IKEv2 Mobility and Multihoming                                T. Kivinen
(mobike)                                                   Safenet, Inc.
Internet-Draft                                             H. Tschofenig
Expires: April 24, 2006                                          Siemens
                                                        October 21, 2005


                     Design of the MOBIKE Protocol
                    draft-ietf-mobike-design-04.txt

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Copyright Notice

   Copyright (C) The Internet Society (2005).

Abstract

   The MOBIKE (IKEv2 Mobility and Multihoming) working group is
   developing extensions for the Internet Key Exchange Protocol version
   2 (IKEv2).  These extensions should enable an efficient management of
   IKE and IPsec Security Associations when a host possesses multiple IP
   addresses and/or where IP addresses of an IPsec host change over time
   (for example, due to mobility).




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   This document discusses the involved network entities, and the
   relationship between IKEv2 signaling and information provided by
   other protocols.  Design decisions for the MOBIKE protocol,
   background information and discussions within the working group are
   recorded.


Table of Contents

   1.  Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  4
   2.  Terminology  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  5
   3.  Scenarios  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  8
     3.1.  Mobility Scenario  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  8
     3.2.  Multihoming Scenario . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  9
     3.3.  Multihomed Laptop Scenario . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
   4.  Scope of MOBIKE  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
   5.  Design Considerations  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
     5.1.  Choosing addresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
       5.1.1.  Inputs and triggers  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
       5.1.2.  Connectivity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
       5.1.3.  Discovering connectivity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
       5.1.4.  Decision making  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
       5.1.5.  Suggested approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
     5.2.  NAT Traversal  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
       5.2.1.  Background and constraints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
       5.2.2.  Fundamental restrictions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
       5.2.3.  Moving to behind NAT and back  . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
       5.2.4.  Responder behind NAT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
       5.2.5.  NAT Prevention . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
       5.2.6.  Suggested approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
     5.3.  Scope of SA changes  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
     5.4.  Zero address set functionality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
     5.5.  Return routability test  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
       5.5.1.  Employing MOBIKE results in other protocols  . . . . . 22
       5.5.2.  Suggested approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
     5.6.  IPsec Tunnel or Transport Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
   6.  Protocol detail issues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
     6.1.  Indicating support for mobike  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
     6.2.  Path Testing and Window size . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
     6.3.  Message presentation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
     6.4.  Updating address list  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
   7.  Security Considerations  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
   8.  IANA Considerations  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
   9.  Acknowledgments  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
   10. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
     10.1. Normative references . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
     10.2. Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
   Authors' Addresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34



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   Intellectual Property and Copyright Statements . . . . . . . . . . 35


















































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1.  Introduction

   The purpose of IKEv2 is to mutually authenticate two hosts, establish
   one or more IPsec Security Associations (SAs) between them, and
   subsequently manage these SAs (for example, by rekeying or deleting).
   IKEv2 enables the hosts to share information that is relevant to both
   the usage of the cryptographic algorithms that should be employed
   (e.g., parameters required by cryptographic algorithms and session
   keys) and to the usage of local security policies, such as
   information about the traffic that should experience protection.

   IKEv2 assumes that an IKE SA is created implicitly between the IP
   address pair that is used during the protocol execution when
   establishing the IKEv2 SA.  This means that, in each host, only one
   IP address pair is stored for the IKEv2 SA as part of a single IKEv2
   protocol session, and, for tunnel mode SAs, the hosts places this
   single pair in the outer IP headers.  Existing documents make no
   provision to change this pair after an IKE SA is created.

   There are scenarios where one or both of the IP addresses of this
   pair may change during an IPsec session.  In principle, the IKE SA
   and all corresponding IPsec SAs could be re-established after the IP
   address has changed.  However, this can be problematic, as the device
   might be too slow for this task.  Moreover, manual user interaction
   (for example when using SecurID cards) might be required as part of
   the IKEv2 authentication procedure.  Therefore, an automatic
   mechanism is need that updates the IP addresses associated with the
   IKE SA and the IPsec SAs.  MOBIKE provides such a mechanism.

   The work of the MOBIKE working group and therefore this document is
   based on the assumption that the mobility and multi-homing extensions
   are developed for IKEv2 [I-D.ietf-ipsec-ikev2].  As IKEv2 is built on
   the architecture described in RFC2401bis [I-D.ietf-ipsec-rfc2401bis],
   all protocols developed within the MOBIKE working group must be
   compatible with both IKEv2 and the architecture described in
   RFC2401bis.  The document does not aim to neither provide support
   IKEv1 [RFC2409] nor the architecture described in RFC2401 [RFC2401].

   This document is structured as follows.  After introducing some
   important terms in Section 2 a number of relevant usage scenarios are
   discussed in Section 3.  The next section Section 4 will describe the
   scope of the MOBIKE protocol.  Finally, Section 5 discusses design
   considerations affecting the MOBIKE protocol.  The document concludes
   in Section 7 with security considerations.







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2.  Terminology

   This section introduces the terminology that is used in this
   document.

   Peer:

      A peer is an IKEv2 endpoint.  In addition, a peer implements the
      MOBIKE extensions, as defined in this and related documents.

   Available address:

      An address is said to be available if the following conditions are
      met:

      *  The address has been assigned to an interface.

      *  If the address is an IPv6 address, we additionally require (a)
         that the address is valid as defined in RFC 2461 [RFC2461], and
         (b) that the address is not tentative as defined in RFC 2462
         [RFC2462].  In other words, we require the address assignment
         to be complete.

         Note that this explicitly allows an address to be optimistic as
         defined in [I-D.ietf-ipv6-optimistic-dad].

      *  If the address is an IPv6 address, it is a global unicast or
         unique site-local address, as defined in [I-D.ietf-ipv6-unique-
         local-addr].  That is, it is not an IPv6 link-local.  Where
         IPv4 is considered, it is not an RFC 1918 [RFC1918] address.

      *  The address and interface is acceptable for sending and
         receiving traffic according to a local policy.

      This definition is taken from [I-D.arkko-multi6dt-failure-
      detection].

   Locally Operational Address:

      An address is said to be locally operational if it is available
      and its use is locally known to be possible and permitted.  This
      definition is taken from [I-D.arkko-multi6dt-failure-detection].

   Operational address pair:

      A pair of operational addresses are said to be an operational
      address pair, if and only if bidirectional connectivity can be
      shown between the two addresses.  Note that sometimes it is



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      necessary to consider connectivity on a per-flow level between two
      endpoints needs to be tested.  This differentiation might be
      necessary to address certain Network Address Translation types or
      specific firewalls.  This definition is taken from [I-D.arkko-
      multi6dt-failure-detection] and adapted for the MOBIKE context.
      Although it is possible to further differentiate unidirectional
      and bidirectional operational address pairs, only bidirectional
      connectivity is relevant to this document and unidirectional
      connectivity is out of scope.

   Path:

      The sequence of routers traversed by the MOBIKE and IPsec packets
      exchanged between the two peers.  Note that this path may be
      affected not only by the involved source and destination IP
      addresses, but also by the transport protocol.  Since MOBIKE and
      IPsec packets have a different appearance on the wire they might
      be routed along a different path, for example by load balancers.
      This definition is taken from [RFC2960] and adapted to the MOBIKE
      context.

   Primary Path:

      The sequence of routers traversed by an IP packet that carries the
      default source and destination addresses is said to be the Primary
      Path.  This definition is taken from [RFC2960] and adapted to the
      MOBIKE context.

   Preferred Address:

      The IP address of a peer to which MOBIKE and IPsec traffic should
      be sent by default.  A given peer has only one active preferred
      address at a given point in time, except for the small time period
      where it switches from an old to a new preferred address.  This
      definition is taken from [I-D.ietf-hip-mm] and adapted to the
      MOBIKE context.

   Peer Address Set:

      We denote the two peers of a MOBIKE session by peer A and peer B.
      A peer address set is the subset of locally operational addresses
      of peer A that is sent to peer B. A policy available at peer A
      indicates which addresses are included in the peer address set.
      Such a policy might be created either manually or automatically
      through interaction with other mechanisms that indicate new
      available addresses.

   Terminology regarding NAT types (e.g.  Full Cone, Restricted Cone,



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   Port Restricted Cone and Symmetric), can be found in Section 5 of
   [RFC3489].  For mobility related terminology (e.g.  Make-before-break
   or Break-before-make) see [RFC3753].
















































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3.  Scenarios

   In this section we discuss three typical usage scenarios for the
   MOBIKE protocol.

3.1.  Mobility Scenario

   Figure 1 shows a break-before-make mobility scenario where a mobile
   node changes its point of network attachment.  Prior to the change,
   the mobile node had established an IPsec connection with a security
   gateway which offered, for example, access to a corporate network.
   The IKEv2 exchange that facilitated the set up of the IPsec SA(s)
   took place over the path labeled as 'old path'.  The involved packets
   carried the MN's "old" IP address and were forwarded by the "old"
   access router (OAR) to the security gateway (GW).

   When the MN changes its point of network attachment, it obtains a new
   IP address using stateful address configuration techniques or via the
   stateless address autoconfiguration mechanism.  The goal of MOBIKE,
   in this scenario, is to enable the MN and the GW to continue using
   the existing SAs and to avoid setting up a new IKE SA.  A protocol
   exchange, denoted by 'MOBIKE Address Update', enables the peers to
   update their state as necessary.

   Note that in a break-before-make scenario the MN obtains the new IP
   address after it can no longer be reached at the old IP address.  In
   a make-before-break scenario, the MN is, for a given period of time,
   reachable at both the old and the new IP address.  MOBIKE should work
   in both the above scenarios.






















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                          (Initial IKEv2 Exchange)
                    >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>v
       Old IP   +--+        +---+                    v
       address  |MN|------> |OAR| -------------V     v
                +--+        +---+ Old path     V     v
                 .                          +----+   v>>>>> +--+
                 .move                      | R  | -------> |GW|
                 .                          |    |    >>>>> |  |
                 v                          +----+   ^      +--+
                +--+        +---+ New path     ^     ^
       New IP   |MN|------> |NAR|--------------^     ^
       address  +--+        +---+                    ^
                    >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>^
                          (MOBIKE Address Update)

              ---> = Path taken by data packets
              >>>> = Signaling traffic (IKEv2 and MOBIKE)
              ...> = End host movement

   Figure 1: Mobility Scenario

3.2.  Multihoming Scenario

   Another MOBIKE usage scenario is depicted in Figure 2.  In this
   scenario, the MOBIKE peers are equipped with multiple interfaces (and
   multiple IP addresses).  Peer A has two interface cards with two IP
   addresses, IP_A1 and IP_A2, and peer B has two IP addresses, IP_B1
   and IP_B2.  Each peer selects one of its IP addresses as the
   preferred address which is used for subsequent communication.
   Various reasons, (e.g hardware or network link failures), may require
   a peer to switch from one interface to another.

     +------------+                                  +------------+
     | Peer A     |           *~~~~~~~~~*            | Peer B     |
     |            |>>>>>>>>>> * Network   *>>>>>>>>>>|            |
     |      IP_A1 +-------->+             +--------->+ IP_B1      |
     |            |         |             |          |            |
     |      IP_A2 +********>+             +*********>+ IP_B2      |
     |            |          *           *           |            |
     +------------+           *~~~~~~~~~*            +------------+

              ---> = Path taken by data packets
              >>>> = Signaling traffic (IKEv2 and MOBIKE)
              ***> = Potential future path through the network
                     (if Peer A and Peer B change their preferred
                      address)

   Figure 2: Multihoming Scenario



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   Note that MOBIKE does not aim to support load balancing between
   multiple IP addresses.  That is, each peer uses only one of the
   available IP addresses at a given point in time.

3.3.  Multihomed Laptop Scenario

   The third scenario we consider is about a laptop, which has multiple
   interface cards and therefore several ways to connect to the network.
   It may for example have a fixed Ethernet card, a WLAN interface, a
   GPRS adaptor, a Bluetooth interface or USB hardware.  Not all
   interfaces are connected to the network at all times for a number of
   reasons (e.g., cost, availability of certain link layer technologies,
   user convenience).  The mechanism that determines which interfaces
   are connected to the network at any given point in time is outside
   the scope of the MOBIKE protocol and, as such, this document.
   However, as the laptop changes its point of attachment to the
   network, the set of IP addresses under which the laptop is reachable,
   changes too.

   Even if IP addresses change due to interface switching or mobility,
   the IP address obtained via the configuration payloads within IKEv2
   remain unaffected.  The IP address obtained via the IKEv2
   configuration payloads allow the configuration of the inner IP
   address of the IPsec tunnel.  As such, applications might not detect
   any change at all.


























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4.  Scope of MOBIKE

   Getting mobility and multihoming actually working requires lots of
   different components working together, including coordinating things
   and making consistent decisions in several link layers, the IP
   layers, different mobility mechanisms in those layers, and IPsec/IKE.
   Most of those aspects are beyond the scope of MOBIKE: The MOBIKE
   focuses on what two peers need to agree in IKEv2 level (like new
   message formats and some aspects of their processing) for
   interoperability.

   The MOBIKE is not trying to be full mobility protocol; there is no
   support for simultaneous movement or rendezvous mechanism, and there
   is no support for route optimization etc.  This current design
   document focuses mainly on the tunnel mode, everything going inside
   the tunnel is unaffected by the changes in the tunnel header IP
   address, and this is the mobility feature provided by the MOBIKE.
   I.e. the applications running through the MOBIKE IPsec tunnel cannot
   even detect the movement, their IP address etc stay constant.

   A MOBIKE protocol should be able to perform the following operations:

   o  inform the other peer about the peer address set

   o  inform the other peer about the preferred address

   o  test connectivity along a path and thereby to detect an outage
      situation

   o  change the preferred address

   o  change the peer address set

   o  Ability to deal with Network Address Translation devices

   Figure 3 shows an example protocol interaction between a pair of
   MOBIKE peers.  MOBIKE interacts with the IPsec engine using the
   PF_KEY API [RFC2367].  Using this API, the MOBIKE daemon can create
   entries in the Security Association (SAD) and Security Policy
   Databases (SPD).  The IPsec engine may also interact with IKEv2 and
   MOBIKE daemon using this API.  The content of the Security Policy and
   Security Association Databases determines what traffic is protected
   with IPsec in which fashion.  MOBIKE, on the other hand, receives
   information from a number of sources that may run both in kernel-mode
   and in user-mode.  Information relevant for MOBIKE might be stored in
   a database.  The contents of such a database, along with the
   occurrence of events of which the MOBIKE process is notified, form
   the basis on which MOBIKE decides regarding the set of available



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   addresses, the peer address set, and the preferred address.  Policies
   may also affect the selection process.

   The a peer address set and the preferred address needs to be
   available to the other peer.  In order to address certain failure
   cases, MOBIKE should perform connectivity tests between the peers
   (potentially over a number of different paths).  Although a number of
   address pairs may be available for such tests, the most important is
   the pair (source address, destination address) of the primary path.
   This is because this pair is selected for sending and receiving
   MOBIKE signaling and IPsec traffic.  If a problem along this primary
   path is detected (e.g., due to a router failure) it is necessary to
   switch to a new primary path.  In order to be able to do so quickly,
   it may be helpful to perform connectivity tests of other paths
   periodically.  Such a technique would also help in identifying
   previously disconnected paths that become operational.



































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                           +-------------+       +---------+
                           |User-space   |       | MOBIKE  |
                           |Protocols    |  +-->>| Daemon  |
                           |relevant for |  |    |         |
                           |MOBIKE       |  |    +---------+
                           +-------------+  |         ^
   User Space                    ^          |         ^
   ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ API ++++++ API ++++ PF_KEY ++++++++
   Kernel Space                  v          |         v
                               _______      |         v
       +-------------+        /       \     |    +--------------+
       |Routing      |       / Trigger \    |    | IPsec        |
       |Protocols    |<<-->>|  Database |<<-+  +>+ Engine       |
       |             |       \         /       | | (+Databases) |
       +-----+---+---+        \_______/        | +------+-------+
             ^   ^               ^             |        ^
             |   +---------------+-------------+--------+-----+
             |                   v             |        |     |
             |             +-------------+     |        |     |
      I      |             |Kernel-space |     |        |     |   I
      n      |   +-------->+Protocols    +<----+-----+  |     |   n
      t      v   v         |relevant for |     |     v  v     v   t
      e +----+---+-+       |MOBIKE       |     |   +-+--+-----+-+ e
      r |  Input   |       +-------------+     |   | Outgoing   | r
      f |  Packet  +<--------------------------+   | Interface  | f
    ==a>|Processing|===============================| Processing |=a>
      c |          |                               |            | c
      e +----------+                               +------------+ e
      s                                                           s
              ===> = IP packets arriving/leaving a MOBIKE node
              <->  = control and configuration operations

   Figure 3: Framework

   Please note that Figure 3 illustrates an example of how a MOBIKE
   implementation could work.  Hence, it serves illustrative purposes
   only.

   Extensions of the PF_KEY interface required by MOBIKE are also within
   the scope of the working group.  Finally, certain optimizations for
   wireless environments are also covered.










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5.  Design Considerations

   This section discusses aspects affecting the design of the MOBIKE
   protocol.

5.1.  Choosing addresses

   One of the core aspects of the MOBIKE protocol is the selection of
   the address for the IPsec packets we send.  Choosing addresses for
   the IKEv2 request is somewhat separate problem: in many cases, they
   will be the same (and in some design choice they will always be the
   same).

5.1.1.  Inputs and triggers

   How the address changes are triggered are largerly beyond the scope
   of MOBIKE.  The triggers can include e.g. changes in the set of
   addresses, various link-layer indications, failing dead peer
   detection, and changes in preferences and policies.  Furthermore,
   there may be less reliable sources of information (such as lack of
   IPsec packets and ICMP packets) that do not trigger any changes
   directly, but rather cause DPD to be performed sooner than it
   otherwise would have been (and if that DPD fails, that may trigger
   changing of addresses).

   These triggers are largerly the same as for, e.g.  Mobile IP, and are
   beyond the scope of MOBIKE.

5.1.2.  Connectivity

   There can be two kind of "failures" in the connectivity; local or
   middle.  Local failure is a property of an address (interface), while
   the failures in the middle is property of address pair.  MOBIKE does
   not assume full connectivity, but it does not try to use
   unidirectional address pairs (multi6 has discussed about how to deal
   with unidirectional paths).  Unidirectional address pairs is
   complicated issue, and supporting it would require abandoning the
   principle that you always send the IKEv2 reply to the address the
   request came from.  Because of that MOBIKE decided to deal only with
   bidirectional address pairs.  It does consider unidirectional address
   pairs as broken, and not use them, but the connection will not break
   even if unidirectional address pairs are present, provided there is
   at least one bidirectional address pair it can use.

   Note, that MOBIKE is not really concerned about the actual path used,
   it cannot even detect if some path is unidirectional, if the same
   address pair has some other unidirectional path back.  Ingress
   filters might still cause such path pairs to be unusable, and in that



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   case MOBIKE will detect that there is no connection between address
   pair.

   In a sense having both IPv4 and IPv6 address is basically a case of
   partial connectivity (putting both IPv4 and IPv6 address in the same
   IP header does not work).  The main difference is that it is known
   beforehand, and there is no need to discover that IPv4/IPv6
   combination does not work.

5.1.3.  Discovering connectivity

   To detect connectivity, i.e failures in the middle, MOBIKE needs to
   have some kind of probe which it can send to the other end and get a
   reply back to that.  If it will see the reply it knows the connection
   works, if it does not see the reply after multiple retransmissions it
   may assume that the address pair tested is broken.

   The connectivity tests do require to take in to account the
   congestion problems, because the connection failure might be because
   of congestion, and the MOBIKE should not make it worse by sending
   lots of probe packets.

5.1.4.  Decision making

   One of the core decisions to the MOBIKE protocol is to who makes the
   decisions to fix situations, i.e. symmetry in decision making vs.
   asymmetry in decisions.  Symmetric decision making may cause the
   different peers to make different decisions, thus causing asymmetric
   upstream/downstream traffic.  In mobility case it is desirable that
   the mobile peer can move both upstream and downstream traffic to some
   particular interface, and this requires asymmetric decision making.

   Working with stateful packet filters and NATs is easier if same
   address pair is used in both upstream and downstream directions.
   Also in common cases only the peer behind NAT can actually do actions
   to recover from the connectivity problems, as it might be that the
   other peer is not able to initiate any connections to the peer behind
   NAT.

5.1.5.  Suggested approach

   Because of those issues listed above, the MOBIKE protocol decided to
   select method where the initiator will decide which addresses are
   used.  This has the benefits that it makes one peer to decide, thus
   we cannot end up in the asymmetric decisions, and it also works best
   with NATs, as the initiator is the most common peer to be behind NAT,
   and thus is the only peer which can recover in those cases.




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5.2.  NAT Traversal

5.2.1.  Background and constraints

   Another core aspect of the MOBIKE was the co-operation and working
   with NATs.  In IKEv2 the tunnel header IP addresses are not sent
   inside the IKEv2 payloads, and thus there is no need to do unilateral
   self-address fixing (UNSAF).  The tunnel header IP addresses are
   taken from the outer IP header of the IKE packets, thus they are
   already processed by the NAT.

   The NAT detection payloads are used to detect if the addresses in the
   IP header were modified by a NAT between the peers, and that enables
   UDP encapsulation of ESP packets if needed.  MOBIKE is not to change
   how IKEv2 NAT-T works, in particular, any kind of UNSAF or explicit
   interaction with NATs (e.g. midcom or nsis natfw) are beyond the
   scope.  The MOBIKE will need to define how MOBIKE and NAT-T are used
   together.

   The NAT-T support should also be optional, i.e. if the IKEv2
   implementation does not implement NAT-T, since it is not required in
   some particular environment, implementing MOBIKE should not require
   adding support for NAT-T as well.

   The property of being behind NAT is actually property of the address
   pair, thus one peer can have multiple IP-addresses and some of those
   might be behind NAT and some might not be behind NAT.

5.2.2.  Fundamental restrictions

   There are some cases which cannot be made work with the restrictions
   provided by the MOBIKE charter.  One of those cases is the case where
   the party "outside" a symmetric NAT changes its address to something
   not known by the the other peer (and old address has stopped
   working).  It cannot send a packet containing the new addresses to
   the peer, because the NAT does not contain the necessary state.
   Furthermore, since the party behind the NAT does not know the new IP
   address, it cannot cause the NAT state to be created.

   This case could be solved using some rendezvous mechanism outside
   IKEv2, but that is beyond the scope of MOBIKE.

5.2.3.  Moving to behind NAT and back

   MOBIKE provides mechanism where peer not initially behind the NAT,
   can move to behind NAT, when new address pair is selected.  MOBIKE
   does not need to detect when someone attach NAT to the currently
   working address pair, i.e. the NAT detection is only done when MOBIKE



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   changes the address pair used.

   Similarly the MOBIKE provides mechanism to move from the address pair
   having NAT to the address pair not having NAT.

   As we only use one address pair at time, effectively MOBIKE peer is
   either behind NAT or not behind NAT, but each address change can
   change the situation.  Because of this and because initiator always
   chooses the addresses it is enough to send keepalive packets only to
   that one address pair.

5.2.4.  Responder behind NAT

   MOBIKE can work in cases where the responder is behind static NAT,
   but in that case the initiator needs to know all possible addresses
   where the responder can move to, i.e. responder cannot move to the
   address which is not known by the initiator.

   If the responder is behind NAPT then it might need to communicate
   with the NAT to create mapping so initiator can connect to it.  Those
   external hole punching mechanisms are beyond the scope of MOBIKE.

   In case the responder is behind NAPT then also finding the port
   numbers used by the responder, is outside the scope of MOBIKE.

5.2.5.  NAT Prevention

   One new feature created by the MOBIKE, is the NAT prevention, i.e. if
   we detect NAT between the peers, we do not allow that address pair to
   be used.  This can be used to protect IP-addresses in cases where it
   is known by the configuration that there is no NAT between the nodes
   (for example IPv6, or fixed site-to-site VPN).  This gives extra
   protection against 3rd party bombing attacks (attacker cannot divert
   the traffic to some 3rd party).  This feature means that we
   authenticate the IP-address and detect if they were changed.  As this
   is done on purpose to break the connectivity if NAT is detect, and
   decided by the configuration, there is no need to do UNSAF
   processing.

5.2.6.  Suggested approach

   The working group decided that MOBIKE uses NAT-T mechanisms from the
   IKEv2 protocol as much as possible, but decided to change the dynamic
   address update for IKEv2 packets to MUST NOT (it would break path
   testing using IKEv2 packets).  Working group also decided to only
   send keepalives to the current address pair.





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5.3.  Scope of SA changes

   Most sections of this document discuss design considerations for
   updating and maintaining addresses in the database entries that
   relate to an IKE-SA.  However, changing the preferred address also
   affects the entries of the IPsec SA database.  The outer tunnel
   header addresses (source and destination IP addresses) need to be
   modified according to the primary path to allow the IPsec protected
   data traffic to travel along the same path as the MOBIKE packets (if
   we only consider the IP header information).  If the MOBIKE messages
   and the IPsec protected data traffic travel along a different path
   then NAT handling is severely complicated.

   The basic question is then how the IPsec SAs are changed to use the
   new address pair (the same address pair as the MOBIKE signaling
   traffic).  One option is that when the IKE SA address is changed then
   automatically all IPsec SAs associated with it are moved along with
   it to new address pair.  Another option is to have a separate
   exchange to move the IPsec SAs separately.

   If IPsec SAs should be updated separately then a more efficient
   format than the notification payload is needed to preserve bandwidth.
   A notification payload can only store one SPI per payload.  A
   separate payload could have list of IPsec SA SPIs and new preferred
   address.  If there is a large number of IPsec SAs, those payloads can
   be quite large unless ranges of SPI values are supported.  If we
   automatically move all IPsec SAs when the IKE SA moves, then we only
   need to keep track which IKE SA was used to create the IPsec SA, and
   fetch the IP addresses from IKE SA, i.e. no need to store IP
   addresses per IPsec SA.  Note that IKEv2 [I-D.ietf-ipsec-ikev2]
   already requires implementations to keep track which IPsec SAs are
   created using which IKE SA.

   If we do allow each IPsec SA address set to be updated separately,
   then we can support scenarios, where the machine has fast and/or
   cheap connections and slow and/or expensive connections, and it wants
   to allow moving some of the SAs to the slower and/or more expensive
   connection, and prevent the move, for example, of the news video
   stream from the WLAN to the GPRS link.

   On the other hand, even if we tie the IKE SA update to the IPsec SA
   update, then we can create separate IKE SAs for this scenario, e.g.,
   we create one IKE SA which have both links as endpoints, and it is
   used for important traffic, and then we create another IKE SA which
   have only the fast and/or cheap connection, which is then used for
   that kind of bulk traffic.

   MOBIKE protocol decided to move all IPsec SAs implicitly when the IKE



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   SA address pair changes.  If more granular handling of the IPsec SA
   is required, then multiple IKE SAs can be created one for each set of
   IPsec SAs needed.

5.4.  Zero address set functionality

   One of the features which is potentially useful is for the peer to
   announce that it will now disconnect for some time, i.e. it will not
   be reachable at all.  For instance, a laptop might go to suspend
   mode.  In this case the it could send address notification with zero
   new addresses, which means that it will not have any valid addresses
   anymore.  The responder of that kind of notification would then
   acknowledge that, and could then temporarily disable all SAs and
   therefore stop sending traffic.  If any of the SAs gets any packets
   they are simply dropped.  This could also include some kind of ACK
   spoofing to keep the TCP/IP sessions alive (or simply set the TCP/IP
   keepalives and timeouts large enough not to cause problems), or it
   could simply be left to the applications, e.g. allow TCP/IP sessions
   to notice the link is broken.

   The local policy could then indicate how long the peer should allow
   remote peers to remain disconnected.

   From a technical point of view this feature addresses two aspects:

   o  There is no need to transmit IPsec data traffic.  IPsec protected
      data can be dropped which saves bandwidth.  This does not provide
      a functional benefit, i.e., nothing breaks if this feature is not
      provided.

   o  MOBIKE signaling messages are also ignored.  The IKE-SA must not
      be deleted and the suspend functionality (realized with the zero
      address set) may require the IKE-SA to be tagged with a lifetime
      value since the IKE-SA should not be kept in alive for an
      undefined period of time.  Note that IKEv2 does not require that
      the IKE-SA has a lifetime associated with it.  In order to prevent
      the IKE-SA from being deleted the dead-peer detection mechanism
      needs to be suspended as well.

   Due to the fact that this extension could be complicated and there
   was no clear need for it, a first version of the MOBIKE protocol will
   not provide this feature.

5.5.  Return routability test

   Changing the preferred address and subsequently using it for
   communication is associated with an authorization decision: Is a peer
   allowed to use this address?  Does this peer own this address?  Two



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   mechanisms have been proposed in the past to allow a peer to
   determine the answer to this question:

   o  The addresses a peer is using are part of a certificate.
      [RFC3554] introduced this approach.  If the other peer is, for
      example, a security gateway with a limited set of fixed IP
      addresses, then the security gateway may have a certificate with
      all the IP addresses appear in the certificate.

   o  A return routability check is performed by the remote peer before
      the address is updated in that peer's Security Association
      Database.  This is done in order provide a certain degree of
      confidence to the remote peer that local peer is reachable at the
      indicated address.

   Without taking an authorization decision a malicious peer can
   redirect traffic towards a third party or a blackhole.

   A MOBIKE peer should not use an IP addressed provided by another
   MOBIKE peer as a primary address without computing the authorization
   decision.  If the addresses are part of the certificate then it is
   not necessary to execute the weaker return-routability test.  The
   return-routability test is a form of authorization check, although it
   provides weaker guarantees then the inclusion of the IP address as
   part of a certificate.  If multiple addresses are communicated to the
   remote peer then some of these addresses may be already verified even
   if the primary address is still operational.

   Another option is to use the [I-D.dupont-mipv6-3bombing] approach
   which suggests to perform a return routability test only when an
   address update needs to be sent from some address other than the
   indicated preferred address.

   Finally it would be possible not to execute return routability checks
   at all.  In case of indirect change notifications we only move to the
   new preferred address after successful dead-peer detection (i.e., a
   response to a DPD test) on the new address, which is already a return
   routability check.  With a direct notification the authenticated peer
   may have provided an authenticated IP address.  Thus it is would be
   possible to simply trust the MOBIKE peer to provide a proper IP
   address.  There is no way an adversary can successfully launch an
   attack by injecting faked addresses since it does not know the IKE SA
   and the corresponding keying material.  A protection against an
   internal attacker, i.e. the authenticated peer forwarding its traffic
   to the new address, is not provided.  This might be an issue when
   extensions are added to IKEv2 that do not require authentication of
   end points (e.g., opportunistic security using anonymous Diffie-
   Hellman).  On the other hand we know the identity of the peer in that



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   case.

   There is also a policy issue when to schedule a return routability
   test.  Before moving traffic?  After moving traffic?

   The basic format of the return routability check could be similar to
   dead-peer detection.  There are potential attacks if a return
   routability check does not include some kind of nonce.  The valid end
   point could send an address update notification for a third party,
   trying to get all the traffic to be sent there, causing a denial of
   service attack.  If the return routability checks does not contain
   any cookies or other random information not known to the other end,
   then that valid node could reply to the return routability checks
   even when it cannot see the request.  This might cause a peer to move
   the traffic to a location where the original recipient cannot be
   reached.

   The IKEv2 NAT-T mechanism does not perform return routability checks.
   It simply uses the last seen source IP address used by the other peer
   as the destination address to send response packets.  An adversary
   can change those IP addresses, and can cause the response packets to
   be sent to wrong IP address.  The situation is self-fixing when the
   adversary is no longer able to modify packets and the first packet
   with an unmodified IP address reaches the other peer.  Mobility
   environments make this attack more difficult for an adversary since
   it requires the adversary to be located somewhere on the individual
   paths ({CoA1, ..., CoAn} towards the destination IP address) have a
   shared path or if the adversary is located near the MOBIKE client
   then it needs to follow the user mobility patterns.  With IKEv2
   NAT-T, the genuine client can cause third party bombing by
   redirecting all the traffic pointed to him to third party.  As the
   MOBIKE protocol tries to provide equal or better security than IKEv2
   NAT-T mechanism it should protect against these attacks.

   There may be return routability information available from the other
   parts of the system too (as shown in Figure 3), but the checks done
   may have a different quality.  There are multiple levels for return
   routability checks:

   o  None, no tests

   o  A party willing to answer the return routability check is located
      along the path to the claimed address.  This is the basic form of
      return routability test.

   o  There is an answer from the tested address, and that answer was
      authenticated, integrity and replay protected.




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   o  There was an authenticated, integrity and replay protected answer
      from the peer, but it is not guaranteed to originate at the tested
      address or path to it (because the peer can construct a response
      without seeing the request).

   The return routability checks do not protect against 3rd party
   bombing if the attacker is along the path, as the attacker can
   forward the return routability checks to the real peer (even if those
   packets are cryptographically authenticated).

   If the address to be tested is carried inside the MOBIKE payload,
   then the adversary cannot forward packets.  Thus 3rd party bombings
   are prevented.

   If the reply packet can be constructed without seeing the request
   packet (for example, if there is no nonce, challenge or similar
   mechanism to show liveness), then the genuine peer can cause 3rd
   party bombing, by replying to those requests without seeing them at
   all.

   Other levels might only provide a guarantee that there is a node at
   the IP address which replied to the request.  There is no indication
   as to whether or not the reply is fresh, and whether or not the
   request may have been transmitted from a different source address.

5.5.1.  Employing MOBIKE results in other protocols

   If MOBIKE has learned about new locations or verified the validity of
   a remote address through a return routability check, can this
   information be useful for other protocols?

   When considering the basic MOBIKE VPN scenario, the answer is no.
   Transport and application layer protocols running inside the VPN
   tunnel are unaware of the outer addresses or their status.

   Similarly, IP layer tunnel termination at a gateway rather than a
   host endpoint limits the benefits for "other protocols" that could be
   informed -- all application protocols at the other side are unaware
   of IPsec, IKE, or MOBIKE.

   However, it is conceivable that future uses or extensions of the
   MOBIKE protocol make such information distribution useful.  For
   instance, if transport mode MOBIKE and SCTP were made to work
   together, it would potentially be useful for SCTP to learn about the
   new addresses at the same time as MOBIKE.  Similarly, various IP
   layer mechanisms may make use of the fact that a return routability
   test of a specific type has been performed.  However, care should be
   exercised in all these situations.



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   [I-D.crocker-celp] discusses the use of common locator information
   pools in a IPv6 multi-homing context; it assumed that both transport
   and IP layer solutions are be used in order to support multi-homing,
   and that it would be beneficial for different protocols to coordinate
   their results in some way, for instance by sharing throughput
   information of address pairs.  This may apply to MOBIKE as well,
   assuming it co-exists with non-IPsec protocols that are faced with
   the same or similar multi-homing choices.

   Nevertheless, all of this is outside the scope of current MOBIKE base
   protocol design and may be addressed in future work.

5.5.2.  Suggested approach

   MOBIKE protocol selected to use IKEv2 INFORMATIONAL exchanges as a
   return routability tests, but added random cookie there to prevent
   redirections done by authenticated attacker.  Return routability
   tests are done by default before moving the traffic.  However these
   tests are optional.  Nodes MAY also perform these tests upon their
   own initiative at other times.

   It is worth noting that the return routability test in MOBIKE is not
   he same as return routability test in MIP6: The MIP6 WG decided that
   it is not necessary to do return routability tests between the mobile
   node and the home agent at all.

5.6.  IPsec Tunnel or Transport Mode

   Current MOBIKE design is focused only on the VPN type usage and
   tunnel mode.  Transport mode behavior would also be useful, but will
   be discussed in future documents.




















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6.  Protocol detail issues

6.1.  Indicating support for mobike

   In order for MOBIKE to function, both peers must implement the MOBIKE
   extension of IKEv2.  If one or none of the peers supports MOBIKE,
   then, whenever an IP address changes, IKEv2 will have to be re-run in
   order to create a new IKE SA and the respective IPsec SAs.  In
   MOBIKE, a peer needs to be confident that its address change messages
   are understood by the other peer.  If these messages are not
   understood, it is possible that connectivity between the peers is
   lost.

   One way to ensure that a peer receives feedback on whether or not its
   messages are understood by the other peer, is by using IKEv2
   messaging for MOBIKE and to mark some messages as "critical".
   According to the IKEv2 specification, such messages either have to be
   understood by the receiver, or an error message has to be returned to
   the sender.

   A second way to ensure receipt of the above-mentioned feedback is by
   using Vendor ID payloads that are exchanged during the initial IKEv2
   exchange.  These payloads would then indicate whether or not a given
   peer supports the MOBIKE protocol.

   A third approach would use the Notify payload which is also used for
   NAT detection (via NAT_DETECTION_SOURCE_IP and
   NAT_DETECTION_DESTINATION_IP payloads).

   Both a Vendor ID and a Notify payload may be used to indicate the
   support of certain extensions.

   Note that a MOBIKE peer could also attempt to execute MOBIKE
   opportunistically with the critical bit set when an address change
   has occurred.  The drawback of this approach is, however, that an
   unnecessary message exchange is introduced.

   Although Vendor ID payloads and Notifications are technically
   equivalent, Notifications are already used in IKEv2 as a capability
   negotiation mechanism.  Hence, notification payloads are used in the
   MOBIKE to indicate support of it.

   Also as the information of the support of the MOBIKE is not needed
   during the IKE_SA_INIT exchange, the indication of the support is
   done inside the IKE_AUTH exchange.  The reason for this is to need to
   keep the IKE_SA_INIT messages as small as possible, so they do not
   get fragmented.  The idea is that responder can do stateless
   processing of the first IKE_SA_INIT packet, and request cookie from



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   the other end if it is under attack.  To mandate responder to be able
   to reassemble initial IKE_SA_INIT packets would not allow fully
   stateless processing of the initial IKE_SA_INIT packets.

6.2.  Path Testing and Window size

   As the IKEv2 has the window of outgoing messages, and the sender is
   not allowed to violate that window (meaning, that if the window is
   full, then he cannot send packets), it do cause some complications to
   the path testing.  The another complication created by IKEv2 is that
   once the message is first time sent to the other end, it cannot be
   modified in its future retransmissions.  This makes it impossible to
   know what packet actually reached first to the other end.  We cannot
   use IP headers to find out which packet reached the other end first,
   as if responder gets retransmissions of the packet it has already
   replied (and those replies might have been lost due unidirectional
   address pair), it will retransmit the previous reply using the new
   address pair of the request.  Because of this it might be possible
   that the responder has already used the IP-address information from
   the header of the packet, and the reply packet ending up to the
   initiator has different address pair.

   Another complication comes from the NAT-T.  The current IKEv2
   document says that if NAT-T is enabled the node not behind NAT SHOULD
   detect if the IP-address changes in the incoming authenticated
   packets, and update the remote peers addresses accordingly.  This
   works fine with the NAT-T, but it causes some complications in the
   MOBIKE, as it needs an ability to probe the another address pairs,
   without breaking the old one.

   One approach to fix those would be to add completely new protocol
   that is outside the IKE SA message id limitations (window code),
   outside identical retransmission requirements, and outside the
   dynamic address updating of the NAT-T.

   Another approach is to make the protocol so that it does not violate
   window restrictions and does not require changing the packet is sent,
   and change the dynamic address updating of NAT-T to MUST NOT in case
   MOBIKE is used.  To not to violate window restrictions, it means that
   the addresses of the currently ongoing exchange needs to be changed,
   to test different paths.  To not to require changing the packet after
   it is first sent, requires that the protocol needs to restart from
   the beginning in case packet was retransmitted to different addresses
   (so sender does not know which packet was the one that responder got
   first, i.e. which IP-addresses it used).

   MOBIKE protocol decided to use normal IKEv2 exchanges for the path
   testing, and decided to change the dynamic address updating of NAT-T



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   to MUST NOT.

6.3.  Message presentation

   The IP address change notifications can be sent either via an
   informational exchange already specified in the IKEv2, or via a
   MOBIKE specific message exchange.  Using informational exchange has
   the main advantage that it is already specified in the IKEv2 and
   implementations incorporate the functionality already.

   Another question is the format of the address update notifications.
   The address update notifications can include multiple addresses, of
   which some may be IPv4 and some IPv6 addresses.  The number of
   addresses is most likely going to be limited in typical environments
   (with less than 10 addresses).  The format may need to indicate a
   preference value for each address.  The format could either contain a
   preference number that determines the relative order of the
   addresses, or it could simply be ordered, according to preference,
   list of IP addresses.  While two addresses can have the same
   preference value an ordered list avoids this situation.

   Even if load balancing is currently outside the scope of MOBIKE,
   future work might include support for it.  The selected format needs
   to be flexible enough to include additional information (e.g. to
   enable load balancing).  This may be realized with an reserved field,
   which can later be used to store additional information.  As there
   may arise other information which may have to be tied to an address
   in the future, a reserved field seems like a prudent design in any
   case.

   There are two formats that place IP address lists into a message.
   One includes each IP address as separate payload (where the payload
   order indicates the preference value, or the payload itself might
   include the preference value), or we can put the IP address list as
   one payload to the exchange, and that one payload will then have
   internal format which includes the list of IP addresses.

   Having multiple payloads with each one having carrying one IP address
   makes the protocol probably easier to parse, as we can already use
   the normal IKEv2 payload parsing procedures.  It also offers an easy
   way for the extensions, as the payload probably contains only the
   type of the IP address (or the type is encoded to the payload type),
   and the IP address itself, and as each payload already has length
   associated to it, we can detect if there is any extra data after the
   IP address.  Some implementations might have problems parsing IKEv2
   payloads that are longer than a certain threshold, but if the sender
   sends them in the most preferred first, the receiver can only use the
   first addresses.



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   Having all IP addresses in one big MOBIKE specified internal format
   provides more compact encoding, and keeps the MOBIKE implementation
   more concentrated to one module.  It also avoids problems of packets
   arriving in an order different from what they were sent.

   Another choice is which type of payloads to use.  IKEv2 already
   specifies a notify payload.  It includes some extra fields (SPI size,
   SPI, protocol etc), which gives 4 bytes of the extra overhead, and
   there is the notify data field, which could include the MOBIKE
   specific data.

   Another option would be to have a custom payload type, which then
   includes the information needed for the MOBIKE protocol.

   MOBIKE decided to use IKEv2 NOTIFY payloads, and put only one data
   item per notify, i.e. there will be one NOTIFY payload for each item
   to be sent.

6.4.  Updating address list

   Because of the initiator decides, the initiator needs to know all the
   addresses used by the responder.  The responder needs also that list
   in case it happens move to the address unknown by the initiator, and
   needs to send address update notify to the initiator, and it might
   need to try different addresses for the initiator.

   MOBIKE could send the full peer address list every time any of the IP
   addresses changes (either addresses are added, removed, the order
   changes or the preferred address is updated) or an incremental
   update.  Sending incremental updates provides more compact packets
   (meaning we can support more IP addresses), but on the other hand
   have more problems in the synchronization and packet reordering
   cases, i.e., the incremental updates must be processed in order, but
   for full updates we can simply use the most recent one, and ignore
   old ones, even if they arrive after the most recent one (IKEv2
   packets have message id which is incremented for each packet, thus we
   know the sending order easily).

   MOBIKE decided to use protocol format, where both ends can send full
   list of their addresses to the other end, and that list overwrites
   the previous list.  To support NAT-T the IP-addresses of the received
   packet is added to the list (and they are not present in the list).









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7.  Security Considerations

   As all the messages are already authenticated by the IKEv2 there is
   no problem that any attackers would modify the contents of the
   packets.  The IP addresses in the IP header of the packets are not
   authenticated, thus the protocol defined must take care that they are
   only used as an indication that something might be different, and
   that do not cause any direct actions.

   An attacker can also spoof ICMP error messages in an effort to
   confuse the peers about which addresses are not working.  At worst
   this causes denial of service and/or the use of non-preferred
   addresses.

   One type of attack that needs to be taken care of in the MOBIKE
   protocol is the 'flooding attack' type.  See [I-D.ietf-mip6-ro-sec]
   and [Aur02] for more information about flooding attacks.


































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8.  IANA Considerations

   This document does not introduce any IANA considerations.
















































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9.  Acknowledgments

   This document is the result of discussions in the MOBIKE working
   group.  The authors would like to thank Jari Arkko, Pasi Eronen,
   Francis Dupont, Mohan Parthasarathy, Paul Hoffman, Bill Sommerfeld,
   James Kempf, Vijay Devarapalli, Atul Sharma, Bora Akyol, Joe Touch,
   Udo Schilcher, Tom Henderson, Andreas Pashalidis and Maureen Stillman
   for their input.

   We would like to particularly thank Pasi Eronen for tracking open
   issues on the MOBIKE mailing list.  He helped us to make good
   progress on the document.







































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10.  References

10.1.  Normative references

   [I-D.ietf-ipsec-ikev2]
              Kaufman, C., "Internet Key Exchange (IKEv2) Protocol",
              draft-ietf-ipsec-ikev2-17 (work in progress),
              October 2004.

   [I-D.ietf-ipsec-rfc2401bis]
              Kent, S. and K. Seo, "Security Architecture for the
              Internet Protocol", draft-ietf-ipsec-rfc2401bis-06 (work
              in progress), April 2005.

10.2.  Informative References

   [I-D.arkko-multi6dt-failure-detection]
              Arkko, J., "Failure Detection and Locator Selection in
              Multi6", draft-arkko-multi6dt-failure-detection-00 (work
              in progress), October 2004.

   [RFC2409]  Harkins, D. and D. Carrel, "The Internet Key Exchange
              (IKE)", RFC 2409, November 1998.

   [RFC2401]  Kent, S. and R. Atkinson, "Security Architecture for the
              Internet Protocol", RFC 2401, November 1998.

   [I-D.dupont-mipv6-3bombing]
              Dupont, F., "A note about 3rd party bombing in Mobile
              IPv6", draft-dupont-mipv6-3bombing-02 (work in progress),
              June 2005.

   [I-D.ietf-mip6-ro-sec]
              Nikander, P., "Mobile IP version 6 Route Optimization
              Security Design Background", draft-ietf-mip6-ro-sec-03
              (work in progress), May 2005.

   [I-D.ietf-hip-mm]
              Nikander, P., "End-Host Mobility and Multihoming with the
              Host Identity Protocol", draft-ietf-hip-mm-02 (work in
              progress), July 2005.

   [I-D.crocker-celp]
              Crocker, D., "Framework for Common Endpoint Locator
              Pools", draft-crocker-celp-00 (work in progress),
              February 2004.

   [RFC3489]  Rosenberg, J., Weinberger, J., Huitema, C., and R. Mahy,



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              "STUN - Simple Traversal of User Datagram Protocol (UDP)
              Through Network Address Translators (NATs)", RFC 3489,
              March 2003.

   [RFC2960]  Stewart, R., Xie, Q., Morneault, K., Sharp, C.,
              Schwarzbauer, H., Taylor, T., Rytina, I., Kalla, M.,
              Zhang, L., and V. Paxson, "Stream Control Transmission
              Protocol", RFC 2960, October 2000.

   [RFC3753]  Manner, J. and M. Kojo, "Mobility Related Terminology",
              RFC 3753, June 2004.

   [I-D.ietf-tsvwg-addip-sctp]
              Stewart, R., "Stream Control Transmission Protocol (SCTP)
              Dynamic Address  Reconfiguration",
              draft-ietf-tsvwg-addip-sctp-12 (work in progress),
              June 2005.

   [I-D.dupont-ikev2-addrmgmt]
              Dupont, F., "Address Management for IKE version 2",
              draft-dupont-ikev2-addrmgmt-07 (work in progress),
              May 2005.

   [RFC3554]  Bellovin, S., Ioannidis, J., Keromytis, A., and R.
              Stewart, "On the Use of Stream Control Transmission
              Protocol (SCTP) with IPsec", RFC 3554, July 2003.

   [I-D.ietf-ipv6-optimistic-dad]
              Moore, N., "Optimistic Duplicate Address Detection for
              IPv6", draft-ietf-ipv6-optimistic-dad-06 (work in
              progress), September 2005.

   [I-D.ietf-ipv6-unique-local-addr]
              Hinden, R. and B. Haberman, "Unique Local IPv6 Unicast
              Addresses", draft-ietf-ipv6-unique-local-addr-09 (work in
              progress), January 2005.

   [RFC1918]  Rekhter, Y., Moskowitz, R., Karrenberg, D., Groot, G., and
              E. Lear, "Address Allocation for Private Internets",
              BCP 5, RFC 1918, February 1996.

   [RFC2367]  McDonald, D., Metz, C., and B. Phan, "PF_KEY Key
              Management API, Version 2", RFC 2367, July 1998.

   [RFC2462]  Thomson, S. and T. Narten, "IPv6 Stateless Address
              Autoconfiguration", RFC 2462, December 1998.

   [RFC2461]  Narten, T., Nordmark, E., and W. Simpson, "Neighbor



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              Discovery for IP Version 6 (IPv6)", RFC 2461,
              December 1998.

   [Aur02]    Aura, T., Roe, M., and J. Arkko, "Security of Internet
              Location Management", In Proc. 18th Annual Computer
              Security Applications Conference, pages 78-87, Las Vegas,
              NV USA, December 2002.












































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Authors' Addresses

   Tero Kivinen
   Safenet, Inc.
   Fredrikinkatu 47
   HELSINKI  FIN-00100
   FI

   Email: kivinen@safenet-inc.com


   Hannes Tschofenig
   Siemens
   Otto-Hahn-Ring 6
   Munich, Bavaria  81739
   Germany

   Email: Hannes.Tschofenig@siemens.com
   URI:   http://www.tschofenig.com
































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