MPLS Working Group S. Kini (Ed)
Internet Draft W. Lu (Ed)
Intended status: Standards Track Ericsson
Expires: November 2010 May 10, 2010
LDP IGP Synchronization for broadcast networks
draft-ietf-mpls-ldp-igp-sync-bcast-02.txt
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Abstract
LDP IGP Synchronization ([LDP-IGP-SYNC]) describes a mechanism to
prevent black-holing traffic (e.g. VPN) when an interior gateway
protocol (IGP) is operational on a link but Label Distribution
Protocol (LDP) is not. If this mechanism is applied to broadcast
links that have more than one LDP/IGP peer, the cost-out
procedure can only be applied to the link as a whole but not an
individual peer. When a new LDP peer comes up on a broadcast
network, this can result in loss of traffic through other
established peers on that network. This document describes a
mechanism to address that use-case without dropping traffic. The
mechanism does not introduce any protocol changes.
Table of Contents
1. Introduction ..................................................3
2. Conventions used in this document .............................3
3. Problem Statement .............................................3
4. Solution ......................................................5
5. Scope .........................................................7
6. Applicability .................................................7
7. Security Considerations .......................................7
8. IANA Considerations ...........................................7
9. Conclusions ...................................................7
10. References ...................................................8
10.1. Normative References ....................................8
10.2. Informative References ..................................8
11. Acknowledgments ..............................................9
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Appendix A. Computation of 'cut-edge' ...........................10
Appendix B. Sync without support at one end .....................11
1. Introduction
In [LDP-IGP-SYNC], when [LDP] is not fully operational on a link,
the IGP advertises the link with maximum cost to avoid any
transit traffic on the link if possible. When LDP becomes
operational i.e., all the label bindings have been exchanged, the
link is advertised with its correct cost. This tries to ensure
that all along the IGP shortest path, the LDP LSP is available.
The mechanisms in [LDP-IGP-SYNC] have limitations when applied to
a broadcast link. These are described in section 3. A solution is
defined in section 4.
2. Conventions used in this document
The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL
NOT", "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and
"OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in
[RFC2119].
3. Problem Statement
On broadcast networks, a router's link-state advertisement (LSA)
contains a single cost to the broadcast network, rather than a
separate cost to each peer on the broadcast network. The
operation of the mechanism in [LDP-IGP-SYNC] is analyzed using
the sample topology of Figure 1 below where routers A, B, C and E
are attached to a common broadcast network. Say all links in that
topology have a cost of 1 except the link A-PE3 that has a cost
of 10. The use-case when router B's link to the broadcast network
comes up is analyzed. Before that link comes up, traffic between
PE1 and PE2 flows along the bi-directional path PE1-A-C-D-PE2 and
traffic between PE1 and PE3 flows along the bi-directional path
PE1-A-E-PE3.
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| +---+ +---+
|----| B |-----------|PE2|
| +---+ +---+
+---+ +---+ | |
|PE1|----| A |----| |
+---+ +---+ | |
| | +---+ +---+ |
| |----| C |----| D |----+
| | +---+ +---+
| |
| |
| |
| | +---+
| |----| E |-------------+
| | +---+ |
| | |
| |
| +---+
+---------------------------|PE3|
+---+
Figure 1 LDP IGP Sync on a broadcast network
In one interpretation of the applicability of [LDP-IGP-SYNC] to
broadcast networks, when a new router is discovered on a
broadcast network, that network should avoid transit traffic till
LDP becomes operational between all routers on that network. This
can be achieved by having all the attached routers advertise
maximum cost to that network. This should result in traffic that
is being sent via that broadcast network to be diverted. However,
traffic might be inadvertently diverted to the link that just
came up. Till LDP becomes operational, that traffic will be
black-holed. An additional problem is route churn in the entire
network that results in traffic that should be unaffected taking
sub-optimal paths until the high cost metric is reverted to the
normal cost. In Figure 1, when B's link to the broadcast network
comes up and it is discovered by routers A, C and E, then A, B, C
and E can all start advertising maximum cost to the broadcast
network. A will have B as next-hop to PE2 and will not have a LDP
LSP path to PE2 resulting in VPN traffic from PE1 to PE2 to be
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black-holed at A. The route churn at A also results in traffic
between PE1 and PE3 to be unnecessarily diverted to the sub-
optimal path PE1-A-PE3 until the maximum cost advertisement is
reverted to the normal cost.
This interpretation has the additional complexity of requiring
the maximum cost advertisement to be reverted by all routers
after LDP peering between all the routers on the broadcast
network is operational. This is non-trivial and needs co-
ordination between all the routers.
In another alternative interpretation of the applicability of
[LDP-IGP-SYNC] to broadcast networks, only the router whose link
to the broadcast network comes up, advertises maximum cost for
that link but other routers continue to advertise the normal
cost. In Figure 1 when B's link to the broadcast network comes
up, it advertises a high cost to the broadcast network. After the
IGP has converged but the LDP peering A-B is not yet operational,
A will have B as the next-hop for PE2 and will not have a LDP LSP
path to PE2. Since A's cost to reach B not high, A-B-PE2 becomes
the shortest path. VPN traffic from PE1 to PE2 will be dropped at
A.
4. Solution
The problem described above exists because the link-state
database (LSDB) of the IGP does not describe a link coming up on
a broadcast network with a high bi-directional cost to all other
routers on that broadcast network. A broadcast network is
advertised as a pseudo-node containing a list of routers that the
broadcast network is connected to and the cost of all these links
from the pseudo-node to each router is zero when computing SPF.
The solution proposed below removes the link that is coming up
from the LSDB unless absolutely necessary. Only the router whose
link is coming up plays a role in ensuring this. The other
routers on the broadcast network are not involved. The following
text describes this in more detail.
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During the intra-area SPF algorithm execution, an additional
computation is made to detect an alternate path to a directly
connected network that does not have any IGP adjacencies.
If a router has a directly connected network that does not have
an alternate path to reach it, then the interface to that network
is a 'cut-edge' in the topology for that router. When a 'cut-
edge' goes down, the network is partitioned into two disjoint
sub-graphs. This property of whether or not an interface is a
'cut-edge' is used when an IGP adjacency comes up on that
interface. The method to determine whether an interface is a
'cut-edge' is described in Appendix A.
During IGP procedures when the router's first adjacency to the
broadcast network is coming up and the LSA is about to be updated
with a link to the pseudo-node of the broadcast interface, a
check is made whether that interface is a 'cut-edge'. If it is
not a 'cut-edge' then the updating of the LSA with that link to
the pseudo-node is postponed until LDP is operational with all
the LDP peers on that broadcast interface. After LDP is
operational, the LSA is updated with that link to the pseudo-node
(and the LSA is flooded). If the interface is a 'cut-edge' then
the updating of the LSA must not be delayed by LDP's operational
state. Note that the IGP and LDP adjacency bring-up procedures
are unchanged. The conditional check whether the interface is a
'cut-edge' must be done just before the adjacency is about to be
reflected in the LSA.
If the IGP is [OSPF], the Router-LSA is not updated with a 'Link
Type 2' (link to transit network) for that subnet, until LDP is
operational with all neighboring routers on that subnet.
Similarly, if the IGP is [ISIS], the 'Link State PDU' is updated
with an 'IS Reachability TLV' (or an 'Extended IS Reachability
TLV') to the pseudo-node after LDP is operational with all
neighboring routers on that subnet.
Note that this solution can be introduced in a gradual manner in
a network without any backward compatibility issues.
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5. Scope
This document is agnostic to the method that detects LDP to be
operational with a neighbor. It does not define any new method to
detect that LDP is operational. At the time of publishing this
document [LDP-EOL] seems to be the preferred method.
Issues arising out of LDP not being configured on some routers or
on some interfaces are not specific to the method described in
this document and are considered outside the scope of this
solution.
6. Applicability
The method described in this document can be easily extended to
point-to-point (p2p) links. However, an implementation may
continue to apply the method described in [LDP-IGP-SYNC] to p2p
links but apply the method described in this document to
broadcast networks. Both methods can co-exist in a network.
The techniques used in this document's solution enable LDP IGP
synchronization in many scenarios where one end of the IGP
adjacency does not support any LDP IGP sync method. This is an
optional benefit and is for further study. Some ways to apply
this technique to achieve that benefit are discussed in Appendix
B.
7. Security Considerations
This document does not introduce any new security considerations
beyond those already described in [LDP-IGP-SYNC].
8. IANA Considerations
This document has no actions for IANA.
9. Conclusions
This document complements [LDP-IGP-SYNC] by providing a solution
to achieve LDP IGP synchronization for broadcast networks. It can
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also co-exist with that solution in a network that has a
combination of p2p links and broadcast networks. It can also be
introduced into a network without backward compatibility issues.
The solution in this document can also be used exclusively to
achieve LDP IGP synchronization since this solution applies to
both p2p links as well as broadcast networks.
This solution also has useful properties that can be optionally
used to achieve LDP IGP synchronization when only one end of the
IGP adjacency supports this solution but the other end supports
neither this solution nor the one in [LDP-IGP-SYNC].
10. References
10.1. Normative References
[RFC2119] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, March 1997.
[LDP-IGP-SYNC] Jork, M., et al, "LDP IGP Synchronization", RFC
5443, March 2009.
10.2. Informative References
[LDP] Andersson, L., et al, "LDP Specification", RFC 5036,
October 2007.
[OSPF] Moy, J., "OSPF Version 2", STD 54, RFC 2328, April
1998.
[ISIS] International Organization for Standardization,
"Intermediate system to intermediate system intra-
domain-routing routine information exchange protocol
for use in conjunction with the protocol for providing
the connectionless-mode Network Service (ISO 8473)",
ISO Standard 10589, 1992.
[LDP-EOL] Asati, R., et al, "Signaling LDP Label Advertisement
Completion", draft-ietf-mpls-ldp-end-of-lib-04, Work in
progress, August 2009.
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11. Acknowledgments
The authors would like to thank Luyuan Fang, Mikael Abrahamsson,
Ben Niven-Jenkins, Bruno Decraene, Jeff Tantsura and Acee Lindem
for their review and useful comments.
This document was prepared using 2-Word-v2.0.template.dot.
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Appendix A. Computation of 'cut-edge'
A 'cut-edge' can be computed during an intra-area SPF run or by
using results of the previous SPF run. If a SPF run was scheduled
but is pending execution, that SPF MUST be executed immediately
before any procedure checks whether an interface is a 'cut-edge'.
An interface is considered a 'cut-edge' if during intra-area SPF
(using Dijkstra's algorithm) there is no alternate path for the
directly connected network. Alternately, lack of connectivity to
the router-id of a directly connected peer via an alternate path
as detected by the last run of SPF can be used. The router-id can
be known during the adjacency bring-up process.
A 'cut-edge' computation should not require any extra SPF runs.
It should not increase the algorithmic complexity of SPF.
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Appendix B. Sync without support at one end
A useful property of the solution described in this document is
that LDP IGP synchronization is achievable in many scenarios
where one end of the IGP adjacency does not support any LDP IGP
sync method.
For p2p links (or broadcast links on which the IGP operates in
p2p mode) the applicability is straightforward. An IGP can
establish a p2p adjacency on a p2p link or a broadcast link with
the IGP in p2p mode. When a p2p adjacency comes up, the end of
the adjacency that supports the solution in this document would
not advertise the link to the other router in its LSA unless the
edge is a 'cut-edge' or until LDP becomes operational. Hence
neither of the two routers will have IGP next-hop as the other
router unless the link is a 'cut-edge'. Consider Figure 1
modified such that the broadcast network is replaced by p2p links
between each of A, B, C and E. Say link A-B is coming up but only
A has implemented the solution in this document whereas B has
implemented neither the solution in this document nor the
solution in [LDP-IGP-SYNC]. Since A's LSA does not advertise a
link to B until LDP is operational, B does not have A as next-
hop. After LDP is operational, A advertises the link to B in its
LSA. Hence there is no traffic loss due to LDP LSP not being
present.
For broadcast networks the applicability is not straightforward
and should be considered a topic for future study. One way is for
the DR to stop advertising the link in the pseudo-node to the
router whose link is coming up until LDP is operational.
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Authors' Addresses
Sriganesh Kini
Ericsson
300 Holger Way, San Jose, CA 95134
Email: sriganesh.kini@ericsson.com
Wenhu Lu
Ericsson
300 Holger Way, San Jose, CA 95134
Email: wenhu.lu@ericsson.com
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