Internet Engineering Task Force                       C. Perkins, editor
INTERNET DRAFT                                                       IBM
                                                             27 May 1995


                          IP Mobility Support
                  draft-ietf-mobileip-protocol-10.txt


Status of This Memo

   This document is a submission by the Mobile-IP Working Group of the
   Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF). Comments should be submitted
   to the mobile-ip@tadpole.com mailing list.

   Distribution of this memo is unlimited.

   This document is an Internet-Draft.  Internet Drafts are working
   documents of the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF), its Areas,
   and its Working Groups.  Note that other groups may also distribute
   working documents as Internet Drafts.

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   To learn the current status of any Internet-Draft, please check
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   Rim).


Abstract

   This document specifies protocol enhancements that allow transparent
   routing of IP datagrams to mobile nodes in the Internet.  Each
   mobile node is always identified by its home address, regardless of
   its current point of attachment to the Internet.  While situated
   away from its home, a mobile node is also associated with a
   care-of address, which provides information about its current point
   of attachment to the Internet.  The protocol provides for registering
   the care-of address with a home agent.  The home agent sends traffic
   destined for the mobile node through a tunnel to the care-of address.








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                                Contents



Status of This Memo                                                    i

Abstract                                                               i

 1. Introduction                                                       1
     1.1. Requirements  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .    2
     1.2. Goals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .    3
     1.3. Assumptions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .    3
     1.4. Specification Language  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .    3
     1.5. Terminology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .    4

 2. Agent Discovery                                                    6
     2.1. Agent Solicitation  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .    6
     2.2. Agent Advertisement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .    7

 3. Registration                                                       8
     3.1. Authentication  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .    9
     3.2. Registration Request  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .    9
     3.3. Registration Reply  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   11

 4. Mobility Message Extensions                                       14
     4.1. Mobility Extension  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   15
     4.2. Key Identifier Extension  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   16
     4.3. Mobile-Home Authentication Extension  . . . . . . . . . .   16
     4.4. Mobile-Foreign Authentication Extension . . . . . . . . .   17
     4.5. Foreign-Home Authentication Extension . . . . . . . . . .   18

 5. Forwarding Datagrams to the Mobile Node                           19
     5.1. IP in IP Encapsulation  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   19
     5.2. Minimal Encapsulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   19

 6. Mobile Node Considerations                                        22
     6.1. Configuration and Registration Tables . . . . . . . . . .   22
     6.2. Registration When Away From Home  . . . . . . . . . . . .   22
     6.3. Registration with a dynamically assigned care-of address    23
     6.4. Deregistration When At Home . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   24
     6.5. Registration Replies  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   24
     6.6. Registration Retransmission . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   25
     6.7. Simultaneous mobility bindings  . . . . . . . . . . . . .   25
     6.8. Mobile Routers  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   25

 7. Foreign Agent Considerations                                      27



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     7.1. Configuration and Registration Tables . . . . . . . . . .   27
     7.2. Receiving Registration Requests . . . . . . . . . . . . .   28
     7.3. Receiving Registration Replies  . . . . . . . . . . . . .   28
     7.4. Decapsulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   28

 8. Home Agent Considerations                                         29
     8.1. Configuration and Registration Tables . . . . . . . . . .   29
     8.2. Receiving Registration Requests . . . . . . . . . . . . .   29
     8.3. Simultaneous mobility bindings  . . . . . . . . . . . . .   31
     8.4. Registration Expiration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   31
     8.5. Encapsulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   31
     8.6. Broadcast packets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   32
     8.7. Multicast packets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   32

 9. Security Considerations                                           33
     9.1. Message Authentication Codes  . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   33
     9.2. Tunneling to Care-of Addresses  . . . . . . . . . . . . .   33
     9.3. Key management  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   33
     9.4. Picking good random numbers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   34
     9.5. Privacy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   34
     9.6. Replay Protection for Registration Requests . . . . . . .   34
           9.6.1. Replay Protection using Nonces  . . . . . . . . .   35
           9.6.2. Replay Protection using Timestamps  . . . . . . .   36

10. Acknowledgements                                                  36

 A. Gratuitous and Proxy ARP                                          37

 B. Link-Layer considerations                                         38
     B.1. Point-to-Point Link-Layers  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   38
     B.2. Multi-Point Link-Layers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   39

 C. TCP Considerations                                                39
     C.1. TCP Timers  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   39
     C.2. TCP Congestion Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   39

 D. Tunnel Management                                                 40

Chair's Address                                                       43

Editor's Address                                                      43










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1. Introduction

   Current versions of the Internet Protocol make an implicit assumption
   that a node's point of attachment remains fixed, and that its IP
   address identifies the network to which it is attached.  Datagrams
   are sent to a node based on the location information contained in the
   node's IP address.

   If a node moves while keeping its IP address unchanged, its network
   number will not reflect its new point of attachment.  Existing
   routing protocols will be unable to route datagrams to it correctly.

   This document defines new functions that allow a node to roam on the
   Internet, without changing its IP address.

   The following entities are defined:

      Mobile Node

         A host or router that changes its point of attachment from one
         network or subnetwork to another.

      Home Agent

         A router that maintains a registry of the current mobility
         bindings for that mobile node, and encapsulates datagrams for
         delivery to the mobile node while it is away from home.

      Foreign Agent

         A router that assists a locally reachable mobile node that is
         away from its home network.

      Care-of Address

         The care-of address terminates the end of a tunnel toward a
         mobile node.  Depending on the network configuration, the
         care-of address may be either dynamically assigned to the
         mobile node or associated with a foreign agent.

   The following support services are defined:

      Agent Discovery

         Home agents and foreign agents advertise their availability
         on each link for which they provide service.  A newly arrived
         mobile node can send a solicitation on the link to learn if any
         prospective agents are present.



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      Registration

         When the mobile node is away from home, it registers its
         care-of address with its home agent.  Depending on its method
         of attachment, the mobile node will register either directly
         with its home agent, or through a foreign agent which forwards
         the registration to the home agent.

      Encapsulation

         Encapsulation, as used in this draft, means the process of
         enclosing the data within an IP datagram inside another IP
         header.  This process is also known as "tunneling", since
         it can be used to hide the original IP header information
         during delivery to the new IP destination specified in the
         encapsulated datagram.

         The enclosing IP header can (and usually will) contain a IP
         destination address, and/or IP source address, and/or different
         protocol field which differs from the original IP header.

      Decapsulation

         Decapsulation is the inverse process to encapsulation.  At the
         destination, the enclosed datagram is extracted by removing
         the encapsulating IP header, and possibly creating a new IP
         header based on the information available in the encapsulating
         IP header and the data that had been encapsulated.  Typically,
         after decapsulating the resulting datagram may be delivered to
         another destination.


1.1. Requirements

   A mobile node using its home address shall be able to communicate
   with other nodes after having been disconnected from the Internet,
   and then reconnected at a different point of attachment.

   Implementation of the protocol described in this document shall not
   adversely affect a mobile node's capability to communicate with other
   nodes that do not implement these mobility functions.  No protocol
   enhancements are required in hosts or routers that are not serving
   any of the mobility functions.

   A mobile node shall provide authentication in its registration
   messages, ad described in subsection 3.1.





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1.2. Goals

   The mobile node's directly attached link is likely to be bandwidth
   limited.  Only a few administrative messages should be sent between a
   mobile node and an agent.  The size of these messages should be kept
   as short as possible.

   As few messages as possible which duplicate functionality are sent
   on mobile links.  This is particularly important on wireless and
   congested links.


1.3. Assumptions

   The protocols defined in this document place no additional
   constraints on assignment of IP addresses.  That is, a mobile node
   can be assigned an IP address by the organization that owns the
   machine, and will be able to use that IP address regardless of the
   current point of attachment.

   It is assumed that mobile nodes will not change their point of
   attachment to the Internet more frequently than once per second.

   It is assumed that IP unicast datagrams are routed based on the
   destination address in the datagram header.


1.4. Specification Language

   In this document, several words are used to signify the requirements
   of the specification.  These words are often capitalized.

      MUST               This word, or the adjective "required", means
                         that the definition is an absolute requirement
                         of the specification.

      MUST NOT           This phrase means that the definition is an
                         absolute prohibition of the specification.

      SHOULD             This word, or the adjective "recommended",
                         means that there may exist valid reasons in
                         particular circumstances to ignore this item,
                         but the full implications must be understood
                         and carefully weighed before choosing a
                         different course.

      MAY                This word, or the adjective "optional", means
                         that this item is one of an allowed set of



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                         alternatives.  An implementation which does
                         not include this option MUST be prepared to
                         interoperate with another implementation which
                         does include the option.

      silently discard   The implementation discards the packet without
                         further processing, and without indicating an
                         error to the sender.  The implementation SHOULD
                         provide the capability of logging the error,
                         including the contents of the discarded packet,
                         and SHOULD record the event in a statistics
                         counter.


1.5. Terminology

   This document frequently uses the following terms:

      Agent Advertisement

         A periodic advertisement constructed by attaching a special
         extension to a router advertisement [5] message.

      Correspondent

         A peer with which a mobile node is communicating.  The
         correspondent may be either mobile or stationary.

      Home Address

         A long-term IP address that is assigned to a mobile node.  It
         remains unchanged regardless of where the node is attached
         to the Internet.  Datagrams addressed to the home address
         are intercepted by the home agent while the mobile node is
         registered with that home agent.

      Link

         A communication facility or medium over which nodes can
         communicate at the link layer; a link underlies the network
         layer.

      Link-Layer Address

         The address used to identify the endpoints of the communication
         over a physical link.  Also commonly known as a MAC address.





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      Mobility Agent

         Either a home agent or a foreign agent.

      Mobility Binding

         The association of a home address with a care-of address, and
         the remaining lifetime of the association.

      Mobility Security Association

         The mobility security association between a pair of nodes
         identifies the security context to be applied to Mobile IP
         protocol messages which they exchange.  This relationship
         includes the authentication type (i.e., algorithm and algorithm
         mode), the secret (such as a shared key, or appropriate
         public/private key pair), and information about the style
         of replay protection in use.  Note that a single algorithm
         (such as DES) might have several modes (for example, CBC and
         ECB)(see [16], [11]).































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2. Agent Discovery

   To communicate with a foreign or home agent, a mobile node must
   learn either the IP address or the link address of that agent.  It
   is assumed that a link-layer connection has been established between
   the agent and the mobile node.  The method used to establish such
   a link-layer connection is not specified in this document.  After
   establishing a link-layer connection, the mobile node learns whether
   there are any agents available.  If the address of any agent matches
   the mobile node's stored address for its home agent, the mobile node
   is at home.

   An agent which is not indicated by a link-layer protocol MUST
   implement ICMP Router Discovery [5].  The router advertisements
   indicate whether the router is also a home agent or a foreign agent.

   When multiple methods of agent identification are in use, the
   mobile node SHOULD first attempt registration with routers sending
   router advertisements in preference to those sending link-layer
   advertisements.  This ordering maximizes the likelihood that the
   registration will be recognized, thereby minimizing the number of
   registration attempts.

   No authentication is required for the advertisement and solicitation
   process.  These messages MAY be authenticated using the IP
   Authentication Header [14], which is external to the messages
   described here.  Further specification of authentication of
   advertisement and solicitation is outside of the scope of this
   document.


2.1. Agent Solicitation

   Every mobile node MUST implement ICMP Router Solicitation (RFC
   1256 [5]) if it needs to obtain a care-of address in an agent
   advertisement.  However, the solicitation is only sent when no
   care-of address has been determined through a link-layer protocol
   or prior router advertisement.  Any mobility agent which is not
   identified by a link-layer protocol MUST respond to ICMP Router
   Solicitation.  Mobility agents SHOULD respond to ICMP Router
   Solicitation.

   The same procedures, defaults, and constants are used as described
   in RFC 1256, except that the mobile node may solicit more often
   than once every three seconds and MAX_SOLICITATIONS does not
   apply for mobile nodes that are currently unconnected to any
   foreign agent.  A mobile node MAY send a solicitation once each
   MOBILE_SOLICITATION_INTERVAL (1 second) until the solicitation is



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   answered by a mobility agent, and the mobile node can finally issue a
   registration request.


2.2. Agent Advertisement

   Mobile nodes must process ICMP router advertisements[5].  Any
   mobility agent which is not indicated by a link-layer protocol MUST
   send ICMP Router Advertisements.  An agent which is indicated by a
   link-layer protocol SHOULD also implement router advertisements.
   However, the advertisements need not be sent, except when the site
   policy requires registration with the agent, or as a response to a
   specific solicitation.

   ICMP router advertisements that carry the required Mobility
   Extension (subsection 4.1) are called agent advertisements in this
   document, and can be identified by examining the number of advertised
   addresses.  When the IP total length indicates that the ICMP message
   is longer than needed for the number of addresses present, the
   remaining data is interpreted as extensions.  The extensions are
   described in section 4.  Other extensions may indicate optionally
   supported features.

   The same procedures, defaults, and constants are used as described in
   RFC 1256 [5], except as specified herein; a foreign agent MUST NOT
   send agent advertisements more often than once per second.

   The sequence number in agent advertisements ranges from 0 to
   0xffff.  After booting, an agent shall use the number 0 for its first
   advertisement.  Each subsequent advertisement shall use the sequence
   number one greater, with the exception that the sequence number
   0xffff shall be followed by sequence number 256.  In this way, mobile
   clients can distinguish reductions in sequence numbers that result
   from reboots, from reductions that result in rollover of the sequence
   number after it attains the value 0xffff.

   The Code field of the ICMP router advertisement is interpreted as
   follows:

      0    The router handles common traffic -- that is, IP data packets
           not necessarily related to mobile nodes.

      16   A home or foreign agent which supports registration, but is
           not routing common traffic.







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3. Registration

   The registration function exchanges information between a mobile
   node and its home agent.  Registration creates a mobility binding,
   associating the mobile node's home address with a care-of address
   which can be used to reach the mobile node.

   When it has been dynamically assigned a care-of address, a mobile
   node can act without a foreign agent, and register or deregister
   directly with a home agent by the exchange of only 2 messages:

    a) The mobile node sends a registration request to a home agent,
       asking it to provide service.

    b) The home agent sends a registration reply to the mobile node,
       granting or denying service.

   When the care-of address is associated with a foreign agent, the
   foreign agent acts as a relay between the mobile node and home
   agent.  This extended registration process involves the exchange of 4
   messages:

    a) The mobile node sends a registration request to the prospective
       foreign agent to begin the registration process.

    b) The foreign agent relays the request to the home agent, asking it
       to provide service to the mobile node.

    c) The home agent sends a registration reply to the foreign agent to
       grant or deny service.

    d) The foreign agent relays the registration reply to the mobile
       node to inform it of the disposition of its request.

   The registration messages defined in this section(3.2, 3.3) use the
   User Datagram Protocol header [18].  A nonzero UDP checksum SHOULD be
   included in the header, and checked by each recipient.

   An administrative domain MAY require a visiting mobile node to
   register via a foreign agent (see the description of the "R" bit, in
   subsection 4.1).  This facility is envisioned for service providers
   with packet filtering fire-walls, or visiting policies (such as
   accounting) which require exchanges of authorization.








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3.1. Authentication

   Each mobile node, foreign agent, and home agent MUST support
   the maintenance of an internal table holding a list of security
   associations for mobile entities, indexed by their IP address.  See
   section 9.1 for support requirements for authentication algorithms.
   Only one mobility security association at a time is in effect between
   any given pair of participating nodes.  Whenever a mobility security
   association exists between a pair of nodes, all registration messages
   between these nodes MUST be authenticated.

   In particular, registration messages between mobile node and
   home agent are required to be authenticated with the Mobile-Home
   Authentication Extension (subsection 4.3).  This extension
   immediately follows all non-authentication extensions, except those
   foreign agent specific extensions which may be added to the packet
   after the mobile node computes the authentication.


3.2. Registration Request

   A mobile node sends a registration request message so that its home
   agent can create a new mobility binding for that mobile node (with a
   new lifetime).  The request may be relayed to the home agent by the
   foreign agent from which the mobile node is accepting service, or it
   may be sent directly in case the mobile node has received a temporary
   care-of address by some other means (e.g, DHCP [6]).

   IP fields:

      Source        For registering with a foreign agent whose IP
                    address is known, the source address of Registration
                    Request from the mobile node to the foreign agent
                    is the IP address of the interface from which the
                    packet is sent.  For registering without a foreign
                    agent, the source address on the registration
                    request MUST be the temporary address that has been
                    acquired by the mobile node for its care-of address.

      Destination   When the IP address is unknown (the agent was
                    discovered via a link-layer protocol), the "All
                    Mobility Agents" multicast address (224.0.0.11) is
                    used.  The link-layer unicast address is used to
                    deliver the datagram to the correct agent.

                    For registering with a foreign agent, the
                    Registration Request from the mobile node to the
                    foreign agent should have the destination address of



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                    the foreign agent, copied from the source address
                    of the Agent Advertisement in which the mobile node
                    learned of that foreign agent.  The foreign agent
                    then sends the Registration Request to the home
                    agent, using the destination address copied from the
                    Home Agent field of the Registration Request

                    For registering without a foreign agent, the
                    destination address should be the address that the
                    mobile node uses for its home agent.

   UDP fields:

      Source Port        variable

      Destination Port   434

   The UDP header is followed by the Mobile-IP fields shown below:

    0                   1                   2                   3
    0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   |     Type      |S|B|F|M|G|rsvd |          Lifetime             |
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   |                          Home Address                         |
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   |                           Home Agent                          |
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   |                        Care-of Address                        |
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   |                         Identification                        |
   |                                                               |
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   | Extensions ...
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-

      Type              1, for version 1 of this protocol

      S                 If the 'S' bit is set, the mobile client is
                        requesting that the home agent retain its prior
                        mobility bindings.  In this way, the mobile
                        client can be registered at multiple care-of
                        addresses.

      B                 If the 'B' bit is set, the mobile client
                        requests that the home agent send to it,
                        all broadcasts on the home network.  See
                        subsection 8.6 for a full discussion.



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      F                 If the 'F' bit is set, the mobile client is
                        registering with a dynamically assigned care-of
                        address it has obtained.  This typically implies
                        that the mobile host will decapsulate datagrams
                        which are sent to the care-of address.

      M                 If the 'M' bit is set, the mobile node requests
                        home agent to encapsulate using minimal
                        encapsulation (section 5.2)

      G                 If the 'G' bit is set, the mobile node
                        requests home agent to encapsulate using GRE
                        encapsulation ([9]).

      Lifetime          The number of seconds remaining before the
                        registration is considered expired.  A value of
                        zero indicates a request for deregistration.  A
                        value of all ones indicates infinity.

      Home Address      The IP address of the mobile node.

      Home Agent        The IP address of a home agent.

      Care-of Address   The IP address for the decapsulation end of a
                        tunnel.

      Identification    A 64-bit number, constructed by the mobile
                        node, used to assist in matching requests with
                        replies, and in protecting against replay
                        attacks (see subsections 9.4, 9.6).


3.3. Registration Reply

   The registration reply message is returned by a home agent to a
   mobile node which has sent a registration request (subsection 3.2)
   message.  If the mobile node is accepting service from a foreign
   agent, that foreign agent will receive the reply from the home
   agent and subsequently relay it to the mobile node.  The reply
   message contains the necessary codes to inform the mobile node about
   the status of its request, along with the lifetime granted by the
   home agent, which MAY be smaller than the original request.  See
   subsection 8.2 for details regarding the selection of the reply
   identification.  When the lifetime of the reply is greater than
   the original request, the excess time MUST be ignored.  When the
   lifetime of the reply is smaller than the original request, another
   registration SHOULD occur before the lifetime expires.




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   IP fields:

      Source        copied from the destination address of the
                    Registration Request to which the agent is replying

      Destination   copied from the source address of the Registration
                    Request to which the agent is replying

   UDP fields:

      Source Port        variable

      Destination Port   variable, depending upon the source port of the
                         request

   A foreign agent that has received a registration request message must
   save the IP source address and the UDP source port from that message
   so that it will be able to send the subsequent registration reply
   message to the correct UDP port on the mobile node.

   The UDP header is followed by the Mobile-IP fields shown below:

    0                   1                   2                   3
    0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   |     Type      |     Code      |           Lifetime            |
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   |                          Home Address                         |
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   |                           Home Agent                          |
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   |                         Identification                        |
   |                                                               |
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   | Extensions ...
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-

      Type             3

      Code             One of the following codes:

                        0 service will be provided
                        1 service will be provided; simultaneous
                          mobility bindings unsupported







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                       Service denied by the foreign agent:

                       16 reason unspecified
                       17 administratively prohibited
                       18 insufficient resources
                       19 mobile node failed authentication
                       20 home agent failed authentication
                       21 requested lifetime too long
                       22 home agent unreachable (ICMP error)
                       23 poorly formed request
                       24 poorly formed reply

                       Service denied by the home agent:

                       32 reason unspecified
                       33 administratively prohibited
                       34 insufficient resources
                       35 mobile node failed authentication
                       36 foreign agent failed authentication
                       37 identification mismatch
                       38 poorly formed request
                       39 too many simultaneous mobility bindings

                       Up-to-date values of the Code field are specified
                       in the most recent "Assigned Numbers" [20].

      Lifetime         The seconds remaining before the registration is
                       considered expired.  A value of zero confirms a
                       request for deregistration.  A value of all ones
                       indicates infinity.

      Home Address     The IP address of the mobile node.

      Home Agent       The IP address of a home agent.

      Identification   The registration identification is derived from
                       the request message, for use by the mobile
                       node in matching its reply with an outstanding
                       request.












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4. Mobility Message Extensions

   Each message begins with a short fixed part, followed by one or more
   mobility message extensions in type-length-value format.  These
   extensions may apply to agent advertisement messages (subsection 2.2)
   and registration messages (section 3).

    0                   1                   2
    0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-
   |   Extension   |    Length     |    Data ...
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-

      Extension

         Current values are assigned as follows:

         16   Mobility
         18   Key Identifier
         32   Mobile-Home Authentication
         33   Mobile-Foreign Authentication
         34   Foreign-Home Authentication

         Up-to-date values are specified in the most recent "Assigned
         Numbers" [20].

      Length

         Indicates the length (in bytes) of the data field.  The length
         does not include the Extension and Length bytes.

      Data

         This field is zero or more bytes in length and contains the
         value(s) for this extension.  The format and length of the data
         field is determined by the extension and length fields.

   Extensions allow variable amounts of information to be carried within
   each datagram.  The end of the list of extensions is indicated by the
   total length of the IP datagram.

   When an extension numbered in the range 0-127 is encountered but not
   recognized, the packet containing the extension must be dropped.
   When an extension numbered in the range 128-255 is encountered which
   is not recognized, that particular extension is ignored, but the rest
   of the packet data can still be processed.  The length field of the
   extension is used to skip the data field in searching for the next
   extension.



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4.1. Mobility Extension

   The Mobility Extension is used to indicate that a router
   advertisement message is actually an agent advertisement being sent
   by a mobility agent (see subsection 2.2).  When foreign agents cannot
   accept new requests for service from mobile clients, they will set
   the Busy bit; if the Busy bit is turned off, the agent may attract
   new mobile clients.  An agent which wishes to serve as a foreign
   agent, sets the 'F' bit in the mobility extension; likewise an
   agent which wishes to serve as a home agent sets the 'H' bit in the
   mobility extension.  Any home agent must always be prepared to serve
   its mobile clients; it is an error to have the 'B' bit set without
   also having the 'F' bit set.  When the 'R' bit is set to 1, the
   mobile node SHOULD register through the foreign agent, even when the
   mobile node has acquired a transient care-of address.

    0                   1                   2                   3
    0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   |   Extension   |    Length     |        Sequence Number        |
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   |           Lifetime            |R|B|H|F|M|G|     reserved      |
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   |                  zero or more Care-of Addresses               |
   |                              ...                              |


      Extension         16

      Length            (6 + 4*N), where N is the number of
                        care-of addresses advertised.

      Sequence number   The count of advertisement messages sent since
                        the agent was initialized (see section 2.2).

      Lifetime          The longest lifetime (measured in seconds)
                        that the agent is willing to accept in any
                        registration request.  A value of all ones
                        indicates infinity.

      R                 Foreign agent registration required bit.

      B                 Busy bit.  The foreign agent is not willing to
                        accept any more registrations.

      H                 Agent offers service as a home agent.

      F                 Agent offers service as a foreign agent.



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      M                 Agent offers minimal encapsulation (section 5.2)

      G                 Agent offers GRE encapsulation (see [9]).

      reserved          Sent as zero; ignored on reception.

      Care of Address   a foreign agent's care-of addresses

      DISCUSSION:  Should the agent advertisement include the subnet
                   prefix(es) of the medium to which the mobile client
                   is attached?


4.2. Key Identifier Extension

   The key identifier extension is found in registration requests
   (see subsection 3.2).  This extension informs the home agent that
   authentication is performed using a cryptographic key or algorithm
   different than the home agent would use by default.  If a home
   agent receives a registration request which does not contain this
   extension, the home agent must assume that the mobile node used
   the default Message Authentication Code (see subsection 9.1) to
   authenticate the registration.

    0                   1                   2                   3
    0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   |   Extension   |    Length     |         Key Identifier        |
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+

      Extension      18

      Length         2

      reserved       Sent as zero; ignored on reception.

      Key Identifier

   The key identifier may be chosen from a list which is privately
   configured between the home agent and the mobile node.  In this case,
   the identifier is completely opaque; the cryptographic algorithm to
   be used cannot be determined from the value of the key identifier.


4.3. Mobile-Home Authentication Extension

   This extension must be present in all registration requests and
   replies, and is intended to eliminate problems([2]) which result from



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   the uncontrolled propagation of remote redirects in the Internet.
   See subsection 9.1 for information about support requirements for
   message authentication codes, etc.

    0                   1                   2                   3
    0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   |   Extension   |    Length     |        Authenticator ...
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+

      Extension       32

      Length          The number of data bytes in the extension.

      Authenticator   (variable length) A value computed from a
                      stream of bytes including the shared secret, the
                      destination port number from the UDP header,
                      the UDP payload (that is, the registration
                      request or reply data), all prior extensions in
                      their entirety, and the type and length of this
                      extension, but not including the Authenticator
                      field itself.


4.4. Mobile-Foreign Authentication Extension

   This extension may be found in registration requests and replies
   where a security association exists between the mobile node and a
   foreign agent.  See subsection 9.1 for information about support
   requirements for message authentication codes, etc.

    0                   1                   2                   3
    0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   |   Extension   |    Length     |        Authenticator ...
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+

      Extension       33

      Length          The number of data bytes in the extension.

      Authenticator   (variable length) A value computed from a
                      stream of bytes including the shared secret, the
                      destination port number from the UDP header,
                      the UDP payload (that is, the registration
                      request or reply data), all prior extensions in
                      their entirety, and the type and length of this




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                      extension, but not including the Authenticator
                      field itself.

     DISCUSSION: How can the Key Identifier extension be used?


4.5. Foreign-Home Authentication Extension

   This extension may be found in registration requests and replies
   where a security association exists between the foreign agent and
   a home agent.  See subsection 9.1 for information about support
   requirements for message authentication codes, etc.

    0                   1                   2                   3
    0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   |   Extension   |    Length     |         Authenticator ...
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+

      Extension       34

      Length          The number of data bytes in the extension.

      Authenticator   (variable length) A value computed from a
                      stream of bytes including the shared secret, the
                      destination port number from the UDP header,
                      the UDP payload (that is, the registration
                      request or reply data), all prior extensions in
                      their entirety, and the type and length of this
                      extension, but not including the Authenticator
                      field itself.

     DISCUSSION: How can the Key Identifier extension be used?


















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5. Forwarding Datagrams to the Mobile Node

5.1. IP in IP Encapsulation

   Support for IP in IP encapsulated datagrams is required in home
   agents and foreign agents, and any mobile node which has been
   dynamically assigned its own care-of address.  When a datagram is
   already fragmented prior to encapsulating, IP in IP is used.

   An outer IP header is inserted before the datagram's IP header:

                                          +---------------------------+
                                          |      Outer IP Header      |
      +---------------------------+       +---------------------------+
      |         IP Header         |       |         IP Header         |
      +---------------------------+ ====> +---------------------------+
      |                           |       |                           |
      |         IP Payload        |       |         IP Payload        |
      |                           |       |                           |
      +---------------------------+       +---------------------------+

   The format of the IP header is described in RFC 791[19].  The outer
   IP header source and destination addresses identify the "endpoints"
   of the tunnel.  The inner IP header source and destination addresses
   identify the sender and recipient of the datagram.

   The protocol field in the outer IP header is set to protocol number 4
   for the encapsulation protocol.  The destination field in the outer
   IP header is set to the care-of address of the mobile node.  The
   source field in the outer IP header is set to the IP address of the
   encapsulating agent.

   When the datagram is encapsulated, the Time To Live (TTL) field in
   the outer IP header is set to be the same as the original datagram.
   When decapsulating, the outer TTL minus one is inserted into the
   inner IP TTL. Thus, hops are counted, but the actual routers interior
   to the tunnel are not identified.  This provides loop protection.


5.2. Minimal Encapsulation

   A minimal forwarding header is defined for datagrams which are not
   fragmented prior to encapsulating.  Use of this encapsulating method
   is optional.  Minimal encapsulation must not be used when an original
   datagram is already fragmented.

   A foreign agent which is capable of decapsulating the minimal header
   includes the 'M' bit (subsection 4.1) in its agent advertisements.



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   A mobile node, after receiving this indication in an agent
   advertisement, indicates the capability of decapsulating the minimal
   header at the care-of address by setting the 'M' bit (subsection 3.2)
   in its registration request.  A mobile node MUST NOT set this bit
   unless its foreign agent has advertised support for it.  The use of
   the minimal header is entirely at the discretion of the home agent.
   Similar considerations hold for use of GRE encapsulation and setting
   the 'G' bit (subsections 4.1, 3.2)

   The minimal encapsulation process produces a datagram structured as
   shown below; the IP header of the original datagram is modified, then
   followed by the minimal forwarding header, followed by the unmodified
   IP payload of the original datagram.

      +---------------------------+       +---------------------------+
      |         IP Header         |       |     Modified IP Header    |
      +---------------------------+ ====> +---------------------------+
      |                           |       | Minimal Forwarding Header |
      |         IP Payload        |       +---------------------------+
      |                           |       |                           |
      +---------------------------+       |         IP Payload        |
                                          |                           |
                                          +---------------------------+

   Encapsulation is performed as follows.  The protocol field in
   the IP header is replaced by protocol number 55 for the minimal
   encapsulation protocol.  The destination field in the IP header
   is replaced by the care-of address of the mobile node.  If the
   encapsulating agent is not the original source of the datagram, the
   source field in the IP header is replaced by the IP address of the
   encapsulating agent.

   When decapsulating a datagram, the fields in the forwarding header
   are restored to the IP header, and the forwarding header is removed
   from the datagram.

   The format of the minimal forwarding header is as follows:

    0                   1                   2                   3
    0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   |   Protocol    |S|  reserved   |        Header Checksum        |
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   |                         Home Address                          |
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   :                 Correspondent Source Address                  :
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+




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      Protocol

         Copied from the protocol field in the original IP header.

      S

         Source field present bit, which indicates that the
         Correspondent Source Address field is present.

          0 not present.
          1 present.

      reserved

         Sent as zero; ignored on reception.

      Header Checksum

         The 16-bit one's complement of the one's complement sum of the
         encapsulation header.  For computing the checksum, the checksum
         field is set to 0.

      Home Address

         Copied from the destination field in the original IP header.

      Correspondent Source Address

         Copied from the source field in the original IP header.
         Present only if the S-bit is set.





















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6. Mobile Node Considerations

   A mobile node listens for agent advertisements at all times that
   it has a link connection.  In this manner, it can learn that its
   foreign agent has changed, or that it has arrived home.  Whenever a
   mobile node detects such a change in its network connectivity, it
   should initiate the registration process.  When it is away from home,
   the mobile node's (de)registration request allows its home agent to
   create a mobility binding, (see subsections 3.2, 2.2).  When it is at
   home, the mobile node's registration request allows its home agent
   to erase any previous mobility binding (subsection 6.4).  A mobile
   node operates without the support of mobility functions when it is at
   home.

   Appendix B discusses the interaction of this mobility specification
   with some link layer implementations for media which may be used with
   mobile nodes.

   A mobile node MUST NOT register with a new foreign agent because
   it has received an ICMP Redirect from the foreign agent that is
   currently providing service to it.


6.1. Configuration and Registration Tables

   A mobile node must be configured with:

    - home address
    - mobility security association for each home agent

   In addition, a mobile node may be configured with the address of one
   or more of its home agents.    For each pending registration:

    - link-layer address of foreign agent, if applicable
    - care-of address
    - registration identification
    - lifetime


6.2. Registration When Away From Home

   In the absence of link-layer indications of changes in point of
   attachment, agent advertisements from new agents do not necessarily
   affect a current registration.  In the absence of link-layer
   indications, a mobile node MUST NOT attempt to register more
   often than once per second.  A mobile node may register with a
   different agent when transport-layer protocols indicate excessive




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   retransmissions.  Within these constraints, the mobile node MAY
   register again at any time.

   If a mobile node detects two successive values of the sequence number
   in the agent advertisement, the second of which is less than the
   first and inside the range 0 to 255, the mobile node MUST register
   again.  If the second value is less than the first, but greater than
   or equal to 256, the mobile node may assume that the sequence number
   has rolled over past its maximum value (0xffff), and that there is no
   need to re-register (see subsection 2.2).

   If the mobile node does not know the address of any of its
   home agents, it may send a registration request is sent to the
   directed broadcast address of the home network.  In this case, any
   registration reply that is returned to the mobile node will contain a
   valid address for a home agent, so that the mobile node can re-issue
   the registration request with the correct home agent address if
   necessary.

   A mobile node SHOULD NOT request a lifetime for its registration that
   exceeds the lifetime learned in an agent advertisement.  When the
   method by which the care-of address is learned does not include a
   lifetime, the default router advertisement lifetime (1800 seconds)
   may be used.  The lifetime MAY be modified by the home agent in its
   reply.  A mobile node SHOULD register again before the lifetime of
   its registration expires.  A mobile node MAY ask a home agent to
   terminate forwarding service to a particular care-of address, by
   sending a registration with a lifetime of zero (see subsection 8.2).

   The mobile node SHOULD construct its registration identification by
   concatenating another value of its own choice to the most recent
   nonce received from its home agent.  This value in the low order 32
   bits of the identification can be another nonce, or a duplicate of
   the nonce received from the home agent (see subsection 9.6.1).


6.3. Registration with a dynamically assigned care-of address

   In cases where a mobile node away from home is able to dynamically
   acquire a transient IP address (e.g, via DHCP [6]), the mobile node
   can serve without a foreign agent, using the transient address as
   the care-of address.  Then all communication between the mobile
   node and its home agent can proceed without the intervention of
   foreign agents.  This eliminates the need to deploy foreign agents as
   separate entities.  This feature MUST NOT be used unless the mobile
   node has mechanisms to detect changes in its link-layer connectivity,
   and can initiate acquisition of a new transient address each time




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   such a change occurs.  The lifetime of such a registration is chosen
   by the mobile node.

   When the mobile node is away from home and detects a foreign agent
   advertisement that has the "R" bit (registration required) set in
   the Mobility Extension (see subsection 2.2), the mobile node SHOULD
   register through an appropriate foreign agent, even when it has
   obtained a dynamically assigned care-of address.


6.4. Deregistration When At Home

   When a mobile node is attached to its home link, it will no longer
   need any forwarding service from its home agent.  A deregistration
   procedure SHOULD be used between the mobile node and its home
   agent.  The deregistration process involves the exchange of only two
   messages:

    a) The mobile node sends a registration request directly to its home
       agent, with the lifetime set to zero, and the Code field set to
       0, to indicate that the home agent remove all related entries.
       The care-of address is set to the home address.

    b) The home agent sends a registration reply to the mobile node to
       indicate the success or failure of the mobile node's attempted
       deregistration.

   A mobile node on its home network need not register again with a home
   agent when a change of sequence number occurs, or the advertisement
   lifetime expires, or even when the home agent crashes, since it isn't
   seeking service from the home agent.


6.5. Registration Replies

   To be accepted, the reply must match the registration identification
   of its most recent registration request to the sender; otherwise, the
   message is silently discarded.  If nonces are in use, the mobile node
   records the first 32 bits for use in its next registration request;
   otherwise, if timestamps are in use, the entire 64 bit field may be
   used for identification (see subsection 9.6).

   When a reply is received which has a code indicating rejection by
   the foreign agent, the Mobile-Home Authenticator will be missing or
   invalid.  If a later authenticated reply is received, and if the
   previous registration is remembered, that later reply supersedes the
   unauthenticated reply.  Otherwise, when a reply is received with
   an invalid authenticator, the message is silently discarded.  The



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   mobile node is not required to issue any message in response to a
   registration reply.


6.6. Registration Retransmission

   When no reply has been received within a reasonable time, another
   registration request is transmitted.  When timestamps are used, a
   new registration identification is chosen for each retransmission;
   thus it counts as a new registration.  When nonces are used, the
   unanswered request is retransmitted unchanged.  (See subsection 9.6)

   The maximum time until a new registration request is sent SHOULD be
   no greater than the requested lifetime of the registration request.
   The minimum value SHOULD be large enough to account for the size
   of the packets, twice the round trip time for transmission at the
   link speed, and at least an additional 100 milliseconds to allow
   for processing the packets before responding.  Some circuits add
   another 200 milliseconds of satellite delay.  The minimum time
   between registration requests MUST NOT be less than 1 second.  Each
   successive wait SHOULD be at least twice the previous wait, as long
   as that is less than the maximum.


6.7. Simultaneous mobility bindings

   Multiple simultaneous mobility bindings are likely to be useful when
   a mobile node moves within range of multiple cellular systems.  IP
   explicitly allows duplication of datagrams.  When the home agent
   allows simultaneous bindings, it will encapsulate a separate copy of
   each arriving datagram to each care-of address, and the mobile node
   will receive multiple copies of its datagrams.

   In order to request this optional capability, the mobile node sends
   the registration request with the Code set to 1.  The return code
   in the registration reply is the same.  No error occurs if the home
   agent is unable to fulfill the request.  When the need for multiple
   mobility bindings has passed, the mobile node SHOULD register again
   with the Code set to 0, to remove the other bindings.


6.8. Mobile Routers

   A mobile node can be a router, which is responsible for the mobility
   of one or more entire networks moving together, perhaps on an
   airplane, a ship, a train, an automobile, a bicycle, or a kayak.
   The nodes connected to a network served by the mobile router may




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   themselves be fixed nodes or mobile nodes or routers.  In this
   subsection, such networks are called "mobile networks".

   A mobile router may provide a care-of address to mobile nodes
   connected to the mobile network.  In this case, when a correspondent
   host sends a packet to the mobile node, the following actions should
   occur.

   Normal routing procedures will route the packet addressed to the
   mobile node from the correspondent host to the mobile node's home
   agent.  This home agent's binding for the mobile node causes it to
   tunnel the packet to the mobile router.  Normal routing procedures
   will route the packet from this home agent to the mobile router's
   home agent.  That home agent's binding for the mobile router causes
   the packet to be doubly tunneled to the mobile router's care-of
   address.  For the sake of discussion, assume there is a foreign agent
   available at that care-of address.

   The mobile router's foreign agent will then detunnel the packet
   and use its visitor list entry to deliver the packet to the mobile
   router.  The mobile router will then detunnel the packet and use its
   visitor list entry to deliver the packet finally to the mobile node.

   If a fixed node is connected to a mobile network then either of two
   methods may be used to cause packets from correspondent hosts to be
   routed to the fixed node.

   A home agent may be configured that has a permanent registration for
   the fixed node that indicates the mobile router's address as the
   fixed host's care-of address.  The mobile router's home agent will
   usually be used for this purpose.  The home agent is then responsible
   for advertising connectivity using normal routing protocols to
   the fixed node.  Any packets sent to the fixed node will thus use
   recursive tunneling as described above.

   Alternatively, the mobile router may advertise connectivity to the
   fixed node using normal routing protocols through its own home agent.
   This method avoids the need for recursive tunneling of packets.













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7. Foreign Agent Considerations

   The foreign agent is passive and has a minimal role; it relays
   registration requests between the home agent and the mobile node,
   and decapsulates datagrams for delivery to the mobile node.  It may
   advertise its services to prospective mobile clients as described in
   sections 2.2, 4.1.

   The foreign agent MUST NOT originate a request or reply that has not
   been prompted by the mobile node.  No request or reply is generated
   to indicate that the service lifetime has expired.  A foreign agent
   MUST NOT originate a message that asks for deregistration of a mobile
   node; however, it MUST relay valid deregistration requests originated
   by the mobile node.

   The foreign agent MUST NOT advertise to other routers in its routing
   domain, nor to any other mobile node, the presence of a mobile
   router.


7.1. Configuration and Registration Tables

   Each foreign agent will need a care-of address.  In addition, for
   each pending or current registration, the foreign agent will need a
   visitor list entry containing:

    - Media address of mobile node
    - home address
    - home agent
    - lifetime

   For each pending registration, a foreign agent must also store the
   low-order 32 bits of the registration identification, as sent by the
   mobile node.  (The high-order 32 bits may differ in the registration
   reply.  See subsection 9.6).  In addition, the foreign agent must
   store the source port from which the mobile node's registration
   request was sent, so that the foreign agent can properly return the
   eventual registration reply.  As with any host on the internet, a
   foreign agent may also maintain a security association for each
   pending or current registrant, and use it to authenticate the
   registration requests and replies of the mobile node or its home
   agent (subsections 4.4, 4.5).  The foreign agent may use an available
   security association with the home agent to create an authentication
   for the foreign-home authentication extension.  Even if a foreign
   agent implements authentication, it might not use authentication with
   each registration, because of the key management difficulties.





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7.2. Receiving Registration Requests

   If the foreign agent is able to satisfy an incoming registration
   request, then it relays the request to the home agent.  Otherwise,
   it denies the request by sending a registration reply to the mobile
   node with an appropriate code.  If the request is being denied
   because the requested lifetime is too long, the foreign agent puts
   in an acceptable value for the lifetime in the registration reply
   containing the rejection code.  The foreign agent must maintain a
   list of pending requests, which includes the IP source address and
   UDP source port, in order that a correctly addressed reply can be
   returned to the mobile node.


7.3. Receiving Registration Replies

   A registration reply which does not match the identification of to
   any pending registration request must be silently discarded.  If the
   registration reply is sent from the home agent with a status code
   indicating a successful registration, then the foreign agent updates
   its visitor list accordingly.  If the foreign agent receives an ICMP
   error instead of a registration reply in response to the registration
   request, then it returns the "Home Agent Unreachable" failure code to
   the mobile node.


7.4. Decapsulation

   Every foreign agent which receives an encapsulated packet sent to
   its advertised care-of address MUST compare the inner destination
   address to those entries in its visitor list.  When the destination
   does not match any node currently in the visitor list, the foreign
   agent MUST NOT forward the datagram without modifications to the
   original IP header, because otherwise a routing loop is likely to
   result.  The datagram SHOULD be silently discarded.  ICMP Destination
   Unreachable MUST NOT be sent when a foreign agent is unable to
   forward an incoming tunneled datagram.














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8. Home Agent Considerations

   The home agent has primary responsibility for processing and
   coordinating mobility services.  Packets destined for mobile clients
   will arrive at a home agents that advertises connectivity to the home
   network containing the addresses of those mobile clients.  The home
   agent will then encapsulate the packet and deliver it to the care-of
   address most recently reported by the mobile client.

   Often, the home agent will advertise connectivity to a home network
   which does not correspond to any particular physical medium (e.g,
   extent of Ethernet cabling).  This is described by saying that the
   mobile clients have addresses on a virtual home network.

   The home agent for a given mobile node SHOULD be located on the link
   identified by the home address, if the home network is not merely a
   virtual network.  In this case, the home agent MUST send out agent
   advertisements with the 'H' bit (see subsection 4.1) set, so that
   mobile nodes on their home network will be able to determine that
   they are indeed at home.


8.1. Configuration and Registration Tables

   Each home agent will need an IP address, and the prefix size for the
   home network, if the home network is not a virtual network.  For each
   authorized mobile node, the home agent will need:

    - home address
    - mobility security association
    - prefix size(s) for the mobile network(s), if any

   For each registered mobile node, the home agent will need a mobility
   binding list entry containing:

    - care-of address
    - registration identification
    - lifetime


8.2. Receiving Registration Requests

   Upon receipt of a registration request (subsection 3.2), the
   home agent grants or denies the service requested, by sending a
   registration reply (subsection 3.2) to the sender of the request with
   the appropriate code set.  The home agent sends the registration
   reply back to the same UDP port from which it was sent.  If service
   permission is granted, the home agent will update its mobility



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   binding list with the care-of address of the tunnel.  The home
   agent MAY impose a shorter lifetime than was requested for in the
   Registration Request message.  If the Registration Request duplicates
   an accepted current Registration Request, the new lifetime MUST NOT
   extend beyond the lifetime originally granted.

   The request is validated by checking the registration identification
   (see subsection 9.6), and the Mobile-Home Authentication Extension
   (subsection 4.3) according to the mobility security association.
   Other authentication extensions are also validated when present.
   When the registration request is valid, the home agent may select
   a new nonce for use by the mobile node upon its next registration
   request, and include it in the first 32 bits of the identification
   field of the registration reply.  The low order 32 bits of that
   field remain unmodified for use by the mobile node in matching the
   registration reply with one of its outstanding registration requests.

   When a registration request is invalid, a registration reply is
   sent with the appropriate error code.  This reply will be used by a
   foreign agent to delete its pending request list entry, if a foreign
   agent was involved in relaying the registration request.  If the
   request was invalid because of the use of an unexpected value in the
   identification field of the registration request, the home agent
   SHOULD use the high-order bits of the current identification to
   provide a new identification value for the mobile node.  In this
   case, the home agent MAY report an authentication exception to its
   network management support software.  The registration reply status
   code in this case is 37.  If the registration request was invalid
   because of an invalid authenticator value, the home agent MUST issue
   an authentication exception.  The registration reply status code is
   then 35.

   If the registration request is sent to the directed broadcast
   address of the home network, the home agent may deny the registration
   request.  In this case, the registration reply will contain the
   home agent's address, so that the mobile node can re-issue the
   registration request with the correct home agent address.

   A mobile node requests termination of service by indicating a
   lifetime of zero.  If the Code field set to 1, the home agent removes
   the mobility binding for that care-of address from its forwarding
   list.  Otherwise, if the Code field is set to 0, the home agent
   removes the mobility bindings for all foreign agents associated with
   that mobile node from its mobility binding list.  On termination, no
   reply is sent to additional associated foreign agents.  The entries
   in their visitor lists are allowed to expire naturally.





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8.3. Simultaneous mobility bindings

   When a home agent supports the optional capability of multiple
   simultaneous mobility bindings, any datagrams forwarded are
   simply duplicated, and a copy is sent to each care-of address.
   If the home agent is unable to fulfill requests for simultaneous
   bindings, it returns the appropriate status in the registration
   reply (subsection 3.3) to the mobile node.  When the mobile
   node makes future registration requests, it will then be able to
   determine whether it can expect simultaneous service at multiple
   care-of addresses.  If the home agent has a limit on the number of
   simultaneous registrations that it can support for a mobile client,
   then it can just reject any registrations that would cause that limit
   to be exceeded.


8.4. Registration Expiration

   If the lifetime for a given mobility binding expires before the home
   agent has received another registration request, then that binding is
   erased from the mobility binding list.  No special registration reply
   is sent to the foreign agents.  The entries in the visitor lists will
   expire naturally, and probably at the same time.  When a mobility
   binding's lifetime expires, the home agent drops it regardless of
   whether or not simultaneous bindings are supported.


8.5. Encapsulation

   Every home agent must examine the IP header of all arriving
   traffic to see if it contains a destination address equal to the
   home address of any of its mobile nodes.  Packets with matching
   destination addresses are encapsulated and delivered to the indicated
   care-of address found in the associated mobility binding.  If the
   mobile node is at home, the home agent will simply forward the
   datagram directly to it; however, in this case, it is expected that
   the datagram will never be received by the home agent.

   Suppose an encapsulated datagram arrives at the home agent, that is
   to be delivered to one of its mobile clients.  If the destination
   of the inner header is also the mobile client, the home agent may
   simply alter the outer destination to the care-of address, unless
   the care-of address is the same as the origination point of the
   encapsulated datagram.  Otherwise, if the home agent receives a
   datagram for one of its mobile clients, and the packet's IP source
   address is identical to the care-of address contained in the mobility
   binding list, the home agent MUST discard that packet.  If the packet
   were forwarded back to the care-of address, a loop might result.



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   The mechanism just described is intended to avoid recursive
   encapsulation.  Other encapsulated datagrams arriving at the home
   agent may be recursively encapsulated.


8.6. Broadcast packets

   Mobile nodes may request to receive broadcast packets by setting the
   'B' bit in their Registration Request packets (subsection 3.2).  The
   method used to forward each depends on whether the mobile node is
   using its own dynamically-assigned care-of address or is registered
   using a care-of address associated with a foreign agent (indicated
   by the 'D' bit in the Registration Request packet).  When using a
   dynamically-assigned care-of address, the home agent simply tunnels
   each received broadcast IP datagram to this care-of address.  When
   registered through a foreign agent, an extra level of encapsulation
   is required to indicate to the foreign agent which mobile node to
   deliver the tunneled datagram to when it is received by the foreign
   agent.  The home agent first encapsulated the broadcast datagram in
   a unicast datagram addressed to the mobile node's home address, and
   then tunnels this encapsulated datagram to the foreign agent.  When
   received by the foreign agent, the the unicast encapsulated datagram
   is detunneled and delivered to the mobile node in the same way as
   any other datagram.  The mobile node must decapsulate this datagram
   to receive the original broadcast datagram.  The extra level of
   encapsulation is necessary, since otherwise, the mobile node's home
   address would not appear anywhere in the tunneled datagram received
   by the foreign agent.  Similar extra encapsulation is not required
   when using a dynamically-assigned care-of address, since the tunnel
   then terminates with the mobile node rather than with a foreign
   agent.

   When a home agent receives a broadcast packet, it transmits the
   packet to only those mobile nodes on its mobility binding list that
   have requested broadcast service.  If it is determined that some
   broadcasts should be forwarded to mobile nodes by the home agent,
   those broadcasts will be specifically mentioned as exceptions.


8.7. Multicast packets

   The rules regarding multicast packets to mobile clients are much the
   same as those relevant to multicast to other clients.








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9. Security Considerations

   The mobile computing environment is potentially very different from
   the ordinary computing environment.  In many cases, mobile computers
   will be connected to the network via wireless links.  Such links
   are particularly vulnerable to passive eavesdropping, active replay
   attacks, and other active attacks.


9.1. Message Authentication Codes

   Home agents and mobile nodes MUST be able to perform authentication.
   The default algorithm is keyed MD5 [21], with a key size of 128
   bits.  The default mode of operation is to both precede and follow
   the data to be hashed, by the 128-bit key; that is, MD5 is to be
   used in suffix+prefix mode.  The foreign agent SHOULD also support
   authentication using keyed MD5 and key sizes of 128 bits or greater,
   with manual key distribution.  More authentication algorithms,
   algorithm modes, key distribution methods, and key sizes MAY also be
   supported.


9.2. Tunneling to Care-of Addresses

   The registration protocol described in this document will result
   in a mobile node's traffic being tunneled to its care-of address.
   This tunneling feature could be a significant vulnerability if the
   registration were not authentic.  Such remote redirection, for
   instance as performed by the mobile registration protocol, is widely
   understood to be a security problem in the current Internet([2]).
   Moreover, the Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) is not authenticated,
   and can potentially be used to steal another host's traffic.  The use
   of "Gratuitous ARP" (see Appendix A) brings with it all of the risks
   associated with the use of ARP.


9.3. Key management

   This specification requires a strong authentication mechanism
   (keyed MD5) which precludes many potential attacks based on the
   Mobile IP registration protocol.  However, because key distribution
   is difficult in the absence of a network key management protocol,
   messages with the foreign agent are not all required to be
   authenticated.  In a commercial environment it might be important
   to authenticate all messages between the foreign agent and the home
   agent, so that billing is possible, and service providers don't
   provide service to users that are not legitimate customers of that
   service provider.



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9.4. Picking good random numbers

   The strength of any authentication mechanism is dependent on
   several factors, including the innate strength of the authentication
   algorithm, the secrecy of the key used, the strength of the key used,
   and the quality of the particular implementation.  This specification
   requires implementation of keyed MD5 for authentication, but does not
   preclude the use of other authentication algorithms and modes.  For
   keyed MD5 authentication to be useful, the 128-bit key must be both
   secret (that is, known only to authorized parties) and pseudo-random.
   If nonces are used in connection with replay protection, they must
   also be selected carefully.  Eastlake, et.al. ([7]) provides more
   information on generating pseudo-random numbers.


9.5. Privacy

   Users who have sensitive data that they do not wish others to see
   should use mechanisms outside the scope of this document (such as
   encryption) to provide appropriate protection.  Users concerned about
   traffic analysis should consider appropriate use of link encryption.
   If absolute location privacy is desired, the Mobile Node can create a
   tunnel to its Home Agent.  Then, packets destined for correspondent
   hosts will appear to emanate from the Home Network, and it may be
   more difficult to pinpoint the location of the mobile node.


9.6. Replay Protection for Registration Requests

   The Identification field is used to let the home agent verify that a
   registration message has been freshly generated by the mobile node,
   not replayed by an attacker from some previous registration.  The
   exact method of using the field depends upon the mobile security
   association defined between the mobile node and home agent.  Two
   methods are described here:  using random "nonce" values (preferred),
   and another method using timestamps.  A mobile node and its home
   agent must agree on the use of replay protection, because if a home
   agent expects only a nonce, it is unlikely to accept the mobile
   node's time value.

   Whatever method is used, the low order 32 bits of the identification
   MUST be copied unchanged from the registration request to the reply.
   The foreign agent uses those bits to match registration requests with
   corresponding replies.  The mobile node MUST verify that the low
   order 32 bits of any registration reply are identical to the bits it
   sent in the registration request.





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   The Identification in a new registration request MUST NOT be the same
   as in an immediately preceding request, and SHOULD NOT repeat during
   the lifetime of the mobility security association between the mobile
   node and the home agent.  Retransmission as in subsection 6.6 is
   allowed.


9.6.1. Replay Protection using Nonces

   The basic principle of nonce replay protection is that Node A
   includes a new random number in every message to node B, and checks
   that Node B returns that same number in its next message to node
   A. Both messages use a cryptographic checksum to protect against
   alteration by an attacker.  At the same time Node B can send its own
   nonces in all messages to Node A (to be echoed by node A), so that it
   too can verify that it is receiving fresh messages.

   The home agent may be expected to have resources for computing
   pseudo-random numbers useful as nonces[7].  It inserts a new nonce
   as the high-order 32 bits of the identification field of every
   registration reply.  The home agent copies the low-order 32 bits of
   the Identification from the registration request message.  When the
   mobile node receives an authenticated registration reply from the
   home agent, it saves the high order 32 bits of the identification for
   use as the high-order 32 bits of its next registration request.

   The mobile node is responsible for generating the low order 32
   bits of the Identification in each registration request.  Ideally
   it should generate its own random nonces.  However it may use any
   expedient method, including duplication of the random value sent by
   the home agent.  The method chosen is of concern only to the mobile
   node, because it is the node that checks for valid values in the
   registration reply.  The high-order and low-order 32 bits of the
   identification chosen SHOULD both differ from their previous values.
   The home agent needs a new high order value and the mobile node needs
   a new low-order value for replay protection.  The foreign agent needs
   a new low-order value to correctly match registration replies with
   pending requests (see subsection 7.1).

   If a registration message is rejected because of an invalid nonce,
   the reply always provides the mobile node with a new nonce to
   be used in the next registration.  Thus the nonce protocol is
   self-synchronizing.








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9.6.2. Replay Protection using Timestamps

   The basic principle of timestamp replay protection is that the node
   generating a message inserts the current time of day, and the node
   receiving the message checks that this timestamp is sufficiently
   close to its own time of day.  Obviously the two nodes must have
   adequately synchronized time of day clocks.  As usual all messages
   are protected against tampering by a cryptographic checksum.

   If timestamps are used, the mobile node sets the Identification
   field to a 64-bit value formated as specified by the Network Time
   Protocol [15].  The low-order 32 bits of the NTP format represent
   fractional seconds, and those bits which are not available from a
   time source SHOULD be generated from a good source of randomness.

   If the timestamp in a registration request that has passed
   authentication is close enough to the home agent's time of day, the
   home agent copies the entire Identification into the registration
   reply.  If the timestamp is unacceptable, the home agent copies only
   the low order 32 bits into the registration reply, and supplies the
   high order 32 bits from its own time of day.  The error code in the
   registration reply indicates an identification mismatch.  The mobile
   node MUST verify that the low order 32 bits of the identification
   in the registration reply are identical to those in the rejected
   registration attempt, before using the high order bits for clock
   resynchronization.  Time tolerances and resynchronization details are
   specific to a particular mobile security association.


10. Acknowledgements

   Special thanks to Steve Deering (Xerox PARC), along with Dan Duchamp
   and John Ioannidis (Columbia), for forming the working group,
   chairing it, and putting so much effort into its early development.

   Thanks also to Kannan Alaggapan and Greg Minshall for their
   contributions to the group while performing the duties of
   chairperson.













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   Thanks to the active members of the Mobile-IP working group,
   particularly those who contributed text, including (in alphabetical
   order)

    - Ran Atkinson (Naval Research Lab),
    - Dave Johnson (Carnegie Mellon University),
    - Andrew Myles (Macquarie University),
    - John Penners (US West),
    - Al Quirt (Bell Northern Research),
    - Yakov Rekhter (IBM), and
    - Fumio Teraoka (Sony).

   Thanks to Charlie Kunzinger, the editor who produced the first drafts
   for the Working Group, and to Bill Simpson, who has produced a lot
   of the text of this draft, reflecting the discussions of the Working
   Group.

   Thanks to Greg Minshall (Novell) and Phil Karn (Qualcomm) for their
   generous support in hosting interim Working Group meetings.


A. Gratuitous and Proxy ARP

   Many people will use their computers for extended periods of time
   on a single link, whether or not it is at their home network.  When
   doing so, they will expect the same level of service from their
   infrastructure as they receive today on the home network.

   Mobile nodes do not need a separate "virtual" IP address block; this
   would require a small network to have an extra router between the
   mobile and non-mobile nodes, which is an unacceptable expense.

   This section details the special care to be taken when using ARP [17]
   with nodes on the same link as a mobile node.

   A problem can arise if a mobile node which has previously answered an
   ARP Request moves away from the link, leaving behind a stale entry in
   another node's ARP cache.  For example, if a router which forwards
   datagrams into the home network has a stale ARP cache entry for the
   mobile node, any datagrams arriving through that router for the
   mobile node will be lost.  Thus, it is important that ARP caches of
   nodes populating the link be updated as soon as possible.

   A gratuitous ARP is an ARP Reply that is broadcast to all nodes on a
   link, but not in response to any ARP Request.  When an ARP Reply is
   broadcast, all hosts are required to update their local ARP caches,
   whether or not the ARP Reply was in response to an ARP Request they
   had issued.  With gratuitous ARP, the source IP address is the home



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   address of the mobile node, the link-layer address is the source
   link-layer address for the interface used, the target IP address is
   the all-systems multicast address, and the target link-layer address
   is the general broadcast address.

   When there is a physical link which corresponds to the home network,
   a gratuitous ARP is issued by the home agent on behalf of a mobile
   node whenever the home agent receives a valid registration.  That
   should cause the remaining nodes to associate the home address of the
   mobile node with the link-layer address of the home agent which is
   now serving the mobile node.

   While the mobile node is away from its home network, the home agent
   performs proxy ARP Replies for the mobile node.  When a mobile node
   returns to its home network, it SHOULD issue a gratuitous ARP on its
   own behalf, immediately before sending its deregistration request to
   the home agent.

   Although the gratuitous ARP can be lost, this is not different from
   the usual ARP Reply problems, which are outside the scope of this
   document.  A home agent may repeat the gratuitous ARP a small number
   of times.


B. Link-Layer considerations

   The mobile node primarily uses link-layer mechanisms to decide that
   its point of attachment has changed.  Such indications include
   the Down/Testing/Up interface status [12], and changes in cell or
   administration.  The mechanisms will be specific to the particular
   link-layer technology, and are outside the scope of this document.


B.1. Point-to-Point Link-Layers

   The Point-to-Point-Protocol (PPP) [22] and its Internet Protocol
   Control Protocol (IPCP) [13], negotiates the use of IP addresses.

   The mobile node SHOULD first attempt to specify its home address.
   This allows an unrouted link to function correctly.

   When the home address is not accepted by the peer, but a transient
   IP address is dynamically assigned, that address MAY be used as the
   care-of address for registration.  When the peer specifies its own IP
   address, that address MUST NOT be assumed to be the care-of address
   of a foreign agent or the IP address of a home agent.





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   When router advertisements are received which contain the Mobility
   Extension, registration with the agent SHOULD take place as usual.
   If the link is bandwidth limited, this method is preferred over use
   of the transient care-of address.  The encapsulation will be removed
   by the peer, allowing header compression techniques to function
   correctly [10].


B.2. Multi-Point Link-Layers

   Another link establishment protocol, IEEE 802.11 [1], might yield the
   link address of an agent.  This link-layer address SHOULD be used to
   attempt registration.

   The receipt of an agent's address via a router advertisement
   supersedes that obtained via IEEE 802.11.


C. TCP Considerations

C.1. TCP Timers

   Most hosts and routers which implement TCP/IP do not permit easy
   configuration of the TCP timer values.  When high-delay (e.g.
   SATCOM) or low-bandwidth (e.g.  High-Frequency Radio) links are
   in use, the default TCP timer values in many systems may cause
   retransmissions or timeouts, even when the link and network is
   actually operating properly with greater than usual delays because
   of the medium in use.  This can cause an inability to create or
   maintain connections over such links, and can also cause unneeded
   retransmissions which consume already scarce bandwidth.  Vendors are
   encouraged to make TCP timers more configurable.  Vendors of systems
   designed for the mobile computing markets should pick default timer
   values more suited to low-bandwidth, high-delay links.  Users of
   mobile nodes should be sensitive to the possibility of timer-related
   difficulties.


C.2. TCP Congestion Management

   Mobility nodes are likely to use media which have low bandwidth and
   are more likely to introduce errors, effectively causing more packets
   to be dropped.  This introduces a conflict with the mechanisms for
   congestion management found in modern versions of TCP. Now, when
   a packet is dropped, the correspondent's TCP implementation is
   likely to react as if there were a source of network congestion,
   and initiate the slow-start mechanisms [4] designed for controlling
   that problem.  However, those mechanisms are inappropriate for



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   overcoming errors introduced by the links themselves, and have the
   effect of magnifying the discontinuity introduced by the dropped
   packet.  This problem has been analyzed by Caceres, et. al.([3]);
   there is no easy solution available, and certainly no solution likely
   to be installed soon on all correspondents.  While this problem has
   nothing to do with any of the specifications in this document, it
   does illustrate that providing performance transparency to mobile
   nodes involves understanding mechanisms outside the network layer.
   It also indicates the need to avoid designs which systematically drop
   packets; such designs might otherwise be considered favorably when
   making engineering tradeoffs.


D. Tunnel Management

   It is possible that one of the routers along the tunnel interior
   might encounter an error while processing the datagram, causing it
   to return an IP ICMP error message to the source end of the tunnel.
   ICMP errors that can occur in this circumstance are:

    - Datagram Too Big
    - Time Exceeded
    - Destination Unreachable

   Unfortunately, ICMP only requires IP routers to return 8 bytes (64
   bits) of the datagram beyond the IP header.  This is not enough to
   include the encapsulated header, so it is not generally possible
   for the home agent to immediately reflect the ICMP message from the
   interior of a tunnel back to the source host.

   However, by carefully maintaining "soft state" about its tunnels,
   the encapsulating router can return accurate ICMP messages in most
   cases.  The router SHOULD maintain at least the following soft state
   information about each tunnel:

    - MTU of the tunnel
    - TTL (path length) of the tunnel
    - Reachability of the end of the tunnel

   The router uses the ICMP messages it receives from the interior of a
   tunnel to update the soft state information for that tunnel.  When
   subsequent datagrams arrive that would transit the tunnel, the router
   checks the soft state for the tunnel.  If the datagram would violate
   the state of the tunnel (such as, the TTL is less than the tunnel
   TTL) the router sends an ICMP error message back to the source, but
   also forwards the datagram into the tunnel.





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   Using this technique, the ICMP error messages sent by encapsulating
   routers will not always match up one-to-one with errors encountered
   within the tunnel, but they will accurately reflect the state of the
   network.

   The Don't Fragment bit is always set within the tunnel.  This enables
   the proper MTU of the tunnel to be determined.  Fragmentation which
   occurs because of the size of the encapsulation header is done before
   encapsulation, preventing more than one layer of fragmentation in a
   single datagram.

   Tunnel soft state was originally developed for the IP address
   encapsulation (IPAE) specification [8].


References

    [1] Wireless LAN Medium Access Control (MAC) and Physical Layer
        (PHY) Specifications.  IEEE Document P802.11/D1, Dec 1994.

    [2] S.M. Bellovin.  Security Problems in the TCP/IP Protocol Suite.
        ACM Computer Communications Review, 19(2), March 1989.

    [3] Ramon Caceres and Liviu Iftode.  The Effects of Mobility on
        Reliable Transport Protocols.  In Proceedings of the 14th
        International Conference on Distributed Computing Systems, June
        1994.

    [4] Douglas E. Comer.  Internetworking with TCP/IP, volume 1.
        Prentice Hall, 1991.

    [5] S. Deering.  Router Discovery.  RFC 1256, September 1991.

    [6] R. Droms.  Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol.  RFC 1541,
        October 1993.

    [7] D.E. Eastlake, S.D. Crocker, and J.I. Schiller.  Randomness
        Requirements for Security.  RFC 1750, December 1994.

    [8] R. Gilligan, E. Nordmark, and B. Hinden.  IPAE: The SIPP
        Interoperability and Transition Mechanism.  Internet Draft --
        work in progress, March 1994.

    [9] S. Hanks, T. Li, D. Farinacci, and P. Traina.  Generic routing
        encapsulation (gre).  RFC 1701, October 1994.

   [10] V. Jacobson.  Compressing TCP/IP Headers for Low-Speed Serial
        Links.  RFC 1144, February 1990.



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   [11] J. Kohl and C. Newman.  The Kerberos Network Authentication
        Service (V5).  RFC 1510, September 1993.

   [12] K. McCloghrie and F. Kastenholz.  Evolution of the Interfaces
        Group MIP-II.  RFC 1573, January 1994.

   [13] G. McGregor.  The PPP Internet Procotol Control Protocol (IPCP).
        RFC 1332, May 1992.

   [14] P. Metzger and B. Simpson.  Authentication Header (AH).
        draft-metzger-ah-01.txt -- work in progress, March 1995.

   [15] D. Mills.  Network Time Protocol (Version 3).  RFC 1305, March
        1992.

   [16] National Bureau of Standards.  Data Encryption Standard.
        Federal Information Processing Standards, 1977.

   [17] D. Plummer.  An Ethernet Address Resolution Protocol.  RFC 826,
        November 1982.

   [18] J. Postel.  User Datagram Protocol.  RFC 768, August 1980.

   [19] J. Postel.  Internet Protocol.  RFC 791, September 1981.

   [20] J. Reynolds and J. Postel.  Assigned Numbers.  RFC 1700, October
        1994.

   [21] R. Rivest.  The MD5 Message-Digest Algorithm.  RFC 1321, April
        1992.

   [22] W. Simpson (Editor).  The Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP).  RFC
        1661, July 1994.


















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Chair's Addresses

   The working group can be contacted via the current chairs:


        Jim Solomon                       Tony Li
        Motorola, Inc.                    cisco systems
        1301 E. Algonquin Rd.             170 W. Tasman Dr.
        Schaumburg, IL  60196             San Jose, CA  95134

        Work:   +1-708-576-2753           Work:   +1-408-526-8186
        E-mail: solomon@comm.mot.com      E-mail: tli@cisco.com



Editor's Address

   Questions about this memo can also be directed to:

          Charles Perkins
          Room J1-A25
          T. J. Watson Research Center
          IBM Corporation
          30 Saw Mill River Rd.
          Hawthorne, NY  10532

          Work:   +1-914-784-7350
          Fax:    +1-914-784-7007
          E-mail: perk@watson.ibm.com






















Perkins, editor            Expires 27 November 1995            [Page 43]