all 404 Not Found all 405 Method Not Allowed all 406 Not Acceptable all 407 Proxy Authentication Required all 408 Request Timeout all 409 Conflict RECORD 410 Gone all 411 Length Required SETUP 412 Precondition Failed DESCRIBE, SETUP 413 Request Entity Too Large SETUP 414 Request-URI Too Long all 415 Unsupported Media Type SETUP 45x Session not found all 45x Invalid parameter SETUP 45x Not Enough Bandwidth SETUP 45x Illegal Conference Identifier SETUP 45x Illegal Session Identifier PLAY, RECORD, TEARDOWN 45x Parameter Is Read-Only SET_PARAMETER 45x Header Field Not Valid all 45x Method Not Valid In This State all 45x Aggregate operation not allowed all 45x Only aggregate operation allowed all 500 Internal Server Error all 501 Not Implemented all 502 Bad Gateway all 503 Service Unavailable all 504 Gateway Timeout all 505 RTSP Version Not Supported all ! Table 1: Status codes and their usage with RTSP methods H. Schulzrinne, A. Rao, R. Lanphier Page 25 INTERNET-DRAFT RTSP July 30, 1997 7.1.2 Response Header Fields The response-header fields allow the request recipient to pass additional information about the response which cannot be placed in the Status-Line. These header fields give information about the server and about further access to the resource identified by the Request-URI. response-header = Location ; Section 12.23 | Proxy-Authenticate ; Section 12.26 | Public ; Section 12.27 | Retry-After ; Section 12.30 | Server ; Section 12.33 | Vary ; Section 12.38 | WWW-Authenticate ; Section 12.40 Response-header field names can be extended reliably only in combination with a change in the protocol version. However, new or experimental header fields MAY be given the semantics of response-header fields if all parties in the communication recognize them to be response-header fields. Unrecognized header fields are treated as entity-header fields. 8 Entity Request and Response messages MAY transfer an entity if not otherwise restricted by the request method or response status code. An entity consists of entity-header fields and an entity-body, although some responses will only include the entity-headers. In this section, both sender and recipient refer to either the client or the server, depending on who sends and who receives the entity. 8.1 Entity Header Fields Entity-header fields define optional metainformation about the entity-body or, if no body is present, about the resource identified by the request. H. Schulzrinne, A. Rao, R. Lanphier Page 26 INTERNET-DRAFT RTSP July 30, 1997 entity-header = Allow ; Section 12.4 | Content-Encoding ; Section 12.13 | Content-Language ; Section 12.14 | Content-Length ; Section 12.15 | Content-Type ; Section 12.16 | Expires ; Section 12.18 | Last-Modified ; Section 12.22 | extension-header extension-header = message-header The extension-header mechanism allows additional entity-header fields to be defined without changing the protocol, but these fields cannot be assumed to be recognizable by the recipient. Unrecognized header fields SHOULD be ignored by the recipient and forwarded by proxies. 8.2 Entity Body See [H7.2] 9 Connections RTSP requests can be transmitted in several different ways: * persistent transport connections used for several request-response transactions; * one connection per request/response transaction; * connectionless mode. The type of transport connection is defined by the RTSP URI (Section 3.2). For the scheme ``rtsp'', a persistent connection is assumed, while the scheme ``rtspu'' calls for RTSP requests to be send without setting up a connection. Unlike HTTP, RTSP allows the media server to send requests to the media client. However, this is only supported for persistent connections, as the media server otherwise has no reliable way of reaching the client. Also, this is the only way that requests from media server to client are likely to traverse firewalls. 9.1 Pipelining A client that supports persistent connections or connectionless mode MAY ``pipeline'' its requests (i.e., send multiple requests without waiting for each response). A server MUST send its responses to those requests in the same order that the requests were received. H. Schulzrinne, A. Rao, R. Lanphier Page 27 INTERNET-DRAFT RTSP July 30, 1997 9.2 Reliability and Acknowledgements Requests are acknowledged by the receiver unless they are sent to a multicast group. If there is no acknowledgement, the sender may resend the same message after a timeout of one round-trip time (RTT). The round-trip time is estimated as in TCP (RFC TBD), with an initial round-trip value of 500 ms. An implementation MAY cache the last RTT measurement as the initial value for future connections. If a reliable transport protocol is used to carry RTSP, the timeout value MAY be set to an arbitrarily large value. This can greatly increase responsiveness for proxies operating in local-area networks with small RTTs. The mechanism is defined such that the client implementation does not have be aware of whether a reliable or unreliable transport protocol is being used. It is probably a bad idea to have two reliability mechanisms on top of each other, although the RTSP RTT estimate is likely to be larger than the TCP estimate. Each request carries a sequence number, which is incremented by one for each request transmitted. If a request is repeated because of lack of acknowledgement, the sequence number is incremented. This avoids ambiguities when computing round-trip time estimates. [TBD: An initial sequence number negotiation needs to be added for UDP; otherwise, a new stream connection may see a request be acknowledged by a delayed response from an earlier ``connection''. This handshake can be avoided with a sequence number containing a timestamp of sufficiently high resolution.] The reliability mechanism described here does not protect against reordering. This may cause problems in some instances. For example, a TEARDOWN followed by a PLAY has quite a different effect than the reverse. Similarly, if a PLAY request arrives before all parameters are set due to reordering, the media server would have to issue an error indication. Since sequence numbers for retransmissions are incremented (to allow easy RTT estimation), the receiver cannot just ignore out-of-order packets. [TBD: This problem could be fixed by including both a sequence number that stays the same for retransmissions and a timestamp for RTT estimation.] Systems implementing RTSP MUST support carrying RTSP over TCP and MAY support UDP. The default port for the RTSP server is 554 for both UDP and TCP. H. Schulzrinne, A. Rao, R. Lanphier Page 28 INTERNET-DRAFT RTSP July 30, 1997 A number of RTSP packets destined for the same control end point may be packed into a single lower-layer PDU or encapsulated into a TCP stream. RTSP data MAY be interleaved with RTP and RTCP packets. Unlike HTTP, an RTSP message MUST contain a Content-Length header whenever that message contains a payload. Otherwise, an RTSP packet is terminated with an empty line immediately following the last message header. 10 Method Definitions The method token indicates the method to be performed on the resource identified by the Request-URI. The method is case-sensitive. New methods may be defined in the future. Method names may not start with a $ character (decimal 24) and must be a token. Methods are summarized in Table 2. method direction object requirement DESCRIBE C->S P,S recommended ANNOUNCE C->S, S->C P,S optional GET_PARAMETER C->S, S->C P,S optional OPTIONS C->S P,S required PAUSE C->S P,S recommended PLAY C->S P,S required RECORD C->S P,S optional REDIRECT S->C P,S optional SETUP C->S S required SET_PARAMETER C->S, S->C P,S optional TEARDOWN C->S P,S required ! Table 2: Overview of RTSP methods, their direction, and what objects (P: presentation, S: stream) they operate on Notes on Table 2: PAUSE is recommended, but not required in that a fully functional server can be built that does not support this method, for example, for live feeds. If a server does not support a particular method, it MUST return "501 Not Implemented" and a client SHOULD not try this method again for this server. 10.1 OPTIONS The behavior is equivalent to that described in [H9.2]. An OPTIONS request may be issued at any time, e.g., if the client is about to try a non-standard request. It does not influence server state. H. Schulzrinne, A. Rao, R. Lanphier Page 29 INTERNET-DRAFT RTSP July 30, 1997 Example : C->S: OPTIONS * RTSP/1.0 1 PEP: {{map "http://www.iana.org/rtsp/implicit-play"}} {{map "http://www.iana.org/rtsp/record-feature"}} C-PEP: {{map "http://www.iana.org/rtsp/udp-control"}} {{map "http://www.iana.org/rtsp/gzipped-messages"}} S->C: RTSP/1.0 200 2 OK PEP-Info: {{map "http://www.iana.org/rtsp/implicit-play"} {for "/" *}} {{map "http://www.iana.org/rtsp/record-feature"} {for "/" *}} C-PEP-Info: {{map "http://www.iana.org/rtsp/udp-control"} {for "/" *}} {{map "http://www.iana.org/rtsp/gzipped-messages"} {for "/" *}} Public: DESCRIBE, SETUP, TEARDOWN, PLAY, PAUSE Note that these are fictional features (though we may want to make them real one day). DESCRIBE The DESCRIBE method retrieves the description of a presentation or media object identified by the request URL from a server. It may use the Accept header to specify the description formats that the client understands. The server responds with a description of the requested resource. Example: C->S: DESCRIBE rtsp://server.example.com/fizzle/foo RTSP/1.0 312 Accept: application/sdp, application/rtsl, application/mheg S->C: RTSP/1.0 200 312 OK Date: 23 Jan 1997 15:35:06 GMT Content-Type: application/sdp Content-Length: 376 H. Schulzrinne, A. Rao, R. Lanphier Page 30 INTERNET-DRAFT RTSP July 30, 1997 v=0 o=mhandley 2890844526 2890842807 IN IP4 126.16.64.4 s=SDP Seminar i=A Seminar on the session description protocol u=http://www.cs.ucl.ac.uk/staff/M.Handley/sdp.03.ps e=mjh@isi.edu (Mark Handley) c=IN IP4 224.2.17.12/127 t=2873397496 2873404696 a=recvonly m=audio 3456 RTP/AVP 0 m=video 2232 RTP/AVP 31 m=whiteboard 32416 UDP WB a=orient:portrait ANNOUNCE The ANNOUNCE method serves two purposes: When sent from client to server, ANNOUNCE posts the description of a presentation or media object identified by the request URL to a server. When sent from server to client, ANNOUNCE updates the session description in real-time. If a new media stream is added to a presentation (e.g., during a live presentation), the whole presentation description should be sent again, rather than just the additional components, so that components can be deleted. Example: C->S: ANNOUNCE rtsp://server.example.com/fizzle/foo RTSP/1.0 312 Date: 23 Jan 1997 15:35:06 GMT Content-Type: application/sdp Content-Length: 332 H. Schulzrinne, A. Rao, R. Lanphier Page 31 INTERNET-DRAFT RTSP July 30, 1997 v=0 o=mhandley 2890844526 2890845468 IN IP4 126.16.64.4 s=SDP Seminar i=A Seminar on the session description protocol u=http://www.cs.ucl.ac.uk/staff/M.Handley/sdp.03.ps e=mjh@isi.edu (Mark Handley) c=IN IP4 224.2.17.12/127 t=2873397496 2873404696 a=recvonly m=audio 3456 RTP/AVP 0 m=video 2232 RTP/AVP 31 S->C: RTSP/1.0 200 312 OK SETUP The SETUP request for a URI specifies the transport mechanism to be used for the streamed media. A client can issue a SETUP request for a stream that is already playing to change transport parameters, which a server MAY allow(If it does not allow it, it must respond with error ``45x Method not valid in this state'' ). For the benefit of any intervening firewalls, a client must indicate the transport parameters even if it has no influence over these parameters, for example, where the server advertises a fixed multicast address. Segregating content desciption into a DESCRIBE message and transport information in SETUP avoids having firewall to parse numerous different presentation description formats for information which is irrelevant to transport. The Transport header specifies the transport parameters acceptable to the client for data transmission; the response will contain the transport parameters selected by the server. C->S: SETUP rtsp://example.com/foo/bar/baz.rm RTSP/1.0 302 Transport: RTP/AVP;port=4588 S->C: RTSP/1.0 200 302 OK Date: 23 Jan 1997 15:35:06 GMT Transport: RTP/AVP;port=4588 H. Schulzrinne, A. Rao, R. Lanphier Page 32 INTERNET-DRAFT RTSP July 30, 1997 PLAY The PLAY method tells the server to start sending data via the mechanism specified in SETUP. A client MUST NOT issue a PLAY request until any outstanding SETUP requests have been acknowledged as successful. The PLAY request positions the normal play time to the beginning of the range specified and delivers stream data until the end of the range is reached. PLAY requests may be pipelined (queued); a server MUST queue PLAY requests to be executed in order. That is, a PLAY request arriving while a previous PLAY request is still active is delayed until the first has been completed. This allows precise editing. For example, regardless of how closely spaced the two PLAY commands in the example below arrive, the server will play first second 10 through 15 and then, immediately following, seconds 20 to 25 and finally seconds 30 through the end. C->S: PLAY rtsp://audio.example.com/audio RTSP/1.0 835 Range: npt=10-15 C->S: PLAY rtsp://audio.example.com/audio RTSP/1.0 836 Range: npt=20-25 C->S: PLAY rtsp://audio.example.com/audio RTSP/1.0 837 Range: npt=30- See the description of the PAUSE request for further examples. A PLAY request without a Range header is legal. It starts playing a stream from the beginning unless the stream has been paused. If a stream has been paused via PAUSE, stream delivery resumes at the pause point. If a stream is playing, such a PLAY request causes no further action and can be used by the client to test server liveness. The Range header may also contain a time parameter. This parameter specifies a time in UTC at which the playback should start. If the message is received after the specified time, playback is started immediately. The time parameter may be used to aid in synchronisation of streams obtained from different sources. H. Schulzrinne, A. Rao, R. Lanphier Page 33 INTERNET-DRAFT RTSP July 30, 1997 For a on-demand stream, the server replies back with the actual range that will be played back. This may differ from the requested range if alignment of the requested range to valid frame boundaries is required for the media source. If no range is specified in the request, the current position is returned in the reply. The unit of the range in the reply is the same as that in the request. After playing the desired range, the presentation is automatically paused, as if a PAUSE request had been issued. The following example plays the whole presentation starting at SMPTE time code 0:10:20 until the end of the clip. The playback is to start at 15:36 on 23 Jan 1997. C->S: PLAY rtsp://audio.example.com/twister.en RTSP/1.0 833 Range: smpte=0:10:20-;time=19970123T153600Z S->C: RTSP/1.0 200 833 OK Date: 23 Jan 1997 15:35:06 GMT Range: smpte=0:10:22-;time=19970123T153600Z For playing back a recording of a live presentation, it may be desirable to use clock units: C->S: PLAY rtsp://audio.example.com/meeting.en RTSP/1.0 835 Range: clock=19961108T142300Z-19961108T143520Z S->C: RTSP/1.0 200 833 OK Date: 23 Jan 1997 15:35:06 GMT A media server only supporting playback MUST support the npt format and MAY support the clock and smpte formats. PAUSE The PAUSE request causes the stream delivery to be interrupted (halted) temporarily. If the request URL names a stream, only playback and recording of that stream is halted. For example, for audio, this is equivalent to muting. If the request URL names a presentation or group of streams, delivery of all currently active streams within the presentation or group is halted. After resuming playback or recording, synchronization of the tracks MUST be maintained. Any server resources are kept. H. Schulzrinne, A. Rao, R. Lanphier Page 34 INTERNET-DRAFT RTSP July 30, 1997 The PAUSE request may contain a Range header specifying when the stream or presentation is to be halted. The header must contain exactly one value rather than a time range. The normal play time for the stream is set to that value. The pause request becomes effective the first time the server is encountering the time point specified. If this header is missing, stream delivery is interrupted immediately on receipt of the message. For example, if the server has play requests for ranges 10 to 15 and 20 to 29 pending and then receives a pause request for NPT 21, it would start playing the second range and stop at NPT 21. If the pause request is for NPT 12 and the server is playing at NPT 13 serving the first play request, it stops immediately. If the pause request is for NPT 16, it stops after completing the first play request and discards the second play request. As another example, if a server has received requests to play ranges 10 to 15 and then 13 to 20, that is, overlapping ranges, the PAUSE request for NPT=14 would take effect while playing the first range, with the second PLAY request effectively being ignored, assuming the PAUSE request arrives before the server has started playing the second, overlapping range. Regardless of when the PAUSE request arrives, it sets the NPT to 14. If the server has already sent data beyond the time specified in the Range header, a PLAY would still resume at that point in time, as it is assumed that the client has discarded data after that point. This ensures continuous pause/play cycling without gaps. Example: C->S: PAUSE rtsp://example.com/fizzle/foo RTSP/1.0 834 Session: 1234 S->C: RTSP/1.0 200 834 OK Date: 23 Jan 1997 15:35:06 GMT TEARDOWN Stop the stream delivery for the given URI, freeing the resources associated with it. If the URI is the presentation URI for this presentation, any RTSP session identifier associated with the session is no longer valid. Unless all transport parameters are defined by the session description, a SETUP request has to be issued before the session can be played again. H. Schulzrinne, A. Rao, R. Lanphier Page 35 INTERNET-DRAFT RTSP July 30, 1997 Example: C->S: TEARDOWN rtsp://example.com/fizzle/foo RTSP/1.0 892 Session: 1234 S->C: RTSP/1.0 200 892 OK GET_PARAMETER The requests retrieves the value of a parameter of a presentation or stream specified in the URI. Multiple parameters can be requested in the message body using the content type text/rtsp-parameters. Note that parameters include server and client statistics. IANA registers parameter names for statistics and other purposes. GET_PARAMETER with no entity body may be used to test client or server liveness (``ping''). Example: S->C: GET_PARAMETER rtsp://example.com/fizzle/foo RTSP/1.0 431 Content-Type: text/rtsp-parameters Session: 1234 Content-Length: 15 packets_received jitter C->S: RTSP/1.0 200 431 OK Content-Length: 46 Content-Type: text/rtsp-parameters packets_received: 10 jitter: 0.3838 SET_PARAMETER This method requests to set the value of a parameter for a presentation or stream specified by the URI. A request SHOULD only contain a single parameter to allow the client to determine why a particular request failed. A server MUST allow a parameter to be set repeatedly to the same value, but it MAY disallow changing parameter values. Note: transport parameters for the media stream MUST only be set with the SETUP command. H. Schulzrinne, A. Rao, R. Lanphier Page 36 INTERNET-DRAFT RTSP July 30, 1997 Restricting setting transport parameters to SETUP is for the benefit of firewalls. The parameters are split in a fine-grained fashion so that there can be more meaningful error indications. However, it may make sense to allow the setting of several parameters if an atomic setting is desirable. Imagine device control where the client does not want the camera to pan unless it can also tilt to the right angle at the same time. A SET_PARAMETER request without parameters can be used as a way to detect client or server liveness. Example: C->S: SET_PARAMETER rtsp://example.com/fizzle/foo RTSP/1.0 421 Content-type: text/rtsp-parameters barparam: barstuff S->C: RTSP/1.0 450 421 Invalid Parameter Content-Length: 6 barparam REDIRECT A redirect request informs the client that it must connect to another server location. It contains the mandatory header Location, which indicates that the client should issue requests for that URL. It may contain the parameter Range, which indicates when the redirection takes effect. This example request redirects traffic for this URI to the new server at the given play time: S->C: REDIRECT rtsp://example.com/fizzle/foo RTSP/1.0 732 Location: rtsp://bigserver.com:8001 Range: clock=19960213T143205Z- H. Schulzrinne, A. Rao, R. Lanphier Page 37 INTERNET-DRAFT RTSP July 30, 1997 RECORD This method initiates recording a range of media data according to the presentation description. The timestamp reflects start and end time (UTC). If no time range is given, use the start or end time provided in the presentation description. If the session has already started, commence recording immediately. The server decides whether to store the recorded data under the request-URI or another URI. If the server does not use the request-URI, the response SHOULD be 201 (Created) and contain an entity which describes the status of the request and refers to the new resource, and a Location header. A media server supporting recording of live presentations MUST support the clock range format; the smpte format does not make sense. In this example, the media server was previously invited to the conference indicated. C->S: RECORD rtsp://example.com/meeting/audio.en RTSP/1.0 954 Session: 1234 Conference: 128.16.64.19/32492374 10.12 Embedded (Interleaved) Binary Data Certain firewall designs and other circumstances may force a server to interleave RTSP methods and stream data. This interleaving should generally be avoided unless necessary since it complicates client and server operation and imposes additional overhead. Interleaved binary data SHOULD only be used if RTSP is carried over TCP. Stream data such as RTP packets is encapsulated by an ASCII dollar sign (24 decimal), followed by a one-byte channel identifier, followed by the length of the encapsulated binary data as a binary, two-byte integer in network byte order. The stream data follows immediately afterwards, without a CRLF, but including the upper-layer protocol headers. Each $ block contains exactly one upper-layer protocol data unit, e.g., one RTP packet. The channel identifier is defined in the Transport header 12.35. C->S: SETUP rtsp://foo.com/bar.file RTSP/1.0 2 Transport: RTP/AVP/TCP;channel=0 H. Schulzrinne, A. Rao, R. Lanphier Page 38 INTERNET-DRAFT RTSP July 30, 1997 S->C: RTSP/1.0 200 2 OK Date: 05 Jun 1997 18:57:18 GMT Transport: RTP/AVP/TCP;channel=0 Session: 12345 C->S: PLAY rtsp://foo.com/bar.file RTSP/1.0 3 Session: 12345 S->C: RTSP/1.0 200 3 OK Session: 12345 Date: 05 Jun 1997 18:59:15 GMT S->C: $\000{2 byte length}{"length" bytes data, w/RTP header} S->C: $\000{2 byte length}{"length" bytes data, w/RTP header} 11 Status Code Definitions Where applicable, HTTP status [H10] codes are re-used. Status codes that have the same meaning are not repeated here. See Table 1 for a listing of which status codes may be returned by which request. 11.1 Redirection 3xx See [H10.3]. Within RTSP, redirection may be used for load balancing or redirecting stream requests to a server topologically closer to the client. Mechanisms to determine topological proximity are beyond the scope of this specification. 11.2 Client Error 4xx 11.2.1 405 Method Not Allowed The method specified in the request is not allowed for the resource identified by the request URI. The response MUST include an Allow header containing a list of valid methods for the requested resource. This status code is also to be used if a request attempts to use a method not indicated during SETUP, e.g., if a RECORD request is issued even though the mode parameter in the Transport header only specified PLAY. 11.2.2 451 Parameter Not Understood The recipient of the request does not support one or more parameters contained in the request. H. Schulzrinne, A. Rao, R. Lanphier Page 39 INTERNET-DRAFT RTSP July 30, 1997 11.2.3 452 Conference Not Found The conference indicated by a Conference header field is unknown to the media server. 11.2.4 453 Not Enough Bandwidth The request was refused since there was insufficient bandwidth. This may, for example, be the result of a resource reservation failure. 11.2.5 45x Session Not Found The RTSP session identifier is invalid or has timed out. 11.2.6 45x Method Not Valid in This State The client or server cannot process this request in its current state. 11.2.7 45x Header Field Not Valid for Resource The server could not act on a required request header. For example, if PLAY contains the Range header field, but the stream does not allow seeking. 11.2.8 45x Invalid Range The Range value given is out of bounds, e.g., beyond the end of the presentation. 11.2.9 45x Parameter Is Read-Only The parameter to be set by SET_PARAMETER can only be read, but not modified. 11.2.10 45x Aggregate operation not allowed The requested method may not be applied on the URL in question since it is an aggregate(presentation) URL. The method may be applied on a stream URL. 11.2.11 45x Only aggregate operation allowed The requested method may not be applied on the URL in question since it is not an aggregate(presentation) URL. The method may be applied on the presentation URL. H. Schulzrinne, A. Rao, R. Lanphier Page 40 INTERNET-DRAFT RTSP July 30, 1997 12 Header Field Definitions HTTP/1.1 or other, non-standard header fields not listed here currently have no well-defined meaning and SHOULD be ignored by the recipient. Tables 3 summarizes the header fields used by RTSP. Type ``g'' designates general request headers, to be found in both requests and responses, type ``R'' designates request headers, type ``r'' response headers, type ``e'' entity header fields. Fields marked with ``req.'' in the column labeled ``support'' MUST be implemented by the recipient for a particular method, while fields marked ``opt.'' are optional. Note that not all fields marked 'r' will be send in every request of this type; merely, that client (for response headers) and server (for request headers) MUST implement them. The last column lists the method for which this header field is meaningful; the designation ``entity'' refers to all methods that return a message body. Within this specification, DESCRIBE and GET_PARAMETER fall into this class. If the field content does not apply to the particular resource, the server MUST return status 45x (Header Field Not Valid for Resource). H. Schulzrinne, A. Rao, R. Lanphier Page 41 INTERNET-DRAFT RTSP July 30, 1997 Header type support methods Accept R opt. entity Accept-Encoding R opt. entity Accept-Language R opt. all Authorization R opt. all Bandwidth R opt. all Blocksize R opt. all but OPTIONS, TEARDOWN Cache-Control g opt. SETUP Conference R opt. SETUP Connection g req. all Content-Encoding e req. SET_PARAMETER Content-Encoding e req. DESCRIBE, ANNOUNCE Content-Language e req. DESCRIBE, ANNOUNCE Content-Length e req. SET_PARAMETER, ANNOUNCE Content-Length e req. entity Content-Type e req. SET_PARAMETER, ANNOUNCE Content-Type r req. entity Date g opt. all Expires e opt. DESCRIBE, ANNOUNCE From R opt. all If-Modified-Since R opt. DESCRIBE, SETUP Last-Modified e opt. entity Public r opt. all Range R opt. PLAY, PAUSE, RECORD Range r opt. PLAY, PAUSE, RECORD Referer R opt. all Retry-After r opt. all Scale Rr opt. PLAY, RECORD Session Rr req. all but SETUP, OPTIONS Server r opt. all Speed Rr opt. PLAY Transport Rr req. SETUP Transport-Info r req. PLAY User-Agent R opt. all Via g opt. all WWW-Authenticate r opt. all ! Table 3: Overview of RTSP header fields 12.1 Accept The Accept request-header field can be used to specify certain presentation description content types which are acceptable for the response. H. Schulzrinne, A. Rao, R. Lanphier Page 42 INTERNET-DRAFT RTSP July 30, 1997 The ``level'' parameter for presentation descriptions is properly defined as part of the MIME type registration, not here. See [H14.1] for syntax. Example of use: Accept: application/rtsl, application/sdp;level=2 12.2 Accept-Encoding See [H14.3] 12.3 Accept-Language See [H14.4]. Note that the language specified applies to the presentation description and any reason phrases, not the media content. 12.4 Allow The Allow response header field lists the methods supported by the resource identified by the request-URI. The purpose of this field is to strictly inform the recipient of valid methods associated with the resource. An Allow header field must be present in a 405 (Method not allowed) response. Example of use: Allow: SETUP, PLAY, RECORD, SET_PARAMETER 12.5 Authorization See [H14.8] 12.6 Bandwidth The Bandwidth request header field describes the estimated bandwidth available to the client, expressed as a positive integer and measured in bits per second. The bandwidth available to the client may change during an RTSP session, e.g., due to modem retraining. Bandwidth = "Bandwidth" ":" 1*DIGIT Example: Bandwidth: 4000 H. Schulzrinne, A. Rao, R. Lanphier Page 43 INTERNET-DRAFT RTSP July 30, 1997 12.7 Blocksize This request header field is sent from the client to the media server asking the server for a particular media packet size. This packet size does not include lower-layer headers such as IP, UDP, or RTP. The server is free to use a blocksize which is lower than the one requested. The server MAY truncate this packet size to the closest multiple of the minimum media-specific block size or override it with the media specific size if necessary. The block size is a strictly positive decimal number and measured in octets. The server only returns an error (416) if the value is syntactically invalid. 12.8 C-PEP This corresponds to the C-PEP: header in the ``Protocol Extension Protocol'' defined in RFC XXXX [21]. This field differs from the PEP field (Section 12.24) only in that it is hop-by-hop rather than end-to-end as PEP is. Servers and proxies MUST parse this field and MUST return "420 Bad Extension" when there is a PEP extension of strength "must". See RFC XXXX for more details on this. 12.9 C-PEP-Info This corresponds to the C-PEP-Info: header in the ``Protocol Extension Protocol'' defined in RFC XXXX [21]. 12.10 Cache-Control The Cache-Control general header field is used to specify directives that MUST be obeyed by all caching mechanisms along the request/response chain. Cache directives must be passed through by a proxy or gateway application, regardless of their significance to that application, since the directives may be applicable to all recipients along the request/response chain. It is not possible to specify a cache- directive for a specific cache. Cache-Control should only be specified in a SETUP request and its response. Note: Cache-Control does not govern the caching of responses as for HTTP, but rather of the stream identified by the SETUP request. Responses to RTSP requests are not cacheable, except for responses to DESCRIBE. H. Schulzrinne, A. Rao, R. Lanphier Page 44 INTERNET-DRAFT RTSP July 30, 1997 Cache-Control = "Cache-Control" ":" 1#cache-directive cache-directive = cache-request-directive | cache-response-directive cache-request-directive = "no-cache" | "max-stale" | "min-fresh" | "only-if-cached" | cache-extension cache-response-directive = "public" | "private" | "no-cache" | "no-transform" | "must-revalidate" | "proxy-revalidate" | "max-age" "=" delta-seconds | cache-extension cache-extension = token [ "=" ( token | quoted-string ) ] no-cache: Indicates that the media stream MUST NOT be cached anywhere. This allows an origin server to prevent caching even by caches that have been configured to return stale responses to client requests. public: Indicates that the media stream is cachable by any cache. private: Indicates that the media stream is intended for a single user and MUST NOT be cached by a shared cache. A private (non-shared) cache may cache the media stream. H. Schulzrinne, A. Rao, R. Lanphier Page 45 INTERNET-DRAFT RTSP July 30, 1997 no-transform: An intermediate cache (proxy) may find it useful to convert the media type of certain stream. A proxy might, for example, convert between video formats to save cache space or to reduce the amount of traffic on a slow link. Serious operational problems may occur, however, when these transformations have been applied to streams intended for certain kinds of applications. For example, applications for medical imaging, scientific data analysis and those using end-to-end authentication, all depend on receiving a stream that is bit for bit identical to the original entity-body. Therefore, if a response includes the no-transform directive, an intermediate cache or proxy MUST NOT change the encoding of the stream. Unlike HTTP, RTSP does not provide for partial transformation at this point, e.g., allowing translation into a different language. only-if-cached: In some cases, such as times of extremely poor network connectivity, a client may want a cache to return only those media streams that it currently has stored, and not to receive these from the origin server. To do this, the client may include the only-if-cached directive in a request. If it receives this directive, a cache SHOULD either respond using a cached media stream that is consistent with the other constraints of the request, or respond with a 504 (Gateway Timeout) status. However, if a group of caches is being operated as a unified system with good internal connectivity, such a request MAY be forwarded within that group of caches. max-stale: Indicates that the client is willing to accept a media stream that has exceeded its expiration time. If max-stale is assigned a value, then the client is willing to accept a response that has exceeded its expiration time by no more than the specified number of seconds. If no value is assigned to max-stale, then the client is willing to accept a stale response of any age. min-fresh: Indicates that the client is willing to accept a media stream whose freshness lifetime is no less than its current age plus the specified time in seconds. That is, the client wants a response that will still be fresh for at least the specified number of seconds. H. Schulzrinne, A. Rao, R. Lanphier Page 46 INTERNET-DRAFT RTSP July 30, 1997 must-revalidate: When the must-revalidate directive is present in a SETUP response received by a cache, that cache MUST NOT use the entry after it becomes stale to respond to a subsequent request without first revalidating it with the origin server. (I.e., the cache must do an end-to-end revalidation every time, if, based solely on the origin server's Expires, the cached response is stale.) 12.11 Conference This request header field establishes a logical connection between a conference, established using non-RTSP means, and an RTSP stream. The conference-id must not be changed for the same RTSP session. Conference = "Conference" ":" conference-id Example: Conference: 199702170042.SAA08642@obiwan.arl.wustl.edu%20Starr 12.12 Connection See [H14.10]. 12.13 Content-Encoding See [H14.12] 12.14 Content-Language See [H14.13] 12.15 Content-Length This field contains the length of the content of the method (i.e. after the double CRLF following the last header). Unlike HTTP, it MUST be included in all messages that carry content beyond the header portion of the message. It is interpreted according to [H14.14]. 12.16 Content-Type See [H14.18]. Note that the content types suitable for RTSP are likely to be restricted in practice to presentation descriptions and parameter-value types. H. Schulzrinne, A. Rao, R. Lanphier Page 47 INTERNET-DRAFT RTSP July 30, 1997 12.17 Date See [H14.19]. 12.18 Expires The Expires entity-header field gives the date/time after which the media-stream should be considered stale. A stale cache entry may not normally be returned by a cache (either a proxy cache or an user agent cache) unless it is first validated with the origin server (or with an intermediate cache that has a fresh copy of the entity). See section 13.2 for further discussion of the expiration model. The presence of an Expires field does not imply that the original resource will change or cease to exist at, before, or after that time. The format is an absolute date and time as defined by HTTP-date in [H3.3]; it MUST be in RFC1123-date format: Expires = "Expires" ":" HTTP-date An example of its use is Expires: Thu, 01 Dec 1994 16:00:00 GMT RTSP/1.0 clients and caches MUST treat other invalid date formats, especially including the value "0", as in the past (i.e., "already expired"). To mark a response as "already expired," an origin server should use an Expires date that is equal to the Date header value. To mark a response as "never expires," an origin server should use an Expires date approximately one year from the time the response is sent. RTSP/1.0 servers should not send Expires dates more than one year in the future. The presence of an Expires header field with a date value of some time in the future on a media stream that otherwise would by default be non-cacheable indicates that the media stream is cachable, unless indicated otherwise by a Cache-Control header field (Section 12.10). H. Schulzrinne, A. Rao, R. Lanphier Page 48 INTERNET-DRAFT RTSP July 30, 1997 12.19 From See [H14.22]. 12.20 Host This HTTP request header field is not needed for RTSP. It should be silently ignored if sent. 12.21 If-Modified-Since The If-Modified-Since request-header field is used with the DESCRIBE and SETUP methods to make them conditional: if the requested variant has not been modified since the time specified in this field, a description will not be returned from the server (DESCRIBE) or a stream will not be setup (SETUP); instead, a 304 (not modified) response will be returned without any message-body. If-Modified-Since = "If-Modified-Since" ":" HTTP-date An example of the field is: If-Modified-Since: Sat, 29 Oct 1994 19:43:31 GMT 12.22 Last-Modified The Last-Modified entity-header field indicates the date and time at which the origin server believes the variant was last modified. See [H14.29]. If the request URI refers to an aggregate, the field indicates the last modification time across all leave nodes of that aggregate. 12.23 Location See [H14.30]. 12.24 PEP This corresponds to the PEP: header in the ``Protocol Extension Protocol'' defined in RFC XXXX. Servers MUST parse this field and MUST return ``420 Bad Extension'' when there is a PEP extension of strength ``must'' (see RFC XXXX). H. Schulzrinne, A. Rao, R. Lanphier Page 49 INTERNET-DRAFT RTSP July 30, 1997 12.25 PEP-Info This corresponds to the PEP-Info: header in the ``Protocol Extension Protocol'' defined in RFC XXXX. 12.26 Proxy-Authenticate See [H14.33]. 12.27 Public See [H14.35]. 12.28 Range This request header field specifies a range of time. The range can be specified in a number of units. This specification defines the smpte (see Section 3.5) and clock (see Section 3.7) range units. Within RTSP, byte ranges [H14.36.1] are not meaningful and MUST NOT be used. The header may also contain a time parameter in UTC, specifying the time at which the operation is to be made effective. Servers supporting the Range header MUST understand the NPT and SMPTE range formats. Range = "Range" ":" 1#ranges-specifier [ ";" "time" "=" utc-time ] ranges-specifier = npt-range | utc-range | smpte-range Example: Range: clock=19960213T143205Z-;time=19970123T143720Z The notation is similar to that used for the HTTP/1.1 header. It allows to select a clip from the media object, to play from a given point to the end and from the current location to a given point. The start of playback can be scheduled for at any time in the future, although a server may refuse to keep server resources for extended idle periods. 12.29 Referer See [H14.37]. The URL refers to that of the presentation description, typically retrieved via HTTP. H. Schulzrinne, A. Rao, R. Lanphier Page 50 INTERNET-DRAFT RTSP July 30, 1997 12.30 Retry-After See [H14.38]. 12.31 Scale A scale value of 1 indicates normal play or record at the normal forward viewing rate. If not 1, the value corresponds to the rate with respect to normal viewing rate. For example, a ratio of 2 indicates twice the normal viewing rate (``fast forward'') and a ratio of 0.5 indicates half the normal viewing rate. In other words, a ratio of 2 has normal play time increase at twice the wallclock rate. For every second of elapsed (wallclock) time, 2 seconds of content will be delivered. A negative value indicates reverse direction. Unless requested otherwise by the Speed parameter, the data rate SHOULD not be changed. Implementation of scale changes depends on the server and media type. For video, a server may, for example, deliver only key frames or selected key frames. For audio, it may time-scale the audio while preserving pitch or, less desirably, deliver fragments of audio. The server should try to approximate the viewing rate, but may restrict the range of scale values that it supports. The response MUST contain the actual scale value chosen by the server. If the request contains a Range parameter, the new scale value will take effect at that time. Scale = "Scale" ":" [ "-" ] 1*DIGIT [ "." *DIGIT ] Example of playing in reverse at 3.5 times normal rate: Scale: -3.5 12.32 Speed This request header fields parameter requests the server to deliver data to the client at a particular speed, contingent on the server's ability and desire to serve the media stream at the given speed. Implementation by the server is OPTIONAL. The default is the bit rate of the stream. H. Schulzrinne, A. Rao, R. Lanphier Page 51 INTERNET-DRAFT RTSP July 30, 1997 The parameter value is expressed as a decimal ratio, e.g., a value of 2.0 indicates that data is to be delivered twice as fast as normal. A speed of zero is invalid. If the request contains a Range parameter, the new speed value will take effect at that time. Speed = "Speed" ":" 1*DIGIT [ "." *DIGIT ] Example: Speed: 2.5 Use of this field changes the bandwidth used for data delivery. It is meant for use in specific circumstances where preview of the presentation at a higher or lower rate is necessary. Implementors should keep in mind that bandwidth for the session may be negotiated beforehand (by means other than RTSP), and therefore re-negotiation may be necessary. When data is delivered over UDP, it is highly recommended that means such as RTCP be used to track packet loss rates. 12.33 Server See [H14.39] 12.34 Session This request and response header field identifies an RTSP session, started by the media server in a SETUP response and concluded by TEARDOWN on the presentation URL. The session identifier is chosen by the media server (see Section 3.4). Once a client receives a Session identifier, it MUST return it for any request related to that session. Session = "Session" ":" session-id Note that a session identifier identifies a RTSP session across transport sessions or connections. Control messages for more than one RTSP URL may be sent within a single RTSP session. Hence, it is possible that clients use the same session for controlling many streams comprising a presentation, as long as all the streams come from the same server. (See example in Section 14). However, multiple ``user'' sessions for the same URL from the same client MUST use different session identifiers. The session identifier is needed to distinguish several delivery requests for the same URL coming from the same client. H. Schulzrinne, A. Rao, R. Lanphier Page 52 INTERNET-DRAFT RTSP July 30, 1997 12.35 Transport This request header indicates which transport protocol is to be used and configures its parameters such as destination address, compression, multicast time-to-live and destination port for a single stream. It sets those values not already determined by a presentation description. Transports are comma separated, listed in order of preference. Parameters may be added to each tranpsort, separated by a semicolon. The Transport header MAY also be used to change certain transport parameters. A server MAY refuse to change parameters of an existing stream. The server MAY return a Transport response header in the response to indicate the values actually chosen. A Transport request header field may contain a list of transport options acceptable to the client. In that case, the server MUST return a single option which was actually chosen. The syntax for the transport specifier is transport/profile/lower-transport. Defaults for "lower-transport" are specific to the profile. For RTP/AVP, the default is UDP. Below are the configuration parameters associated with transport: General parameters: destination: The address to which a stream will be sent. The client may specify the multicast address with the destination parameter. A server SHOULD authenticate the client and SHOULD log such attempts before allowing the client to direct a media stream to an address not chosen by the server to avoid becoming the unwitting perpetrator of a remote-controlled denial-of-service attack. This is particularly important if RTSP commands are issued via UDP, but TCP cannot be relied upon as reliable means of client identification by itself. A server SHOULD not allow a client to direct media streams to an address that differs from the address commands are coming from. H. Schulzrinne, A. Rao, R. Lanphier Page 53 INTERNET-DRAFT RTSP July 30, 1997 mode: The mode parameter indicates the methods to be supported for this session. Valid values are PLAY and RECORD. If not provided, the default is PLAY. For RECORD, the append flag indicates that the media data should be appended to the existing resource rather than overwriting it. If appending is requested and the server does not support this, it MUST refuse the request rather than overwrite the resouce identified by the URI. The append parameter is ignored if the mode parameter does not contain RECORD. interleaved: The interleaved parameter implies mixing the media stream with the control stream, in whatever protocol is being used by the control stream. Currently, the next-layer protocols RTP is defined. The `channel' parameter defines the channel number to be used in the $ statement (see section 10.12). Multicast specific: ttl: multicast time-to-live RTP Specific: compressed: Boolean parameter indicating compressed RTP according to RFC XXXX. port: RTP/RTCP destination ports on client. The client receives RTCP reports on the value of port plus one, as is standard RTP convention. cport: the control port that the data server wishes the client to send its RTCP reports to. ssrc: Indicates the RTP SSRC [19, Sec. 3] value that should be (request) or will be (response) used by the media server. This parameter is only valid for unicast transmission. It identifies the synchronization source to be associated with the media stream. H. Schulzrinne, A. Rao, R. Lanphier Page 54 INTERNET-DRAFT RTSP July 30, 1997 Transport = "Transport" ":" 1#transport-protocol/profile[/lower-transport] *parameter transport-protocol = "RTP" profile = "AVP" lower-transport = "TCP" | "UDP" parameter = ";" "destination" [ "=" address ] | ";" "compressed" | ";" "channel" "=" channel | ";" "append" | ";" "ttl" "=" ttl | ";" "port" "=" port | ";" "cport" "=" port | ";" "ssrc" "=" ssrc | ";" "mode" = <"> 1#mode <"> ttl = 1*3(DIGIT) port = 1*5(DIGIT) ssrc = 8*8(HEX) channel = 1*3(DIGIT) address = host mode = "PLAY" | "RECORD" *parameter Example: Transport: RTP/AVP;compressed;ttl=127;port=3456; mode="PLAY,RECORD;append" The Transport header is restricted to describing a single RTP stream. (RTSP can also control multiple streams as a single entity.) Making it part of RTSP rather than relying on a multitude of session description formats greatly simplifies designs of firewalls. 12.36 Transport-Info This field is used to set Transport specific parameters in the PLAY response. seq: Indicates the sequence number of the first packet of the stream. This allows clients to gracefully deal with packets when seeking. The client uses this value to differentiate packets that originated before the seek from packets that originated after the seek. H. Schulzrinne, A. Rao, R. Lanphier Page 55 INTERNET-DRAFT RTSP July 30, 1997 Transport-Info = "Transport-Info" ":" 1#transport-protocol/profile[/lower-transport] ";" streamid *parameter transport-protocol = "RTP" profile = "AVP" lower-transport = "TCP" | "UDP" stream-id = "streamid" "=" streamid parameter = ";" "seq" "=" sequence number sequence-number = 1*16(DIGIT) Example: Transport-Info: RTP/AVP;streamid=0;seq=43754027, RTP/AVP;streamid=1;seq=34834738 12.37 User-Agent See [H14.42] 12.38 Vary See [H14.43] 12.39 Via See [H14.44]. 12.40 WWW-Authenticate See [H14.46]. 13 Caching In HTTP, response-request pairs are cached. RTSP differs significantly in that respect. Responses are not cachable, with the exception of the stream description returned by DESCRIBE. (Since the responses for anything but DESCRIBE and GET_PARAMETER do not return any data, caching is not really an issue for these requests.) However, it is desirable for the continuous media data, typically delivered out-of-band with respect to RTSP, to be cached. H. Schulzrinne, A. Rao, R. Lanphier Page 56 INTERNET-DRAFT RTSP July 30, 1997 On receiving a SETUP or PLAY request, the proxy would ascertain as to whether it has an up-to-date copy of the continuous media content. If not, it would modify the SETUP transport parameters as appropriate and forward the request to the origin server. Subsequent control commands such as PLAY or PAUSE would pass the proxy unmodified. The proxy would then pass the continuous media data to the client, while possibly making a local copy for later re-use. The exact behavior allowed to the cache is given by the cache-response directives described in Section 12.10. A cache MUST answer any DESCRIBE requests if it is currently serving the stream to the requestor, as it is possible that low-level details of the stream description may have changed on the origin-server. Note that an RTSP cache, unlike the HTTP cache, is of the ``cut-through'' variety. Rather than retrieving the whole resource from the origin server, the cache simply copies the streaming data as it passes by on its way to the client, thus, it does not introduce additional latency. To the client, an RTSP proxy cache would appear like a regular media server, to the media origin server like a client. Just like an HTTP cache has to store the content type, content language, etc. for the objects it caches, a media cache has to store the presentation description. Typically, a cache would eliminate all transport-references (that is, multicast information) from the presentation description, since these are independent of the data delivery from the cache to the client. Information on the encodings remains the same. If the cache is able to translate the cached media data, it would create a new presentation description with all the encoding possibilities it can offer. 14 Examples The following examples reference stream description formats that are not finalized, such as RTSL and SDP. Please do not use these examples as a reference for those formats. 14.1 Media on Demand (Unicast) Client C requests a movie from media servers A ( audio.example.com) and V (video.example.com). The media description is stored on a web server W . The media description contains descriptions of the presentation and all its streams, including the codecs that are available, dynamic RTP payload types, the protocol stack and content information such as language or copyright restrictions. It may also give an indication about the time line of the movie. H. Schulzrinne, A. Rao, R. Lanphier Page 57 INTERNET-DRAFT RTSP July 30, 1997 In our example, the client is only interested in the last part of the movie. The server requires authentication for this movie. C->W: GET /twister.sdp HTTP/1.1 Host: www.example.com Accept: application/sdp W->C: HTTP/1.0 200 OK Content-Type: application/sdp v=0 o=- 2890844526 2890842807 IN IP4 192.16.24.202 s=RTSP Session m=audio 0 RTP/AVP 0 a=murl:rtsp://audio.example.com/twister/audio.en m=video 0 RTP/AVP 31 a=murl:rtsp://audio.example.com/twister/video C->A: SETUP rtsp://audio.example.com/twister/audio.en RTSP/1.0 1 Transport: rtp/udp;port=3056 A->C: RTSP/1.0 200 1 OK Session: 1234 C->V: SETUP rtsp://video.example.com/twister/video RTSP/1.0 1 Transport: rtp/udp;port=3058 V->C: RTSP/1.0 200 1 OK Session: 1235 C->V: PLAY rtsp://video.example.com/twister/video RTSP/1.0 2 Session: 1235 Range: smpte=0:10:00- V->C: RTSP/1.0 200 2 OK C->A: PLAY rtsp://audio.example.com/twister/audio.en RTSP/1.0 2 Session: 1234 Range: smpte=0:10:00- A->C: RTSP/1.0 200 2 OK C->A: TEARDOWN rtsp://audio.example.com/twister/audio.en RTSP/1.0 3 Session: 1234 H. Schulzrinne, A. Rao, R. Lanphier Page 58 INTERNET-DRAFT RTSP July 30, 1997 A->C: RTSP/1.0 200 3 OK C->V: TEARDOWN rtsp://video.example.com/twister/video RTSP/1.0 3 Session: 1235 V->C: RTSP/1.0 200 3 OK Even though the audio and video track are on two different servers, and may start at slightly different times and may drift with respect to each other, the client can synchronize the two using standard RTP methods, in particular the time scale contained in the RTCP sender reports. 14.2 Streaming of a Container file For purposes of this example, a container file is a storage entity in which multiple continuous media types pertaining to the same end-user presentation are present. In effect, the container file represents a RTSP presentation, with each of its components being RTSP streams. Container files are a widely used means to store such presentations. While the components are essentially transported as independant streams, it is desirable to maintain a common context for those streams at the server end. This enables the server to keep a single storage handle open easily. It also allows treating all the streams equally in case of any prioritization of streams by the server. It is also possible that the presentation author may wish to prevent selective retreival of the streams by client in order to preserve the artistic effect of the combined media presentation. Similarly, in such a tightly bound presentation, it is desirable to be able to control all the streams via a single control message using an aggregate URL. The following is an example of using a single RTSP session to control multiple streams. It also illustrates the use of aggregate URLs. Client C requests a presentation from media server M . The movie is stored in a container file. The client has obtained a RTSP URL to the container file. C->M: DESCRIBE rtsp://foo/twister RTSP/1.0 1 M->C: RTSP/1.0 200 1 OK Content-Type: application/sdp Content-Length: 64 H. Schulzrinne, A. Rao, R. Lanphier Page 59 INTERNET-DRAFT RTSP July 30, 1997 s= sample rtsp presentation r = rtsp://foo/twister /* aggregate URL*/ m= audio 0 RTP/AVP 0 r = rtsp://foo/twister/audio m=video 0 RTP/AVP 26 r = rtsp://foo/twister/video C->M: SETUP rtsp://foo/twister/audio RTSP/1.0 2 Transport: RTP/AVP;port=8000 M->C: RTSP/1.0 200 2 OK Session: 1234 C->M: SETUP rtsp://foo/twister/video RTSP/1.0 3 Transport: RTP/AVP;port=8002 Session: 1234 M->C: RTSP/1.0 200 3 OK Session: 1234 C->M: PLAY rtsp://foo/twister RTSP/1.0 4 Range: npt=0- Session: 1234 M->C: RTSP/1.0 200 4 OK Session: 1234 C->M: PAUSE rtsp://foo/twister/video RTSP/1.0 5 Session: 1234 M->C: RTSP/1.0 4xx 5 Only aggregate operation allowed C->M: PAUSE rtsp://foo/twister RTSP/1.0 6 Session: 1234 M->C: RTSP/1.0 200 6 OK Session: 1234 C->M: SETUP rtsp://foo/twister RTSP/1.0 7 Transport: RTP/AVP;port=10000 H. Schulzrinne, A. Rao, R. Lanphier Page 60 INTERNET-DRAFT RTSP July 30, 1997 M->C: RTSP/1.0 4xx 7 Aggregate operation not allowed In the first instance of failure, the client tries to pause one stream(in this case video) of the presentation which is disallowed for that presentation by the server. In the second instance, the aggregate URL may not be used for SETUP and one control message is required per stream to setup transport parameters. This keeps the syntax of the Transport header simple, and allows easy parsing of transport information by firewalls. 14.3 Live Media Presentation Using Multicast The media server M chooses the multicast address and port. Here, we assume that the web server only contains a pointer to the full description, while the media server M maintains the full description. C->W: GET /concert.sdp HTTP/1.1 Host: www.example.com W->C: HTTP/1.1 200 OK Content-Type: application/rtsl <session> <track src="rtsp://live.example.com/concert/audio"> </session> C->M: DESCRIBE rtsp://live.example.com/concert/audio RTSP/1.0 1 M->C: RTSP/1.0 200 1 OK Content-Type: application/sdp v=0 o=- 2890844526 2890842807 IN IP4 192.16.24.202 s=RTSP Session m=audio 3456 RTP/AVP 0 c=IN IP4 224.2.0.1/16 C->M: SETUP rtsp://live.example.com/concert/audio RTSP/1.0 2 Transport: multicast=224.2.0.1; port=3456; ttl=16 H. Schulzrinne, A. Rao, R. Lanphier Page 61 INTERNET-DRAFT RTSP July 30, 1997 C->M: PLAY rtsp://live.example.com/concert/audio RTSP/1.0 3 M->C: RTSP/1.0 200 3 OK The attempt to position the stream fails since this is a live presentation. 14.4 Playing media into an existing session A conference participant C wants to have the media server M play back a demo tape into an existing conference. When retrieving the presentation description, C indicates to the media server that the network addresses and encryption keys are already given by the conference, so they should not be chosen by the server. The example omits the simple ACK responses. C->M: DESCRIBE rtsp://server.example.com/demo/548/sound RTSP/1.0 1 Accept: application/sdp M->C: RTSP/1.0 200 1 OK Content-type: application/rtsl v=0 o=- 2890844526 2890842807 IN IP4 192.16.24.202 s=RTSP Session m=audio 0 RTP/AVP 0 C->M: SETUP rtsp://server.example.com/demo/548/sound RTSP/1.0 2 Conference: 218kadjk 14.5 Recording The conference participant C asks the media server M to record a meeting. If the presentation description contains any alternatives, the server records them all. C->M: DESCRIBE rtsp://server.example.com/meeting RTSP/1.0 90 Content-Type: application/sdp v=0 s=Mbone Audio i=Discussion of Mbone Engineering Issues H. Schulzrinne, A. Rao, R. Lanphier Page 62 INTERNET-DRAFT RTSP July 30, 1997 M->C: RTSP/1.0 200 90 OK C->S: SETUP rtsp://server.example.com/meeting RTSP/1.0 91 Transport: RTP/AVP;mode=record S->C: RTSP/1.0 200 91 OK Transport: RTP/AVP;port=3244;mode=record Session: 508876 C->M: RECORD rtsp://server.example.com/meeting RTSP/1.0 92 Session: 508876 Range: clock 19961110T1925-19961110T2015 15 Syntax The RTSP syntax is described in an augmented Backus-Naur form (BNF) as used in RFC 2068 (HTTP/1.1). 15.1 Base Syntax OCTET = <any 8-bit sequence of data> CHAR = <any US-ASCII character (octets 0 - 127)> UPALPHA = <any US-ASCII uppercase letter "A".."Z"> LOALPHA = <any US-ASCII lowercase letter "a".."z"> ALPHA = UPALPHA | LOALPHA DIGIT = <any US-ASCII digit "0".."9"> CTL = <any US-ASCII control character (octets 0 - 31) and DEL (127)> CR = <US-ASCII CR, carriage return (13)> LF = <US-ASCII LF, linefeed (10)> SP = <US-ASCII SP, space (32)> HT = <US-ASCII HT, horizontal-tab (9)> <"> = <US-ASCII double-quote mark (34)> CRLF = CR LF LWS = [CRLF] 1*( SP | HT ) TEXT = <any OCTET except CTLs> tspecials = "(" | ")" | "<" | ">" | "@" | "," | ";" | ":" | "\" | <"> | "/" | "[" | "]" | "?" | "=" | "{" | "}" | SP | HT token = 1*<any CHAR except CTLs or tspecials> quoted-string = ( <"> *(qdtext) <"> ) qdtext = <any TEXT except <">> quoted-pair = "\" CHAR H. Schulzrinne, A. Rao, R. Lanphier Page 63 INTERNET-DRAFT RTSP July 30, 1997 message-header = field-name ":" [ field-value ] CRLF field-name = token field-value = *( field-content | LWS ) field-content = <the OCTETs making up the field-value and consisting of either *TEXT or combinations of token, tspecials, and quoted-string> 16 Security Considerations The protocol offers the opportunity for a remote-controlled denial-of-service attack. The attacker, using a forged source IP address, can ask for a stream to be played back to that forged IP address. Thus, an RTSP server SHOULD only allow client-specified destinations for RTSP-initiated traffic flows if the server has verified the client's identity, e.g., using the RTSP authentication mechanisms. Since there is no relation between a transport layer connection and an RTSP session, it is possible for a malicious client to issue requests with random session identifiers which would affect unsuspecting clients. This does not require spoofing of network packet addresses. The server SHOULD use a large random session identifier to make this attack more difficult. Both problems can be be prevented by appropriate authentication. Servers SHOULD implement both basic and digest [8] authentication. In addition, the security considerations outlined in [H15] apply. A RTSP Protocol State Machines The RTSP client and server state machines describe the behavior of the protocol from RTSP session initialization through RTSP session termination. State is defined on a per object basis. An object is uniquely identified by the stream URL and the RTSP session identifier. Any request/reply using aggregate URLs denoting RTSP presentations comprised of multiple streams will have an effect on the individual states of all the streams. For example, if the presentation /movie contains two streams /movie/audio and /movie/video, then the following command: H. Schulzrinne, A. Rao, R. Lanphier Page 64 INTERNET-DRAFT RTSP July 30, 1997 PLAY rtsp://foo.com/movie RTSP/1.0 559 Session: 12345 will have an effect on the states of movie/audio and movie/video. This example does not imply a standard way to represent streams in URLs or a relation to the filesystem. See Section 3.2. The requests OPTIONS, DESCRIBE, GET_PARAMETER, SET_PARAMETER do not have any effect on client or server state and are therefore not listed in the state tables. A.1 Client State Machine The client can assume the following states: Init: SETUP has been sent, waiting for reply. Ready: SETUP reply received OR after playing, PAUSE reply received. Playing: PLAY reply received Recording: RECORD reply received In general, the client changes state on receipt of replies to requests. Note that some requests are effective at a future time or position(such as a PAUSE), and state also changes accordingly. If no explicit SETUP is required for the object (for example, it is available via a multicast group), state begins at READY. In this case, there are only two states, READY and PLAYING. The client also changes state from Playing/Recording to Ready when the end of the requested range is reached. The ``next state'' column indicates the state assumed after receiving a success response (2xx). If a request yields a status code of 3xx, the state becomes Init, and a status code of 4xx yields no change in state. Messages not listed for each state MUST NOT be issued by the client in that state, with the exception of messages not affecting state, as listed above. Receiving a REDIRECT from the server is equivalent to receiving a 3xx redirect status from the server. H. Schulzrinne, A. Rao, R. Lanphier Page 65 INTERNET-DRAFT RTSP July 30, 1997 state message next state Init SETUP Ready TEARDOWN Init Ready PLAY Playing RECORD Recording TEARDOWN Init Playing PAUSE Ready TEARDOWN Init PLAY Playing SETUP Playing (changed transport) Recording PAUSE Ready TEARDOWN Init RECORD Recording SETUP Recording (changed transport) A.2 Server State Machine The server can assume the following states: Init: The initial state, no valid SETUP received. Ready: Last SETUP received was successful, reply sent or after playing, last PAUSE received was successful, reply sent. Playing: Last PLAY received was successful, reply sent. Data is being sent. Recording: The server is recording media data. In general,the server changes state on receiving requests. If the server is in state Playing or Recording and in unicast mode, it MAY revert to Init and tear down the RTSP session if it has not received ``wellness'' information, such as RTCP reports, from the client for a defined interval, with a default of one minute. If the server is in state Ready, it MAY revert to Init if it does not receive an RTSP request for an interval of more than one minute. Note that some requests(such as PAUSE) may be effective at a future time or position, and server state transitions at the appropriate time. The server reverts from state Playing or Recording to state Ready at the end of the range requested by the client. H. Schulzrinne, A. Rao, R. Lanphier Page 66 INTERNET-DRAFT RTSP July 30, 1997 The REDIRECT message, when sent, is effective immediately unless it has a Range: header specifying when the redirect is effective. In such a case, server state will also change at the appropriate time. If no explicit SETUP is required for the object, state starts at READY, there are only two states READY and PLAYING. The ``next state'' column indicates the state assumed after sending a success response (2xx). If a request results in a status code of 3xx, the state becomes Init. A status code of 4xx results in no change. state message next state Init SETUP Ready TEARDOWN Init Ready PLAY Playing SETUP Ready TEARDOWN Init RECORD Recording Playing PLAY Playing PAUSE Ready TEARDOWN Init SETUP Playing Recording RECORD Recording PAUSE Ready TEARDOWN Init SETUP Recording H. Schulzrinne, A. Rao, R. Lanphier Page 67 INTERNET-DRAFT RTSP July 30, 1997 B Open Issues 1. Define text/rtsp-parameter MIME type. 2. Reverse: Scale: -1, with reversed start times, or both? 3. HS believes that RTSP should only control individual media objects rather than aggregates. This avoids disconnects between presentation descriptions and streams and avoids having to deal separately with single-host and multi-host case. Cost: several PLAY/PAUSE/RECORD in one packet, one for each stream. 4. Allow changing of transport for a stream that's playing? May not be a great idea since the same can be accomplished by tear down and re-setup. Exception: near-video-on-demand, where the server changes the address in a PLAY response. Servers may not be able to reliably send TEARDOWN to clients and the client wouldn't know why this happened in any event. 5. How does the server get back to the client unless a persistent connection is used? Probably cannot, in general. 6. Server issues TEARDOWN and other 'event' notifications to client? This raises the problem discussed in the previous open issue, but is useful for the client if the data stream contains no end indication. H. Schulzrinne, A. Rao, R. Lanphier Page 68 INTERNET-DRAFT RTSP July 30, 1997 C Changes Since the March 1997 version, the following changes were made: * Allowing the Transport header to direct media streams to unicast and multicast addresses, with an appropriate warning about denial-of-service attacks. * Add mode parameter to Transport header to allow RECORD or PLAY. * The Embedded binary data section was modified to clearly indicate the stream the data corresponds to, and a reference to the Transport header was added. * The Transport header format has been changed to use a more general means to specify data channel and application level protocol. It also conveys the port to be used at the server for RTCP messages, and the start sequence number that will be used in the RTP packets. * The use of the Session: header has been enhanced. Requests for multiple URLs may be sent in a single session. * There is a distinction between aggregate(presentation) URLs and stream URLs. Error codes have been added to reflect the fact that some methods may be allowed only on a particular type of URL. * Example showing the use of aggregate/presentation control using a single RTSP session has been added. * Support for the PEP(Protocol Extension Protocol) headers has been added. * Server-Client DESCRIBE messages have been renamed to ANNOUNCE for better clarity and differentiation. Note that this list does not reflect minor changes in wording or correction of typographical errors. D Author Addresses Henning Schulzrinne Dept. of Computer Science Columbia University 1214 Amsterdam Avenue New York, NY 10027 USA electronic mail: schulzrinne@cs.columbia.edu H. Schulzrinne, A. Rao, R. Lanphier Page 69 INTERNET-DRAFT RTSP July 30, 1997 Anup Rao Netscape Communications Corp. 501 E. Middlefield Road Mountain View, CA 94043 USA electronic mail: anup@netscape.com Robert Lanphier Progressive Networks 1111 Third Avenue Suite 2900 Seattle, WA 98101 USA electronic mail: robla@prognet.com E Acknowledgements This draft is based on the functionality of the original RTSP draft submitted in October 96. It also borrows format and descriptions from HTTP/1.1. This document has benefited greatly from the comments of all those participating in the MMUSIC-WG. In addition to those already mentioned, the following individuals have contributed to this specification: Rahul Agarwal Eduardo F. Llach Bruce Butterfield Rob McCool Steve Casner David Oran Martin Dunsmuir Sujal Patel Eric Fleischman Mark Handley Igor Plotnikov Peter Haight Pinaki Shah Brad Hefta-Gaub Jeff Smith John K. Ho Alexander Sokolsky Ruth Lang Dale Stammen Stephanie Leif John Francis Stracke H. Schulzrinne, A. Rao, R. Lanphier Page 70 INTERNET-DRAFT RTSP July 30, 1997 References 1 H. Schulzrinne, ``RTP profile for audio and video conferences with minimal control,'' RFC 1890, Internet Engineering Task Force, Jan. 1996. 2 D. Kristol and L. Montulli, ``HTTP state management mechanism,'' RFC 2109, Internet Engineering Task Force, Feb. 1997. 3 F. Yergeau, G. Nicol, G. Adams, and M. Duerst, ``Internationalization of the hypertext markup language,'' RFC 2070, Internet Engineering Task Force, Jan. 1997. 4 S. Bradner, ``Key words for use in RFCs to indicate requirement levels,'' RFC 2119, Internet Engineering Task Force, Mar. 1997. 5 R. Fielding, J. Gettys, J. Mogul, H. Frystyk, and T. Berners-Lee, ``Hypertext transfer protocol - HTTP/1.1,'' RFC 2068, Internet Engineering Task Force, Jan. 1997. 6 M. Handley, ``SDP: Session description protocol,'' Internet Draft, Internet Engineering Task Force, Nov. 1996. Work in progress. 7 A. Freier, P. Karlton, and P. Kocher, ``The TLS protocol,'' Internet Draft, Internet Engineering Task Force, Dec. 1996. Work in progress. 8 J. Franks, P. Hallam-Baker, J. Hostetler, P. A. Luotonen, and E. L. Stewart, ``An extension to HTTP: digest access authentication,'' RFC 2069, Internet Engineering Task Force, Jan. 1997. 9 J. Postel, ``User datagram protocol,'' STD 6, RFC 768, Internet Engineering Task Force, Aug. 1980. 10 R. Hinden and C. Partridge, ``Version 2 of the reliable data protocol (RDP),'' RFC 1151, Internet Engineering Task Force, Apr. 1990. 11 J. Postel, ``Transmission control protocol,'' STD 7, RFC 793, Internet Engineering Task Force, Sept. 1981. 12 M. Handley, H. Schulzrinne, and E. Schooler, ``SIP: Session initiation protocol,'' Internet Draft, Internet Engineering Task Force, Dec. 1996. Work in progress. 13 P. McMahon, ``GSS-API authentication method for SOCKS version 5,'' RFC 1961, Internet Engineering Task Force, June 1996. 14 D. Crocker, ``Augmented BNF for syntax specifications: ABNF,'' Internet Draft, Internet Engineering Task Force, Oct. 1996. Work in progress. 15 R. Elz, ``A compact representation of IPv6 addresses,'' RFC 1924, Internet Engineering Task Force, Apr. 1996. 16 T. Berners-Lee, L. Masinter, and M. McCahill, ``Uniform resource locators (URL),'' RFC 1738, Internet Engineering Task Force, Dec. 1994. 17 International Telecommunication Union, ``Visual telephone systems and equipment for local area networks which provide a non-guaranteed quality of service,'' Recommendation H.323, Telecommunication Standardization Sector of ITU, Geneva, Switzerland, May 1996. 18 ISO/IEC, ``Information technology - generic coding of moving pictures and associated audio informaiton - part 6: extension for digital storage media and control,'' Draft International Standard ISO 13818-6, International Organization for Standardization ISO/IEC JTC1/SC29/WG11, Geneva, Switzerland, Nov. 1995. 19 H. Schulzrinne, S. Casner, R. Frederick, and V. Jacobson, ``RTP: a transport protocol for real-time applications,'' RFC 1889, Internet Engineering Task Force, Jan. 1996. 20 J. Miller, P. Resnick, and D. Singer, ``Rating Services and Rating Systems(and Their Machine Readable Descriptions), '' REC-PICS-services-961031, Worldwide Web Consortium, Oct. 1996. 21 D. Connolly, R. Khare, H.F. Nielsen, ``PEP - an Extension Mechanism for HTTP", Internet draft, work-in-progress. W3C Draft WD-http-pep-970714 http://www.w3.org/TR/WD-http-pep-970714, July, 1996. H. Schulzrinne, A. Rao, R. Lanphier Page 71
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