Internet Engineering Task Force MMUSIC WG INTERNET-DRAFT Mark Handley/Van Jacobson draft-ietf-mmusic-sdp-05.ps ISI/LBNL 21st Nov 1997 Expires: 21st May 1997 SDP: Session Description Protocol Status of this Memo This document is an Internet-Draft. Internet-Drafts are working docu- ments of the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF), its areas, and its working groups. Note that other groups may also distribute working documents as Internet-Drafts. Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any time. It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference material or to cite them other than as ``work in progress.'' To learn the current status of any Internet-Draft, please check the ``1id-abstracts.txt'' listing contained in the Internet-Drafts Shadow Directories on ftp.is.co.za (Africa), nic.nordu.net (Europe), munnari.oz.au (Pacific Rim), ds.internic.net (US East Coast), or ftp.isi.edu (US West Coast). Distribution of this document is unlimited. Abstract This document defines the Session Description Protocol, SDP. SDP is intended for describing multimedia sessions for the purposes of session announcement, session invitation, and other forms of multimedia session initiation. This document is a product of the Multiparty Multimedia Session Control (MMUSIC) working group of the Internet Engineering Task Force. Comments are solicited and should be addressed to the working group's mailing list at confctrl@isi.edu and/or the authors. Handley/Jacobson [Page 1]
INTERNET-DRAFT 21st Nov 1997 1. Introduction On the Internet multicast backbone (Mbone), a session directory tool is used to advertise multimedia conferences and communicate the conference addresses and conference tool-specific information necessary for parti- cipation. This document defines a session description protocol for this purpose, and for general real-time multimedia session description pur- poses. This draft does not describe multicast address allocation or the distribution of SDP messages in detail. These are described in accom- panying drafts. SDP is not intended for negotitation of media encod- ings. 2. Background The Mbone is the part of the internet that supports IP multicast, and thus permits efficient many-to-many communication. It is used exten- sively for multimedia conferencing. Such conferences usually have the property that tight coordination of conference membership is not neces- sary; to receive a conference, a user at an Mbone site only has to know the conference's multicast group address and the UDP ports for the conference data streams. Session directories assist the advertisement of conference sessions and communicate the relevant conference setup information to prospective participants. SDP is designed to convey such information to recipients. SDP is purely a format for session description - it does not incorpor- tate a transport protocol, and is intended to use different transport protocols as appropriate including the Session Announcement Protocol [4], Session Inititation Protocol [11], Real-Time Streaming Protocol [12], electronic mail using the MIME extensions, and the Hypertext Tran- sport Protocol. SDP is intended to be general purpose so that it can be used for a wider range of network environments and applications than just multicast ses- sion directories. However, it is not intended to support negotiation of session content or media encodings - this is viewed as outside the scope of session description. 3. Glossary of Terms The following terms are used in this document, and have specific meaning within the context of this document. Conference A multimedia conference is a set of two or more communicating users along with the software they are using to communicate. Handley/Jacobson [Page 2]
INTERNET-DRAFT 21st Nov 1997 Session A multimedia session is a set of multimedia senders and receivers and the data streams flowing from senders to receivers. A mul- timedia conference is an example of a multimedia session. Session Advertisement See session announcement. Session Announcement A session announcement is a mechanism by which a session description is conveyed to users in a pro-active fashion, i.e., the session description was not explicitly requested by the user. Session Description A well defined format for conveying sufficient information to dis- cover and participate in a multimedia session. 4. SDP Usage 4.1. Multicast Announcements SDP is a session description protocol for multimedia sessions. A common mode of usage is for a client to announce a conference session by periodically multicasting an announcement packet to a well known multi- cast address and port using the Session Announcement Protocol (SAP). SAP packets are UDP packets with the following format: 0 31 |--------------------| | SAP header | |--------------------| | text payload | |////////// The header is the Session Announcement Protocol header. SAP is described in more detail in a companion draft [4] The text payload is an SDP session description, as described in this draft. The text payload should be no greater than 1 Kbyte in length. If announced by SAP, only one session announcement is permitted in a single packet. 4.2. Email and WWW Announcements Alternative means of conveying session descriptions include electronic Handley/Jacobson [Page 3]
INTERNET-DRAFT 21st Nov 1997 mail and the World Wide Web. For both email and WWW distribution, the use of the MIME content type ``application/sdp'' should be used. This enables the automatic launching of applications for participation in the session from the WWW client or mail reader in a standard manner. Note that announcements of multicast sessions made only via email or the World Wide Web (WWW) do not have the property that the receiver of a session announcement can necessarily receive the session because the multicast sessions may be restricted in scope, and access to the WWW server or reception of email is possible outside this scope. SAP announcements do not suffer from this mismatch. 5. Requirements and Recommendations The purpose of SDP is to convey information about media streams in mul- timedia sessions to allow the recipients of a session description to participate in the session. SDP is primarily intended for use in an internetwork, although it is sufficiently general that it can describe conferences in other network environments. A multimedia session, for these purposes, is defined as a set of media streams that exist for some duration of time. Media streams can be many-to-many. The times during which the session is active need not be continuous. Thus far, multicast based sessions on the Internet have differed from many other forms of conferencing in that anyone receiving the traffic can join the session (unless the session traffic is encrypted). In such an environment, SDP serves two primary purposes. It is a means to com- municate the existence of a session, and is a means to convey sufficient information to enable joining and participating in the session. In a unicast environment, only the latter purpose is likely to be relevant. Thus SDP includes: o Session name and purpose o Time(s) the session is active o The media comprising the session o Information to receive those media (addresses, ports, formats and so on) As resources necessary to participate in a session may be limited, some additional information may also be desirable: Handley/Jacobson [Page 4]
INTERNET-DRAFT 21st Nov 1997 o Information about the bandwidth to be used by the conference o Contact information for the person responsible for the session In general, SDP must convey sufficient information to be able to join a session (with the possible exception of encryption keys) and to announce the resources to be used to non-participants that may need to know. 5.1. Media Information SDP includes: o The type of media (video, audio, etc) o The transport protocol (RTP/UDP/IP, H.320, etc) o The format of the media (H.261 video, MPEG video, etc) For an IP multicast session, the following are also conveyed: o Multicast address for media o Transport Port for media This address and port are the destination address and destination port of the multicast stream, whether being sent, received, or both. For an IP unicast session, the following are conveyed: o Remote address for media o Transport port for contact address The semantics of this address and port depend on the media and transport protocol defined. By default, this is the remote address and remote port to which data is sent, and the remote address and local port on which to receive data. However, some media may define to use these to establish a control channel for the actual media flow. 5.2. Timing Information Sessions may either be bounded or unbounded in time. Whether or not they are bounded, they may be only active at specific times. SDP can convey: o An arbitrary list of start and stop times bounding the session Handley/Jacobson [Page 5]
INTERNET-DRAFT 21st Nov 1997 o For each bound, repeat times such as "every Wednesday at 10am for one hour" This timing information is globally consistent, irrespective of local time zone or daylight saving time. 5.3. Private Sessions It is possible to create both public sessions and private sessions. Private sessions will typically be conveyed by encrypting the session description to distribute it. The details of how encryption is per- formed are dependent on the mechanism used to convey SDP - see [4] for how this is done for session announcements. If a session announcement is private it is possible to use that private announcement to convey encryption keys necessary to decode each of the media in a conference, including enough information to know which encryption scheme is used for each media. 5.4. Obtaining Further Information about a Session A session description should convey enough information to decide whether or not to participate in a session. SDP may include additional pointers in the form of Universal Resources Identifiers (URIs) for more informa- tion about the session. 5.5. Categorisation When many session descriptions are being distributed by SAP or any other advertisement mechanism, it may be desirable to filter announcements that are of interest from those that are not. SDP supports a categori- sation mechanism for sessions that is capable of being automated. 5.6. Internationalization The SDP specification recommends the use of the ISO 10646 character sets in the UTF-8 encoding (RFC 2044) to allow many different languages to be represented. However, to assist in compact representations, SDP also allows other character sets such as ISO 8859-1 to be used when desired. Internationalization only applies to free-text fields (session name and background information), and not to SDP as a whole. Handley/Jacobson [Page 6]
INTERNET-DRAFT 21st Nov 1997 6. SDP Specification SDP session descriptions are entirely textual using the ISO 10646 char- acter set in UTF-8 encoding. SDP field names and attributes names use only the US-ASCII subset of UTF-8, but textual fields and attribute values may use the full ISO 10646 character set. The textual form, as opposed to a binary encoding such as ASN/1 or XDR, was chosen to enhance portability, to enable a variety of transports to be used (e.g, session description in a MIME email message) and to allow flexible, text-based toolkits (e.g., Tcl/Tk ) to be used to generate and to process session descriptions. However, since the total bandwidth allocated to all SAP announcements is strictly limited, the encoding is deliberately compact. Also, since announcements may be transported via very unreliable means (e.g., email) or damaged by an intermediate caching server, the encoding was designed with strict order and formatting rules so that most errors would result in malformed announcements which could be detected easily and discarded. This also allows rapid discarding of encrypted announce- ments for which a receiver does not have the correct key. An SDP session description consists of a number of lines of text of the form <type>=<value> <type> is always exactly one character and is case-significant. <value> is a structured text string whose format depends on <type>. It also will be case-significant unless a specific field defines otherwise. Whitespace is not permitted either side of the `=' sign. In general <value> is either a number of fields delimited by a single space charac- ter or a free format string. A session description consists of a session-level description (details that apply to the whole session and all media streams) and optionally several media-level descriptions (details that apply onto to a single media stream). An announcement consists of a session-level section followed by zero or more media-level sections. The session-level part starts with a `v=' line and continues to the first media-level section. The media descrip- tion starts with an `m=' line and continues to the next media descrip- tion or end of the whole session description. In general, session-level values are the default for all media unless overridden by an equivalent media-level value. When SDP is conveyed by SAP, only one session description is allowed per packet. When SDP is conveyed by other means, many SDP session descrip- tions may be concatenated together (the `v=' line indicating the start of a session description terminates the previous description). Some lines in each description are required and some are optional but all must appear in exactly the order given here (the fixed order greatly Handley/Jacobson [Page 7]
INTERNET-DRAFT 21st Nov 1997 enhances error detection and allows for a simple parser). Optional items are marked with a `*'. Session description v= (protocol version) o= (owner/creator and session identifier). s= (session name) i=* (session information) u=* (URI of description) e=* (email address) p=* (phone number) c=* (connection information - not required if included in all media) b=* (bandwidth information) One or more time descriptions (see below) z=* (time zone adjustments) k=* (encryption key) a=* (zero or more session attribute lines) Zero or more media descriptions (see below) Time description t= (time the session is active) r=* (zero or more repeat times) Media description m= (media name and transport address) i=* (media title) c=* (connection information - optional if included at session-level) b=* (bandwidth information) k=* (encryption key) a=* (zero or more media attribute lines) The set of `type' letters is deliberately small and not intended to be extensible -- SDP parsers must completely ignore any announcement that contains a `type' letter that it does not understand. The `attribute' mechanism ("a=" described below) is the primary means for extending SDP and tailoring it to particular applications or media. Some attributes (the ones listed in this document) have a defined meaning but others may be added on an application-, media- or session-specific basis. A ses- sion directory must ignore any attribute it doesn't understand. The connection (`c=') and attribute (`a=') information in the session- level section applies to all the media of that session unless overridden by connection information or an attribute of the same name in the media description. For instance, in the example below, each media behaves as if it were given a `recvonly' attribute. An example SDP description is: Handley/Jacobson [Page 8]
INTERNET-DRAFT 21st Nov 1997 v=0 o=mhandley 2890844526 2890842807 IN IP4 126.16.64.4 s=SDP Seminar i=A Seminar on the session description protocol u=http://www.cs.ucl.ac.uk/staff/M.Handley/sdp.03.ps e=mjh@isi.edu (Mark Handley) c=IN IP4 224.2.17.12/127 t=2873397496 2873404696 a=recvonly m=audio 3456 RTP/AVP 0 m=video 2232 RTP/AVP 31 m=application 32416 udp wb a=orient:portrait Text records such as the session name and information are bytes strings which may contain any byte with the exceptions of 0x00 (Nul), 0x0a (ASCII newline) and 0x0d (ASCII carriage return). The sequence CRLF (0x0d0a) is used to end a record, although parsers should be tolerant and also accept records terminated with a single newline character. By default these byte strings contain ISO-10646 characters in UTF-8 encod- ing, but this default may be changed using the `charset' attribute. Protocol Version v=0 The ``v='' field gives the version of the Session Description Protocol. There is no minor version number. Origin o=<username> <session id> <version> <network type> <address type> <address> The ``o='' field gives the originator of the session (their username and the address of the user's host) plus a session id and session version number. <username> is the user's login on the originating host, or it is ``-'' if the originating host does not support the concept of user ids. <username> must not contain spaces. <session id> is a numeric string such that the tuple of <username>, <session id>, <network type>, <address type> and <address> form a globally unique identifier for the session. The method of session id allocation is up to the creating tool, but it has been suggested that a Network Time Protocol (NTP) timestamp be used to ensure uniqueness [1]. <version> is a version number for this announcement. It is needed for proxy announcements to Handley/Jacobson [Page 9]
INTERNET-DRAFT 21st Nov 1997 detect which of several announcements for the same session is the most recent. Again its usage is up to the creating tool, so long as <ver- sion> is increased when a modification is made to the session data. Again, it is recommended (but not mandatory) that an NTP timestamp is used. <network type> is a text string giving the type of network. Ini- tially ``IN'' is defined to have the meaning ``Internet''. <address type> is a text string giving the type of the address that follows. Initially ``IP4'' and ``IP6'' are defined. <address> is the globally unique address of the machine from which the session was created. For an address type of IP4, this is the dotted-decimal representation of the IP version 4 address of the machine. For an address type of IP6, this is the compressed textual representation of the IP version 6 address of the machine. In general, the ``o='' field serves as a globally unique identifier for this version of this session description, and the subfields excepting the version taken together identify the session irrespective of any modifications. Session Name s=<session name> The ``s='' field is the session name. There must be one and only one ``s='' field per session description, and it must contain ISO 10646 characters (but see also the `charset' attribute below). Session and Media Information i=<session description> The ``i='' field is information about the session. There may be at most one session-level ``i='' field per session description, and at most one ``i='' field per media. Although it may be omitted, this is discouraged for session announcements, and user interfaces for composing sessions should require text to be entered. If it is present it must contain ISO 10646 characters (but see also the `charset' attribute below). A single ``i='' field can also be used for each media definition. In media definitions, ``i='' fields are primarily intended for labeling media streams. As such, they are most likely to be useful when a single session has more than one distinct media stream of the same media type. An example would be two different whiteboards, one for slides and one for feedback and questions. URI Handley/Jacobson [Page 10]
INTERNET-DRAFT 21st Nov 1997 u=<URI> o A URI is a Universal Resource Identifier as used by WWW clients o The URI should be a pointer to additional information about the conference o This field is optional, but if it is present it should be specified before the first media field o No more than one URI field is allowed per session description Email Address and Phone Number e=<email address> p=<phone number> o These specify contact information for the person responsible for the conference. This is not necessarily the same person that created the conference announcement. o Either an email field or a phone field must be specified. Addi- tional email and phone fields are allowed. o If these are present, they should be specified before the first media field. o More than one email or phone field can be given for a session description. o Phone numbers should be given in the conventional international format - preceded by a ``+'' and the international country code. There must be a space or a hyphen (``-'') between the country code and the rest of the phone number. Spaces and hyphens may be used to split up a phone field to aid readability if desired. For example: p=+44-171-380-7777 or p=+1 617 253 6011 o Both email addresses and phone numbers can have an optional free text string associated with them, normally giving the name of the person who may be contacted. This should be enclosed in parenthesis if it is present. For example: e=mjh@isi.edu (Mark Handley) Handley/Jacobson [Page 11]
INTERNET-DRAFT 21st Nov 1997 The alternative RFC822 name quoting convention is also allowed for both email addresses and phone numbers. For example, e=Mark Handley <mjh@isi.edu> The free text string should be in the ISO-10646 character set with UTF-8 encoding, or alternatively in ISO-8859-1 or other encodings if the appropriate charset session-level attribute is set. Connection Data c=<network type> <address type> <connection address> The ``c='' field contains connection data. A session announcement must contain one ``c='' field in each media description (see below) or a ``c='' field at the session-level. It may contain a session-level ``c='' field and one additional ``c='' field per media description, in which case the per-media values override the session-level settings for the relevant media. The first sub-field is the network type, which is a text string giving the type of network. Initially ``IN'' is defined to have the meaning ``Internet''. The second sub-field is the address type. This allows SDP to be used for sessions that are not IP based. Currently only IP4 is defined. The third sub-field is the connection address. Optional extra sub- fields may be added after the connection address depending on the value of the <address type> field. For IP4 addresses, the connection address is defined as follows: o Typically the connection address will be a class-D IP multicast group address. If the conference is not multicast, then the connec- tion address contains the unicast IP address of the expected data source or data relay or data sink as determined by additional attri- bute fields. It is not expected that unicast addresses will be given in a session description that is communicated by a multicast announcement, though this is not prohibited. o Conferences using an IP multicast connection address must also have a time to live (TTL) value present in addition to the multicast address. The TTL and the address together define the scope with which multicast packets sent in this conference will be sent. TTL values must be in the range 0-255. Handley/Jacobson [Page 12]
INTERNET-DRAFT 21st Nov 1997 The TTL for the session is appended to the address using a slash as a separator. An example is: c=IN IP4 224.2.1.1/127 Hierarchical or layered encoding schemes are data streams where the encoding from a single media source is split into a number of layers. The receiver can choose the desired quality (and hence bandwidth) by only subscribing to a subset of these layers. Such layered encodings are normally transmitted in multiple multicast groups to allow multicast pruning. This technique keeps unwanted traffic from sites only requiring certain levels of the hierarchy. For applications requiring multiple multicast groups, we allow the following notation to be used for the connection address: <base multicast address>/<ttl>/<number of addresses> If the number of addresses is not given it is assumed to be one. Multicast addresses so assigned are contiguously allocated above the base address, so that, for example: c=IN IP4 224.2.1.1/127/3 would state that addresses 224.2.1.1, 224.2.1.2 and 224.2.1.3 are to be used at a ttl of 127. This is semantically identical to includ- ing multiple ``c='' lines in a media description: c=IN IP4 224.2.1.1/127 c=IN IP4 224.2.1.2/127 c=IN IP4 224.2.1.3/127 Multiple addresses or ``c='' lines can only be specified on a per- media basis, and not for a session-level ``c='' field. It is illegal for the slash notation described above to be used for IP unicast addresses. Bandwidth b=<modifier>:<bandwidth-value> o This specifies the proposed bandwidth to be used by the session or media, and is optional. o <bandwidth-value> is in kilobits per second Handley/Jacobson [Page 13]
INTERNET-DRAFT 21st Nov 1997 o <modifier> is a single alphanumeric word giving the meaning of the bandwidth figure. o Two modifiers are initially defined: CT Conference Total: An implicit maximum bandwidth is associated with each TTL on the Mbone or within a particular multicast administra- tive scope region (the Mbone bandwidth vs. TTL limits are given in the MBone FAQ). If the bandwidth of a session or media in a ses- sion is different from the bandwidth implicit from the scope, a `b=CT:...' line should be supplied for the session giving the pro- posed upper limit to the bandwidth used. The primary purpose of this is to give an approximate idea as to whether two or more conferences can co-exist simultaneously. AS Application-Specific Maximum: The bandwidth is interpreted to be application-specific, i.e., will be the application's concept of maximum bandwidth. Normally this will coincide with what is set on the application's ``maximum bandwidth'' control if applicable. Note that CT gives a total bandwidth figure for all the media at all sites. AS gives a bandwidth figure for a single media at a single site, although there may be many sites sending simultaneously. o Extension Mechanism: Tool writers can define experimental bandwidth modifiers by prefixing their modifier with ``X-''. For example: b=X-YZ:128 SDP parsers should ignore bandwidth fields with unknown modifiers. Modifiers should be alpha-numeric and, although no length limit is given, they are recommended to be short. Times, Repeat Times and Time Zones t=<start time> <stop time> o ``t='' fields specify the start and stop times for a conference session. Multiple ``t='' fields may be used if a session is active at multiple irregularly spaced times; each additional ``t='' field specifies an additional period of time for which the session will be active. If the session is active at regular times, an ``r='' field (see below) should be used in addition to and following a ``t='' field - in which case the ``t='' field specifies the start and stop times of the repeat sequence. o The first and second sub-fields give the start and stop times for the conference respectively. These values are the decimal Handley/Jacobson [Page 14]
INTERNET-DRAFT 21st Nov 1997 representation of Network Time Protocol (NTP) time values in seconds [1]. To convert these values to UNIX time, subtract decimal 2208988800. o If the stop-time is set to zero, then the session is not bounded, though it will not become active until after the start-time. If the start-time is also zero, the session is regarded as permanent. User interfaces should strongly discourage the creation of unbounded and permanent sessions as they give no information about when the session is actually going to terminate, and so make scheduling dif- ficult. The general assumption may be made, when displaying unbounded ses- sions that have not timed out to the user, that an unbounded session will only be active until half an hour from the current time or the session start time, whichever is the later. If behaviour other than this is required, an end-time should be given and modified as appropriate when new information becomes available about when the session should really end. Permanent sessions may be shown to the user as never being active unless there are associated repeat times which state precisely when the session will be active. In general, permanent sessions should not be created for any session expected to have a duration of less than 2 months, and should be discouraged for sessions expected to have a duration of less than 6 months. r=<repeat interval> <active duration> <list of offsets from start-time> o ``r='' fields specify repeat times for a session. For example, if a session is active at 10am on Monday and 11am on Tuesday for one hour each week for three months, then the <start time> in the corresponding ``t='' field would be the NTP representation of 10am on the first Monday, the <repeat interval> would be 1 week, the <active duration> would be 1 hour, and the offsets would be zero and 25 hours. The corresponding ``t='' field stop time would be the NTP representation of the end of the last session three months later. By default all fields are in seconds, so the ``r='' and ``t='' fields might be: t=3034423619 3042462419 r=604800 3600 0 90000 To make announcements more compact, times may also be given in units of days, hours or minutes. The syntax for these is a number immediately followed by a single case-sensitive character. Handley/Jacobson [Page 15]
INTERNET-DRAFT 21st Nov 1997 Fractional units are not allowed - a smaller unit should be used instead. The following unit specification characters are allowed: d - days (86400 seconds) h - minutes (3600 seconds) m - minutes (60 seconds) s - seconds (allowed for completeness but not recommended) Thus, the above announcement could also have been written: r=7d 1h 0 25h Monthly and yearly repeats cannot currently be directly specified with a single SDP repeat time - instead separate "t" fields should be used to explicitly list the session times. z=<adjustment time> <offset> <adjustment time> <offset> .... o To schedule a repeated session which spans a change from daylight- saving time to standard time or vice-versa, it is necessary to specify offsets from the base repeat times. This is required because different time zones change time at different times of day, dif- ferent countries change to or from daylight time on different dates, and some countries do not have daylight saving time at all. Thus in order to schedule a session that is at the same time winter and summer, it must be possible to specify unambiguously by whose time zone a session is scheduled. To simplify this task for receivers, we allow the sender to specify the NTP time that a time zone adjustment happens and the offset from the time when the ses- sion was first scheduled. The ``z'' field allows the sender to specify a list of these adjustment times and offsets from the base time. An example might be: z=2882844526 -1h 2898848070 0 This specifies that at time 2882844526 the time base by which the session's repeat times are calculated is shifted back by 1 hour, and that at time 2898848070 the session's original time base is restored. Adjustments are always relative to the specified start time - they are not cumulative. o If a session is likely to last several years, it is expected that the session announcement will be modified periodically rather than transmit several years worth of adjustments in one announcement. Handley/Jacobson [Page 16]
INTERNET-DRAFT 21st Nov 1997 Encryption Keys k=<method> k=<method>:<encryption key> o The session description protocol may be used to convey encryption keys. A key field is permitted before the first media entry (in which case it applies to all media in the session), or for each media entry as required. o The format of keys and their usage is outside the scope of this document, but see [3]. o The method indicates the mechanism to be used to obtain a usable key by external means, or from the encoded encryption key given. The following methods are defined: k=clear:<encryption key> The encryption key (as described in [3] for RTP media streams under the AV profile) is included untransformed in this key field. k=base64:<encoded encryption key> The encryption key (as described in [3] for RTP media streams under the AV profile) is included in this key field but has been base64 encoded because it includes characters that are prohi- bited in SDP. k=uri:<URI to obtain key> A Universal Resource Identifier as used by WWW clients is included in this key field. The URI refers to the data contain- ing the key, and may require additional authentication before the key can be returned. When a request is made to the given URI, the MIME content-type of the reply specifies the encoding for the key in the reply. The key should not be obtained until the user wishes to join the session to reduce synchronisation of requests to the WWW server(s). k=prompt No key is included in this SDP description, but the session or media stream referred to by this key field is encrypted. The user should be prompted for the key when attempting to join the session, and this user-supplied key should then be used to decrypt the media streams. Handley/Jacobson [Page 17]
INTERNET-DRAFT 21st Nov 1997 Attributes a=<attribute> a=<attribute>:<value> A media field may also have any number of attributes (``a='' fields) which are media specific. Attribute fields can also be added before the first media field. These attributes would convey additional information that applies to the conference as a whole rather than to individual media; an example might be the conference's floor control policy. Attribute fields may be of two forms: o property attributes. A property attribute is simply of the form ``a=<flag>''. These are binary attributes, and the presence of the attribute conveys that the attribute is a property of the session. An example might be ``a=recvonly''. o value attributes. A value attribute is of the form ``a=<attribute>:<value>''. An example might be that a whiteboard could have the value attribute ``a=orient:landscape'' Attribute interpretation depends on the media tool being invoked. Thus receivers of session descriptions should be configurable in their interpretation of announcements in general and of attributes in particu- lar. Attribute names must be in the US-ASCII subset of ISO-10646/UTF-8. Attribute values are byte strings, and MAY use any byte value except 0x00 (Nul), 0x0A (LF), and 0x0D (CR). By default, attribute values are to be interpreted as in ISO-10646 character set with UTF-8 encoding. Unlike other text fields, attribute values are NOT normally affected by the `charset' attribute as this would make comparisons against known values problematic. However, when an attribute is defined, it can be defined to be charset-dependant, in which case it's value should be interpreted in the session charset rather than in ISO-10646. Media Announcements m=<media> <port> <transport> <fmt list> A session announcement may contain a number of media announcements. Each media announcement starts with an ``m='' field, and is terminated by either the next ``m='' field or by the end of the session announce- ment. A media field also has several sub-fields: Handley/Jacobson [Page 18]
INTERNET-DRAFT 21st Nov 1997 o The first sub-field is the media type. Currently defined media are ``audio'', ``video'', ``application'', ``data'' and ``control'', though this list may be extended as new communication modalities emerge (e.g., telepresence). The difference between ``application'' and ``data'' is that the former is a media flow such as whiteboard information, and the latter is bulk-data transfer such as multicast- ing of program executables which will not typically be displayed to the user. ``control'' is used to specify an additional conference control channel for the session. o The second sub-field is the transport port to which the media stream will be sent. The meaning of the transport port depends on the network being used as specified in the relevant ``c'' field and on the transport protocol defined in the third sub-field. Other ports used by the media application (such as the RTCP port, see [2]) should be derived algorithmically from the base media port. Note: For transports based on UDP, the value should be in the range 1024 to 65535 inclusive. For RTP compliance it should be an even number. For applications where hierarchically encoded streams are being sent to a unicast address, it may be necessary to specify multiple tran- sport ports. This is done using a similar notation to that used for IP multicast addresses in the ``c='' field: m=<media> <port>/<number of ports> <transport> <fmt list> In such a case, the ports used depend on the transport protocol. For RTP, only the even ports are used for data and the corresponding one-higher odd port is used for RTCP. For example: m=video 3456/2 RTP/AVP 31 would specify that ports 3456 and 3457 form one RTP/RTCP pair and 3458 and 3459 form the second RTP/RTCP pair. RTP/AVP is the tran- sport protocol and 31 is the format (see below). It is illegal for both multiple addresses to be specified in the ``c='' field and for multiple ports to be specified in the ``m='' field in the same session announcement. o The third sub-field is the transport protocol. The transport pro- tocol values are dependent on the address-type field in the ``c='' fields. Thus a ``c='' field of IP4 defines that the transport pro- tocol runs over IP4. For IP4, it is normally expected that most Handley/Jacobson [Page 19]
INTERNET-DRAFT 21st Nov 1997 media traffic will be carried as RTP over UDP. The following tran- sport protocols are preliminarily defined, but may be extended through registration of new protocols with IANA: - RTP/AVP - the IETF's Realtime Transport Protocol using the Audio/Video profile carried over UDP. - udp - User Datagram Protocol If an application uses a single combined proprietary media format and transport protocol over UDP, then simply specifying the tran- sport protocol as udp and using the format field to distinguish the combined protocol is recommended. If a transport protocol is used over UDP to carry several distinct media types that need to be dis- tinguished by a session directory, then specifying the transport protocol and media format separately is necessary. RTP is an exam- ple of a transport-protocol that carries multiple payload formats that must be distinguished by the session directory for it to know how to start appropriate tools, relays, mixers or recorders. The main reason to specify the transport-protocol in addition to the media format is that the same standard media formats may be carried over different transport protocols even when the network protocol is the same - a historical example is vat PCM audio and RTP PCM audio. In addition, relays and monitoring tools that are transport- protocol-specific but format-independent are possible. For RTP media streams operating under the RTP Audio/Video Profile [3], the protocol field is ``RTP/AVP''. Should other RTP profiles be defined in the future, their profiles will be specified in the same way. For example, the protocol field ``RTP/XYZ'' would specify RTP operating under a profile whose short name is ``XYZ''. o The fourth and subsequent sub-fields are media formats. For audio and video, these will normally be a media payload type as defined in the RTP Audio/Video Profile. When a list of payload formats is given, this implies that all of these formats may be used in the session, but the first of these formats is the default format for the session. For media whose transport protocol is not RTP or UDP the format field is protocol specific. Such formats should be defined in an additional specification document. For media whose transport protocol is RTP, SDP can be used to Handley/Jacobson [Page 20]
INTERNET-DRAFT 21st Nov 1997 provide a dynamic binding of media encoding to RTP payload type. The payload names in the RTP AV Profile do not specify unique audio encodings (in terms of clock rate and number of audio channels), and so they are not used directly in SDP format fields. Instead, the payload type number should be used to specify the format for static payload types and the payload type number along with additional encoding information should be used for dynamically allocated pay- load types. An example of a static payload type is u-law PCM coded single chan- nel audio sampled at 8KHz. This is completely defined in the RTP Audio/Video profile as payload type 0, so the media field for such a stream sent to UDP port 3456 is: m=video 3456 RTP/AVP 0 An example of a dynamic payload type is 16 bit linear encoded stereo audio sampled at 16KHz. If we wish to use dynamic RTP/AVP payload type 98 for such a stream, additional information is required to decode it: m=video 3456 RTP/AVP 98 a=rtpmap:98 L16/16000/2 The general form of an rtpmap attribute is: a=rtpmap:<payload type> <encoding name>/<clock rate>[/<encoding parameters>] For audio streams, <encoding parameters> may specify the number of audio channels. This parameter may be omitted if the number of channels is one provided no additional parameters are needed. For video streams, no encoding parameters are currently specified. Additional parameters may be defined in the future, but codec- specific parameters should not be added. Parameters added to an rtpmap attribute should only be those required for a session direc- tory to make the choice of appropriate media too to participate in a session. Codec-specific parameters should be added in other attri- butes. Up to one rtpmap attribute can be define for each media format specified. Thus we might have: m=audio 12345 RTP/AVP 96 97 98 a=rtpmap:96 L8/8000 a=rtpmap:97 L16/8000 a=rtpmap:98 L16/11025/2 Handley/Jacobson [Page 21]
INTERNET-DRAFT 21st Nov 1997 Experimental encoding formats can also be specified in this way. RTP formats that are not registered with IANA as standard format names must be preceded by ``X-''. Thus a new experimental redundant audio stream called GSMLPC using dynamic payload type 99 could be specified as: m=video 3456 RTP/AVP 99 a=rtpmap:99 X-GSMLPC/8000 Such an experimental encoding requires that any site wishing to receive the media stream has relevant configured state in its ses- sion directory to know which tools are appropriate. Note that RTP audio formats typically do not include information about the number of samples per packet. If a non-default (as defined in the RTP Audio/Video Profile) packetisation is required, the``ptime'' attribute is used as given below. For more details on RTP audio and video formats, see [3]. o Predefined formats for UDP protocol non-RTP media are as below. Application Formats: wb: LBL Whiteboard (transport: udp) nt: UCL Network Text Editor (transport: udp) Suggested Attributes The following attributes are suggested. Since application writers may add new attributes as they are required, this list is not exhaustive. a=cat:<category> This attribute gives the dot-separated hierarchical category of the session. This is to enable a receiver to filter unwanted sessions by category. It would probably have been a compulsory separate field, except for its experimental nature at this time. It is a session-level attribute, and is not dependent on charset. a=keywds:<keywords> Like the cat attribute, this is to assist identifying wanted ses- sions at the receiver. This allows a receiver to select interesting session based on keywords describing the purpose of the session. It is a session-level attribute. It is a charset dependent attribute, Handley/Jacobson [Page 22]
INTERNET-DRAFT 21st Nov 1997 meaning that its value should be interpreted in the charset speci- fied for the session description if one is specified, or by default in ISO 10646/UTF-8. a=tool:<name and version of tool> This gives the name and version number of the tool used to create the session description. It is a session-level attribute, and is not dependent on charset. a=ptime:<packet time> This gives the length of time in milliseconds represented by the media in a packet. This is probably only meaningful for audio data. It should not be necessary to know ptime to decode RTP or vat audio, and it is intended as a recommendation for the encoding/packetisation of audio. It is a media attribute, and is not dependent on charset. a=recvonly This specifies that the tools should be started in receive-only mode where applicable. It can be either a session or media attribute, and is not dependent on charset. a=sendrecv This specifies that the tools should be started in send and receive mode. This is necessary for interactive conferences with tools such as wb which defaults to receive only mode. It can be either a ses- sion or media attribute, and is not dependent on charset. a=sendonly This specifies that the tools should be started in send-only mode. An example may be where a different unicast address is to be used for a traffic destination than for a traffic source. In such a case, two media descriptions may be use, one sendonly and one recvonly. It can be either a session or media attribute, but would normally only be used as a media attribute, and is not dependent on charset. a=orient:<whiteboard orientation> Normally this is only used in a whiteboard media specification. It specifies the orientation of a the whiteboard on the screen. It is a media attribute. Permitted values are `portrait', `landscape' and `seascape' (upside down landscape). It is not dependent on charset a=type:<conference type> This specifies the type of the conference. Suggested values are `broadcast', `meeting', `moderated', `test' and `H332'. `recvonly' should be the default for `type:broadcast' sessions, `type:meeting' should imply `sendrecv' and `type:moderated' should indicate the use of a floor control tool and that the media tools are started so as Handley/Jacobson [Page 23]
INTERNET-DRAFT 21st Nov 1997 to ``mute'' new sites joining the conference. Specifying the attribute type:H332 indicates that this loosely cou- pled session is part of a H.332 session as defined in the ITU H.332 specification [10]. Media tools should be started `recvonly'. Specifying the attribute type:test is suggested as a hint that, unless explicitly requested otherwise, receivers can safely avoid displaying this session description to users. The type attribute is a session-level attribute, and is not depen- dent on charset. a=charset:<character set> This specifies the character set to be used to display the session name and information data. By default, the ISO-10646 character set in UTF-8 encoding is used. If a more compact representation is required, other character sets may be used such as ISO-8859-1 for Northern European languages. In particular, the ISO 8859-1 is specified with the following SDP attribute: a=charset:ISO-8859-1 This is a session-level attribute; if this attribute is present, it must be before the first media field. The charset specified MUST be one of those registered with IANA, such as ISO-8859-1. The charac- ter set identifier is a US-ASCII string and MUST be compared against the IANA identifiers using a case-insensitive comparison. If the indentifier is not recognised or not supported, all strings that are affected by it SHOULD be regarded as byte strings. Note that a character set specified MUST still prohibit the use of bytes 0x00 (Nul), 0x0A (LF) and 0x0d (CR). Character sets requiring the use of these characters MUST define a quoting mechanism that prevents these bytes appearing within text fields. a=sdplang:<language tag> This can be a session level attribute or a media level attribute. As a session level attribute, it specifies the language for the ses- sion description. As a media level attribute, it specifies the language for any media-level SDP information field associated with that media. Multiple sdplang attributes can be provided either at session or media level if multiple languages if the session descrip- tion or media use multiple languages, in which case the order of the attributes indicates the order of importance of the various languages in the session or media from most important to least Handley/Jacobson [Page 24]
INTERNET-DRAFT 21st Nov 1997 important. The sdplang attribute value must be a single RFC 1766 language tag in US-ASCII. It is not dependent on the charset attribute. An sdplang attribute SHOULD be specified when a session is of suffi- cient scope to cross geographic boundaries where the language of recipients cannot be assumed, or where the session is in a different language from the locally assumed norm. a=lang:<language tag> This can be a session level attribute or a media level attribute. As a session level attribute, it specifies the default language for the session being described. As a media level attribute, it speci- fies the language for that media, overriding any session-level language specified. Multiple lang attributes can be provided either at session or media level if multiple languages if the session description or media use multiple languages, in which case the order of the attributes indicates the order of importance of the various languages in the session or media from most important to least important. The lang attribute value must be a single RFC 1766 language tag in US-ASCII. It is not dependent on the charset attribute. A lang attribute SHOULD be specified when a session is of sufficient scope to cross geographic boundaries where the language of recipients can- not be assumed, or where the session is in a different language from the locally assumed norm. a=framerate:<frame rate> This gives the maximum video frame rate in frames/sec. It is intended as a recommendation for the encoding of video data. Decimal representations of fractional values using the notation "<integer>.<fraction>" are allowed. It is a media attribute, is only defined for video media, and is not dependent on charset. a=quality:<quality> This gives a suggestion for the quality of the encoding as an integer value. The intention of the quality attribute for video is to specify a non-default trade-off between frame-rate and still-image quality. For video, the value in the range 0 to 10, with the following sug- gested meaning: Handley/Jacobson [Page 25]
INTERNET-DRAFT 21st Nov 1997 10 - the best still-image quality the compression scheme can give. 5 - the default behaviour given no quality suggestion. 0 - the worst still-image quality the codec designer thinks is still usable. It is a media attribute, and is not dependent on charset. a=fmtp:<format> <format specific parameters> This attribute allows parameters that are specific to a particular format to be conveyed in a way that SDP doesn't have to understand them. The format must be one of the formats specified for the media. Format-specific parameters may be any set of parameters required to be conveyed by SDP and given unchanged to the media tool that will use this format. It is a media attribute, and is not dependent on charset. 6.1. Communicating Conference Control Policy There is some debate over the way conference control policy should be communicated. In general, the authors believe that an implicit declara- tive style of specifying conference control is desirable where possible. A simple declarative style uses a single conference attribute field before the first media field, possibly supplemented by properties such as `recvonly' for some of the media tools. This conference attribute conveys the conference control policy. An example might be: a=type:moderated In some cases, however, it is possible that this may be insufficient to communicate the details of an unusual conference control policy. If this is the case, then a conference attribute specifying external con- trol might be set, and then one or more ``media'' fields might be used to specify the conference control tools and configuration data for those tools. An example is an ITU H.332 session: ... c=IN IP4 224.5.6.7 a=type:H332 m=audio 12345 RTP/AVP 0 m=video 12347 RTP/AVP 31 m=application 12349 udp wb m=control 12341 H323 mc c=IN IP4 134.134.157.81 Handley/Jacobson [Page 26]
INTERNET-DRAFT 21st Nov 1997 In this example, a general conference attribute (type:H332) is specified stating that conference control will be provided by an external H.332 tool, and a contact addresses for the H.323 session multipoint con- troller is given. In this document, only the declaritive style of conference control declaration is specified. Other forms of conference control should specify an appropriate type attribute, and should define the implica- tions this has for control media. Handley/Jacobson [Page 27]
INTERNET-DRAFT 21st Nov 1997 7. Security Considerations SDP is a session description format that describes multimedia sessions. A session description should not be trusted unless it has been obtained by an authenticated transport protocol from a trusted source. Many dif- ferent transport protocols may be used to distribute session descrip- tion, and the nature of the authentication will differ from transport to transport. One transport that will frequently be used to distribute session descriptions is the Session Announcement Protocol (SAP). SAP provides both encryption and authentication mechanisms but due to the nature of session announcements it is likely that there are many occasions where the originator of a session announcement cannot be authenticated because they are previously unknown to the receiver of the announcement and because no common public key infrastructure is available. On receiving a session description over an unauthenticated transport mechanism or from an untrusted party, software parsing the session should take a few precautions. Session description contain information required to start software on the receivers system. Software that parses a session description MUST not be able to start other software except that which is specifically configured as appropriate software to participate in multimedia sessions. It is normally considered INAP- PROPRIATE for software parsing a session description to start, on a user's system, software that is appropriate to participate in multimedia sessions, without the user first being informed that such software will be started and giving their consent. Thus a session description arriv- ing by session announcement, email, session invitation, or WWW page SHOULD not deliver the user into an {it interactive} multimedia session without the user being aware that this will happen. As it is not always simple to tell whether a session is interactive or not, applications that are unsure should assume sessions are interactive. In this specification, there are no attributes which would allow the recipient of a session description to be informed to start multimedia tools in a mode where they default to transmitting. Under some cir- cumstances it might be appropriate to define such attributes. If this is done an application parsing a session description containing such attributes SHOULD either ignore them, or inform the user that joining this session will result in the automatic transmission of multimedia data. The default behaviour for an unknown attribute is to ignore it. Session descriptions may be parsed at intermediate systems such as firewalls for the purposes of opening a hole in the firewall to allow the participation in multimedia sessions. It is considered INAPPROPRI- ATE for a firewall to open such holes for unicast data streams unless the session description comes in a request from inside the firewall. Handley/Jacobson [Page 28]
INTERNET-DRAFT 21st Nov 1997 For multicast sessions, it is likely that local administrators will apply their own policies, but the exclusive use of "local" or "site- local" administrative scope within the firewall and the refusal of the firewall to open a hole for such scopes will provide separation of glo- bal multicast sessions from local ones. Handley/Jacobson [Page 29]
INTERNET-DRAFT 21st Nov 1997 Appendix A: SDP Grammar This appendix provides an Augmented BNF grammar for SDP. announcement ::= proto-version origin-field session-name-field information-field uri-field email-fields phone-fields connection-field bandwidth-fields time-fields key-field attribute-fields media-descriptions proto-version ::= "v=" 1*(DIGIT) CRLF ;this draft describes version 0 origin-field ::= "o=" username space sess-id space sess-version space nettype space addrtype space addr CRLF session-name-field ::= "s=" text CRLF information-field ::= ["i=" text CRLF] uri-field ::= ["u=" uri CRLF] email-fields ::= *("e=" email-address CRLF) phone-fields ::= *("p=" phone-number CRLF) connection-field ::= ["c=" nettype space addrtype space connection-address CRLF] ;a connection field must be present ;in every media description or at the ;session-level bandwidth-fields ::= *("b=" bwtype ":" bandwidth CRLF) Handley/Jacobson [Page 30]
INTERNET-DRAFT 21st Nov 1997 time-fields ::= 1*( "t=" start-time space stop-time *(CRLF repeat-fields) CRLF) [zone-adjustments CRLF] repeat-fields ::= "r=" repeat-interval space typed-time 1*(space typed-time) zone-adjustments ::= time space [``-''] typed-time *(space time space [``-''] typed-time) key-field ::= ["k=" key-type CRLF] key-type ::= "prompt" | "clear:" key-data | "base64:" key-data | "uri:" uri key-data ::= email-safe | "~" | " attribute-fields ::= *("a=" attribute CRLF) media-descriptions ::= *( media-field information-field *(connection-field) bandwidth-fields key-field attribute-fields ) media-field ::= "m=" media space port ["/" integer] space proto (space fmt)+ CRLF media ::= 1*(alpha-numeric) ;typically "audio", "video", "application" ;or "data" Handley/Jacobson [Page 31]
INTERNET-DRAFT 21st Nov 1997 fmt ::= 1*(alpha-numeric) ;typically an RTP payload type for audio ;and video media proto ::= 1*(alpha-numeric) ;typically "RTP/AVP" or "udp" for IP4 port ::= 1*(DIGIT) ;should in the range "1024" to "65535" inclusive ;for UDP based media attribute ::= (att-field ":" att-value) | att-field att-field ::= 1*(alpha-numeric) att-value ::= byte-string sess-id ::= 1*(DIGIT) ;should be unique for this originating username/host sess-version ::= 1*(DIGIT) ;0 is a new session connection-address ::= multicast-address | unicast-address multicast-address ::= 3*(decimal_uchar ".") decimal_uchar "/" ttl [ "/" integer ] ;multicast addresses may be in the range ;224.0.0.0 to 239.255.255.255 Handley/Jacobson [Page 32]
INTERNET-DRAFT 21st Nov 1997 ttl ::= decimal_uchar start-time ::= time | "0" stop-time ::= time | "0" time ::= POS-DIGIT 9*(DIGIT) ;sufficient for 2 more centuries repeat-interval ::= typed-time typed-time ::= 1*(DIGIT) [fixed-len-time-unit] fixed-len-time-unit ::= ``d'' | ``h'' | ``m'' | ``s'' bwtype ::= 1*(alpha-numeric) bandwidth ::= 1*(DIGIT) username ::= safe ;pretty wide definition, but doesn't include space email-address ::= email | email "(" email-safe ")" | email-safe "<" email ">" email ::= ;defined in RFC822 uri::= ;defined in RFC1630 phone-number ::= phone | phone "(" email-safe ")" | email-safe "<" phone ">" phone ::= "+" POS-DIGIT 1*(space | "-" | DIGIT) ;there must be a space or hyphen between the ;international code and the rest of the number. Handley/Jacobson [Page 33]
INTERNET-DRAFT 21st Nov 1997 nettype ::= "IN" ;list to be extended addrtype ::= "IP4" | "IP6" ;list to be extended addr ::= unicast-address unicast-address ::= IP4-address | IP6-address IP4-address ::= b1 "." decimal_uchar "." decimal_uchar "." b4 b1 ::= decimal_uchar ;less than "224"; not "0" or "127" b4 ::= decimal_uchar ;not "0" IP6-address ::= ;to be defined text ::= byte-string ;default is to interpret this as IS0-10646 UTF8 ;ISO 8859-1 requires a "a=charset:ISO-8859-1" ;session-level attribute to be used byte-string ::= 1*(0x01..0x09|0x0b|0x0c|0x0e..0xff) ;any byte except NUL, CR or LF decimal_uchar ::= DIGIT | POS-DIGIT DIGIT | (1 2*(DIGIT)) | (2 (0|1|2|3|4) DIGIT) | (2 5 (0|1|2|3|4|5)) integer ::= POS-DIGIT *(DIGIT) alpha-numeric ::= ALPHA | DIGIT DIGIT ::= 0 | POS-DIGIT Handley/Jacobson [Page 34]
INTERNET-DRAFT 21st Nov 1997 POS-DIGIT ::= 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 ALPHA ::= a | b | c | d | e | f | g | h | i | j | k | l | m | n | o | p | q | r | s | t | u | v | w | x | y | z | A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | J | K | L | M | N | O | P | Q | R | S | T | U | V | W | X | Y | Z email-safe ::= safe | space | tab safe ::= alpha-numeric | "'" | "'" | "-" | "." | "/" | ":" | "?" | """ | "#" | "$" | "&" | "*" | ";" | "=" | "@" | "[" | "]" | "^" | "_" | "`" | "{" | "|" | "}" | "+" | "~" | " space ::= ;ascii code 32 tab ::= ;ascii code 9 CRLF ::= ;ascii code 13 followed by ascii code 10 Handley/Jacobson [Page 35]
INTERNET-DRAFT 21st Nov 1997 Appendix C: Authors' Addresses Mark Handley Information Sciences Institute c/o MIT Laboratory for Computer Science 545 Technology Square Cambridge, MA 02139 United States electronic mail: mjh@isi.edu Van Jacobson MS 46a-1121 Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory Berkeley, CA 94720 United States electronic mail: van@ee.lbl.gov Acknowledgments Many people in the IETF MMUSIC working group have made comments and suggestions contributing to this document. In particular, we would like to thank Eve Schooler, Steve Casner, Bill Fenner, Allison Mankin, Ross Finlayson, Peter Parnes, Joerg Ott, Carsten Bormann and Steve Hanna. References [1] D. Mills, ``Network Time Protocol version 2 specification and imple- mentation", RFC1119, 1st Sept 1989. [2] H. Schulzrinne, S. Casner, R. Frederick, V. Jacobson, ``RTP: A Tran- sport Protocol for Real-Time Applications'', RFC 1889 [3] H. Schulzrinne, ``RTP Profile for Audio and Video Conferences with Minimal Control'', RFC 1890 [4] M. Handley, ``SAP - Session Announcement Protocol'', INTERNET-DRAFT, November 25th 1996. [5] V. Jacobson, S. McCanne, ``vat - X11-based audio teleconferencing tool'' vat manual page, Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory, 1994. [6] ``The Unicode Standard, Version 1.1'': Version 1.0, Volume 1 (ISBN 0-201-56788-1), Version 1.0, Volume 2 (ISBN 0-201-60845-6), and "Unicode Technical Report #4, The Unicode Standard, Version 1.1" (available from The Unicode Consortium, and soon to be published by Addison- Wesley). [7] ISO/IEC 10646-1:1993(E) Information Technology--Universal Multiple- Handley/Jacobson [Page 36]
INTERNET-DRAFT 21st Nov 1997 octet Coded Character Set (UCS). [8] D. Goldsmith, M. Davis, ``Using Unicode with MIME'', RFC1641, July 1994 [9] F. Yergeau, ``UTF-8, a transformation format of Unicode and ISO 10646'', RFC 2044, Oct 30th 1996 [10] ITU-T Recommendation H.332 (1998): "Multimedia Terminal for Receiv- ing Internet-based H.323 Conferences". [11] M. Handley, E. Schooler, H. Schulzrinne, ``Session Initiation Pro- tocol (SIP)'' Internet Draft, July 1997. [12] H. Schulzrinne, A. Rao, R. Lanphier, ``Real Time Streaming Protocol (RTSP)'' Internet Draft, July 1997. Handley/Jacobson [Page 37]
