Network Working Group M. Thomson
Internet-Draft E. Rescorla
Updates: 8122 (if approved) Mozilla
Intended status: Standards Track January 04, 2019
Expires: July 8, 2019
Unknown Key Share Attacks on uses of TLS with the Session Description
Protocol (SDP)
draft-ietf-mmusic-sdp-uks-03
Abstract
This document describes unknown key-share attacks on the use of
Datagram Transport Layer Security for the Secure Real-Time Transport
Protocol (DTLS-SRTP). Similar attacks are described on the use of
DTLS-SRTP with the identity bindings used in Web Real-Time
Communications (WebRTC) and SIP identity. These attacks are
difficult to mount, but they cause a victim to be mislead about the
identity of a communicating peer. Simple mitigation techniques are
defined for each.
Status of This Memo
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provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79.
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This Internet-Draft will expire on July 8, 2019.
Copyright Notice
Copyright (c) 2019 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the
document authors. All rights reserved.
This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal
Provisions Relating to IETF Documents
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publication of this document. Please review these documents
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carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect
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Table of Contents
1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
2. Unknown Key-Share Attack . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
2.1. Limits on Attack Feasibility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
2.2. Interactions with Key Continuity . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
2.3. Third-Party Call Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
3. Attack on Identity Bindings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
3.1. Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
3.2. The external_id_hash TLS Extension . . . . . . . . . . . 7
4. Unknown Key-Share with Fingerprints . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
4.1. Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
4.2. Unique Session Identity Solution . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
4.3. The external_session_id TLS Extension . . . . . . . . . . 11
5. Consequences of Session Concatenation . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
6. Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
7. IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
8. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
8.1. Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
8.2. Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Appendix A. Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Authors' Addresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
1. Introduction
The use of Transport Layer Security (TLS) [TLS13] with the Session
Description Protocol (SDP) [SDP] is defined in [FINGERPRINT].
Further use with Datagram Transport Layer Security (DTLS) [DTLS] and
the Secure Real-time Transport Protocol (SRTP) [SRTP] is defined as
DTLS-SRTP [DTLS-SRTP].
In these specifications, key agreement is performed using TLS or
DTLS, with authentication being tied back to the session description
(or SDP) through the use of certificate fingerprints. Communication
peers check that a hash, or fingerprint, provided in the SDP matches
the certificate that is used in the TLS or DTLS handshake.
WebRTC identity (see Section 7 of [WEBRTC-SEC]) and SIP identity
[SIP-ID] both provide a mechanism that binds an external identity to
the certificate fingerprints from a session description. However,
this binding is not integrity-protected and therefore vulnerable to
an identity misbinding attack - or unknown key-share (UKS) attack -
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where the attacker binds their identity to the fingerprint of another
entity. A successful attack leads to the creation of sessions where
peers are confused about the identify of the participants.
This document describes a TLS extension that can be used in
combination with these identity bindings to prevent this attack.
A similar attack is possible with the use of certificate fingerprints
alone. Though attacks in this setting are likely infeasible in
existing deployments due to the narrow conditions necessary (see
Section 2.1), this document also describes mitigations for this
attack.
The mechanisms defined in this document are intended to strengthen
the protocol by preventing the use of unknown key shares in
combination with other protocol or implementation vulnerabilities.
This document assumes that signaling is integrity protected.
However, as Section 7 of [FINGERPRINT] explains, many deployments
that use SDP do not guarantee integrity of session signaling and so
are vulnerable to other attacks. [FINGERPRINT] offers key continuity
mechanisms as a potential means of reducing exposure to attack in the
absence of integrity protection. Section 2.2 provides some analysis
of the effect of key continuity in relation to the described attacks.
The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
"SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "NOT RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and
"OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in BCP
14 [RFC2119] [RFC8174] when, and only when, they appear in all
capitals, as shown here.
2. Unknown Key-Share Attack
In an unknown key-share attack [UKS], a malicious participant in a
protocol claims to control a key that is in reality controlled by
some other actor. This arises when the identity associated with a
key is not properly bound to the key.
An endpoint that can acquire the certificate fingerprint of another
entity can advertise that fingerprint as their own in SDP. An
attacker can use a copy of that fingerprint to cause a victim to
communicate with another unaware victim, even though it believes that
it is communicating with the attacker.
When the identity of communicating peers is established by higher-
layer signaling constructs, such as those in SIP identity [SIP-ID] or
WebRTC [WEBRTC-SEC], this allows an attacker to bind their own
identity to a session with any other entity.
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The attacker obtains an identity assertion for an identity it
controls, but binds that to the fingerprint of one peer. The
attacker is then able to cause a TLS connection to be established
where two endpoints communicate. The victim that has its fingerprint
copied by the attack correctly believes that it is communicating with
the other victim; however, the other victim incorrectly believes that
it is communicating with the attacker.
A similar attack can be mounted without any communications
established based on the SDP "fingerprint" attribute [FINGERPRINT].
This attack is an aspect of SDP-based protocols that the technique
known as third-party call control (3PCC) [RFC3725] relies on. 3PCC
exploits the potential for the identity of a signaling peer to be
different than the media peer, allowing the media peer to be selected
by the signaling peer. Section 2.3 describes the consequences of the
mitigations described here for systems that use 3PCC.
2.1. Limits on Attack Feasibility
The use of TLS with SDP depends on the integrity of session
signaling. Assuming signaling integrity limits the capabilities of
an attacker in several ways. In particular:
1. An attacker can only modify the parts of the session signaling
for a session that they are part of, which is limited to their
own offers and answers.
2. No entity will complete communications with a peer unless they
are willing to participate in a session with that peer.
The combination of these two constraints make the spectrum of
possible attacks quite limited. An attacker is only able to switch
its own certificate fingerprint for a valid certificate that is
acceptable to its peer. Attacks therefore rely on joining two
separate sessions into a single session.
However, the second condition might not be necessary when using an
identity binding such as those defined in [WEBRTC] or [SIP-ID]. When
using an identity binding, the threat model assumes the possibility
of attack by an entity with access to the signaling channel.
Removing this constraint makes attacks considerably more feasible.
2.2. Interactions with Key Continuity
Systems that use key continuity might be able to detect an unknown
key-share attack if a session with either the attacker or the geniune
peer (i.e., the victim whose fingerprint was copied by an attacker)
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was established in the past. Whether this is possible depends on how
key continuity is implemented.
Implementations that maintain a single database of identities with an
index on peer keys could discover that the identity saved for the
peer key does not match the claimed identity. Such an implementation
could notice the disparity between the actual keys (those copied from
a victim) and the expected keys (those of the attacker).
In comparison, implementations that first match based on peer
identity could treat an unknown key-share attack as though their peer
had used a newly-configured device. The apparent addition of a new
device could generate user-visible notices (e.g., "Mallory appears to
have a new device"). However, such an event is not always considered
alarming; some implementations might silently save a new key.
2.3. Third-Party Call Control
Third-party call control (3PCC) [RFC3725] is a technique where a
signaling peer establishes a call that is terminated by a different
entity. This attack is very similar to the 3PCC technique, except
where the TLS peers are aware of the use of 3PCC.
For 3PCC to work with the proposed mechanisms, TLS peers need to be
aware of the signaling so that they can correctly generate (and
check) the extension. It is understood that this technique will
prevent the use of 3PCC if peers are not able to access signaling.
3. Attack on Identity Bindings
The identity assertions used for WebRTC (Section 7 of [WEBRTC-SEC])
and the SIP PASSPoRT using in SIP identity ([SIP-ID], [PASSPoRT]) are
bound to the certificate fingerprint of an endpoint. An attacker
causes an identity binding to be created that binds an identity they
control to the fingerprint of a victim.
An attacker can thereby cause a victim to believe that they are
communicating with an attacker-controlled identity, when they are
really talking to another entity of the attacker's choice. The
attacker only needs to create an identity assertion that covers a
certificate fingerprint of their choosing.
The problem might appear to be caused by the fact that the entity
that certifies the identity binding is not required to verify that
the entity requesting the binding controls the keys associated with
the fingerprints. Both SIP and WebRTC identity providers are not
required to perform this validation. This is not an issue because
verifying control of the associated keys is not a necessary condition
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for a secure protocol, nor would it be sufficient to prevent attack
[SIGMA].
A simple solution to this problem is suggested by [SIGMA]. The
identity of endpoints is included under a message authentication code
(MAC) during the cryptographic handshake. Endpoints then validate
that their peer has provided an identity that matches their
expectations. In TLS, the Finished message provides a MAC over the
entire handshake, so that including the identity in a TLS extension
is sufficient to implement this solution.
Rather than include a complete identity binding - which could be
sizeable - a collision- and pre-image-resistant hash of the binding
is included in a TLS extension. Endpoints then need only validate
that the extension contains a hash of the identity binding they
received in signaling. If the identity binding is successfully
validated, the identity of a peer is verified and bound to the
session.
The same technique can be used to cause two victims to both believe
they are talking to the attacker when they are talking to each other.
3.1. Example
In the example shown in Figure 1, it is assumed that the attacker
also controls the signaling channel.
Mallory (the attacker) presents two victims, Norma and Patsy, with
two separate sessions. In the first session, Patsy is presented with
the option to communicate with Norma; a second session with Mallory
is presented to Norma.
Norma Mallory Patsy
(fp=N) ----- (fp=P)
| | |
| |<---- Signaling1 ------>|
| | Norma=N Patsy=P |
|<---- Signaling2 ------>| |
| Norma=N Mallory=P | |
| |
|<=================DTLS (fp=N,P)=================>|
| |
(peer = Mallory!) (peer = Norma)
Figure 1: Example Attack on Identity Bindings
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The attack requires that Mallory obtain an identity binding for their
own identity with the fingerprints presented by Patsy (P). This
false binding is then presented to Norma.
Patsy could be similarly duped, but in this example, a correct
binding between Norma's identity and fingerprint (N) is faithfully
presented by Mallory.
The resulting DTLS session is established directly between Norma and
Patsy. Patsy correctly believes that they are communicating with
Norma. However, Norma incorrectly believes they are talking to
Mallory.
In order for this attack to work without compromising signaling
integrity, it is likely that the attacker also needs to subvert the
session as described in Section 4. Endpoints can use the
"external_session_id" extension (see Section 4.3) in addition to this
so that two calls between the same parties can't be altered by an
attacker.
3.2. The external_id_hash TLS Extension
The "external_id_hash" TLS extension carries a hash of the identity
assertion that communicating peers have exchanged.
The "extension_data" for the "external_id_hash" extension contains a
"ExternalIdentityHash" struct, described below using the syntax
defined in [TLS13]:
struct {
opaque binding_hash<0..32>;
} ExternalIdentityHash;
A WebRTC identity assertion is provided as a JSON [JSON] object that
is encoded into a JSON text. The resulting string is then encoded
using UTF-8 [UTF8]. The content of the "external_id_hash" extension
are produced by hashing the resulting octets with SHA-256 [SHA].
This produces the 32 octets of the "binding_hash" parameter, which is
the sole contents of the extension.
The SDP "identity" attribute includes the base64 [BASE64] encoding of
the same octets that were input to the hash. The "external_id_hash"
extension is validated by performing base64 decoding on the value of
the SDP "identity" attribute, hashing the resulting octets using SHA-
256, and comparing the results with the content of the extension.
Where a PASSPoRT is used, the compact form of the PASSPoRT MUST be
expanded into the full form. The base64 encoding used in the
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Identity (or 'y') header field MUST be decoded then used as input to
SHA-256. This produces the 32 octet "binding_hash" value used for
creating or validating the extension.
Note: Should SHA-256 prove to be inadequate at some point in the
future (see [AGILITY]), a new TLS extension can be defined that
uses a different hash function.
Identity bindings in either form might be provided by only one peer.
An endpoint that does not produce an identity binding MUST generate
an empty "external_id_hash" extension in its ClientHello. This
allows its peer to include a hash of its identity binding. An
endpoint without an identity binding MUST include an empty
"external_id_hash" extension in its ServerHello or
EncryptedExtensions message, to indicate support for the extension.
A peer that receives an "external_id_hash" extension that does not
match the value of the identity binding from its peer MUST
immediately fail the TLS handshake with an error. This includes
cases where the binding is absent, in which the extension MUST be
present and empty.
An "external_id_hash" extension that is any length other than 0 or 32
is invalid and MUST cause the receiving endpoint to generate a fatal
"decode_error" alert.
A peer that receives an identity binding, but does not receive an
"external_id_hash" extension MAY choose to fail the connection,
though it is expected that implementations written prior to the
definition of the extensions in this document will not support both
for some time.
In TLS 1.3, the "external_id_hash" extension MUST be sent in the
EncryptedExtensions message.
4. Unknown Key-Share with Fingerprints
A similar attack can create a session where there is confusion about
the communicating endpoints by substituting the fingerprint of a
communicating endpoint.
An endpoint that is configured to reuse a certificate can be attacked
if it is willing to initiate two calls at the same time, one of which
is with an attacker. The attacker can arrange for the victim to
incorrectly believe that is calling the attacker when it is in fact
calling a second party. The second party correctly believes that it
is talking to the victim.
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As with the attack on identity bindings, this can be used to cause
two victims to both believe they are talking to the attacker when
they are talking to each other.
4.1. Example
In this example, two sessions are created with the same endpoint at
the same time. One of those sessions is initiated with the attacker,
the second session is created toward another honest endpoint. The
attacker convinces the endpoint that their session has completed, and
that the session with the other endpoint has succeeded.
In addition to the constraints described in Section 2.1, the attacker
in this example also needs to the ability to view and drop packets
between victims. That is, the attacker is on-path.
The attack shown in Figure 2 depends on a somewhat implausible set of
conditions. It is intended to demonstrate what sort of attack is
possible and what conditions are necessary to exploit this weakness
in the protocol.
Norma Mallory Patsy
(fp=N) ----- (fp=P)
| | |
+---Signaling1 (fp=N)--->| |
+-----Signaling2 (fp=N)------------------------>|
|<-------------------------Signaling2 (fp=P)----+
|<---Signaling1 (fp=P)---+ |
| | |
|=======DTLS1=======>(Forward)======DTLS1======>|
|<======DTLS2========(Forward)<=====DTLS2=======|
|=======Media1======>(Forward)======Media1=====>|
|<======Media2=======(Forward)<=====Media2======|
| | |
|=======DTLS2========>(Drop) |
| | |
Figure 2: Example Attack Scenario using Fingerprints
In this scenario, there are two sessions initiated at the same time
by Norma. Signaling is shown with single lines ('-'), DTLS and media
with double lines ('=').
The first session is established with Mallory, who falsely uses
Patsy's certificate fingerprint (denoted with 'fp=P'). A second
session is initiated between Norma and Patsy. Signaling for both
sessions is permitted to complete.
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Once signaling is complete on the session that is ostensibly between
Mallory and Norma is complete. Mallory begins forwarding DTLS and
media packets sent to her by Norma to Patsy. These packets denoted
'DTLS1' because Norma associates these with the first signaling
session ('signaling1').
Mallory also intercepts packets from Patsy and forwards those to
Norma at the transport address that Norma associates with Mallory.
These packets are denoted 'DTLS2' to indicate that Patsy associates
these with the second signaling session ('signaling2'), however Norma
will interpret these as being associated with the first signaling
session ('signaling1').
The second signaling exchange - 'signaling2', between Norma and Patsy
- is permitted to continue to the point where Patsy believes that it
has succeeded. This ensures that Patsy believes that she is
communicating with Norma. In the end, Norma believes that she is
communicating with Mallory, when she is really communicating with
Patsy.
Though Patsy needs to believe that the second signaling session has
been successfully established, Mallory has no real interest in seeing
that session complete. Mallory only needs to ensure that Patsy does
not abandon the session prematurely. For this reason, it might be
necessary to permit the signaling from Patsy to reach Norma to allow
Patsy to receive a call completion signal, such as a SIP ACK. Once
the second session completes, Mallory might cause DTLS packets sent
by Norma to Patsy to be dropped, though these will likely be
discarded by Patsy.
For the attacked session to be sustained beyond the point that Norma
detects errors in the second session, Mallory also needs to block any
signaling that Norma might send to Patsy asking for the call to be
abandoned. Otherwise, Patsy might receive a notice that the call is
failed and thereby abort the call.
This attack creates an asymmetry in the beliefs about the identity of
peers. However, this attack is only possible if the victim (Norma)
is willing to conduct two sessions nearly simultaneously, if the
attacker (Mallory) is on the network path between the victims, and if
the same certificate - and therefore SDP "fingerprint" attribute
value - is used in both sessions.
Where ICE [ICE] is used, Mallory also needs to ensure that
connectivity between Patsy and Norma succeed, either by forwarding
checks or answering and generating the necessary messages.
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4.2. Unique Session Identity Solution
An attack on DTLS-SRTP is possible because the identity of peers
involved is not established prior to establishing the call.
Endpoints use certificate fingerprints as a proxy for authentication,
but as long as fingerprints are used in multiple calls, they are
vulnerable to attack.
The solution to this problem is to assign a new identifier to
communicating peers. Each endpoint assigns their peer a unique
identifier during call signaling. The peer echoes that identifier in
the TLS handshake, binding that identity into the session. Including
this new identity in the TLS handshake means that it will be covered
by the TLS Finished message, which is necessary to authenticate it
(see [SIGMA]). Validating that peers use the correct identifier then
means that the session is established between the correct two
endpoints.
This solution relies on the unique identifier given to DTLS sessions
using the SDP "tls-id" attribute [DTLS-SDP]. This field is already
required to be unique. Thus, no two offers or answers from the same
client will have the same value.
A new "external_session_id" extension is added to the TLS or DTLS
handshake for connections that are established as part of the same
call or real-time session. This carries the value of the "tls-id"
attribute and provides integrity protection for its exchange as part
of the TLS or DTLS handshake.
4.3. The external_session_id TLS Extension
The "external_session_id" TLS extension carries the unique identifier
that an endpoint selects. When used with SDP, the value includes the
"tls-id" attribute from the SDP that the endpoint generated when
negotiating the session. This document only defines use of this
extension for SDP; other methods of external session negotiation can
use this extension to include a unique session identifier.
The "extension_data" for the "external_session_id" extension contains
a ExternalSessionId struct, described below using the syntax defined
in [TLS13]:
struct {
opaque session_id<20..255>;
} ExternalSessionId;
For SDP, the "session_id" field of the extension includes the value
of the "tls-id" SDP attribute as defined in [DTLS-SDP] (that is, the
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"tls-id-value" ABNF production). The value of the "tls-id" attribute
is encoded using ASCII [ASCII].
Where RTP and RTCP [RTP] are not multiplexed, it is possible that the
two separate DTLS connections carrying RTP and RTCP can be switched.
This is considered benign since these protocols are usually
distinguishable. RTP/RTCP multiplexing is advised to address this
problem.
The "external_session_id" extension is included in a ClientHello and
either ServerHello (for TLS and DTLS versions less than 1.3) or
EncryptedExtensions (for TLS 1.3). In TLS 1.3, the
"external_session_id" extension MUST NOT be included in a
ServerHello.
Endpoints MUST check that the "session_id" parameter in the extension
that they receive includes the "tls-id" attribute value that they
received in their peer's session description. Endpoints can perform
string comparison by ASCII decoding the TLS extension value and
comparing it to the SDP attribute value, or compare the encoded TLS
extension octets with the encoded SDP attribute value. An endpoint
that receives a "external_session_id" extension that is not identical
to the value that it expects MUST abort the connection with a fatal
"handshake_failure" alert.
An endpoint that is communicating with a peer that does not support
this extension will receive a ClientHello, ServerHello or
EncryptedExtensions that does not include this extension. An
endpoint MAY choose to continue a session without this extension in
order to interoperate with peers that do not implement this
specification.
In TLS 1.3, the "external_session_id" extension MUST be sent in the
EncryptedExtensions message.
5. Consequences of Session Concatenation
Use of session identifiers does not prevent an attacker from
establishing two concurrent sessions with different peers and
forwarding signaling from those peers to each other. Concatenating
two signaling sessions creates a situation where both peers believe
that they are talking to the attacker when they are talking to each
other.
This kind of attack is prevented by systems that enable peer
authentication such as WebRTC identity [WEBRTC-SEC] or SIP identity
[SIP-ID]. However, session concatention remains possible at higher
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layers: an attacker can establish two independent sessions and simply
forward any data it receives from one into the other.
In the absence of any higher-level concept of peer identity, the use
of session identifiers does not prevent session concatenation. The
value to an attacker is limited unless information from the TLS
connection is extracted and used with the signaling. For instance, a
key exporter [EXPORTER] might be used to create a shared secret or
unique identifier that is used in a secondary protocol.
If a secondary protocol uses the signaling channel with the
assumption that the signaling and TLS peers are the same then that
protocol is vulnerable to attack unless they also validate the
identity of peers at both layers. Use of the "external_session_id"
does not guarantee that the identity of the peer at the TLS layer is
the same as the identity of the signaling peer.
It is important to note that multiple connections can be created
within the same signaling session. An attacker might concatenate
only part of a session, choosing to terminate some connections (and
optionally forward data) while arranging to have peers interact
directly for other connections. It is even possible to have
different peers interact for each connection. This means that the
actual identity of the peer for one connection might differ from the
peer on another connection.
Information extracted from a TLS connection therefore MUST NOT be
used in a secondary protocol outside of that connection if that
protocol relies on the signaling protocol having the same peers.
Similarly, data from one TLS connection MUST NOT be used in other TLS
connections even if they are established as a result of the same
signaling session.
6. Security Considerations
This entire document contains security considerations.
7. IANA Considerations
This document registers two extensions in the TLS "ExtensionType
Values" registry established in [TLS13]:
o The "external_id_hash" extension defined in Section 3.2 has been
assigned a code point of TBD; it is recommended and is marked as
"Encrypted" in TLS 1.3.
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o The "external_session_id" extension defined in Section 4.3 has
been assigned a code point of TBD; it is recommended and is marked
as "Encrypted" in TLS 1.3.
8. References
8.1. Normative References
[ASCII] Cerf, V., "ASCII format for network interchange", STD 80,
RFC 20, DOI 10.17487/RFC0020, October 1969,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc20>.
[DTLS] Rescorla, E. and N. Modadugu, "Datagram Transport Layer
Security Version 1.2", RFC 6347, DOI 10.17487/RFC6347,
January 2012, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6347>.
[DTLS-SDP]
Holmberg, C. and R. Shpount, "Session Description Protocol
(SDP) Offer/Answer Considerations for Datagram Transport
Layer Security (DTLS) and Transport Layer Security (TLS)",
draft-ietf-mmusic-dtls-sdp-32 (work in progress), October
2017.
[DTLS-SRTP]
Fischl, J., Tschofenig, H., and E. Rescorla, "Framework
for Establishing a Secure Real-time Transport Protocol
(SRTP) Security Context Using Datagram Transport Layer
Security (DTLS)", RFC 5763, DOI 10.17487/RFC5763, May
2010, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5763>.
[FINGERPRINT]
Lennox, J. and C. Holmberg, "Connection-Oriented Media
Transport over the Transport Layer Security (TLS) Protocol
in the Session Description Protocol (SDP)", RFC 8122,
DOI 10.17487/RFC8122, March 2017,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8122>.
[PASSPoRT]
Wendt, C. and J. Peterson, "PASSporT: Personal Assertion
Token", RFC 8225, DOI 10.17487/RFC8225, February 2018,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8225>.
[RFC2119] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119,
DOI 10.17487/RFC2119, March 1997,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2119>.
Thomson & Rescorla Expires July 8, 2019 [Page 14]
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[RFC8174] Leiba, B., "Ambiguity of Uppercase vs Lowercase in RFC
2119 Key Words", BCP 14, RFC 8174, DOI 10.17487/RFC8174,
May 2017, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8174>.
[SDP] Handley, M., Jacobson, V., and C. Perkins, "SDP: Session
Description Protocol", RFC 4566, DOI 10.17487/RFC4566,
July 2006, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4566>.
[SHA] Dang, Q., "Secure Hash Standard", National Institute of
Standards and Technology report,
DOI 10.6028/nist.fips.180-4, July 2015.
[SIP-ID] Peterson, J., Jennings, C., Rescorla, E., and C. Wendt,
"Authenticated Identity Management in the Session
Initiation Protocol (SIP)", RFC 8224,
DOI 10.17487/RFC8224, February 2018,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8224>.
[SRTP] Baugher, M., McGrew, D., Naslund, M., Carrara, E., and K.
Norrman, "The Secure Real-time Transport Protocol (SRTP)",
RFC 3711, DOI 10.17487/RFC3711, March 2004,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3711>.
[TLS13] Rescorla, E., "The Transport Layer Security (TLS) Protocol
Version 1.3", RFC 8446, DOI 10.17487/RFC8446, August 2018,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8446>.
[UTF8] Yergeau, F., "UTF-8, a transformation format of ISO
10646", STD 63, RFC 3629, DOI 10.17487/RFC3629, November
2003, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3629>.
[WEBRTC-SEC]
Rescorla, E., "WebRTC Security Architecture", draft-ietf-
rtcweb-security-arch-17 (work in progress), November 2018.
8.2. Informative References
[AGILITY] Housley, R., "Guidelines for Cryptographic Algorithm
Agility and Selecting Mandatory-to-Implement Algorithms",
BCP 201, RFC 7696, DOI 10.17487/RFC7696, November 2015,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7696>.
[BASE64] Josefsson, S., "The Base16, Base32, and Base64 Data
Encodings", RFC 4648, DOI 10.17487/RFC4648, October 2006,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4648>.
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[EXPORTER]
Rescorla, E., "Keying Material Exporters for Transport
Layer Security (TLS)", RFC 5705, DOI 10.17487/RFC5705,
March 2010, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5705>.
[ICE] Keranen, A., Holmberg, C., and J. Rosenberg, "Interactive
Connectivity Establishment (ICE): A Protocol for Network
Address Translator (NAT) Traversal", RFC 8445,
DOI 10.17487/RFC8445, July 2018,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8445>.
[JSON] Bray, T., Ed., "The JavaScript Object Notation (JSON) Data
Interchange Format", STD 90, RFC 8259,
DOI 10.17487/RFC8259, December 2017,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8259>.
[RFC3725] Rosenberg, J., Peterson, J., Schulzrinne, H., and G.
Camarillo, "Best Current Practices for Third Party Call
Control (3pcc) in the Session Initiation Protocol (SIP)",
BCP 85, RFC 3725, DOI 10.17487/RFC3725, April 2004,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3725>.
[RTP] Schulzrinne, H., Casner, S., Frederick, R., and V.
Jacobson, "RTP: A Transport Protocol for Real-Time
Applications", STD 64, RFC 3550, DOI 10.17487/RFC3550,
July 2003, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3550>.
[SIGMA] Krawczyk, H., "SIGMA: The 'SIGn-and-MAc'approach to
authenticated Diffie-Hellman and its use in the IKE
protocols", Annual International Cryptology Conference,
Springer, pp. 400-425 , 2003.
[UKS] Blake-Wilson, S. and A. Menezes, "Unknown Key-Share
Attacks on the Station-to-Station (STS) Protocol", Lecture
Notes in Computer Science 1560, Springer, pp. 154-170 ,
1999.
[WEBRTC] Bergkvist, A., Burnett, D., Narayanan, A., Jennings, C.,
Aboba, B., Brandstetter, T., and J. Bruaroey, "WebRTC 1.0:
Real-time Communication Between Browsers", W3C Editor's
Draft , November 2018.
Appendix A. Acknowledgements
This problem would not have been discovered if it weren't for
discussions with Sam Scott, Hugo Krawczyk, and Richard Barnes. A
solution similar to the one presented here was first proposed by
Karthik Bhargavan who provided valuable input on this document.
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Thyla van der Merwe assisted with a formal model of the solution.
Adam Roach and Paul E. Jones provided significant review and input.
Authors' Addresses
Martin Thomson
Mozilla
Email: mt@lowentropy.net
Eric Rescorla
Mozilla
Email: ekr@rftm.com
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