Network Working Group                                        J. Peterson
Internet-Draft                                                T. McGarry
Intended status: Informational                             NeuStar, Inc.
Expires: January 8, 2017                                    July 7, 2016


           Modern Problem Statement, Use Cases, and Framework
               draft-ietf-modern-problem-framework-01.txt

Abstract

   The functions of the public switched telephone network (PSTN) are
   rapidly migrating to the Internet.  This is generating new
   requirements for many traditional elements of the PSTN, including
   telephone numbers (TNs).  TNs no longer serve simply as telephone
   routing addresses, they are now identifiers which may be used by
   Internet-based services for a variety of purposes including session
   establishment, identity verification, and service enablement.  This
   problem statement examines how the existing tools for allocating and
   managing telephone numbers do not align with the use cases of the
   Internet environment, and proposes a framework for Internet-based
   services relying on TNs.

Status of This Memo

   This Internet-Draft is submitted in full conformance with the
   provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79.

   Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering
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   This Internet-Draft will expire on January 8, 2017.

Copyright Notice

   Copyright (c) 2016 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the
   document authors.  All rights reserved.

   This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal
   Provisions Relating to IETF Documents
   (http://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of



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   publication of this document.  Please review these documents
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Table of Contents

   1.  Problem Statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   3
   2.  Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   4
     2.1.  Actors  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   5
     2.2.  Data Types  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   7
     2.3.  Data Management Architectures . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   8
   3.  Framework . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   9
   4.  Use Cases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  10
     4.1.  Acquisition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  11
       4.1.1.  CSP Acquires TNs from Registrar . . . . . . . . . . .  11
       4.1.2.  User Acquires TNs from CSP  . . . . . . . . . . . . .  12
       4.1.3.  CSP Delegates TNs to Another CSP  . . . . . . . . . .  12
       4.1.4.  User Acquires TNs from a Delegate . . . . . . . . . .  13
       4.1.5.  User Acquires Numbers from Registrar  . . . . . . . .  13
     4.2.  Management  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  13
       4.2.1.  Management of Administrative Data . . . . . . . . . .  13
         4.2.1.1.  CSP to Registrar  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  14
         4.2.1.2.  User to CSP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  14
         4.2.1.3.  User to Registrar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  15
       4.2.2.  Management of Service Data  . . . . . . . . . . . . .  15
         4.2.2.1.  CSP to other CSPs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  15
         4.2.2.2.  User to CSP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  16
       4.2.3.  Managing Change . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  16
         4.2.3.1.  Changing the CSP for an Existing Communications
                   Service . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  16
         4.2.3.2.  Terminating a Service . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  16
     4.3.  Retrieval . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  17
       4.3.1.  Retrieval of Public Data  . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  17
       4.3.2.  Retrieval of Semi-restricted Administrative Data  . .  18
       4.3.3.  Retrieval of Semi-restricted Service Data . . . . . .  18
       4.3.4.  Retrieval of Restricted Data  . . . . . . . . . . . .  18
   5.  Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  19
   6.  IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  19
   7.  Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  19
   8.  Informative References  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  20
   Authors' Addresses  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  22







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1.  Problem Statement

   The challenges of utilizing telephone numbers (TNs) on the Internet
   have been known for some time.  Internet telephony provided the first
   use case for routing telephone numbers on the Internet in a manner
   similar to how calls are routed in the public switched telephone
   network (PSTN).  As the Internet had no service for discovering the
   endpoints associated with telephone numbers, ENUM [3] created a DNS-
   based mechanism for resolving TNs in an IP environment, by defining
   procedures for translating TNs into URIs for use by protocols such as
   SIP [2].  The resulting database was designed to function in a manner
   similar to the systems that route calls in the PSTN.  Originally, it
   was envisioned that ENUM would be deployed as a global hierarchical
   service, though in practice, it has only been deployed piecemeal by
   various parties.  Most notably, ENUM is used as an internal network
   function, and is hardly used between service provider networks.  The
   original ENUM concept of a single root, e164.arpa, proved to be
   politically and practically challenging, and less centralized models
   have thus flourished.  Subsequently, the DRINKS [4] framework showed
   ways that authorities might provision information about TNs at an
   ENUM service or similar Internet-based directory.  These technologies
   have also generally tried to preserve the features and architecture
   familiar to the PSTN numbering environment.

   Over time, Internet telephony has encompassed functions that differ
   substantially from traditional PSTN routing and management,
   especially as non-traditional providers have begun to utilize
   numbering resources.  An increasing number of enterprises, over-the-
   top Voice over IP providers, text messaging services, and related
   non-carrier services have become heavy users of telephone numbers.
   An enterprise, for example, could deploy an IP PBX that receives a
   block of telephone numbers from a carrier and then in turn distribute
   those numbers to new IP telephones when they associate with the PBX.
   Internet services offer users portals where they can allocate new
   telephone numbers on the fly, assign multiple "alias" telephone
   numbers to a single line service, implement various mobility or find-
   me-follow-me applications, and so on.  Peer-to-peer telephone
   networks have encouraged experiments with distributed databases for
   telephone number routing and even allocation.

   This dynamic control over telephone numbers has few precedents in the
   traditional PSTN outside of number portability.  Number portability
   has been implemented in many countries, and the capability of a user
   to choose and change their service provider while retaining their TN
   is widely implemented now.  However, TN administration processes
   rooted in PSTN technology and policies dictate that this be an
   exception process fraught with problems and delays.  Originally,
   processes were built to associate a specific TN to a specific service



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   provider and never change it.  With number portability, the industry
   had to build new infrastructure, new administrative functions and
   processes to change the association of the TN from one service
   provider to another.  Thanks to the increasing sophistication of
   consumer mobile devices as Internet endpoints as well as telephones,
   users now associate TNs with many Internet applications other than
   telephony.  This has generated new interest in models similar to
   those in place for administering freephone services in the United
   States, where a user purchases a number through a sort of number
   registrar and controls its administration (such as routing) on their
   own, typically using Internet services to directly make changes to
   the service associated with telephone numbers.

   Most TNs today are assigned to specific geographies, at both an
   international level and within national numbering plans.  Numbering
   practices today are tightly coupled with the manner that service
   providers interconnect, as well as how TNs are routed and
   administered: the PSTN was carefully designed to delegate switching
   intelligence geographically.  In interexchange carrier routing in
   North America, for example, calls to a particular TN are often handed
   off to the terminating service provider close to the geography where
   that TN is assigned.  But the overwhelming success of mobile
   telephones has increasing eroded the connection between numbers and
   regions.  Furthermore, the topology of IP networks is not anchored to
   geography in the same way that the telephone network is.  In an
   Internet environment, establishing a network architecture for routing
   TNs could depend little on geography.  Adapting TNs to the Internet
   requires more security, richer datasets and more complex query and
   response capabilities than previous efforts have provided.

   This document will create a common understanding of the problem
   statement related to allocating, managing, and resolving TNs in an IP
   environment.  It outlines a framework and lists motivating use cases
   for creating IP-based mechanisms for TNs.  It is important to
   acknowledge at the outset that there are various evolving
   international and national policies and processes related to TNs, and
   any solutions need to be flexible enough to account for variations in
   policy and requirements.

2.  Definitions

   This section provides definitions for actors, data types and data
   management architectures as they are discussed in this document.
   Different numbering spaces may instantiate these roles and concepts
   differently: practices that apply to non-geographic freephone
   numbers, for example, may not apply to geographic numbers, and
   practices that exist under one Numbering Authority may not be
   permitted under another.  The purpose of this framework is to



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   identify the characteristics of protocol tools that will satisfy the
   diverse requirements for telephone number acquisition, management,
   and retrieval on the Internet.

2.1.  Actors

   The following roles of actors are defined in this document:

   Numbering Authority:  A regulatory body within a country that manages
      that country's TNs.  The Numbering Authority decides national
      numbering policy for the nation, region, or other domain for which
      it has authority, including what TNs can be allocated, and which
      are reserved.

   Registry:  An entity that administers the allocation of TNs based on
      a Numbering Authority's policies.  Numbering authorities can act
      as the Registries themselves, or they can outsource the function
      to other entities.  There are two subtypes of Registries: an
      Authoritative Registry and a Distributed Registry.  The general
      term Registry in this document refers to both kinds of Registries.

   Authoritative Registry:  An authoritative Registry is a single entity
      with sole responsibility for specific numbering resources.

   Distributed Registry:  Distributed Registries are multiple Registries
      responsible for the same numbering resources.

   Registrar:  An entity that distributes the telephone numbers
      administered by a Registry; typically, there are many Registrars
      that can distribute numbers from a single Registry, through
      Registrars may serve multiple Registries as well.  A Registrar has
      business relationships with its assignees and collects
      administrative information from them.

   Communication Service Provider (CSP):  A provider of communications
      services, where those services can be identified by TNs.  This
      includes both traditional telephone carriers or enterprises as
      well as service providers with no presence on the PSTN who use
      TNs.  This framework does not assume that any single CSP provides
      all the communications service related to a particular TN.

   Service Enabler:  An entity that works with CSPs to enable
      communication service to a User; perhaps a vendor, or third-party
      integrator.

   User:  An individual reachable through a communications service;
      usually a customer of a communication service provider.




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   Government Entity:  An entity that, due to legal powers deriving from
      national policy, has privileged access to information about number
      administration under certain conditions.

   Note that an individual, company or other entity may act in one or
   more of the roles above; for example, a company may be a CSP and also
   a Registrar.  Although Numbering Authorities are listed as actors,
   they are unlikely to actually participate in the protocol flows
   themselves, though in some situations a Numbering Authority and
   Registry may be the same administrative entity.

   All actors that are recipients of numbering resources, be they a CSP,
   Service Enabler, or User, can also be said to have a relationship to
   a Registry of either an assignee or delegate:

   Assignee:  An actor that is assigned a TN directly by a Registrar; an
      assignee always has a direct relationship with a Registrar.

   Delegate:  An actor that is delegated a TN from an assignee or
      another delegate, who does not necessarily have a direct
      relationship with a Registrar.  Delegates may delegate one or more
      of their TN assignment(s) to one or more further downstream
      subdelegates.

   As an example, consider a case where a Numbering Authority also acts
   as a Registry, and it issues 10,000 blocks of TNs to CSPs, which in
   this case also act as Registrars.  CSP/Registrars would then be
   responsible for distributing numbering resources to Users and other
   CSPs.  In this case, an enterprise deploying IP PBXs also acts as a
   CSP, and it acquires number blocks for its enterprise seats in chunks
   of 100 from a CSP acting as a Registrar with whom the enterprise has
   a business relationship.  The enterprise is in this case the
   assignee, as it receives numbering resources directly from a
   Registrar.  As it doles out individual numbers to its Users, the
   enterprise delegates its own numbering resources to those Users and
   their communications endpoints.  The overall ecosystem might look as
   follows.














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                +---------+
                |Numbering|
                |Authority|Registry
                +----+----+
                     |
                     V 10,000 TNs
                +---------+
                |   CSP   |Registrar
                +----+----+
                     |
                     V  100 TNs
                +---------+
                |   PBX   |Assignee
                +---------+
                     |
                     V    1 TN
                +---------+
                |  User   |Delegate
                +---------+

                   Figure 1: Chain of Number Assignment

2.2.  Data Types

   The following data types are defined in this document:

   Administrative Data:  assignment data related to the TN and the
      relevant actors; it includes TN status (assigned, unassigned,
      etc.), contact data for the assignee or delegate, and typically
      does not require real-time performance as access to this data is
      not required for ordinary call or session establishment.

   Service Data:  data necessary to enable service for the TN; it
      includes addressing data, service features, and so on, and
      typically does require real-time performance, in so far as this
      data typically must be queried during call set-up.

   Administrative and service data can fit into three categories:

   Public:  data that anyone can access, for example a list of which
      numbering resources (unallocated number ranges) are available for
      acquisition from the Registry.

   Semi-restricted:  data that a subset of actors can access, for
      example CSPs may be able to access other CSP's service data.






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   Restricted:  data that is only available to a small subset of actors,
      for example a Government Entity may be able access contact
      information for a User.

   While it might appear there are really only two categories, public
   and restricted based on requestor, the distinction between semi-
   restricted and restricted is helpful for the use cases below.

2.3.  Data Management Architectures

   This framework generally assumes that administrative and service data
   is maintained by CSPs, Registrars, and Registries.  The role of a
   Registry described here is a "thin" one, where the Registry manages
   basic allocation information for the numbering space, such as
   information about whether or not the number is assigned, and if
   assigned, by which Registrar.  It is the Registrar that in turn
   manages detailed administrative data about those assignments, such as
   contact or billing information for the assignee.  In some models,
   CSPs and Registrars will be composed (the same administrative
   entity), and in others the Registry and Registrar may similarly be
   composed.  Typically, service data resides largely at the CSP itself,
   though in some models a "thicker" Registry may itself contain a
   pointer to the servicing CSP for a number or number block.  In
   addition to traditional centralized Registries, this framework also
   supports environments where the same data is being managed by
   multiple administrative entities, and stored in many locations.  A
   distribute registry system is discussed further in [16].

   Data store:  a service that stores and enables access to
      administrative and/or service data.

   Reference Address:  a URL that dereferences to the location of the
      data store.

   Distributed data stores:  refers to administrative or service data
      being stored with multiple actors.  For example, CSPs could
      provision their service data to multiple other CSPs.

   Distributed Registries:  refers to multiple Registries managing the
      same numbering resource.  Actors could interact with one or
      multiple Registries.  The Registries would update each other when
      change occurs.  The challenge is to ensure there are no clashes,
      e.g., two Registries assigning the same TN to two different
      actors.







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3.  Framework

   The framework outlined in this document requires three Internet-based
   mechanisms for managing and resolving telephone numbers (TNs) in an
   IP environment.  These mechanisms will likely reuse existing
   protocols for sharing structured data; it is unlikely that new
   protocol development work will be required, though new information
   models specific to the data itself will be a major focus of framework
   development.  Likely candidates for reuse here include work done in
   DRINKS [4] and WEIRDS [12], as well as the TeRI [13] framework.

   These protocol mechanisms are scoped in a way that makes them likely
   to apply to a broad range of future policies for number
   administration.  It is not the purpose of this framework to dictate
   number policy, but instead to provide tools that will work with
   policies as they evolve going forward.  These mechanisms therefore do
   not assume that number administration is centralized, nor that number
   allocations are restricted to any category of service providers,
   though these tools must and will work in environments with those
   properties.

   The three mechanisms are:

   Acquisition:  a protocol mechanism for acquiring TNs, including an
      enrollment process.

   Management:  a protocol mechanism for associating data with TNs.

   Retrieval:  a protocol mechanism for retrieving data about TNs.

   The acquisition mechanism will enable actors to acquire TNs for use
   with a communications service.  The acquisition mechanism will
   provide a means to request numbering resources from a service
   operated by a Registrar, CSP or similar actor.  TNs may be requested
   either on a number-by-number basis, or as inventory blocks.  Any
   actor who grants numbering resources will retain metadata about the
   assignment, including the responsible organization or individual to
   whom numbers have been assigned.

   The management mechanism will let actors provision data associated
   with TNs.  For example, if a User has been assigned a TN, they may
   select a CSP to provide a particular service associated with the TN,
   or a CSP may assign a TN to a User upon service activation.  In
   either case, a mechanism is needed to provision data associated with
   the TN at that CSP.

   The retrieval mechanism will enable actors to learn information about
   TNs, typically by sending a request to a CSP.  For some information,



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   an actor may need to send a request to a Registry rather than a CSP.
   Different parties may be authorized to receive different information
   about TNs.

   As an example, a CSP might use the acquisition interface to acquire a
   chunk of numbers from a Registrar.  Users might then provision
   administrative data associated with those numbers at the CSP through
   the management interface, and query for service data relating to
   those numbers through the retrieval interface of the CSP.



              +--------+
              |Registry|
              +---+----+
                  |
                  V
             +---------+
             |Registrar|
             +---------+
                   \
                    \\
          Acquisition \\
                        \\+-------+
                          \  CSP  |
                          +---+---+
                           A     A
                           |     |
                Management |     | Retrieval
                           |     |
                           |     |
                   +-------++   ++-------+
                   |  User  |   |  User  |
                   +--------+   +--------+



                 Figure 2: Example of the Three Interfaces

4.  Use Cases

   The high-level use cases in this section will provide an overview of
   the expected operation of the three interfaces in the MODERN problem
   space.







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4.1.  Acquisition

   There are various scenarios for how TNs can be acquired by the
   relevant actors: a CSP, Service Enabler, or User.  There are three
   actors from which numbers can be acquired: a Registrar, a CSP and a
   User (presumably one who is delegating to another party).  It is
   assumed that Registrars are either composed with Registries, or that
   Registrars have established business relationships with Registries
   that enable them to distribute the numbers that the Registries here
   administer.  In these use cases, a User may acquire TNs either from a
   CSP or a Registry, or from an intermediate delegate.

4.1.1.  CSP Acquires TNs from Registrar

   The most fundamental and traditional numbering use case is one where
   a CSP, such as a carrier, requests a block of numbers from a
   Registrar to hold as inventory or assign to customers.

   Through some out-of-band business process, a CSP develops a
   relationship with a Registrar.  The Registrar maintains a profile of
   the CSP and what qualifications they possess for requesting TNs.  The
   CSP may then request TNs from within a specific pool of numbers in
   the authority of the Registry; such as region, mobile, wireline,
   tollfree, etc.  The Registrar must authenticate and authorize the
   CSP, and then either grant or deny a request.  When an assignment
   occurs, the Registry creates and stores administrative information
   related to the assignment such as TN status and Registrar contact
   information, and removes the specific TN(s) from the pool of those
   that are available for assignment.  As a part of the acquisition and
   assignment process, the Registry provides any necessary credentials
   (for example, STIR certificates [14]) to the Registrar to be used to
   prove the assignment for future transactions.

   Before it is eligible to receive TN assignments, per the policy of a
   national authority, the CSP may need to have submitted (again,
   through some out-of-band process) additional qualifying information
   such as current utilization rate or a demand forecast.

   There are two scenarios under which a CSP requests resources; they
   are requesting inventory, or they are requesting for a specific User
   or delegate.  TNs assigned to a User are always considered assigned,
   not inventory.  The CSP will associate service information for that
   TN, e.g., service address, and make it available to other CSPs to
   enable interoperability.  The CSP may need to update the Registrar
   regarding this service activation (this is part of the "TN status"
   maintained by the Registrar).





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4.1.2.  User Acquires TNs from CSP

   Today, a User typically acquires a TN from CSP when signing up for
   communications service or turning on a new device.  In this use case,
   the User becomes the delegate of the CSP.

   A User creates or has a relationship with the CSP, and subscribes to
   a communications service which includes the use of a TN.  The CSP
   collects and stores administrative data about the User.  The CSP then
   activates the User on their network and creates any necessary service
   data to enable interoperability with other CSPs.  The CSP could also
   update public or privileged databases accessible by other Actors.
   The CSP provides any necessary credentials to the User (for example,
   a STIR certificate [14]) to prove the assignment for future
   transactions.  Such credential could be delegated from the one
   provided by the Registrar to the CSP to continue the chain of
   assignment.

   The CSP could assign a TN from its existing inventory or it could
   acquire a new TN from the Registrar as part of the assignment
   process.  If it assigns it from its existing inventory it would
   remove the specific TN from the pool of those available for
   assignment.  It may also update the Registrar about the assignment so
   the Registrar has current assignment data.

4.1.3.  CSP Delegates TNs to Another CSP

   A reseller or a service bureau might acquire a block of numbers from
   a CSP to be issued to Users.

   In this case, the delegate CSP has a business relationship with the
   assignee CSP.  The assignee CSP collects and stores administrative
   data about the delegate.  The assignee then activates the delegate on
   their network and creates any necessary service data to enable
   interoperability with other CSPs.  The CSP could also update public
   or privileged databases accessible by other Actors.  The CSP provides
   any necessary credentials to the delegate CSP (for example, a STIR
   certificate [14]) to prove the assignment for future transactions.
   Such credentials could be delegated from the one provided by the
   Registry to the CSP to continue the chain of assignment.

   The CSP could assign a block from its existing inventory or it could
   acquire new TNs from the Registrar as part of the assignment process.
   If it assigns it from its existing inventory it would remove the
   specific TN from the pool of those available for assignment.  It may
   also update the Registrar about the assignment so the Registrar has
   current assignment data.  The Delegate may need to provide




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   utilization and assignment data to the Registry, either directly or
   through the CSP.

4.1.4.  User Acquires TNs from a Delegate

   Acquiring a TN from a delegate follows the process in Section 4.1.2,
   as it should be similar to how a User acquires TNs from a CSP.  In
   this case, the delegate re-delegating the TNs would be performing
   functions done by the CSP, e.g., providing any credentials,
   collecting administrative data, creative service data, and so on.

4.1.5.  User Acquires Numbers from Registrar

   Today, a user wishing to acquire a freephone number may browse the
   existing inventory through one or more Registrars, comparing their
   prices and services.  Each such Registrar either is a CSP, or has a
   business relationship with a CSP to provide services for that
   freephone number.

   Acquiring a TN from a Registrar follows the process in Section 4.1.1,
   as it should be similar to how a CSP acquires TNs from a Registrar.
   In this case, the User must establish some business relationship
   directly to a Registrar, similarly to how such functions are
   conducted today when Users purchase domain names.  For the purpose of
   status information kept by the Registry, TNs assigned to a User are
   always considered assigned, not inventory.

   In this use case, after receiving a number assignment from the
   Registrar, a User will then obtain communications service from a CSP,
   and provide to the CSP the TN to be used for that service.  The CSP
   will associate service information for that TN, e.g., service
   address, and make it available to other CSPs to enable
   interoperability.

4.2.  Management

   The management protocol mechanism is needed to associate
   administrative and service data with TNs, and may be used to refresh
   or rollover associated credentials.

4.2.1.  Management of Administrative Data

   Administrative data is primarily related to the status of the TN, its
   administrative contacts, and the actors involved in providing service
   to the TN.  Protocol interactions for administrative data will
   therefore predominantly occur between CSPs and Users to the
   Registrar, or between Users and delegate CSPs to the CSP.




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   Most administrative data is not a good candidate for a distributed
   data store model.  Access to it does not require real-time
   performance therefore local caches are not necessary.  And it will
   include sensitive information such as user and contact data.

   Some of the data could lend itself to being publicly available, such
   as CSP and TN assignment status.  In that case it would be deemed
   public information for the purposes of the retrieval interface.

4.2.1.1.  CSP to Registrar

   After a CSP acquires a TN or block of TNs from the Registrar (per
   Section 4.1.1 above), it then provides administrative data to the
   Registrar as a step in the acquisition process.  The Registrar will
   authenticate the CSP and determine if the CSP is authorized to
   provision the administrative data for the TNs in question.  The
   Registry will update the status of the TN, i.e., that it is
   unavailable for assignment.  The Registrar will also maintain
   administrative data provided by the CSP.

   Changes to this administrative data will not be frequent.  Examples
   of changes would be terminating service (see Section 4.2.3.2) and
   changing a CSP or delegate.  Changes should be authenticated by a
   credential to prove administrative responsibility for the TN.

   In a distributed Registry model, TN status, e.g., allocated,
   assigned, available, unavailable, would need to be provided to other
   Registries in real-time.  Other administrative data could be sent to
   all Registries or other Registries could get a reference address to
   the host Registry's data store.

4.2.1.2.  User to CSP

   After a User acquires a TN or block of TNs from a CSP, the User will
   provide administrative data to the CSP.  The CSP commonly acts as a
   Registrar in this case, maintaining the administrative data and only
   notify the Registry of the change in TN status.  In this case, the
   Registry maintains a reference address to the CSP/Registrar's
   administrative data store so relevant actors have the ability to
   access the data.  Alternatively a CSP could send the administrative
   data to an external Registrar to store.  If there is a delegate
   between the CSP and user, they will have to ensure there is a
   mechanism for the delegate to update the CSP as change occurs.








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4.2.1.3.  User to Registrar

   If the User has a direct relationship with the Registrar, then
   naturally the user could provision administrative data associated
   with their TN directly to the Registrar.  This is the case, for
   example, with the freephone example, where a User has a business
   relationship with its freephone provider, and the freephone provider
   maintains account and billing data.  While delegates necessarily are
   not assignees, some environments as an optimization might want to
   support a model where the delegate updates the Registrar directly on
   changes, as opposed to sending that data to the CSP or through the
   CSP to the Registrar.  As stated already, the protocol should enable
   Users to acquire TNs directly from a Registrar, which Registrar may
   or may not also act as a CSP.  In these cases the updates would be
   similar to that described in Section 4.2.1.1.

4.2.2.  Management of Service Data

   Service data is data required by an originating or intermediate CSP
   to enable communications service to a User: a SIP URI is an example
   of one service data element commonly used to route communications.
   CSPs typically create and manage service data, however it is possible
   that delegates and Users could as well.  For most use cases involving
   individual Users, it is anticipated that lower-level service
   information changes would be communicated to CSPs via existing
   protocols (like the baseline SIP REGISTER [2] method) rather than
   through any new interfaces defined by MODERN.

4.2.2.1.  CSP to other CSPs

   After a User enrolls for service with a CSP, in the case where the
   CSP was assigned the TN by a Registrar, the CSP will then create a
   service address (such as a SIP URI) and associate it with the TN.
   The CSP needs to update this data to enable service interoperability.
   There are multiple ways that this update can occur, though most
   commonly service data is exposed through the retrieval interface (see
   Section 4.3.  For certain deployment architectures, like a
   distributed data store model, CSPs may need to provide data directly
   to other CSPs.

   If the CSP is assigning a TN from its own inventory it may not need
   to perform service data updates as change occurs because the existing
   service data associated with inventory may be sufficient once the TN
   is put in service.  They would however likely update the Registry on
   the change in status.






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4.2.2.2.  User to CSP

   Users could also associate service data to their TNs at the CSP.  An
   example is a User acquires a TN from the Registrar (as described in
   Section 4.1.5) and wants to provide that TN to the CSP so the CSP can
   enable service.  In this case, once the user provides the number to
   the CSP, the CSP would update the Registry or other actors as
   outlined in Section 4.2.2.1.

4.2.3.  Managing Change

   This section will address some special use cases that were not
   covered in other sections of 4.2.

4.2.3.1.  Changing the CSP for an Existing Communications Service

   A User who subscribes to a communications service, and received their
   TN from that CSP, wishes to retain the same TN but move their service
   to a different CSP.  The User provides their credential to the new
   CSP and the CSP initiates the change in service.

   In the simplest scenario, where there's an authoritative composed
   Registry/Registrar that maintains service data, the new CSP provides
   the new service data with the User's credential to the Registry/
   Registrar, which then makes the change.  The old credential is
   revoked and a new one is provided.  The new CSP or the Registrar
   would send a notification to the old CSP, so they can disable
   service.  The old CSP will undo any delegations to the User,
   including invalidating any cryptographic credentials (e.g.  STIR
   certificates [13]) previously granted to the User.  Any service data
   maintained by the CSP must be removed, and similarly, the CSP must
   delete any such information it provisioned in the Registry.

   In a similar model to common practice in some environments today, the
   User could provide their credential to the old CSP, and the old CSP
   initiates the change in service.

   If there was a distributed Registry that maintained service data, the
   Registry would also have to update the other Registries of the
   change.

4.2.3.2.  Terminating a Service

   A User who subscribes to a communications service, and received their
   TN from the CSP, wishes to terminate their service.  At this time,
   the CSP will undo any delegations to the User, including invalidating
   any cryptographic credentials (e.g.  STIR certificates [13])
   previously granted to the User.  Any service data maintained by the



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   CSP must be removed, and similarly, the CSP must delete any such
   information it provisioned in the Registrar.

   The TN will change state from assigned to unassigned, the CSP will
   update the Registry.  Depending on policies the TN could go back into
   the Registry, CSP, or delegate's pool of available TNs and would
   likely enter an ageing process.

   In an alternative use case, a User who received their own TN
   assignment directly from a Registrar terminates their service with a
   CSP.  At this time, the User might terminate their assignment from
   the Registrar, and return the TN to the Registry for re-assignment.
   Alternatively, they could retain the TN and elect to assign it to
   some other service at a later time.

4.3.  Retrieval

   Retrieval of administrative or service data will be subject to access
   restrictions based on the category of the specific data; public,
   semi-restricted or restricted.  Both administrative and service data
   can have data elements that fall into each of these categories.  It
   is expected that the majority of administrative and service data will
   fall into the semi-restricted category: access to this information
   may require some form of authorization, though service data crucial
   to reachability will need to be accessible.  In some environments,
   it's possible that none of the service data will be considered
   public.

   The retrieval protocol mechanism for semi-restricted and restricted
   data needs a way for the receiver of the request to identify the
   originator of the request and what is being requested.  The receiver
   of the request will process that request based on this information.

4.3.1.  Retrieval of Public Data

   Under most circumstances, a CSP wants its communications service to
   be publicly reachable through TNs, so the retrieval interface
   supports public interfaces that permit clients to query for service
   data about a TN.  Some service data may however require that the
   client by authorized to receive it, per the use case in Section 4.3.3
   below.

   Public data can simply be posted on websites or made available
   through a publicly available API.  Public data hosted by a CSP may
   have a reference address at the Registry.






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4.3.2.  Retrieval of Semi-restricted Administrative Data

   A CSP is having service problems completing calls to a specific TN,
   so it wants to contact the CSP serving that TN.  The Registry
   authorizes the originating CSP to access this information.  It
   initiates a query to the Registry, the Registry verifies the
   requestor and the requested data and Registry responds with the
   serving CSP and contact data.

   Alternatively that information could be part of a distributed data
   store and not stored at the Registry.  In that case, the CSP has the
   data in a local distributed data store and it initiates the query to
   the local data store.  The local data store responds with the CSP and
   contact data.  No verification is necessary because it was done when
   the CSP was authorized to receive the data store.

4.3.3.  Retrieval of Semi-restricted Service Data

   A User on a CSP's network calls a TN.  The CSP initiates a query for
   service data associated with the TN to complete the call, and will
   receive special service data because the CSP operates in a closed
   environment where different CSPs receive different responses, and
   only authorized CSPs may access service data.  The query and response
   must have real-time performance.  There are multiple scenarios for
   the query and response.

   In a distributed data store model each CSP distributes its updated
   service data to all other CSPs.  The originating CSP has the service
   data in its local data store and queries it.  The local data store
   responds with the service data.  The service data can be a reference
   address to a data store maintained by the serving CSP or it can be
   the service address itself.  In the case where it's a reference
   address the query would go to the serving CSP and they would verify
   the requestor and the requested data and respond.  In the case where
   it's the service address it would process the call using that.

   In some environments, aspects of the service data may reside at the
   Registry itself (for example, the assigned CSP for a TN), and thus a
   the query may be sent to the Registry.  The Registry verifies the
   requestor and the requested data and responds with the service data,
   such as a SIP URI containing the domain of the assigned CSP.

4.3.4.  Retrieval of Restricted Data

   In this case, a Government Entity wishes to access information about
   a particular User, who subscribes to a communications service.  The
   entity that operates the Registry on behalf of the National Authority
   in this case has some pre-defined relationship with the Government



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   Entity.  When the CSP acquired TNs from the National Authority, it
   was a condition of that assignment that the CSP provide access for
   Government Entities to telephone numbering data when certain
   conditions apply.  The required data may reside either in the CSP or
   in the Registrar.

   For a case where the CSP delegates a number to the User, the CSP
   might provision the Registrar (or itself, if the CSP is composed with
   a Registrar) with information relevant to the User.  At such a time
   as the Government Entity needs information about that User, the
   Government Entity may contact the Registrar or CSP to acquire the
   necessary data.  The interfaces necessary for this will be the same
   as those described in Section 4.3; the Government Entity will be
   authenticated, and an authorization decision will be made by the
   Registrar or CSP under the policy dictates established by the
   National Authority.

5.  Acknowledgments

   We would like to thank Henning Schulzrinne for his contributions to
   this problem statement and framework, and to thank Pierce Gorman for
   detailed comments.

6.  IANA Considerations

   This memo includes no instructions for the IANA.

7.  Security Considerations

   The acquisition, management, and retrieval of administrative and
   service data associated with telephone numbers raises a number of
   security issues.

   Any mechanism that allows an individual or organization to acquire
   telephone numbers will require a means of mutual authentication, of
   integrity protection, and of confidentiality.  A Registry as defined
   in this document will surely want to authenticate the source of an
   acquisition request as a first step in the authorization process to
   determine whether or not the resource will be granted.  Integrity of
   both the request and response is essential to ensuring that tampering
   does not allow attackers to block acquisitions, or worse, to
   commandeer resources.  Confidentiality is essential to preventing
   eavesdroppers from learning about allocations, including the
   personally identifying information associated with the administrative
   or technical contracts for allocations.

   A management interface for telephone numbers has similar
   requirements.  Without proper authentication and authorization



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   mechanisms in place, an attack could use the management interface to
   disrupt service data or administrative data, which could deny service
   to users, enable new impersonation attacks, prevent billing systems
   from operating properly, and cause similar system failures.

   Finally, a retrieval interfaces has its own needs for mutual
   authentication, integrity protection, and for confidentiality.  Any
   CSP sending a request to retrieve service data associated with a
   number will want to know that it is reaching the proper authority,
   that the response from that authority has not been tampered with in
   transit, and in most cases the CSP will not want to reveal to
   eavesdroppers the number it is requesting or the response that it has
   received.  Similarly, any service answering such a query will want to
   have a means of authenticating the source of the query, and of
   protecting the integrity and confidentiality of its responses.

8.  Informative References

   [1]        Peterson, J. and C. Jennings, "Enhancements for
              Authenticated Identity Management in the Session
              Initiation Protocol (SIP)", RFC 4474,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC4474, August 2006,
              <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4474>.

   [2]        Rosenberg, J., Schulzrinne, H., Camarillo, G., Johnston,
              A., Peterson, J., Sparks, R., Handley, M., and E.
              Schooler, "SIP: Session Initiation Protocol", RFC 3261,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC3261, June 2002,
              <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3261>.

   [3]        Bradner, S., Conroy, L., and K. Fujiwara, "The E.164 to
              Uniform Resource Identifiers (URI) Dynamic Delegation
              Discovery System (DDDS) Application (ENUM)", RFC 6116,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC6116, March 2011,
              <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6116>.

   [4]        Channabasappa, S., Ed., "Data for Reachability of Inter-
              /Intra-NetworK SIP (DRINKS) Use Cases and Protocol
              Requirements", RFC 6461, DOI 10.17487/RFC6461, January
              2012, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6461>.

   [5]        Watson, M., "Short Term Requirements for Network Asserted
              Identity", RFC 3324, DOI 10.17487/RFC3324, November 2002,
              <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3324>.







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   [6]        Jennings, C., Peterson, J., and M. Watson, "Private
              Extensions to the Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) for
              Asserted Identity within Trusted Networks", RFC 3325,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC3325, November 2002,
              <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3325>.

   [7]        Hoffman, P. and J. Schlyter, "The DNS-Based Authentication
              of Named Entities (DANE) Transport Layer Security (TLS)
              Protocol: TLSA", RFC 6698, DOI 10.17487/RFC6698, August
              2012, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6698>.

   [8]        Elwell, J., "Connected Identity in the Session Initiation
              Protocol (SIP)", RFC 4916, DOI 10.17487/RFC4916, June
              2007, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4916>.

   [9]        Schulzrinne, H., "The tel URI for Telephone Numbers",
              RFC 3966, DOI 10.17487/RFC3966, December 2004,
              <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3966>.

   [10]       Rosenberg, J. and C. Jennings, "The Session Initiation
              Protocol (SIP) and Spam", RFC 5039, DOI 10.17487/RFC5039,
              January 2008, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5039>.

   [11]       Peterson, J., Jennings, C., and R. Sparks, "Change Process
              for the Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) and the Real-
              time Applications and Infrastructure Area", BCP 67,
              RFC 5727, DOI 10.17487/RFC5727, March 2010,
              <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5727>.

   [12]       Newton, A. and S. Hollenbeck, "Registration Data Access
              Protocol (RDAP) Query Format", RFC 7482,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC7482, March 2015,
              <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7482>.

   [13]       Peterson, J., "A Framework and Information Model for
              Telephone-Related Information (TeRI)", draft-peterson-
              modern-teri-00 (work in progress), October 2015.

   [14]       Peterson, J. and S. Turner, "Secure Telephone Identity
              Credentials: Certificates", draft-ietf-stir-
              certificates-06 (work in progress), July 2016.

   [15]       Barnes, M., Jennings, C., Rosenberg, J., and M. Petit-
              Huguenin, "Verification Involving PSTN Reachability:
              Requirements and Architecture Overview", draft-jennings-
              vipr-overview-06 (work in progress), December 2013.





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   [16]       Bellur, H. and C. Wendt, "Distributed Registry Protocol",
              draft-wendt-modern-drip-00 (work in progress), October
              2015.

   [17]       Rosenberg, J. and H. Schulzrinne, "Session Initiation
              Protocol (SIP): Locating SIP Servers", RFC 3263,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC3263, June 2002,
              <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3263>.

Authors' Addresses

   Jon Peterson
   Neustar, Inc.
   1800 Sutter St Suite 570
   Concord, CA  94520
   US

   Email: jon.peterson@neustar.biz


   Tom McGarry
   Neustar, Inc.
   1800 Sutter St Suite 570
   Concord, CA  94520
   US

   Email: tom.mcgarry@neustar.biz
























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