Mobile IP Working Group David B. Johnson
INTERNET DRAFT Carnegie Mellon University
22 November 1995 Charles Perkins
IBM Corporation
Route Optimization in Mobile IP
draft-ietf-mobileip-optim-03.txt
Status of This Memo
This document is a product of the Mobile IP Working Group of the
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Abstract
This document defines extensions to the operation of the base
Mobile IP protocol to allow for optimization of datagram routing from
a correspondent node to a mobile node. Without Route Optimization,
all datagrams destined to a mobile node are routed through that
mobile node's home agent, which then tunnels each datagram to the
mobile node's current location. The protocol extensions described
here provide a means for correspondent nodes that implement them
to cache the binding of a mobile node and to then tunnel their own
datagrams for the mobile node directly to that location, bypassing
the possibly lengthy route for each datagram to and from the mobile
node's home agent. Extensions are also provided to allow datagrams
in flight when a mobile node moves, and datagrams sent based on an
out-of-date cached binding, to be forwarded directly to the mobile
node's new binding.
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Contents
Status of This Memo i
Abstract ii
1. Introduction 1
2. Route Optimization Overview 3
2.1. Binding Caching . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
2.2. Foreign Agent Handoff . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
2.3. Binding Cache Updates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
2.4. Registration Key Establishment Using the Home Agent . . . 7
2.5. Registration Key Establishment Using Diffie-Hellman . . . 8
3. Route Optimization Message Formats 10
3.1. Binding Warning Message . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
3.2. Binding Request Message . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
3.3. Binding Update Message . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
3.4. Binding Acknowledge Message . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
3.5. Registration Request Message . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
4. Route Optimization Extension Formats 18
4.1. Previous Foreign Agent Notification Extension . . . . . . 19
4.2. Route Optimization Authentication Extension . . . . . . . 21
4.3. Home Agent Registration Key Request Extension . . . . . . 22
4.4. Mobile Node Registration Key Reply Extension . . . . . . 23
4.5. Foreign Agent Registration Key Reply Extension . . . . . 24
4.6. Diffie-Hellman Registration Key Request Extension . . . . 25
4.7. Diffie-Hellman Registration Key Reply Extension . . . . . 27
4.8. Mobile Service Extension . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
5. Mobility Security Association Management 29
6. Binding Cache Considerations 31
6.1. Cache Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
6.2. Receiving Binding Warning Messages . . . . . . . . . . . 31
6.3. Receiving Binding Update Messages . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
6.4. Using Special Tunnels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
7. Home Agent Considerations 34
7.1. Rate Limiting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
7.2. Receiving Binding Request Messages . . . . . . . . . . . 34
7.3. Receiving Registration Key Requests . . . . . . . . . . . 34
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7.4. Receiving Special Tunnels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
8. Foreign Agent Considerations 36
8.1. Establishing a Registration Key . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
8.2. Previous Foreign Agent Notification . . . . . . . . . . . 37
8.3. Receiving Tunneled Datagrams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
8.4. Rate Limiting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
8.5. Sending Special Tunnels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
9. Mobile Node Considerations 40
9.1. Establishing a Registration Key . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
9.2. Notifying Previous Foreign Agents . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
References 42
Appendix A. Using a Master Key at the Home Agent 43
Chairs' Addresses 44
Authors' Addresses 45
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1. Introduction
The base Mobile IP protocol [6] allows any mobile node to move about,
changing its point of attachment to the Internet, while continuing
to be addressed by its home IP address. Correspondent nodes sending
IP datagrams to a mobile node address them to the mobile node's home
address in the same way as to any destination.
While the mobile node is connected to the Internet away from its
home network, it is served by a "home agent" on its home network
and is associated with a "care-of address" indicating its current
location. The association between a mobile node's home address and
its care-of address is known as a "mobility binding". The care-of
address is generally the address of a "foreign agent" on the network
being visited by the mobile node, which forwards arriving datagrams
locally to the mobile node. Alternatively, the care-of address may
be temporarily assigned to the mobile node using DHCP [3] or other
means. All IP datagrams addressed to the mobile node are routed by
the normal IP routing mechanisms to the mobile node's home network,
where they are intercepted by the mobile node's home agent, which
then tunnels each datagram to the mobile node's current care-of
address. Datagrams sent by a mobile node use the foreign agent as a
default router but require no other special handling or routing.
This scheme allows transparent interoperation with mobile nodes,
but forces all datagrams for a mobile node to be routed through its
home agent; datagrams to the mobile node are often routed along
paths that are significantly longer than optimal. For example, if a
mobile node, say MN1, is visiting some subnet, even datagrams from
a correspondent node on this same subnet must be routed through the
Internet to MN1's home agent on MN1's home network, only to then
be tunneled back to the original subnet to MN1's foreign agent for
delivery to MN1. This indirect routing can significantly delay the
delivery of the datagram to MN1 and places an unnecessary burden on
the networks and routers along this path through the Internet. If
the correspondent node in this example is actually another mobile
node, say MN2, then datagrams from MN1 to MN2 must likewise be routed
through MN2's home agent on MN2's home network and back to the
original subnet for delivery to MN1.
This document defines extensions to the base Mobile IP protocol to
allow for the optimization of datagram routing from a correspondent
node to a mobile node. These extensions provide a means for nodes
that implement them to cache the binding of a mobile node and to then
tunnel their own datagrams directly to the care-of address indicated
in that binding, bypassing the possibly lengthy route to and from
that mobile node's home agent. Extensions are also provided to allow
datagrams in flight when a mobile node moves, and datagrams sent
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based on an out-of-date cached binding, to be forwarded directly
to the mobile node's new care-of address. These extensions are
collectively referred to as Route Optimization in this document.
All operation of Route Optimization that changes the routing of IP
datagrams to the mobile node is authenticated using the same type of
authentication mechanism used in the base Mobile IP protocol. This
authentication generally relies on a "mobility security association"
established in advance between the node sending a message and the
node receiving the message that must authenticate it. When the
required mobility security association has not been established, a
Mobile IP implementation using Route Optimization operates in the
same way as the base Mobile IP protocol.
Section 2 of this document provides an overview of the operation of
Route Optimization. Section 3 defines the message types used by
Route Optimization, and Section 4 defines the message extensions
used. Section 5 discusses the problem of managing the mobility
security associations needed to provide authentication of all
messages that affect the routing of datagrams to a mobile node.
The final four sections of this document define in detail the
operation of Route Optimization from the point of view of each of the
entities involved: considerations for nodes maintaining a binding
cache are presented in Section 6, mobile node considerations in
Section 9, foreign agent considerations in Section 8, and home agent
considerations in Section 7.
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2. Route Optimization Overview
2.1. Binding Caching
Route Optimization provides a means for any node that wishes to
optimize its own communication with mobile nodes to maintain a
"binding cache" containing the mobility binding of one or more mobile
nodes. When sending an IP datagram to a mobile node, if the sender
has a binding cache entry for the destination mobile node, it may
tunnel the datagram directly to the care-of address indicated in the
cached mobility binding.
In the absence of any binding cache entry, datagrams destined for
a mobile node will be routed to the mobile node's home network in
the same way as any other IP datagram, and are then tunneled to the
mobile node's current care-of address by the mobile node's home
agent. This is the only routing mechanism supported by the base
Mobile IP protocol. With Route Optimization, as a side effect of
this indirect routing of a datagram to a mobile node, the original
sender of the datagram may be informed of the mobile node's current
mobility binding, giving the sender an opportunity to cache the
binding.
A node may create a binding cache entry for a mobile node only when
it has received and authenticated the mobile node's mobility binding.
Likewise, a node may update an existing binding cache entry for a
mobile node, such as after the mobile node has moved to a new foreign
agent, only when it has received and authenticated the mobile node's
new mobility binding.
A binding cache will, by necessity, have a finite size. Any node
implementing a binding cache may manage the space in its cache using
any local cache replacement policy. If a datagram is sent by a
node to a destination for which it has dropped the cache entry from
its binding cache, the datagram will be routed normally, leading to
the mobile node's home network, where it will be intercepted by the
mobile node's home agent and tunneled to the mobile node's care-of
address. As when a binding cache entry is initially created, this
indirect routing to the mobile node will result in the original
sender of the datagram being informed of the mobile node's current
mobility binding, allowing it to add this entry again to its binding
cache.
2.2. Foreign Agent Handoff
When a mobile node moves and registers with a new foreign agent, the
base Mobile IP protocol does not notify the mobile node's previous
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foreign agent. IP datagrams intercepted by the home agent after
the new registration are tunneled to the mobile node's new care-of
address, but datagrams in flight that had already been intercepted
by the home agent and tunneled to the old care-of address when the
mobile node moved are lost and are assumed to be retransmitted by
higher-level protocols if neeeded. The old foreign agent eventually
deletes the mobile node's registration after the expiration of the
lifetime period established when the mobile node registered there.
Route Optimization provides a means for the mobile node's previous
foreign agent to be reliably notified of the mobile node's new
mobility binding, allowing datagrams in flight to the mobile
node's previous foreign agent to be forwarded to its new care-of
address. This notification also allows any datagrams tunneled to the
mobile node's previous foreign agent from correspondent nodes with
out-of-date binding cache entries for the mobile node (that have not
yet learned that the mobile node has moved), to be forwarded to its
new care-of address. Finally, this notification allows any resources
consumed by the mobile node's binding at the previous foreign agent
(such as radio channel reservations) to be released immediately,
rather than waiting for the mobile node's registration to expire.
Optionally, during registration with a new foreign agent, the mobile
node and the foreign agent may establish a new shared secret key
as a "registration key". When the mobile node later registers
with a new foreign agent, if it established a registration key
during registration with its previous foreign agent, it may use
this key to notify the previous foreign agent that it has moved.
This notification may also optionally include the mobile node's new
care-of address, allowing the previous foreign agent to create a
binding cache entry for the mobile node to serve as a "forwarding
pointer" to its new location. Any tunneled datagrams for the mobile
node that arrive at this previous foreign agent after this binding
cache entry has been created will then be re-tunneled by this
foreign agent to the mobile node's new location using the mobility
binding in this binding cache entry. The registration key is used
to authenticate the notification sent to the previous foreign agent.
Other uses of the registration key are possible, such as for use as
an encryption key for providing privacy over a wireless link between
the mobile node and its foreign agent, but such uses are beyond the
scope of this document. Once established, the registration key for a
mobile node can be stored by the foreign agent with the mobile node's
visitor list entry.
As part of the registration procedure, the mobile node may
request that its new foreign agent attempt to notify its previous
foreign agent on its behalf, by including a Previous Foreign Agent
Notification extension in its Registration Request message sent to
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the new foreign agent. The new foreign agent then builds a Binding
Update message and transmits it to the mobile node's previous foreign
agent as part of registration, requesting an acknowledgement from
the previous foreign agent. The Previous Foreign Agent Notification
extension includes only those values needed to construct the Binding
Update message that are not already contained in the Registration
Request message. The authenticator for the Binding Update message is
computed by the mobile node based on its registration key shared with
its previous foreign agent.
The mobile node is responsible for occasionally retransmitting a
Binding Update message to its previous foreign agent until the
matching Binding Acknowledge message is received, or until the mobile
node can be sure of the expiration of its registration with that
foreign agent.
The binding cache entry created at the mobile node's previous foreign
agent is treated in the same way as any other binding cache entry.
In particular, it is possible that this binding cache entry will be
deleted from the cache at any time. In this case, the foreign agent
will be unable to re-tunnel subsequently arriving tunneled datagrams
for the mobile node, directly to the mobile node's new location.
Suppose a node (for instance, such a previous foreign agent) receives
a datagram that has been tunneled to this node, but this node is
unable to deliver the datagram locally to the destination mobile node
(the node is not the mobile node itself, and it is not a foreign
agent with a visitor list entry for the mobile node). To attempt
delivery of the datagram in this case, the node must encapsulate the
datagram as a "special tunnel" datagram (Section 8.5), destined to
the mobile node. This use of a "special tunnel" avoids a possible
routing loop in the case in which the case-of address registered
at the home agent is the address of this node, but this node has
forgotten that it is serving as the mobile node's foreign agent,
perhaps because the node has crashed and lost its visitor list state.
The "special tunnel" allows the home agent to see the address of the
node that tunneled the datagram, and to avoid tunneling the datagram
back to the same node.
2.3. Binding Cache Updates
When a mobile node's home agent intercepts a datagram from the
home network and tunnels it to the mobile node, the home agent may
deduce that the original source of the datagram has no binding
cache entry for the destination mobile node. In this case, the
home agent MAY send a Binding Update message to the original source
node, informing it of the mobile node's current mobility binding.
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No acknowledgement for this Binding Update message is needed, since
additional future datagrams from this source node intercepted by the
home agent for the mobile node will cause transmission of another
Binding Update. In order for this Binding Update to be authenticated
by the original source node, the home agent and this source node must
have established a mobility security association.
Similarly, when any node receives a tunneled datagram that was
tunneled to this node, if it is not the current foreign agent
serving the destination (it has no visitor list entry for this mobile
node), the node receiving this tunneled datagram may deduce that
the tunneling node has an out-of-date binding cache entry for the
destination mobile node. In this case, the receiving node MAY send a
Binding Warning message to the tunneling node, advising it that its
binding cache entry for the mobile node is out-of-date. As in the
case of a Binding Update sent by the mobile node's home agent, no
acknowledgement of this Binding Warning is needed, since additional
future datagrams for the mobile node tunneled by the same node will
cause the transmission of another Binding Warning.
However, unlike the Binding Update message, no authentication of the
Binding Warning message is necessary, since it does not directly
affect the routing of IP datagrams to the mobile node. Instead, when
a node receives a Binding Warning message, that node sends a Binding
Request message to the indicated mobile node's home agent, requesting
the mobile node's current mobility binding. The home agent then
answers this Binding Request message with a Binding Update message;
when the Binding Update message is received, the node may then create
a binding cache entry for the mobile node. In order for this node
and the home agent to exchange these Binding Request and Binding
Update messages, they must have established a mobility security
association.
DISCUSSION: An alternative design would be to send a Binding
Warning-like message directly to the home agent, which would
then send a Binding Update to the correspondent node. This
accomplishes the same thing in 2 messages instead of 3
(Binding Warning, Binding Request, Binding Update), but the
authentication of the binding may be more difficult without
a request-update exchange between the correspondent node and
the home agent. In particular, the two-way exchange between
the correspondent node and the home agent provides a means
to return the new value to be used as a nonce for the next
authentication, in the case in which nonces are being used
for replay protection.
Each Binding Update message indicates the maximum lifetime of any
binding cache entry created from the Binding Update. When sending
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the Binding Update message, the home agent SHOULD set this lifetime
to the remaining service lifetime associated with the mobile node's
current registration. Any binding cache entry established or updated
in response to this Binding Update message must be marked to be
deleted after the expiration of this period. A node wanting to
provide continued service with a particular binding cache entry may
attempt to reconfirm that mobility binding before the expiration of
this lifetime period. Such reconfirmation of a binding cache entry
may be appropriate when the node has indications (such as an open
transport-level connection to the mobile node) that the binding
cache entry is still needed. This reconfirmation is performed by
the node sending a Binding Request message to the mobile node's home
agent, requesting it to reply with the mobile node's current mobility
binding in a new Binding Update message.
2.4. Registration Key Establishment Using the Home Agent
One method of establishing a registration key is for the mobile node
to request its home agent to generate one during registration, and
for the home agent to send a copy of this key to both the mobile
node and its new foreign agent. The home agent in this case acts
as a "key distribution center" (KDC) for the mobile node and the
foreign agent. The mobile node requests this by including a Home
Agent Registration Key Request extension in its Registration Request
message. The home agent sends the generated key to the mobile node
and to its foreign agent by including a Mobile Node Registration Key
Reply extension and a Foreign Agent Registration Key Reply extension
its Registration Reply message. The Mobile Node Registration Key
Reply extension contains a copy of the chosen key encrypted under a
key and algorithm shared between the home agent and the mobile node,
and a Foreign Agent Registration Key Reply extension contains a copy
of the same key encrypted under a key and algorithm shared between
the home agent and the foreign agent.
In order for the registration key to be established using this
method, the foreign agent must have a mobility security association
with the home agent. For example, if mobile nodes from some home
network often visit this foreign agent, it may in general be worth
the effort of creating such a mobility security association between
this foreign agent and the home agent serving that home network. If
no mobility security association exists, a mobile node may instead be
able to establish a registration key with its home agent using the
alternative method described in the next section.
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2.5. Registration Key Establishment Using Diffie-Hellman
An alternate method defined in this document for establishing a
registration key is for the mobile node and its foreign agent to
execute the Diffie-Hellman key exchange algorithm [2] as part of the
mobile node's registration. The Diffie-Hellman algorithm is a public
key cryptosystem that allows two parties to establish a shared secret
key, such that the shared secret key cannot be determined by other
parties overhearing the messages exchanged during the algorithm. It
is used, for example, in other protocols that require a key exchange,
such as in the Cellular Digital Packet Data (CDPD) system [1].
Briefly, the Diffie-Hellman algorithm involves the use of two large
public numbers, a Prime number (p) and a Generator (g). The Prime
number and the Generator must be known by both parties involved in
the algorithm, but need not be kept secret; these values may be
different for each execution of the algorithm and are not used once
the algorithm completes. Each party chooses a private random number,
produces a Computed Value based on this random number and the Prime
and the Generator, and sends the Computed Value in a message to the
other party. Each party then computes the (same) shared secret key
using its own private random number, the Computed Value received from
the other party, and the Prime and Generator values.
To use this algorithm during registration with a foreign agent,
the mobile node includes a Diffie-Hellman Registration Key Request
extension in its Registration Request message, containing its values
for the Prime and Generator, along with the Computed Value from its
own private random number. The foreign agent then choses its own
private random number and includes a Diffie-Hellman Registration Key
Reply extension in its Registration Reply message to the mobile node;
the extension includes the foreign agent's own Computed Value based
on its chosen random number and the supplied Prime and Generator
values from the mobile node. The mobile node and foreign agent each
independently form the (same) shared secret key from their own chosen
random number, the Computed Value supplied by the other party, and
the Prime and Generator values.
The Diffie-Hellman algorithm allows the mobile node and its foreign
agent to establish a registration key without any pre-existing
mobility security associations, but the Diffie-Hellman algorithm
itself is covered by a patent in the United States. The method of
establishing a registration key using Diffie-Hellman thus may not be
usable by those who have not licensed the patent. An implementation
of the Diffie-Hellman key exchange algorithm is available, though, in
the free RSAREF toolkit from RSA Laboratories [7].
Also, establishing a registration key using Diffie-Hellman is
computationally more expensive than the method described in
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Section 2.4. The use of Diffie-Hellman described here, though, is
designed to allow the Diffie-Hellman computations to be overlapped
with other activities. The mobile node may choose (or be manually
configured with) the Prime and Generator values at any time, or
may use the same two values for a number of registrations. The
mobile node may also choose its private random number and compute
its Computed Value at any time. For example, after completing
one registration, the mobile node may choose the private random
number for its next registration and begin the computation of
its new Computed Value based on this random number, such that it
has completed this computation before it is needed in its next
registration; in its simplest form, the mobile node may use the
same private random number and Computed Value for any number of
registrations. The foreign agent may choose its private random
number and begin computation of its Computed Value based on this
number as soon as it receives the mobile node's Registration Request
message, and need only complete this computation before it sends
the matching Registration Reply message for the mobile node's
registration.
The Agent Advertisement message (Mobile Service extension) is revised
under Route Optimization to include a bit to indicate that the
foreign agent sending the advertisement supports this method of
registration key establishment using the Diffie-Hellman algorithm.
If this bit is not set in the Agent Advertisement from the foreign
agent, the mobile node MUST NOT send a Diffie-Hellman Registration
Key Request extension to the foreign agent in its Registration
Request message.
DISCUSSION: This could be extended to support other similar
key exchange algorithms, either by adding a new Request
and Reply extension for each, or by adding a field in the
extensions to indicate which algorithm is to be used.
Diffie-Hellman seems the only obvious choice, though,
currently.
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3. Route Optimization Message Formats
Route Optimization defines four message types used for management
of binding cache entries. Each of these messages begins with a
one-octet field indicating the type of the message.
The following Type codes are defined in this document:
16 = Binding Warning message
17 = Binding Request message
18 = Binding Update message
19 = Binding Acknowledge message
Route Optimization also requires one minor change to existing
Mobile IP messages: a new flag bit must be added to the Registration
Request message, replacing a previously unused, reserved bit in the
message.
This section describes each of the new Route Optimization messages
and the change to Registration Request message.
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3.1. Binding Warning Message
A Binding Warning message is used to advise a node that it appears
to have either no binding cache entry or an out-of-date binding
cache entry for some mobile node. When any node receives a datagram
tunneled to itself, if it is not the current foreign agent for the
destination mobile node, it MAY send a Binding Warning message to the
node that originated the tunneled datagram.
0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Type | Reserved |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Mobile Node Home Address |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
Type
16
Reserved
Sent as 0; ignored on reception.
Mobile Node Home Address
The home address of the mobile node to which the Binding
Warning message refers.
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3.2. Binding Request Message
A Binding Request message is used by a node to request a mobile
node's current mobility binding from the mobile node's home agent.
It is sent by a node upon receiving a Binding Warning message, or by
a node desiring to update the mobility binding in a binding cache
entry that it holds for the mobile node.
0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Type | Reserved |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Mobile Node Home Address |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| |
+ Identification +
| |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
Type
17
Reserved
Sent as 0; ignored on reception.
Mobile Node Home Address
The home address of the mobile node to which the Binding
Request refers.
Identification
A 64-bit sequence number, assigned by the node sending the
Binding Request message, used to assist in matching requests
with replies, and in protecting against replay attacks.
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3.3. Binding Update Message
The Binding Update message is used to notify another node of a mobile
node's current mobility binding. It MAY be sent by the mobile node's
home agent in response to a Binding Request message. It MAY also
be sent by a mobile node, or by the foreign agent with which the
mobile node is registering, when notifying the mobile node's previous
foreign agent that the mobile node has moved.
0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Type |A|I|M|G| Rsvd | Lifetime |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Mobile Node Home Address |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Care-of Address |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| |
+ Identification +
| |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Extensions ...
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-
Type
18
Acknowledge (A)
The Acknowledge (A) bit is set by the node sending the Binding
Update message to request a Binding Acknowledge message be
returned acknowledging its receipt.
Identification Present (I)
The Identification Present (I) bit is set by the node sending
the Binding Update message to indicate that the Identification
field is present in the message.
Minimal Encapsulation (M)
If the Minimal Encapsulation (M) bit is set, datagrams may be
tunneled to the mobile node using the minimal encapsulation
protocol used in the base Mobile IP protocol.
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GRE Encapsulation (G)
If the GRE Encapsulation (G) bit is set, datagrams may be
tunneled to the mobile node using the GRE encapsulation
protocol [5].
Reserved (Rsvd)
Sent as 0; ignored on reception.
Lifetime
The number of seconds remaining before the binding cache entry
must be considered expired. A value of all ones indicates
infinity. A value of zero indicates that no binding cache
entry for the mobile node should be created and that any
existing binding cache entry (and visitor list entry, in the
case of a mobile node's previous foreign agent) for the mobile
node should be deleted. The lifetime is typically equal to the
remaining lifetime of the mobile node's registration.
Mobile Node Home Address
The home address of the mobile node to which the Binding Update
message refers.
Care-of Address
The current care-of address of the mobile node. When set equal
to the home address of the mobile node, the Binding Update
message instead indicates that no binding cache entry for the
mobile node should be created, and any existing binding cache
entry (and visitor list entry, in the case of a mobile node's
previous foreign agent) for the mobile node should be deleted.
Identification
If present, a 64-bit number, assigned by the node sending the
Binding Request message, used to assist in matching requests
with replies, and in protecting against replay attacks.
The Route Optimization Authentication extension (Section 4.2) is
required.
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3.4. Binding Acknowledge Message
A Binding Acknowledge message is used to acknowledge receipt of a
Binding Update message. It SHOULD be sent by a node receiving the
Binding Update message if the Acknowledge (A) bit is set in the
Binding Update message.
0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Type |N| Reserved |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Mobile Node Home Address |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| |
+ Identification +
| |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
Type
19
Negative Acknowledge (N)
If the Negative Acknowledge (N) bit is set, this
acknowledgement is negative. For instance, if the
binding update was not accepted, but the incoming datagram has
the Acknowledge flag set, then the Negative Acknowledge (N) bit
SHOULD be set in this Binding Acknowledge message.
DISCUSSION: Alternatively, we could replace this bit with
a status code, as in the Registration Reply message. The
mobile node could log the error, but currently has no
real way to recover from it, so perhaps the exact reason
for the error isn't that useful.
Reserved
Sent as 0; ignored on reception.
Mobile Node Home Address
Copied from the Binding Update message being acknowledged.
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Identification
Copied from the Binding Update message being acknowledged, if
present there.
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3.5. Registration Request Message
One bit is added to the flag bits in the Registration Request message
to indicate that the mobile node would like its home agent to keep
its mobility binding "private". Normally, the home agent sends
Binding Update messages to correspondent nodes as needed to allow
them to cache the mobile node's binding. If the mobile node sets the
Private (P) bit in the Registration Request message, the home agent
MUST not send the mobile node's binding in Binding Update messages.
Instead, each Binding Update message should give the mobile node's
care-of address equal to its home address, and should give a Lifetime
value of 0.
Thus, the Registration Request message under Route Optimization
begins as follows:
0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Type |S|B|D|M|G|P|rvd| Lifetime |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| (unchanged...)
+-+-+-
Private (P)
The Private (P) bit is set by the node sending the Binding
Update message to indicate that the home agent should keep its
mobility binding private. In any Binding Update message sent
by the mobile node's home agent, the care-of address should be
set equal to the mobile node's home address, and the Lifetime
should be set equal to 0.
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4. Route Optimization Extension Formats
Route Optimization defines the following Mobile IP message
extensions:
96 = Previous Foreign Agent Notification Extension
97 = Route Optimization Authentication Extension
98 = Home Agent Registration Key Request Extension
99 = Mobile Node Registration Key Reply Extension
100 = Foreign Agent Registration Key Reply Extension
101 = Diffie-Hellman Registration Key Request Extension
102 = Diffie-Hellman Registration Key Reply Extension
Route Optimization also requires one minor change to existing
Mobile IP message extensions: a new flag bit must be added to the
Mobile Service extension, replacing a previously unused, reserved bit
in the extension.
This section describes each of the new Route Optimization message
extensions and the change to Mobile Service extension.
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4.1. Previous Foreign Agent Notification Extension
The Previous Foreign Agent Notification extension may be included
in a Registration Request message sent to a foreign agent. It
requests the new foreign agent to send a Binding Update message to
the mobile node's previous foreign agent on behalf of the mobile
node, to notify it that the mobile node has moved. The previous
foreign agent deletes the mobile node's visitor list entry and, if a
new care-of address is included in the Binding Update message, also
creates a binding cache entry for the mobile node pointing to its new
care-of address. The Previous Foreign Agent Notification extension
contains only those values not otherwise already contained in the
Registration Request message that are needed for the new foreign
agent to construct the Binding Update message.
0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Type | Length | Cache Lifetime |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Previous Foreign Agent Address |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| New Care-of Address Address |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Authenticator ...
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
Type
96
Length
10 plus the length of the Authenticator
Cache Lifetime
The number of seconds remaining before the binding cache entry
created by the previous foreign agent must be considered
expired. A value of all ones indicates infinity. A value
of zero indicates that the previous foreign agent should not
create a binding cache entry for the mobile node once it has
deleted the mobile node's visitor list entry. The Cache
Lifetime value is copied into the Lifetime field of the Binding
Update message.
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Previous Foreign Agent Address
The IP address of the mobile node's previous foreign agent
to which the new foreign agent should send a Binding Update
message on behalf of the mobile node.
New Care-of Address
The new care-of address for the new foreign agent to send in
the Binding Update message to the previous foreign agent. This
SHOULD be either the care-of address being registered in this
new registration (i.e., to cause IP datagrams from the previous
foreign agent to be tunneled to the new foreign agent) or the
mobile node's home address (i.e., to cause the previous foreign
agent to only delete its visitor list entry for the mobile
node).
Authenticator
The authenticator value to be used in the Route Optimization
Authentication extension in the Binding Update message sent by
the new foreign agent to the mobile node's previous foreign
agent. This authenticator is calculated only over the Binding
Update message body.
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4.2. Route Optimization Authentication Extension
The Route Optimization Authentication extension is used to
authenticate certain Route Optimization management messages.
0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Type | Length | Authenticator ...
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
Type
97
Length
The length of the Authenticator
Authenticator
(variable length) A value computed from a stream of bytes
including the shared secret, the UDP payload (that is, the
Route Optimization management message), all prior extensions
in their entirety, and the type and length of this extension,
but not including the Authenticator field itself nor the UDP
header.
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4.3. Home Agent Registration Key Request Extension
The Home Agent Registration Key Request extension may be used in
Registration Request messages to request a registration key from
the mobile node's home agent. The extension is included in the
Registration Request message by the mobile node. It is authenticated
along with the rest of the Registration Request message, and
thus no additional authenticator is included in the extension.
In response to a Home Agent Registration Key Request extension,
the home agent MAY include a Mobile Node Registration Key Reply
extension and a Foreign Agent Registration Key Reply extension in its
Registration Reply message, containing encrypted copies of the (same)
new registration key for the mobile node and the foreign agent,
respectively.
0 1
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Type | Length |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
Type
98
Length
0
The mobility security association assumed to exist between the home
agent and the mobile node will be used to encrypt the key sent in
the Mobile Node Registration Key Reply extension, unless a Key
Identification extension is also included with the Registration
Request message.
The home agent must also share a mobility security association with
the foreign agent in order to return the requested registration key,
and the home agent will use this security association to encrypt the
key sent in the Foreign Agent Registration Key Reply extension.
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4.4. Mobile Node Registration Key Reply Extension
The Mobile Node Registration Key Reply extension may be used in
Registration Reply messages to send a registration key from the
mobile node's home agent to the mobile node. When used, the home
agent MUST also include a Foreign Agent Registration Key Reply
extension in the Registration Reply message, giving a copy of the
same key to the mobile node's new foreign agent. The Mobile Node
Registration Key Reply extension is authenticated along with the
rest of the Registration Reply message, and thus no additional
authenticator is included in the extension.
0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Type | Length | Mobile Node Encrypted Key ...
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
Type
99
Length
The length of the Mobile Node Encrypted Key
Mobile Node Encrypted Key
(variable length) The registration key, chosen by the home
agent, encrypted under the mobility security association
between the home agent and the mobile node. The same key must
be sent, encrypted for the foreign agent in a Foreign Agent
Registration Key extension in this Registration Reply message.
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4.5. Foreign Agent Registration Key Reply Extension
The Foreign Agent Registration Key Reply extension may be used
in Registration Reply messages to send a registration key from
the mobile node's home agent to the mobile node's new foreign
agent. When used, the home agent MUST also include a Mobile Node
Registration Key Reply extension in the Registration Reply message,
giving a copy of the same key to the mobile node. The Foreign Agent
Registration Key Reply extension is authenticated by including an
authenticator in the extension, computed based on the mobility
security association shared between the home agent and the foreign
agent. In order for this extionsion to be used, the home agent MUST
share a mobility security association with the foreign agent.
0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Type | Length | Foreign Agent Encrypted Key ...
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Authenticator ...
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
Type
100
Length
The length of the Foreign Agent Encrypted Key plus the length
of the Authenticator
Foreign Agent Encrypted Key
(variable length) The registration key, chosen by the home
agent, encrypted under the mobility security association
between the home agent and the foreign agent. The same key
must be sent, encrypted for the mobile node in a Mobile Node
Registration Key extension in this Registration Reply message.
Authenticator
(variable length) A value computed from a stream of bytes
including the shared secret and the fields in this extension
other than the Authenticator field itself.
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4.6. Diffie-Hellman Registration Key Request Extension
The Diffie-Hellman Registration Key Request extension may be included
in a Registration Request message sent to a foreign agent. It begins
the Diffie-Hellman key exchange algorithm [2] between the mobile node
and its new foreign agent, as described in Section 2.5. The foreign
agent SHOULD then include a Diffie-Hellman Registration Key Reply
extension in its Registration Reply message sent to the mobile node
in order to complete the key exchange.
0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Type | Length |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Prime ...
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Generator ...
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Computed Value ...
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
Type
101
Length
3 times the length of each of Prime, Generator, and
Computed Value. The values Prime, Generator, and
Computed Value must all be the same length, which must be a
multiple of 8 bits.
Prime
One of the two public numbers involved in the Diffie-Hellman
key exchange algorithm. The value Prime should be a large
prime number.
Generator
One of the two public numbers involved in the Diffie-Hellman
key exchange algorithm. If p is the value of the Prime used
for this Diffie-Hellman exchange, the value Generator should be
less than p, and should be a primitive root of p.
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Computed Value
The public computed value from the mobile node for this
Diffie-Hellman exchange. The mobile node chooses a large
random number, x. If g is the value of the Generator and p is
the value of the Prime, the Computed Value in the extension is
(g**x) mod p.
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4.7. Diffie-Hellman Registration Key Reply Extension
The Diffie-Hellman Registration Key Reply extension SHOULD be
included in a Registration Reply message sent by a foreign agent to a
mobile node that included a Diffie-Hellman Registration Key Request
extension in its Registration Request message to the foreign agent.
0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Type | Length |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Computed Value ...
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
Type
101
Length
The length of the Computed Value. The length of the Computed
Value must be a multiple of 8 bits.
Computed Value
The foreign agent chooses a large random number, y. If g is
the value of the Generator and p is the value of the Prime, the
Computed Value in the extension is (g**y) mod p. The values
of the Generator and Prime are taken from the Diffie-Hellman
Registration Key Request extension from the mobile node's
Registration Request message.
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4.8. Mobile Service Extension
One bit is added to the flag bits in the Mobile Service extension
(forming an Agent Advertisement message), when sent by a foreign
agent, to indicate that the foreign agent supports registration
key establishment using the Diffie-Hellman key exchange algorithm.
When this bit is set in the Agent Advertisement, the mobile node
MAY request a registration key be established by including a
Diffie-Hellman Registration Key Request extension in its Registration
Request message. The foreign agent replies with the Diffie-Hellman
Registration Key Reply extension in its Registration Reply to the
mobile node.
Thus, the Mobile Service extension under Route Optimization begins as
follows:
0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Type | Length | Sequence Number |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Lifetime |R|B|H|F|M|G|D| reserved |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| (unchanged...)
+-+-+-
Diffie-Hellman (D)
The Diffie-Hellman (D) bit is set by the foreign agent
sending the Agent Advertisement message to indicate that it
supports the registration key establishment protocol using the
Diffie-Hellman Registration Key Request and Diffie-Hellman
Registration Key Reply extensions.
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5. Mobility Security Association Management
One of the most difficult aspects of Route Optimization for Mobile IP
in the Internet today is that of providing authentication for all
messages that affect the routing of datagrams to a mobile node.
In the base Mobile IP protocol, all routing of datagrams to the
mobile node while away from its home network is controlled by the
home agent, since only the home agent is aware of the mobile node's
mobility binding and only the home agent tunnels datagrams to
the mobile node. Authentication is currently achieved based on a
manually established mobility security association between the home
agent and the mobile node. Since the home agent and the mobile
node are both owned by the same organization (both are assigned IP
addresses within the same IP subnet), this manual configuration is
manageable, and (for example) can be performed while the mobile node
is at home.
However, with Route Optimization, authentication is more difficult
to manage, since a Binding Update may in general need to be sent to
any node in the Internet. Since no general authentication or key
distribution protocol is available in the Internet today, the Route
Optimization procedures defined in this document make use of the
same type of manually configured mobility security associations used
in the base Mobile IP protocol. For use with Route Optimization,
a mobility security association held by a correspondent node or a
foreign agent must in general include the same parameters as required
by the base Mobile IP protocol specification [6].
For a correspondent node to be able to create a binding cache entry
for a mobile node, the correspondent node and the mobile node's
home agent MUST have established a mobility security association.
This mobility security association, though, may be used in creating
and updating binding cache entries at this correspondent node
for all mobile nodes served by this home agent. This places the
correspondent node in a fairly natural relationship with respect
to the mobile nodes served by this home agent. For example, these
mobile nodes may represent different people affiliated with the
organization owning the home agent and these mobile nodes, with which
the user of this correspondent node often collaborates. In this
case, the effort of establishing the necessary mobility security
association with this home agent may be justified. It is similarly
possible for a home agent to have a manually established mobility
security association with the foreign agents often used by its mobile
nodes, or for a particular mobile node to have a manually established
mobility security association with the foreign agents serving the
foreign networks that it often visits.
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In general, if the movement and communication patterns of a mobile
node or the group of mobile nodes served by the same home agent are
sufficient to justify establishing a mobility security association
with the mobile node's home agent, users or network administrators
are likely to do so. Without establishing a mobility security
association, nodes will not currently be able to use the Route
Optimization extensions but can use the base Mobile IP protocol.
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6. Binding Cache Considerations
Any node may maintain a binding cache in order to optimize its own
communication with mobile nodes. When sending an IP datagram, if the
sending node has a binding cache entry for the destination node, it
MAY tunnel the datagram to the mobile node's care-of address using
the encapsulation techniques described for home agents in the base
Mobile IP protocol specification [6]. Any optional encapsulation
methods supported are indicated by flag bits in the Binding Update
message.
When a mobile node's home agent intercepts a datagram on the home
network and tunnels it to the mobile node, the originating node
generally has no binding cache entry for the destination mobile node.
In such cases, the home agent MAY send a Binding Update message to
the originator.
Similarly, when a node other than the foreign agent currently
serving a mobile node receives a datagram for a mobile node, and
this datagram has been tunneled to that node, the node tunneling
the datagram generally has an out-of-date binding for the mobile
node in its binding cache. In such cases, the node receiving the
tunneled datagram MAY send a Binding Warning message to the tunneling
node, which SHOULD then request a new binding for the mobile node by
sending a Binding Request message to the mobile node's home agent.
6.1. Cache Management
A node maintaining a binding cache may use any reasonable strategy
for managing the space within the cache. When a new entry needs to
be added to the binding cache, the node MAY choose to drop any entry
already in the cache, if needed, to make space for the new entry.
For example, a "least-recently used" (LRU) strategy for cache entry
replacement is likely to work well.
Each binding in the binding cache also has an associated lifetime,
specified by in the Binding Update message in which the node obtained
the binding. After the expiration of this time period, the binding
MUST be deleted from the cache.
6.2. Receiving Binding Warning Messages
A node maintaining and using a binding cache will receive a Binding
Warning message if its binding cache entry for a datagram it has
tunneled is out-of-date, as determined by the node which receives
the tunneled datagram. When a node receives a Binding Warning
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message, it SHOULD request an updated binding for this mobile node
from the mobile node's home agent, using a Binding Request message.
Included in the Binding Request message is a 64-bit identification
field, in the same format described in the base Mobile IP protocol
specification, for matching the request with the returned Binding
Update message. The node SHOULD silently discard any Binding Update
messages that do not correspond with its latest Binding Request
message for this mobile node.
6.3. Receiving Binding Update Messages
When a node receives a Binding Update message, it MUST verify
the authentication in the message, using the mobility security
association it shares with the mobile node's home agent. The
authentication data is found in the Route Optimization Authentication
extension (Section 4.2). If the authentication succeeds, then a
binding cache entry SHOULD be updated for use in future transmissions
of data to the mobile node. Otherwise, an authentication exception
SHOULD be raised.
6.4. Using Special Tunnels
Whenever any node receives a tunneled datagram for for which it has
no visitor list entry for the datagram's destination, the node may
deduce that the tunneling node has an out-of-date binding cache entry
for the destination mobile node. If the node receiving the tunneled
datagram has a binding cache entry for the destination, it SHOULD
re-tunnel the datagram to the care-of address indicated in this
binding cache entry.
However, if the node receiving the tunneled datagram has no binding
cache entry for the destination, it cannot re-tunnel the node to
its destination. Instead, the node SHOULD forward the datagram
to the destination mobile node's home agent, using a special form
of tunneling called a "special tunnel". To tunnel the datagram
using a special tunnel, the tunneled datagram's destination address
is set equal to the destination address in the tunneled datagram.
Thus, both the "inner" and "outer" destination addresses are set to
the home address of the mobile node. The tunneled datagram will
thus be routed to the mobile node's home network, where it will be
intercepted by the mobile node's home agent in the same way as other
datagrams addressed to the mobile node.
The home agent SHOULD then tunnel the datagram to the current care-of
address for the mobile node. However, the home agent MUST NOT tunnel
the datagram to the current care-of address if the special tunnel of
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the datagram originated at that care-of address, as indicated by the
"outer" source address of the special tunnel datagram. The use of
the special tunnel format allows the home agent to identify the node
that tunneled the datagram to it (as well as the original sender of
the datagram). If the home agent believes that the current care-of
address for the mobile node is the same as the source of the special
tunnel, then the home agent SHOULD discard the datagram; in this
case, the foreign agent serving the mobile node appears to have lost
its entry for the mobile node in its visitor list, for example, if
the foreign agent has crashed and rebooted.
After tunneling the datagram to the current care-of address for the
mobile node, the home agent MAY notify the source of the special
tunnel of the mobile node's current binding, by sending it a Binding
Update message.
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7. Home Agent Considerations
The home agent will be the frequent source of Binding Update messages
sent to correspondent nodes that are communicating with its mobile
nodes. Any correspondent node that has no binding cache entry for a
mobile node, will send normal, untunneled datagrams through the home
agent by the normal routing in the Internet. When the home agent
first receives a datagram for a mobile node, it SHOULD also send a
Binding Update message to the originator of the datagram in hopes
that the originator will be able to create a binding cache entry for
that mobile node. Then, future datagrams sent by this node to the
mobile node should not need the involvement of the home agent.
7.1. Rate Limiting
A home agent MUST provide some mechanism to limit the rate at which
it sends Binding Update messages to to the same node about any given
mobility binding. This rate limiting is especially important because
it is expected that, within the short term, many Internet nodes will
not support maintenance of a binding cache. In this case, continual
transmissions of Binding Update messages to such a correspondent
node will only add unnecessary overhead to at the home agent and
correspondent node, and along the Internet path between these nodes.
7.2. Receiving Binding Request Messages
When the home agent receives a Binding Request message, it consults
its home list and determines the correct binding information to be
sent to the requesting node. Before satisfying the request, the
home agent MUST check whether or not the mobile node has allowed
the information to be disseminated. If the mobile node specified
the Private (P) bit in its Registration Request message, then the
home agent MUST not satisfy any Binding Requests. In this case,
the home agent SHOULD return a Binding Update in which both the
Care-of Address is set equal to the mobile node's home address and
the Lifetime is set to zero. Such a Binding Update message indicates
that the binding cache entry for the specified mobile node should be
deleted.
7.3. Receiving Registration Key Requests
When the home agent receives a Registration Request message, a Home
Agent Registration Key Request extension (Section 4.3) may be present
in the message, requesting the home agent to provide a registration
key to the mobile node and its foreign agent, as described in
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Section 2.2. In that event, the home agent employs a good algorithm
for producing random keys [4] and encrypts the result separately for
use by the foreign agent and by the mobile node. The chosen key is
encrypted under the mobility security association shared between the
home agent and the mobile node, and the encrypted key is placed in
a Mobile Node Registration Key Reply extension (Section 4.4) in the
Registration Reply message. The same key also is encrypted under the
mobility security association shared between the home agent and the
foreign agent, and the encrypted key is placed in a Foreign Agent
Registration Key Reply extension (Section 4.5) in the Registration
Reply message.
If the home agent receives a Home Agent Registration Key Request
extension in a Registration Request message, but it does not have
an established mobility security association with the foreign agent
with which the mobile node is registering, the home agent MUST reject
the registration attempt. In this case, the home agent returns a
Registration Reply message indicating that the foreign agent failed
authentication.
7.4. Receiving Special Tunnels
The home agent may also receive datagrams tunneled to the mobile
node using a special tunnel (Section 6.4), which it has intercepted
for the mobile node in the same way as any datagram destined to the
mobile node while the mobile node is away from home. The home agent
MUST examine the tunnel source address (the "outer" address of the
tunneled datagram). If the tunnel source address differs from the
care-of address shown in the home list entry for the mobile node,
the home agent SHOULD decapsulate the inner datagram from the tunnel
and re-tunnel it to the mobile node's care-of address. However, if
the tunnel source address is the same as the mobile node's care-of
address, the home agent MUST NOT tunnel the datagram back to that
same node; the home agent SHOULD instead discard the datagram.
In either case, the home agent SHOULD also send a Binding Update
message to the sender of the original datagram (the "inner" source
address of the tunneled datagram), if it shares a mobility security
association with this node. The sending of this Binding Update
message, though, is subject to the rate limiting restriction
described in Section 7.1.
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8. Foreign Agent Considerations
In addition to managing the resources needed to handle registrations
in the base Mobile IP protocol, a foreign agent participating in
Route Optimization assumes two additional responsibilities. It
SHOULD maintain a binding cache for forwarding datagrams to mobile
nodes once they have moved to new care-of addresses, and it SHOULD
support the use of a Binding Update message for norifying a mobile
node's previous foreign agent that it has moved.
8.1. Establishing a Registration Key
As part of the registration procedure, a mobile node and its
new foreign agent can establish a registration key (Sections 2.4
and 2.5). Within this document, the registration key is used only
for authentication of a single Binding Update message. Other uses
for the registration key are possible, such as the use of this key to
provide privacy along the wireless link connecting between the mobile
node and its foreign agent; such additional uses of the registration
key are outside the scope of this discussion.
This document specifies two alternative methods for establishing
a registration key as part of a mobile node's registration with a
foreign agent.
The foreign agent may receive a Home Agent Registration Key
Request extension in the mobile node's Registration Request message
(Section 2.4). The foreign agent need not process the Home Agent
Registration Key Request extension. When the Registration Reply is
received by the foreign agent from the home agent, it MAY contain
a Foreign Agent Registration Key Reply extension and a Mobile Node
Registration Key Reply extension. In this case, the foreign agent
removes the Foreign Agent Registration Key Reply extension, and
forwards the rest of the Registration Reply message to the mobile
node. The Foreign Agent Registration Key Reply extension is covered
by its own authentication, not by the authentication covering the
Registration Reply message itself, and thus removing the Foreign
Agent Registration Key Reply extension does not interfere with
the mobile node's ability to verify the authentication on the
Registration Reply message. The foreign agent decrypts the supplied
registration key using the mobility security association it shares
with the home agent, and stores the key as part fo the visitor list
entry created for the mobile node for this registration.
Alternatively, the foreign agent may receive a Diffie-Hellman
Registration Key Request extension in the mobile node's Registration
Request message (Section 2.5). The extension contains the Prime
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and Generator values, chosen by the mobile node, to be used for
this execution of the Diffie-Hellman algorithm. The foreign agent
chooses its own private random number and returns the Diffie-Hellman
Computed Value when it sends the Registration Reply message sent to
the mobile node. The foreign agent uses Prime and Generator values
and the Computed Value from the mobile node that it received in the
Diffie-Hellman Registration Key Request extension, together with its
own chosen private random number, to form the registration key. The
foreign agent stores this registration key as part of the visitor
list entry created for the mobile node for this registration.
Establishing the registration key in effect establishes a mobility
security association between the mobile node and the foreign agent.
After the mobile node moves to a new care-of address, this mobility
security association is used for authenticating the Binding Update
message from the mobile node notifying this foreign agent of its
movement.
8.2. Previous Foreign Agent Notification
When a mobile node registers with a new foreign agent, the mobile
node MAY request its new foreign agent to notify its previous foreign
agent that it has moved. The mobile node includes a Previous Foreign
Agent Notification extension in its Registration Request message to
the foreign agent, requesting that the foreign agent send a Binding
Update message to its previous foreign agent. As with all Binding
Update messages, this Binding Update must be authenticated using the
Route Optimization Authentication extension (Section 4.2).
The foreign agent assembles the Binding Update message using
the fields in the Registration Request message (including the
Authenticator supplied in the Previous Foreign Agent Notification
extension) and sends it to the previous foreign agent identified in
the extension. The Acknowledge (A) bit MUST be set in this Binding
Update message.
When the previous foreign agent receives the Binding Update, it will
authenticate the message using the mobility security association
set up with the registration key established with the mobile node
during its registration with this mobile node. If the message
authentication is correct, the visitor list entry for this mobile
node at the previous foreign agent will be deleted and a Binding
Acknowledge message returned to the sender. In addition, if a new
care-of address was included in the Binding Update mesasge, the
previous foreign agent will create a binding cache entry for the
mobile node; the previous foreign agent can then tunnel datagrams to
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the mobile node's new care-of address using that binding cache, just
as any node maintaining a binding cache.
In particular, the previous foreign agent can tunnel the Binding
Acknowledge message back to the new care-of address specified in
the received binding. This creates an interesting problem for the
new foreign agent when it receives the acknowledgment before the
registration reply from the home agent. It is suggested that the new
foreign agent deliver the acknowledgment to the mobile node anyway,
even though the mobile node is technically unregistered. If there
is concern that this provides a loophole for unauthorized traffic
to the mobile node, the new foreign agent could limit the number of
datagrams delivered to the unregistered mobile node to this single
instance. Alternatively, a new extension to the Registration Reply
message can be defined to carry along the acknowledgement from the
previous foreign agent. This latter approach would have the benefit
that fewer datagrams would be transmitted over bandwidth-constrained
wireless media during registrations.
The registration key established with this previous foreign agent is
destroyed as a part of the processing of this Binding Update message.
Since the previous foreign agent deletes the visitor list entry for
the mobile node, it also deletes its record of the registration key.
A registration key is thus useful only for the notification to the
previous foreign agent after moving to a new care-of address. No
subsequent use of this registration key is possible, and thus no
reply protection is necessary for the Binding Update message used for
this notification.
8.3. Receiving Tunneled Datagrams
When a foreign agent receives a datagram tunneled to itself, it
examines its visitor list for an entry for the destination mobile
node, as in the base Mobile IP protocol. If a visitor list entry is
found, the foreign agent delivers the datagram to the mobile node.
However, if no visitor list entry is found, the foreign agent
examines its binding cache for a cache entry for the destination
mobile node. If one is found, the foreign agent re-tunnels the new
care-of address indicated in the binding cache entry. In this case,
the foreign agent also may deduce that the sender of the datagram has
an out-of-date binding cache entry for this mobile node, since it
otherwise would have tunneled the datagram directly to the correct
new care-of address itself. The foreign agent SHOULD then send a
Binding Warning message to the original sender of the datagram (the
"inner" source address of the tunnel).
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8.4. Rate Limiting
A foreign agent MUST provide some mechanism to limit the rate at
which it sends Binding Warning messages to to the same node about any
given mobility binding. This rate limiting is especially important
because it is expected that, within the short term, many Internet
nodes will not support maintenance of a binding cache. In this
case, continual transmissions of Binding Warning messages to such
a correspondent node will only add unnecessary overhead to at the
foreign agent and correspondent node, and along the Internet path
between these nodes.
8.5. Sending Special Tunnels
If a foreign agent receives a tunneled datagram for a mobile node
for which it has no visitor list entry or binding cache entry, the
foreign agent MAY forward the datagram to the mobile node's home
agent by sending it as a special tunnel (Section 2.2). The home
agent will intercept the special tunnel datagram addressed to the
mobile node in the same way as any datagram for the mobile node while
it is away from home. The foreign agent sending the special tunnel
MUST NOT send a Binding Warning message in this case, since the
home agent will send a Binding Update message when it received and
re-tunnels the special tunnel datagram.
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9. Mobile Node Considerations
9.1. Establishing a Registration Key
When a mobile node sends a Registration Request message, it can also
request a registration key to be established between itself and the
new foreign agent. The key may be used later to authenticate the
Binding Update sent to this foreign agent to notify it that the
mobile node has moved to a new care-of address.
The mobile node may include a Home Agent Registration Key Request
extension in its Registration Request message to request its home
agent to act as a "key distribution center" (KDC) for establishing a
registration key with its new foreign agent (Section 2.4). The home
agent chooses a new key and returns encrypted copies of it for the
foreign agent and the mobile node. The mobile node receives its copy
of the new key in the Mobile Node Registration Key Reply extension
in the Registration Reply extension. The mobile node decrypts the
key using the mobility security association it shares with its home
agent, and stores the key for later use in notifying this foreign
agent that it has moved to a new care-of address.
Alternatively, the mobile node may include a Diffie-Hellman
Registration Key Request extension in its Registration Request
message to request its new foreign agent to participate in the
Diffie-Hellman key exchange algorithm with it. The mobile node
chooses a private random number and includes the Prime and Generator
values to be used in this execution of the Diffie-Hellman algorithm,
together with the Computed Value based on its chosen private random
number, in the Diffie-Hellman Registration Request extension. The
foreign agent chooses its own private random number, and returns the
Computed Value based on this number in a Diffie-Hellman Registration
Key Reply extension in the Registration Reply that it returns to the
mobile node. The mobile node forms the registration key according to
the Diffie-Hellman algorithm and stores it for later use in notifying
this foreign agent that it has moved to a new care-of address.
9.2. Notifying Previous Foreign Agents
During registration with a new foreign agent, a mobile node may
request its new foreign agent to notify its previous foreign agent
that it has moved. The new foreign agent sends a Binding Update
message to the previous foreign agent on behalf of the mobile node.
To nofity its previous foreign agent as part of the new registration,
the mobile node includes a Previous Foreign Agent Notification
extension (Section 4.1) in its Registration Request message. The
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extension contains only those values needed by the new foreign
agent to construct the Binding Update message that are not already
included in the Registration Request message. In particular, the
new foreign agent only sends the Binding Update message on behalf of
the mobile node. The mobile node computes the correct Authenticator
value for the Binding Update message, based on the registration key
it established with its previous foreign agent, and includes this
Authenticator value in the extension for inclusion in the Binding
Update message by the new foreign agent. The new foreign agent does
not learn the previous foreign agent registration key during the new
registration or notification.
When the Binding Acknowledgment message from the previous foreign
agent is received by the new foreign agent, it detunnels it and sends
it to the mobile node. In this way, the mobile node can discover
that its previous foreign agent has received the Binding Update
mesage. This is important, because otherwise the previous foreign
agent would often become a "black hole" for datagrams destined for
the mobile node based on out-of-date binding cache entries at other
nodes. The new foreign agent has no further responsibility for
helping to update the binding cache at the previous foreign agent.
The mobile node expects to eventually receive a Binding
Acknowledgement message from its previous foreign agent, signifying
that the Binding Update message was received. If the acknowledgement
has not been received after sufficient time, the mobile node is
responsible for retransmitting another Binding Update message to its
previous foreign agent. Although the previous foreign agent may
have already received and processed the Binding Update message (the
Binding Acknowledge message may have been lost in transit to the new
foreign agent), the mobile node should continue to retransmit its
Binding Update message until the previous foreign agent responds with
a Binding Acknowledgement.
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References
[1] CDPD Forum. Cellular Digital Packet Data system specification.
Release 1.0, July 1993.
[2] W. Diffie and M. E. Hellman. New directions in cryptography.
IEEE Transactions on Information Theory, IT-22(6):644--654,
November 1976.
[3] Ralph Droms. Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol. RFC 1541,
October 1993.
[4] Donald E. Eastlake 3rd, Stephen D. Crocker, and Jeffrey I.
Schiller. Randomness recommendations for security. RFC 1750,
December 1994.
[5] Stan Hanks, Tony Li, Dino Farinacci, and Paul Traina. Generic
Routing Encapsulation (GRE). RFC 1701, October 1994.
[6] Charles Perkins, editor. IP mobility support. Internet Draft,
draft-ietf-mobileip-protocol-12.txt, August 1995. Work in
progress.
[7] RSA Laboratories. RSAREF(TM) 2.0: A free cryptographic toolkit,
April 1994.
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Appendix A. Using a Master Key at the Home Agent
Rather than storing each mobility security association that it has
established with many different correspondent nodes and foreign
agents, a home agent may manage its mobility security associations so
that each of them can be generated from a single "master" key. With
the master key, the home agent could build a key for any given other
node by computing the node-specific key as
MD5(node-address || master-key || node-address)
where node-address is the IP address of the particular node for which
the home agent is building a key, and master-key is the single master
key held by the home agent for all mobility security associations it
has established with correspondent nodes. The node-specific key is
built by computing an MD5 hash over a string consisting of the master
key with the node-address concatenated as a prefix and as a suffix.
Using this scheme, when establishing each mobility security
association, the network administrator managing the home agent
computes the node-specific key and communicates this key to the
network administrator of the other node through some "secure"
channel, such as over the telephone. The mobility security
association is configured at this other node in the same way as any
mobility security association. At the home agent, though, no record
need be kept that this key has been given out. The home agent need
only be configured to know that this scheme is in use for all of its
mobility security associations (perhaps only for specific set of its
mobile nodes).
When the home agent then needs a mobility security association as
part of Route Optimization, it builds the node-specific key based on
the master key and the IP address of the other node with which it
is attempting to authenticate. If the other node knows the correct
node-specific key, the authentication will succeed; otherwise, it
will fail as it should.
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Chairs' Addresses
The working group can be contacted via the current chairs:
Tony Li
cisco Systems
170 W. Tasman Drive
San Jose, CA 95134
Phone: +1-408-526-8186
E-mail: tli@cisco.com
Jim Solomon
Motorola, Inc.
1301 E. Algonquin Road
Schaumburg, IL 60196
Phone: +1-708-576-2753
E-mail: solomon@comm.mot.com
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Authors' Addresses
Questions about this document can also be directed to the authors:
David B. Johnson
Computer Science Department
Carnegie Mellon University
5000 Forbes Avenue
Pittsburgh, PA 15213-3891
Phone: +1-412-268-7399
Fax: +1-412-268-5576
E-mail: dbj@cs.cmu.edu
Charles Perkins
Room J1-A25
T. J. Watson Research Center
IBM Corporation
30 Saw Mill River Rd.
Hawthorne, NY 10532
Phone: +1-914-784-7350
Fax: +1-914-784-7007
E-mail: perk@watson.ibm.com
Johnson and Perkins Expires 22 May 1996 [Page 45]
