INTERNET DRAFT M. Borella
Expires September 2000 D. Grabelsky
3Com Corp.
J. Lo
K. Tuniguchi
NEC USA
March 2000
Realm Specific IP: Protocol Specification
<draft-ietf-nat-rsip-protocol-06.txt>
Status of this Memo
This document is an Internet-Draft and is in full conformance with
all provisions of Section 10 of RFC2026.
Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering
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The list of current Internet-Drafts can be accessed at
http://www.ietf.org/ietf/1id-abstracts.txt
The list of Internet-Draft Shadow Directories can be accessed at
http://www.ietf.org/shadow.html.
Abstract
This document presents a protocol with which to implement Realm
Specific IP (RSIP). The protocol defined herein allows negotiation
of resources between an RSIP host and gateway, so that the host can
lease some of the gateway's addressing parameters in order to
establish a global network presence. This protocol is designed to
operate on the application layer and to use its own TCP or UDP port.
In particular, the protocol allows a gateway to allocate addressing
and control parameters to a host such that a flow policy can be
enforced at the gateway.
1. Introduction
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Network Address Translation (NAT) has gained popularity as a method
of separating public and private address spaces, and alleviating
network address shortages. A NAT translates the addresses of packets
leaving a first routing realm to an address from a second routing
realm, and performs the reverse function for packets entering the
first routing realm from the second routing realm. This translation
is performed transparently to the hosts in either space, and may
include modification of TCP/UDP port numbers and IP addresses in
packets that traverse the NAT.
While a NAT does not require hosts to be aware of the translation, it
will require an application layer gateway (ALG) for any protocol that
transmits IP addresses or port numbers in packet payloads (such as
FTP). Additionally, a NAT will not work with protocols that require
IP addresses and ports to remain unmodified between the source and
destination hosts, or protocols that prevent such modifications to
occur (such as some IPSEC modes, or application-layer end-to-end
encryption).
An alternative to a NAT is an architecture that allows the hosts
within the first (e.g., private) routing realm to directly use
addresses and other routing parameters from the second (e.g., public)
routing realm. Thus, RSIP [RSIP-FRAME] has been defined a method for
address sharing that exhibits more transparency than NAT. In
particular, RSIP requires that an RSIP gateway (a router or gateway
between the two realms) assign at least one address from the second
routing realm, and perhaps some other resources, to each RSIP host.
An RSIP host is a host in the first routing realm that needs to
establish end-to-end connectivity to a host, entity or device in the
second routing realm. Thus, the second routing realm is not directly
accessible from RSIP host, but this system allows packets to maintain
their integrity from RSIP host to their destination. ALGs are not
required in the RSIP gateway.
RSIP requires that hosts be modified so that they place some number
of layer three, layer four or other values from those assigned by the
RSIP gateway in each packet bound for the second routing realm.
This draft discusses a method for assigning parameters to an RSIP
host from an RSIP gateway. The requirements, scope, and
applicability of RSIP, as well as its interaction with other layer 3
protocols, are discussed in a companion framework draft [RSIP-FRAME].
Extensions to this protocol that enable end-to-end IPSEC are
discussed in [RSIP-IPSEC].
2. Specification of Requirements
The keywords "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT",
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"SHALL", "SHALL NOT", "MAY" and "MAY NOT" that appear in this
document are to be interpreted as described in [RFC2119].
3. Terminology
Private Realm
A routing realm that uses private IP addresses from the ranges
(10.0.0.0/8, 172.16.0.0/12, 192.168.0.0/16) specified in
[RFC1918], or addresses that are non-routable from the Internet.
Public Realm
A routing realm with unique network addresses assigned by the
Internet Assigned Number Authority (IANA) or an equivalent address
registry.
RSIP Host
A host within the private realm that acquires publicly unique
parameters from an RSIP gateway through the use of the RSIP
client/server protocol.
RSIP Gateway
A router situated on the boundary between a private realm and a
public realm and owns one or more public IP addresses. An RSIP
gateway is responsible for public parameter management and
assignment to RSIP hosts. An RSIP gateway may act as a normal NAT
router for hosts within the private realm that are not RSIP
enabled.
RSIP Client
An application program that performs the client portion of the
RSIP client/server protocol. An RSIP client application MUST
exist on all RSIP hosts, and MAY exist on RSIP gateways.
RSIP Server
An application program that performs the server portion of the
RSIP client/server protocol. An RSIP server application MUST
exist on all RSIP gateways.
RSA-IP: Realm Specific Address IP
An RSIP method in which each RSIP host is allocated a unique IP
address from the public realm. Discussed in detail in [RFC2663]
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RSAP-IP: Realm Specific Address and Port IP
An RSIP method in which each RSIP host is allocated an IP address
(possibly shared with other RSIP hosts) and some number of per-
address unique ports from the public realm. Discussed in detail
in [RFC2663]
Binding
An association of some combination of a local address, one or more
local ports, a remote address, and a remote port with an RSIP
host.
Resource
A general way to refer to an item that an RSIP host leases from an
RSIP gateway; e.g., an address or port.
All other terminology found in this document is consistent with that
of [RFC2663] and [RSIP-FRAME].
4. Architecture
For simplicity, in the remainder of this document we will assume that
the RSIP hosts in the first routing realm (network) use private (e.g.
see [RFC1918]) IP addresses, and that the second routing realm
(network) uses public IP addresses. (This assumption is made without
loss of generality and the ensuing discussion applies to more general
cases.) The RSIP gateway connects the public and private realms and
contains interfaces to both. Other NAT terminology found in this
document is defined in [RFC2663].
The diagram below describes an exemplary reference architecture for
RSIP.
RSIP Host RSIP Gateway Host
Xa Na Nb Yb
[X]------( Addr sp. A )----[N]-----( Addr sp. B )-------[Y]
( Network ) ( Network )
Hosts X and Y belong to different addressing realms A and B,
respectively, and N is an RSIP gateway (which may also perform NAT
functions). N has two interfaces: Na on address space A, and Nb on
address space B. N may have a pool of addresses in address space B
which it can assign to or lend to X and other hosts in address space
A. These addresses are not shown above, but they can be denoted as
Nb1, Nb2, Nb3 and so on.
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Host X, needing to establish an end-to-end connection to a network
entity Y situated within address space B, first negotiates and
obtains assignment of the resources from the RSIP gateway. Upon
assignment of these parameters, the RSIP gateway creates a mapping,
of X's addressing information and the assigned resources. This
binding enables the RSIP gateway to correctly de-multiplex and
forward inbound traffic generated by Y for X. A lease time is
associated with each bind.
Using the public parameters assigned by the RSIP gateway, RSIP hosts
tunnel data packets across address space A to the RSIP gateway. The
RSIP gateway acts as the end point of such tunnels, stripping off the
outer headers and routing the inner packets onto the public realm. As
mentioned above, an RSIP gateway maintains a mapping of the assigned
public parameters as demultiplexing fields for uniquely mapping them
to RSIP host private addresses. When a packet from the public realm
arrives at the RSIP gateway and it matches a given set of
demultiplexing fields, then the RSIP gateway will tunnel it to the
appropriate RSIP host. The tunnel headers of outbound packets from X
to Y, given that X has been assigned Nb, are as follows:
+---------+---------+---------+
| X -> Na | Nb -> Y | payload |
+---------+---------+---------+
There are two basic flavors of RSIP: RSA-IP and RSAP-IP. RSIP hosts
and gateways MUST support RSAP-IP and MAY support RSA-IP. Details of
RSA-IP and RSAP-IP are found in [RSIP-FRAME].
5. Transport Protocol
RSIP is an application layer protocol that requires the use of a
transport layer protocol for end-to-end delivery of packets.
RSIP gateways MUST support TCP, and SHOULD support UDP. Due to the
fact that RSIP may be deployed across a wide variety of network
links, RSIP hosts SHOULD support TCP. However, RSIP hosts MAY
support UDP instead. For RSIP hosts and gateways using UDP, timeout
and retransmissions MUST occur. We recommend a binary exponential
backoff scheme with an initial duration of 12.5 ms, and a maximum of
six retries (seven total attempts before failure).
Once a host and gateway have established a registration using either
TCP or UDP, they may not switch between the two protocols for the
duration of the registration.
6. Host / Gateway Relationships
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An RSIP host can be in exactly one of three fundamental relationships
with respect to an RSIP gateway:
Unregistered: The RSIP gateway does not know of the RSIP host's
existence, and it will not forward or deliver packets globally
addressed on behalf of the host. The only valid RSIP-related
action for a host to perform in this state is to request
registration with an RSIP gateway.
Registered: The RSIP gateway knows of the RSIP host and has
assigned it a host ID and has specified the flow policies that
it requires of the host. However, no resources, such as
addresses or ports, have been allocated to the host, and the
gateway will not forward or deliver globally addressed packets
on behalf of the host.
Assigned: The RSIP gateway has granted one or more bindings of
resources to the host. The gateway will forward and deliver
globally addressed packets on behalf of the host.
Architectures in which an RSIP host is simultaneously registered with
more than one RSIP gateway are possible. In such cases, an RSIP host
may be in different relationships with different RSIP gateways at the
same time.
7. Gateway Flow Policy and State
Since an RSIP gateway is likely to reside on the boundary between two
or more different administrative domains, it is desirable to enable
an RSIP gateway to be able to enforce flow-based policy. In other
words, an RSIP gateway should have the ability to explicitly control
which local addresses and ports are used to communicate with remote
addresses and ports.
In the following, macro-flow policy refers to controlling flow policy
at the granularity level of IP addresses, while micro-flow policy
refers to controlling flow policy at the granularity of IP address
and port tuples. Of course there may be no policy at all, which
indicates that the RSIP gateway does not care about the flow
parameters used by RSIP hosts. We consider two levels of local flow
policy and three levels of remote flow policy.
7.1. Local Flow Policy
Local flow policy determines the granularity of control that an
RSIP gateway has over the local addressing parameters that an RSIP
host uses for particular sessions.
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Since an RSIP host must use at least an IP address allocated by
the gateway, the loosest level of local flow policy is macro-flow
based. Under local macro-flow policy, an RSIP host is allocated
an IP address (RSA-IP) or an IP address and one or more ports to
use with it (RSAP-IP). However, the host may use the ports as it
desires for establishing sessions with public hosts.
Under micro-flow policy, a host is allocated exactly one port at a
time. The host may request more ports, also one at a time. This
policy gives the gateway very tight control over local port use,
although it affords the host less flexibility.
Note that only local macro-flow policy can be used with RSA-IP,
while either local macro-flow or local micro-flow policy may be
used with RSAP-IP.
Examples of how RSIP flow policy operates are given in Appendix C.
7.2. Remote Flow Policy
Remote flow policy determines the granularity of control that an
RSIP gateway has over the remote (public) hosts with which an RSIP
host communicates. In particular, remote flow policy dictates
what level of detail that a host must specify addressing
parameters of a remote host or application before the RSIP gateway
allows the host to communicate with that host or application.
The simplest and loosest form of flow policy is no policy at all.
In other words, the RSIP gateway allocates addressing parameters
to the host, and the host may use these parameters to communicate
with any remote host, without explicitly notifying the gateway.
Macro-flow policy requires that the host identify the remote
address of the host that it wishes to communicate with as part of
its request for local addressing parameters. If the request is
granted, the host MUST use the specified local parameters only
with the remote address specified, and MUST NOT communicate with
the remote address using any local parameters but the ones
allocated. However, the host may contact any port number at the
remote host without explicitly notifying the gateway.
Micro-flow policy requires that the host identify the remote
address and port of the host that it wishes to communicate with as
part of its request for local addressing parameters. If the
request is granted, the host MUST use the specified local
parameters only with the remote address and port specified, and
MUST NOT communicate with the remote address and port using any
local parameters but the ones allocated.
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Remote flow policy is implemented in both the ingress and egress
directions, with respect to the location of the RSIP gateway.
7.3. Gateway State
An RSIP gateway must maintain state for all RSIP hosts and their
assigned resources. The amount and type of state maintained
depends on the local and remote flow policy. The required RSIP
gateway state will vary based on the RSIP method, but will always
include the chosen method's demultiplexing parameters.
7.3.1. RSA-IP State
An RSIP gateway serving an RSIP host using the RSA-IP method
MUST maintain the following minimum state to ensure proper
mapping of incoming packets to RSIP hosts:
- Host's private address
- Host's assigned public address(es)
7.3.2. RSAP-IP State
An RSIP gateway serving an RSIP host using the RSAP-IP method
MUST maintain the following minimum state to ensure proper
mapping of incoming packets to RSIP hosts:
- Host's private address
- Host's assigned public address(es)
- Host's assigned port(s) per address
7.3.3. Flow State
Regardless of whether the gateway is using RSA-IP or RSAP-IP,
additional state is necessary if either micro-flow based or
macro-flow based remote policy is used.
If the gateway is using macro-flow based remote policy, the
following state must be maintained:
- Remote host's address
If the gateway is using micro-flow based remote policy, the
following state must be maintained:
- Remote host's address
- Remote host's port
More state MAY be used by an RSIP gateway if desired. For
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example, ToS/DS bytes may be recorded in order to facilitate
quality of service support.
8. Parameter Specification and Formats
In this section we define the formats for RSIP parameters. Each RSIP
message contains one or more parameters that encode the information
passed between the host and gateway. The general format of all
parameters consists of a 1-byte code followed by a 2-byte length as
shown below.
1 byte 2 bytes 'Length' bytes
+------+----------+--------------
| Code | Length | ...
+------+----------+--------------
The length field determines the length, in bytes, of the rest of the
parameter, such that the total length of a parameter is the value of
the length field plus 3.
8.1. Address
Code Length Type Value
+-------+---------+--------+--------+
| 1 | 2 bytes | 1 byte | varies |
+-------+---------+--------+--------+
The address parameter contains addressing information, either an
IPv4 address or netmask, an IPv6 address or netmask, or a fully
qualified domain name (FQDN). The type field is 1 byte in length,
indicating the type of address.
Defined types are:
Type Length of value field (in bytes)
---- --------------------------------
0 Reserved 0
1 IPv4 4
2 IPv4 netmask 4
3 IPv6 16
4 IPv6 netmask 16
5 FQDN varies
For FQDN, the length of the value field will be one less than the
value of the length field.
In some cases, it is necessary to specify a "don't care" value for
an address. This is signified by a setting the length field to 1
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and omitting the value field.
It is not valid for a host to request an address with an FQDN type
as its local address (See specification of ASSIGN_REQUEST_RSA-IP
and ASSIGN_REQUEST_RSAP-IP, below).
8.2. Ports
Code Length Number Port Port
+-------+---------+--------+---------+ +---------+
| 2 | 2 bytes | 1 byte | 2 bytes | ... | 2 bytes |
+-------+---------+--------+---------+ +---------+
The ports parameter encodes one or more TCP or UDP ports. When a
single port is specified, the value of the number field is 1 and
there is one port field following the number field. When more
than one port is specified, the value of the number field will
indicate the total number of ports contained, and the parameter
may take one of two forms. If there is one port field, the ports
specified are considered to be contiguous starting at the port
number specified in the port field. Alternatively, there may be a
number of port fields equal to the value of the number field. The
number of port fields can be extrapolated from the length field.
In some cases, it is necessary to specify a don't care value for
one or more ports (e.g., when a client application is using
ephemeral source ports). This is accomplished by setting the
length field to 1, setting the number field to the number of ports
necessary, and omitting all port fields. The value of the number
field MUST be greater than or equal to one.
If micro-flow based policy applies to a given ports parameter, it
MUST contain exactly one port field.
This parameter is not used with RSA-IP.
8.3. Lease Time
Code Length Value
+-------+--------+---------+
| 3 | 4 | 4 bytes |
+-------+--------+---------+
The lease time parameter specifies the length, in seconds, of an
RSIP host parameter binding.
8.4. Client ID
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Code Length Value
+-------+--------+---------+
| 4 | 4 | 4 bytes |
+-------+--------+---------+
The client ID parameter specifies an RSIP client ID.
8.5. Bind ID
Code Length Value
+-------+--------+---------+
| 5 | 4 | 4 bytes |
+-------+--------+---------+
The bind ID parameter specifies an RSIP bind ID.
8.6. Tunnel Type
Code Length Value
+-------+--------+--------+
| 6 | 1 | 1 byte |
+-------+--------+--------+
The tunnel type parameter specifies the type of tunnel used
between an RSIP host and an RSIP gateway. Defined tunnel types
are:
Tunnel Type
-----------
0 Reserved
1 IP-IP
2 GRE
3 L2TP
8.7. RSIP Method
Code Length Value
+-------+--------+--------+
| 7 | 1 | 1 byte |
+-------+--------+--------+
The RSIP method parameter specifies an RSIP method. Defined RSIP
methods are:
RSIP method
-----------
0 Reserved
1 RSA-IP
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2 RSAP-IP
8.8. Error
Code Length Value
+-------+--------+---------+
| 8 | 2 | 2 bytes |
+-------+--------+---------+
The error parameter specifies an error. The currently defined
error values are presented in Appendix A.
8.9. Flow Policy
Code Length Local Remote
+-------+--------+--------+--------+
| 9 | 2 | 1 byte | 1 byte |
+-------+--------+--------+--------+
The flow policy parameter specifies both the local and remote flow
policy.
Defined local flow policies are:
Local Flow Policy
-----------------
0 Reserved
1 Macro flows
2 Micro flows
Defined remote flow policies are:
Remote Flow Policy
------------------
0 Reserved
1 Macro flows
2 Micro flows
3 No policy
8.10. Indicator
Code Length Value
+-------+---------+--------+
| 10 | 2 bytes | varies |
+-------+---------+--------+
An indicator parameter is a general-purpose parameter, the use of
which is defined by the message that it appears in. An RSIP
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message that uses an indicator parameter MUST define the meaning
and interpretation of all of the indicator's possible values.
8.11. Vendor Specific Parameter
Code Length Vendor ID Subcode Value
+-------+---------+-----------+---------+--------+
| 240 | 2 bytes | 2 bytes | 2 bytes | varies |
+-------+---------+-----------+---------+--------+
The vendor specific parameter is used to encode parameters that
are defined by a particular vendor. The vendor ID field is the
vendor-specific ID assigned by IANA. Subcodes are defined and
used by each vendor as necessary. An RSIP host or gateway SHOULD
silently ignore vendor-specific messages that it does not
understand.
9. Message Types
RSIP messages consist of three mandatory fields, version, message
type, and overall length, followed by one or more required
parameters, followed in turn by zero or more optional parameters. In
an RSIP message, all required parameters MUST appear in the exact
order specified below. Optional parameters MAY appear in any order.
The version number field is a single byte and specifies the RSIP
version number that is being used. The current RSIP version number
is 1.
The message type field is a single byte and specifies the message
contained in the current packet. There may be only one message per
packet. Message types are given numerical assignments in Appendix B.
The overall length field is two bytes and contains the number of
bytes in the RSIP message, including the three mandatory fields.
Most parameters are only allowed to appear once in each message. The
exceptions are as follows:
- Multiple address parameters MUST appear in ASSIGN_REQUEST_RSA-IP,
ASSIGN_RESPONSE_RSA-IP, ASSIGN_REQUEST_RSAP-IP,
ASSIGN_RESPONSE_RSAP-IP, LISTEN_REQUEST and LISTEN_RESPONSE.
- Multiple ports parameters MUST appear in ASSIGN_REQUEST_RSAP-IP,
ASSIGN_RESPONSE_RSAP-IP, LISTEN_REQUEST and LISTEN_RESPONSE.
- Multiple RSIP method and tunnel type parameters MAY appear in
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RESISTER_RESPONSE.
- Multiple address parameters and multiple indicator parameters MAY
appear in QUERY_REQUEST and QUERY_RESPONSE.
The following message types are defined in simple BNF. Required
parameters are enclosed in <> and MUST appear. Optional parameters
are enclosed in [] and MAY appear. Not all message types need to be
implemented in order to be RSIP compliant. For example, an RSIP host
and/or gateway may not support LISTEN_REQUEST and LISTEN_RESPONSE, or
may only support RSAP-IP and not RSA-IP.
9.1. ERROR_RESPONSE
9.1.1. Description
An ERROR_RESPONSE is used to provide error messages from an
RSIP gateway to an RSIP host. Usually, errors indicate that
the RSIP gateway cannot or will not perform an action or
allocate resources on behalf of the host. If the error is
related to a particular host ID or bind ID, these associated
parameters MUST be included. Multiple errors MAY NOT be
reported in the same ERROR_RESPONSE. In situations where more
than one error has occurred, the RSIP gateway MUST choose only
one error to report.
9.1.2. Format
<ERROR_RESPONSE> ::= <Version>
<Message Type>
<Overall Length>
<Error>
[Client ID]
[Bind ID]
9.1.3. Behavior
An ERROR_RESPONSE message MUST only be transmitted by an RSIP
gateway. An RSIP host that detects an error in a message
received from an RSIP gateway MUST silently discard the
message. There are no error conditions that can be caused by
an ERROR_RESPONSE. An ERROR_RESPONSE is typically transmitted
in response to a request from an RSIP host.
9.2. REGISTER_REQUEST
9.2.1. Description
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The REGISTER_REQUEST message is used by an RSIP host to
establish registration with an RSIP gateway. An RSIP host MUST
register before it requests resources or services from an RSIP
gateway. Once an RSIP host has registered with an RSIP
gateway, it may not register again until it has de-registered
from that gateway.
9.2.2. Format
<REGISTER_REQUEST> ::= <Version>
<Message Type>
<Overall Length>
9.2.3. Behavior
The following message-specific error conditions exist:
- If the host is already registered with the gateway, the
gateway MUST respond with an ERROR_RESPONSE containing the
ALREADY_REGISTERED error.
- If the gateway's policy will not allow the host to register,
the gateway MUST respond with an ERROR_RESPONSE containing
the REGISTRATION_DENIED error.
9.3. REGISTER_RESPONSE
9.3.1. Description
The REGISTER_RESPONSE message is used by an RSIP gateway to
confirm the registration of an RSIP host, and to provide a
client ID, flow policy, and possibly an RSIP method and tunnel
type.
9.3.2. Format
<REGISTER_RESPONSE> ::= <Version>
<Message Type>
<Overall Length>
<Client ID>
<Flow Policy>
[RSIP Method]...
[Tunnel Type]...
9.3.3. Behavior
An RSIP gateway MUST assign a different client ID to each host
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that is simultaneously registered with it. The RSIP gateway
MAY respond with one or more RSIP methods and tunnel types that
it supports. If an RSIP method is not specified, RSAP-IP MUST
be assumed. If a tunnel type is not specified, IP-IP MUST be
assumed.
9.4. DE-REGISTER_REQUEST
9.4.1. Description
The DE-REGISTER_REQUEST message is used by an RSIP host to de-
register with an RSIP gateway. If a host de-registers from the
assigned state, all of the host's bindings are revoked. The
host SHOULD NOT de-register from the unregistered state.
9.4.2. Format
<DE-REGISTER_REQUEST> ::= <Version>
<Message Type>
<Overall Length>
<Client ID>
9.4.3. Behavior
The following message-specific error conditions exist:
- If the host is not registered with the gateway, the gateway
MUST respond with an ERROR_RESPONSE containing the
REGISTER_FIRST error.
- If the message contains an incorrect client ID, the gateway
MUST respond with an ERROR_RESPONSE containing the
BAD_CLIENT_ID error.
If there are no errors that result from this message, the
gateway MUST respond with an appropriate DE-REGISTER_RESPONSE.
Upon de-registering a host, an RSIP gateway must delete all
binds associated with that host and return their resources to
the pool of free resources. Once a host has de-registered, it
may not use any of the RSIP gateway's resources without
registering again.
9.5. DE-REGISTER_RESPONSE
9.5.1. Description
The DE-REGISTER_RESPONSE message is used by an RSIP gateway to
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confirm the de-registration of an RSIP host or to force an RSIP
host to relinquish all of its bindings and terminate its
relationship with the RSIP gateway. Upon receiving a DE-
REGISTER_RESPONSE message, an RSIP host MUST stop all use of
the resources that have been allocated to it by the gateway.
9.5.2. Format
<DE-REGISTER_RESPONSE> ::= <Version>
<Message Type>
<Overall Length>
<Client ID>
9.5.3. Behavior
An RSIP gateway MUST send a DE-REGISTER_RESPONSE in response to
a valid DE-REGISTER_REQUEST. An RSIP gateway SHOULD send a DE-
REGISTER_RESPONSE if it detects that it will no longer be able
to perform RSIP functionality for a given host. An RSIP host
MUST be ready to accept a DE-REGISTER_RESPONSE at any moment.
9.6. ASSIGN_REQUEST_RSA-IP
9.6.1. Description
The ASSIGN_REQUEST_RSA-IP message is used by an RSIP host to
request resources to use with RSA-IP. Note that RSA-IP cannot
be used in combination with micro-flow based local policy.
9.6.2. Format
<ASSIGN_REQUEST_RSA-IP> ::= <Version>
<Message Type>
<Overall Length>
<Client ID>
<Address (local)>
<Address (remote)>
<Ports (remote)>
[Lease Time]
[Tunnel Type]
9.6.3. Behavior
The RSIP host specifies two address parameters. The RSIP host
may request a particular local address by placing that address
in the first address parameter. To indicate that it has no
preference for local address, the RSIP host may place a "don't
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care" value in the address parameter.
If macro-flow based remote policy is used, the host MUST
specify the remote address that it will use this binding (if
granted) to contact; however, the remote port number MAY remain
unspecified. If micro-flow based remote policy is used, the
host MUST specify the remote address and port number that it
will use this binding (if granted) to contact. If no flow
policy is used, the RSIP host may place a "don't care" value in
the value fields of the respective address and ports
parameters.
The following message-specific error conditions exist:
- If the host is not registered with the gateway, the gateway
MUST respond with an ERROR_RESPONSE containing the
REGISTER_FIRST error.
- If the message contains an incorrect client ID, the gateway
MUST respond with an ERROR_RESPONSE containing the
BAD_CLIENT_ID error.
- If the local address parameter is a don't care value and the
RSIP gateway cannot allocate ANY addresses, the RSIP gateway
MUST respond with an ERROR_RESPONSE containing the
LOCAL_ADDR_UNAVAILABLE error.
- If the local address parameter is not a don't care value
there are three possible error conditions:
o If the RSIP gateway cannot allocate ANY addresses, it MUST
respond with an ERROR_RESPONSE containing the
LOCAL_ADDR_UNAVAILABLE error.
o If the RSIP gateway cannot allocate the requested address
because it is in use, the RSIP gateway MUST respond with an
ERROR_RESPONSE containing the LOCAL_ADDR_INUSE error.
o If the RSIP gateway cannot allocate the requested address
because it is not allowed by policy, the RSIP gateway MUST
respond with an ERROR_RESPONSE containing the
LOCAL_ADDR_UNALLOWED error.
- If macro-flow based remote policy is used and the requested
remote address is not allowed by the RSIP gateway's policy,
the RSIP gateway MUST respond with an ERROR_RESPONSE
containing the REMOTE_ADDR_UNALLOWED error.
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- If micro-flow based remote policy is used and the requested
remote address / port pair is not allowed by the RSIP
gateway's policy, the RSIP gateway MUST respond with an
ERROR_RESPONSE containing the REMOTE_ADDRPORT_UNALLOWED
error.
- If an unsupported or unallowed tunnel type is specified, the
RSIP gateway MUST respond with an ERROR_RESPONSE containing
the BAD_TUNNEL_TYPE error.
- If the host has not specified local or remote address or port
information in enough detail, the RSIP gateway MUST respond
with an ERROR_RESPONSE containing the FLOW_POLICY_VIOLATION
error.
9.7. ASSIGN_RESPONSE_RSA-IP
9.7.1. Description
The ASSIGN_RESPONSE_RSA-IP message is used by an RSIP gateway
to deliver parameter assignments to an RSIP host using RSA-IP.
A host-wise unique bind ID, lease time, and tunnel type must be
provided for every assignment.
9.7.2. Format
<ASSIGN_RESPONSE_RSA-IP> ::= <Version>
<Message Type>
<Overall Length>
<Client ID>
<Bind ID>
<Address (local)>
<Address (remote)>
<Ports (remote)>
<Lease Time>
<Tunnel Type>
9.7.3. Behavior
If no remote flow policy is used, the RSIP gateway MUST use
"don't care" values for the remote address and ports
parameters. If macro-flow based remote policy is used, the
remote address parameter MUST contain the address specified in
the associated request, and the remote ports parameter MUST
contain a "don't care" value. If micro-flow based remote
policy is used, the remote address and remote ports parameters
MUST contain the address and port information specified in the
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associated request.
If the host detects an error or otherwise does not "understand"
the gateway's response, it SHOULD send a FREE_REQUEST with the
bind ID from the said ASSIGN_RESPONSE_RSA-IP. This will serve
to help synchronize the states of the host and gateway.
9.8. ASSIGN_REQUEST_RSAP-IP
9.8.1. Description
The ASSIGN_REQUEST_RSAP-IP message is used by an RSIP host to
request resources to use with RSAP-IP. The RSIP host specifies
two address and two port parameters, the first of each,
respectively, refer to the local address and port(s) that will
be used, and the second of each, respectively, refer to the
remote address and port(s) that will be contacted.
9.8.2. Format
<ASSIGN_REQUEST_RSAP-IP> ::= <Version>
<Message Type>
<Overall Length>
<Client ID>
<Address (local)>
<Ports (local)>
<Address (remote)>
<Ports (remote)>
[Lease Time]
[Tunnel Type]
9.8.3. Behavior
An RSIP host may request a particular local address by placing
that address in the value field of the first address parameter.
The RSIP host may request particular local ports by placing
them in the first port parameter. To indicate that it has no
preference for local address or ports, the RSIP host may place
a "don't care" value in the respective address or ports
parameters.
If macro-flow based remote policy is used, the host MUST
specify the remote address that it will use this binding (if
granted) to contact; however, the remote port number(s) MAY
remain unspecified. If micro-flow based remote policy is used,
the host MUST specify the remote address and port number(s)
that it will use this binding (if granted) to contact. If no
flow policy is used, the RSIP host may place a value of all 0's
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in the value fields of the respective address or port
parameters.
The following message-specific error conditions exist:
- If the host is not registered with the gateway, the gateway
MUST respond with an ERROR_RESPONSE containing the
REGISTER_FIRST error.
- If the message contains an incorrect client ID, the gateway
MUST respond with an ERROR_RESPONSE containing the
BAD_CLIENT_ID error.
- If the local address parameter is a don't care value and the
RSIP gateway cannot allocate ANY addresses, the RSIP gateway
MUST respond with an ERROR_RESPONSE containing the
LOCAL_ADDR_UNAVAILABLE error.
- If the local address parameter is not a don't care value
there are five possible error conditions:
o If the RSIP gateway cannot allocate ANY addresses, it MUST
respond with an ERROR_RESPONSE containing the
LOCAL_ADDR_UNAVAILABLE error.
o If the RSIP gateway cannot allocate the requested address
because it is in use, the RSIP gateway MUST respond with an
ERROR_RESPONSE containing the LOCAL_ADDR_INUSE error.
o If the RSIP gateway cannot allocate the requested address
because it is not allowed by policy, the RSIP gateway MUST
respond with an ERROR_RESPONSE containing the
LOCAL_ADDR_UNALLOWED error.
o If the RSIP gateway cannot allocate a requested address /
port tuple because it is in use, the RSIP gateway MUST
respond with an ERROR_RESPONSE containing the
LOCAL_ADDRPORT_INUSE error.
o If the RSIP gateway cannot allocate a requested address /
port tuple because it is not allowed by policy, the RSIP
gateway MUST respond with an ERROR_RESPONSE containing the
LOCAL_ADDRPORT_UNALLOWED error.
- If the RSIP host requests a number of ports (greater that
one), but does not specify particular port numbers (i.e.,
uses "don't care" values) the RSIP gateway cannot grant the
entire request, the RSIP gateway MUST return an
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ERROR_RESPONSE containing the LOCAL_ADDRPORT_UNAVAILABLE
error.
- If macro-flow based remote policy is used and the requested
remote address is not allowed by the RSIP gateway's policy,
the RSIP gateway MUST respond with an ERROR_RESPONSE
containing the REMOTE_ADDR_UNALLOWED error.
- If micro-flow based remote policy is used and the requested
remote address / port pair is not allowed by the RSIP
gateway's policy, the RSIP gateway MUST respond with an
ERROR_RESPONSE containing the REMOTE_ADDRPORT_UNALLOWED
error.
- If an unsupported or unallowed tunnel type is specified, the
RSIP gateway MUST respond with an ERROR_RESPONSE containing
the BAD_TUNNEL_TYPE error.
- If the host has not specified local or remote address or port
information in enough detail, the RSIP gateway MUST respond
with an ERROR_RESPONSE containing the FLOW_POLICY_VIOLATION
error.
9.9. ASSIGN_RESPONSE_RSAP-IP
9.9.1. Description
The ASSIGN_RESPONSE_RSAP-IP message is used by an RSIP gateway
to deliver parameter assignments to an RSIP host. A host-wise
unique bind ID, lease time, and tunnel type must be provided
for every assignment.
9.9.2. Format
<ASSIGN_RESPONSE_RSAP-IP> ::= <Version>
<Message Type>
<Overall Length>
<Client ID>
<Bind ID>
<Address (local)>
<Ports (local)>
<Address (remote)>
<Ports (remote)>
<Lease Time>
<Tunnel Type>
9.9.3. Behavior
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Regardless of local flow policy, a local address and port(s)
MUST be assigned to the host. If macro-flow based local policy
is used, the host is assigned an address and one or more ports.
If micro-flow based local policy is used, the host is assigned
an address and exactly one port.
If no remote flow policy is used, the RSIP gateway MUST use
"don't care" values for the remote address and ports
parameters. If macro-flow based remote policy is used, the
remote address parameter MUST contain the address specified in
the associated request, and the remote ports parameter must
contain a "don't care" value. If micro-flow based remote
policy is used, the remote address and remote ports parameters
MUST contain the address and port information specified in the
associated request.
If the host detects an error or otherwise does not "understand"
the gateway's response, it SHOULD send a FREE_REQUEST with the
bind ID from the said ASSIGN_RESPONSE_RSAP-IP. This will serve
to help synchronize the states of the host and gateway.
9.10. EXTEND_REQUEST
9.10.1. Description
The EXTEND_REQUEST message is used to request a lease extension
to a current bind. It may be used with both RSA-IP and RSAP-
IP. The host MUST specify its client ID and the bind ID in
question, and it MAY suggest a lease time to the gateway.
9.10.2. Format
<EXTEND_REQUEST> ::= <Version>
<Message Type>
<Overall Length>
<Client ID>
<Bind ID>
[Lease Time]
9.10.3. Behavior
The following message-specific error conditions exist:
- If the host is not registered with the gateway, the gateway
MUST respond with an ERROR_RESPONSE containing the
REGISTER_FIRST error.
- If the message contains an incorrect client ID, the gateway
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MUST respond with an ERROR_RESPONSE containing the
BAD_CLIENT_ID error.
- If the message contains an incorrect bind ID, the gateway
MUST respond with an ERROR_RESPONSE containing the
BAD_BIND_ID error.
If the RSIP gateway grants an extension to the host's lease, it
MUST RESPOND with an appropriate EXTEND_RESPONSE message. If
the lease is not renewed, the RSIP gateway MAY let it
implicitly expire by doing nothing or make it explicitly expire
by sending an appropriate FREE_RESPONSE message.
9.11. EXTEND_RESPONSE
9.11.1. Description
The EXTEND_RESPONSE message is used by an RSIP gateway to grant
a requested lease extension. The gateway MUST specify the
client ID of the host, the bind ID in question, and the new
assigned lease time.
9.11.2. Format
<EXTEND_RESPONSE> ::= <Version>
<Message Type>
<Overall Length>
<Client ID>
<Bind ID>
<Lease Time>
9.11.3. Behavior
The RSIP gateway will determine lease time as per its local
policy. The returned time is to be interpreted as the number
of seconds before the lease expires, counting from the time at
which the message is sent/received.
9.12. FREE_REQUEST
9.12.1. Description
The FREE_REQUEST message is used by an RSIP host to free a
binding. The given bind ID identifies the bind to be freed.
Resources may only be freed using the granularity of a bind ID.
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9.12.2. Format
<FREE_REQUEST> ::= <Version>
<Message Type>
<Overall Length>
<Client ID>
<Bind ID>
9.12.3. Behavior
The following message-specific error conditions exist:
- If the host is not registered with the gateway, the gateway
MUST respond with an ERROR_RESPONSE containing the
REGISTER_FIRST error.
- If the message contains an incorrect client ID, the gateway
MUST respond with an ERROR_RESPONSE containing the
BAD_CLIENT_ID error.
- If the message contains an incorrect bind ID, the gateway
MUST respond with an ERROR_RESPONSE containing the
BAD_BIND_ID error.
If a host receives an error in response to a FREE_REQUEST, this
may indicate that the host and gateway's states have become
unsynchronized. Therefore, the host SHOULD make an effort to
resynchronize, such as freeing resources then re-requesting
them, or de-registering then re-registering.
9.13. FREE_RESPONSE
9.13.1. Description
The FREE_RESPONSE message is used by an RSIP gateway to
acknowledge a FREE_REQUEST sent by an RSIP host, and to
asynchronously deallocate resources granted to an RSIP host..
9.13.2. Format
<FREE_RESPONSE> ::= <Version>
<Message Type>
<Overall Length>
<Client ID>
<Bind ID>
9.13.3. Behavior
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An RSIP host must always be ready to accept a FREE_RESPONSE,
even if its lease on the specified bind ID is not yet expired.
9.14. QUERY_REQUEST
9.14.1. Description
A QUERY_REQUEST message is used by an RSIP host to ask an RSIP
gateway whether or not a particular address or network is local
or remote. The host uses this information to determine whether
to contact the host(s) directly (in the local case), or via
RSIP (in the remote case).
This message defines an indicator parameter with a 1-byte value
field and 2 defined values:
- 1 address
- 2 network
9.14.2. Format
<QUERY_REQUEST> ::= <Version>
<Message Type>
<Overall Length>
<Client ID>
[Address Tuple]...
[Network Tuple]...
where
<Address Tuple> ::= <Indicator (address)>
<Address>
<Network Tuple> ::= <Indicator (network)>
<Address (network)>
<Address (netmask)>
9.14.3. Behavior
One or more address or network tuples may be specified. Each
tuple encodes a request regarding the locality (local or
remote) of the encoded address or network. If no tuple is
specified, the RSIP gateway should interpret the message as a
request for all tuples that it is willing to provide. Note
that the FQDN form of the address parameter cannot be used to
specify the address of a network, and only the netmask form of
the address parameter can be used to specify the netmask of a
network.
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If an RSIP gateway cannot determine whether a queried host or
network is local or remote, it SHOULD transmit a QUERY_RESPONSE
with no response specified for the said host or network.
The following message-specific error conditions exist:
- If the host is not registered with the gateway, the gateway
MUST respond with an ERROR_RESPONSE containing the
REGISTER_FIRST error.
- If the message contains an incorrect client ID, the gateway
MUST respond with an ERROR_RESPONSE containing the
BAD_CLIENT_ID error.
9.15. QUERY_RESPONSE
9.15.1. Description
A QUERY_RESPONSE message is used by an RSIP gateway to answer a
QUERY_REQUEST from an RSIP host.
This message defines an indicator parameter with a 1-byte value
field and 4 defined values:
- 1 local address
- 2 local network
- 3 remote address
- 4 remote network
9.15.2. Format
<QUERY_RESPONSE> ::= <Version>
<Message Type>
<Overall Length>
<Client ID>
[Local Address Tuple]...
[Local Network Tuple]...
[Remote Address Tuple]...
[Remote Network Tuple]...
where
<Local Address Tuple> ::= <Indicator (local address)>
<Address>
<Local Network Tuple> ::= <Indicator (local network)>
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<Address (network)>
<Address (netmask)>
<Remote Address Tuple> ::= <Indicator (remote address)>
<Address>
<Remote Network Tuple> ::= <Indicator (remote network)>
<Address (network)>
<Address (netmask)>
9.15.3. Behavior
An RSIP gateway has some leeway in how it responds to a
QUERY_REQUEST. It may just provide the information requested,
if it can provide such information. It may provide its
complete list of address and networks, in order to minimize the
number of requests that the host needs to perform in the
future. How an RSIP gateway responds may depend on network
traffic considerations as well.
If an RSIP gateway sends a QUERY_RESPONSE that does not contain
any tuples, or a QUERY_RESPONSE that does not contain a tuple
that applies to an associated tuple in the associated
QUERY_REQUEST, this should be interpreted that the RSIP gateway
does not know whether the queried host or network is local or
remote. Appropriate host behavior upon receipt of such a
message is to assume that the queried host or network is
remote.
Note that an RSIP gateway is not expected to maintain a
complete list of all remote hosts and networks. In fact, a
typical RSIP gateway will only maintain a list of the networks
and hosts that it knows are local (private with respect to the
RSIP host).
9.16. LISTEN_REQUEST
9.16.1. Description
A LISTEN_REQUEST message is sent by an RSIP host that wants to
register a service on a particular address and port number. The
host must include its client ID, local address parameter and
ports parameters, and remote address and ports parameters. The
client MAY suggest a lease time and one or more tunnel types.
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9.16.2. Format
<LISTEN_REQUEST> ::= <Version>
<Message Type>
<Overall Length>
<Client ID>
<Address (local)>
<Ports (local)>
<Address (remote)>
<Ports (remote)>
[Lease Time]
[Tunnel Type]...
9.16.3. Behavior
If the host wants to listen on a particular address or port, it
may specify these in the address and ports parameters.
Otherwise it may leave one or both of these parameters with
"don't care" values.
If no remote flow policy is being used, the host MUST fill both
the remote address and ports parameters with "don't care"
values. If macro-flow based remote policy is used, the host
MUST specify the remote address, but MAY or MAY NOT specify the
remote port(s). If micro-flow based remote policy is used, the
host MUST specify the remote address and ports parameter.
Once a LISTEN_REQUEST has been granted, the RSIP gateway MUST
forward all packets destined to the address and port in
question to the host, even if the remote host address and port
tuple has not been previously contacted by the host.
LISTEN_REQUEST is not necessary for RSA-IP.
The following message-specific error conditions exist:
- If the host is not registered with the gateway, the gateway
MUST respond with an ERROR_RESPONSE containing the
REGISTER_FIRST error.
- If the message contains an incorrect client ID, the gateway
MUST respond with an ERROR_RESPONSE containing the
BAD_CLIENT_ID error.
- If the local address parameter is a don't care value and the
RSIP gateway cannot allocate ANY addresses, the RSIP gateway
MUST respond with an ERROR_RESPONSE containing the
LOCAL_ADDR_UNAVAILABLE error.
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- If the local address parameter is not a don't care value
there are five possible error conditions:
o If the RSIP gateway cannot allocate ANY addresses, it MUST
respond with an ERROR_RESPONSE containing the
LOCAL_ADDR_UNAVAILABLE error.
o If the RSIP gateway cannot allocate the requested address
because it is in use, the RSIP gateway MUST respond with an
ERROR_RESPONSE containing the LOCAL_ADDR_INUSE error.
o If the RSIP gateway cannot allocate the requested address
because it is not allowed by policy, the RSIP gateway MUST
respond with an ERROR_RESPONSE containing the
LOCAL_ADDR_UNALLOWED error.
o If the RSIP gateway cannot allocate the requested address /
port tuple because it is in use, the RSIP gateway MUST
respond with an ERROR_RESPONSE containing the
LOCAL_ADDRPORT_INUSE error.
o If the RSIP gateway cannot allocate the requested address /
port tuple because it is not allowed by policy, the RSIP
gateway MUST respond with an ERROR_RESPONSE containing the
LOCAL_ADDRPORT_UNALLOWED error.
- If macro-flow based remote policy is used and the requested
remote address is not allowed by the RSIP gateway's policy,
the RSIP gateway MUST respond with an ERROR_RESPONSE
containing the REMOTE_ADDR_UNALLOWED error.
- If micro-flow based remote policy is used and the requested
remote address / port pair is not allowed by the RSIP
gateway's policy, the RSIP gateway MUST respond with an
ERROR_RESPONSE containing the REMOTE_ADDRPORT_UNALLOWED
error.
- If an unsupported or unallowed tunnel type is specified, the
RSIP gateway MUST respond with an ERROR_RESPONSE containing
the BAD_TUNNEL_TYPE error.
- If the host has not specified local or remote address or port
information in enough detail, the RSIP gateway MUST respond
with an ERROR_RESPONSE containing the FLOW_POLICY_VIOLATION
error.
9.17. LISTEN_RESPONSE
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9.17.1. Description
A LISTEN_RESPONSE message is used by an RSIP gateway to respond
to a LISTEN_REQUEST message from an RSIP host. The RSIP
gateway MUST issue a bind ID, and specify the address and port
which have been granted to the host. The gateway must also
specify a tunnel type and lease time.
If no remote flow policy is being used, the gateway MUST fill
both the remote address and ports parameters with "don't care"
values. If macro-flow based remote policy is used, the gateway
MUST specify the remote address, but MAY or MAY NOT specify the
remote port(s). If micro-flow based remote policy is used, the
gateway MUST specify the remote address and ports parameter.
9.17.2. Format
<LISTEN_RESPONSE> ::= <Version>
<Message Type>
<Overall Length>
<Client ID>
<Bind ID>
<Address (local)>
<Ports (local)>
<Address (remote)>
<Ports (remote)>
<Tunnel Type>
<Lease Time>
9.17.3. Behavior
If no remote flow policy is being used, the gateway MUST fill
both the remote address and ports parameters with "don't care"
values. If macro-flow based remote policy is used, the gateway
MUST specify the remote address, but MAY or MAY NOT specify the
remote port(s). If micro-flow based remote policy is used, the
gateway MUST specify the remote address and ports parameter.
10. Discussion
10.1. General Gateway Policy
There is a significant amount of RSIP gateway policy that may be
implemented, but is beyond the scope of this draft. We expect
that most of this policy will be site-specific or implementation-
specific and therefore do not make any recommendations. Examples
of general gateway policy include:
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- How ports are allocated to RSIP hosts.
- Preferred length of lease times.
- How flow policy is applied to which hosts.
- How an RSIP gateway with multiple public IP addresses that may
be leased by RSIP clients determines how to partition and/or lease
these addresses.
10.2. Errors Not From the RSIP Protocol
Once an RSIP host and gateway have established a relationship and
the host is assigned resources to use, error may occur due to the
host's misuse of the resources or its attempting to use unassigned
resources. The following error behavior is defined:
- If a host attempts to use a local address which it has not been
allocated, the RSIP gateway MUST drop the associated packet(s)
and send the host an ERROR_RESPONSE containing the
LOCAL_ADDR_UNALLOWED error.
- If a host attempts to use a local address / port tuple which it
has not been allocated, the RSIP gateway MUST drop the
associated packet(s) and send the host an ERROR_RESPONSE
containing the LOCAL_ADDRPORT_UNALLOWED error.
- If a host attempts to contact a remote address which has not
been properly specified or otherwise approved (e.g., via an
ASSIGN_RESPONSE_RSAP-IP and macro or micro based remote flow
policy), the RSIP gateway MUST drop the associated packet(s) and
send the host an ERROR_RESPONSE containing the
REMOTE_ADDR_UNALLOWED error.
- If a host attempts to contact a remote address / port tuple
which has not been properly specified or otherwise approved
(e.g., via an ASSIGN_RESPONSE_RSAP-IP and micro based remote
flow policy), the RSIP gateway MUST drop the associated
packet(s) and send the host an ERROR_RESPONSE containing the
REMOTE_ADDRPORT_UNALLOWED error.
- If a host attempts to establish or use an improper tunnel type,
the RSIP gateway MUST respond with an ERROR_RESPONSE containing
the BAD_TUNNEL_TYPE error.
- If the RSIP gateway's detects a local fault which prevents its
RSIP server module from continuing operation, the RSIP gateway
MUST respond with an ERROR_RESPONSE containing the
INTERNAL_SERVER_ERROR error.
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10.3. Default Tunnel Type and RSIP Method
If an RSIP gateway does not specify a tunnel type or RSIP method
as part of a REGISTER_RESPONSE, the host MUST assume a tunnel type
of IP-IP and an RSIP method of RSAP-IP.
10.4. Address and Port Requests and Allocation
Regardless of local flow policy, an RSIP host may "suggest" that
it would like to use a particular local address and/or port number
in a particular binding. An RSIP gateway that cannot grant such a
request, because the specified resources are already in use, MUST
respond with an ERROR_RESPONSE containing the LOCAL_ADDR_INUSE or
LOCAL_ADDRPORT_INUSE values.
10.5. Local Gateways and Flow Policy Interaction
An RSIP host may initialize a publically accessible gateway (such
as an FTP or HTTP gateway) by transmitting a LISTEN_REQUEST
message to an RSIP gateway and receiving a LISTEN_RESPONSE.
However, unless no remote flow policy is used, the gateway will
have to specify the address or address and port of a single remote
host that will be allowed to contact it. Obviously, such as
restriction is not very useful for hosts that require their
gateways to be accessible by any remote host.
This indicates that there is a conflict between flow-based policy
and support for gateways. The main purpose of enforcing flow-
based policy for LISTEN_REQUESTs is that it allows an RSIP gateway
tight control over how an RSIP host uses ports and the associated
accounting. For example, an RSIP host, operating under remote
micro-flow based policy and using a protocol such as FTP, will
have to specify the address and port that it will receive FTP data
on, as well as the address and port that the gateway will transmit
data from, in a LISTEN_REQUEST.
In general, an RSIP gateway may not allow arbitrary hosts to start
public gateways because of the traffic and security concerns.
Thus, we recommend that if remote micro-flow based policy is used,
that an RSIP gateway only allow public gateways on RSIP hosts via
administrative override.
Currently, RSIP hosts can only be identified by their local IP
address or MAC address.
11. Security Considerations
RSIP, in and of itself, does not provide security. It may provide
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the illusion of security or privacy by hiding a private address
space, but security can only be ensured by the proper use of security
protocols and cryptographic techniques.
An RSIP gateway should take all measures deemed necessary to prevent
its hosts from performing intentional or unintentional denial-of-
service attacks by request large sets of resources.
Currently, RSIP hosts can only be identified by their local IP
address or MAC address. It is desirable to allow RSIP messages sent
between a host and gateway to be authenticated. Further discussion
of such authentication can be found in [RSIP-FRAME].
Discussion of RSIP support for end-to-end IPSEC can be found in
[RSIP-IPSEC].
12. IANA Considerations
All of the designations below are tentative.
- RSIP port number: 4455 (pending approval).
- RSIP error codes (see Appendix A).
- RSIP message type codes (see Appendix B).
- RSIP tunnel types, methods, and flow policies.
RSIP parameter values are designated as follows:
- 0 Reserved
- 1-240 Assigned by IANA
- 241-255 Reserved for private use
New registrations for the above namespaces are recommended to be
allocated via the Specification Required method documented in
[RFC2434].
13. Changelog
05 to 06
- Terminology change. An "RSIP client" now refers to the application
that performs RSIP client duties -- i.e., running the client
side of the RSIP protocol. The physical device on which the RSIP
client runs is now called the "RSIP host". An "RSIP server" now
refers to the application that performs RSIP server duties --
i.e., running the server side of the RSIP protocol. The physical
device on which the RSIP server runs is now called the "RSIP
gateway".
- Specifying how to lease multiple public IPs is a policy issue and
beyond the scope of the draft.
- Fixed ambiguity with "don't care" value formats.
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- Addressed the scenario in which a host request n ports but the server
cannot grant all n.
- Noted that client applications that use ephemeral source ports will
find it useful to specify "don't care" values for local ports.
- Correction of numerous minor typos.
04 to 05
- Depreciated the OK message. DEALLOCATE message replaced by
FREE_RESPONSE, which had evolved into the same exact message
as DEALLOCATE.
- Categorized all RSIP messages as either client or server and
mandatory or optional.
- Added discussion of behavior and error conditions to all RSIP
messages.
- Re-worked error messages as per the above.
- Noted that for micro-flow policy, a ports parameter MUST contain
exactly one port field.
- Fixed IANA Considerations section
- Added indicator parameter
- Set aside parameter codes 241-255 for private use
- Major revision of QUERY_REQUEST and QUERY_RESPONSE
- Added discussion of error that occur from data flow
03 to 04
- Changed "client / server state" to "client / server relationship"
in order to not overload the word "state".
- Added section on transport protocol support.
- Reduced the size of "don't care" value for Address and Port parameters.
- Removed message IDs.
- Addition of overall length field in all messages.
- Added example of an RSA-IP session.
- Divided error numbers by category.
02 to 03
- Overall re-write and editing.
- Removed a number of extraneous details that are now covered in the
framework draft.
- Moved parameter and message type codes to appendices.
- Added section on flow policy.
- Modified address and port parameters to simplify and generalize.
01 to 02:
- Added section on server state.
- Re-wrote section on parameter negotiation.
- Added details to ICMP Handling section.
- Added LISTEN_REQUEST and LISTEN_RESPONSE messages.
- Added appendix with client state diagram.
- Updated references with respect to RFC 2663.
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- Clarified use/non-use of message IDs between clients and servers.
- Added recommendation that RSIP use port 4455 for initial
implementation and testing, until further notice.
- Bumped code values up by 1, made code value of 0 reserved.
- Expanded ASSIGN_REQUEST into ASSIGN_REQUEST_ADDR for RSA-IP,
ASSIGN_REQUEST_PORT for RSAP-IP and ASSIGN_REQUEST_EXT for lease
extensions. The same expansion applies for ASSIGN_RESPONSE.
- Indicated that all RSIP parameters must not appear more than once
except for tunnel type and RSIP method in ASSIGN_REQUEST messages.
- Exactly one error is now reported in each ERROR_RESPONSE message.
00 to 01:
- Eliminated number of IP addresses and IP address range
parameters and fixed other parameters to reflect this change.
- Added IP address request message.
- Added discussion on authentication to Security Considerations
section.
- Added Miscellaneous Issues section.
- Changed all mention of "sequence number" to "message ID".
- Reformatted References section.
- Added reference to RSIP framework draft.
- Separated request and response messages, then renumbered them.
- Required that all RSIP implementations support IP-IP tunneling
and RSA-IP.
- Modified message semantics slightly.
- Added appendix with protocol example.
- Added address and port resource error messages.
- Specified that multiple error responses may be returned in the
same ERROR_RESPONSE message.
- RSIP method may now be specified per binding, so that different
methods can be used when connecting to different external systems.
- Synched up terminology with the latest NAT terminology draft.
- Added mention of RSIP servers also implementing a NAT as a
fallback.
- Added DEALLOCATE and OK messages.
- Tunneling now negotiated per bind rather than per-registration.
14. Acknowledgements
The authors would like to specifically thank Gabriel Montenegro, Pyda
Srisuresh, Dan Nessett, Gary Jaszewski, Naveen Rajanikantha, Sudhakar
Ramakrishna, and Rick Cobb for their input. The IETF NAT working
group as a whole has been extremely helpful in the ongoing
development of RSIP.
15. Appendix A: RSIP Error Numbers
This section provides descriptions for the error values in the RSIP
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error parameter. These error values are preliminary and are very
likely to change over time as implementations are tested.
All errors are grouped into the following categories:
100's: General errors.
101: UNKNOWN_ERROR. An error that cannot be identified has
occurred. This error should be used when all other error
messages are inappropriate.
102: USE_TCP. A host has attempted to use UDP on a server that
only supports TCP.
103: FLOW_POLICY_VIOLATION: A host has not specified address or
port information in enough detail for its assigned flow policy.
104: INTERNAL_SERVER_ERROR: An RSIP server application has
detected an unrecoverable error within itself or the RSIP
gateway.
200's: Parameter and message errors. The gateway uses these errors
when it detects that a parameter or message is malformed, as well
as when it does not understand a parameter or message.
201: MISSING_PARAM. The request does not contain a required
parameter.
202: DUPLICATE_PARAM. The request contains an illegal duplicate
parameter.
203: EXTRA_PARAM. The request contains a parameter that it should
not.
204: ILLEGAL_PARAM. The gateway does not understand a parameter
code.
205: BAD_PARAM. A parameter is malformed.
206: ILLEGAL_MESSAGE. The gateway does not understand the message
type. The message type is neither mandatory nor optional.
207: BAD_MESSAGE. A message is malformed and gateway parsing
failed.
208: UNSUPPORTED_MESSAGE: The host has transmitted an optional
message that the gateway does not support.
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300's: Permission, resource, and policy errors. The gateway uses
these errors when a host has attempted to do something that it is
not permitted to do, or something that violated gateway policy.
301: REGISTER_FIRST. The RSIP host has attempted to request or use
resources without registering.
302: ALREADY_REGISTERED. The host has attempted to register again
without first de-registering.
303: ALREADY_UNREGISTERED. The host has attempted to de-register
but it is already in the unregistered state.
304: REGISTRATION_DENIED: The gateway will not allow the host to
register.
305: BAD_CLIENT_ID. The host has referred to itself with the wrong
client ID.
306: BAD_BIND_ID. The request refers to a bind ID that is not
valid for the host.
307: BAD_TUNNEL_TYPE. The request refers to a tunnel type that is
not valid for the host.
308: LOCAL_ADDR_UNAVAILABLE. The gateway is currently not able to
allocate ANY local address, but the host may try again later.
309: LOCAL_ADDRPORT_UNAVAILABLE. The gateway is currently not
able to allocate ANY local IP address / port tuple of the
requested magnitude (i.e., number of ports), but the host may
try again later.
310: LOCAL_ADDR_INUSE. The gateway was not able to allocate the
requested local address because it is currently used by another
entity.
311: LOCAL_ADDRPORT_INUSE. The gateway was not able to allocate
the requested local address / port tuple because it is
currently used by another entity.
312: LOCAL_ADDR_UNALLOWED. The gateway will not let the host use
the specified local IP address due to policy.
313: LOCAL_ADDRPORT_UNALLOWED. The gateway will not let the host
use the specified local address / port pair due to policy.
314: REMOTE_ADDR_UNALLOWED. The gateway will not allow the host
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to establish a session to the specified remote address.
315: REMOTE_ADDRPORT_UNALLOWED. The gateway will not allow the
host to establish a session to the specified remote address /
port tuple.
400's: IPSEC errors. All errors specific to RSIP / IPSEC operation.
See [RSIP-IPSEC].
16. Appendix B: Message Types
This section defines the values assigned to RSIP message types.
These values are preliminary and are likely to change over time as
implementations are tested. We also indicate which RSIP entity, host
or gateway, produces each messages, and whether it is mandatory or
optional. All *_REQUEST messages are only to be implemented on
hosts, while all *_RESPONSE messages are only to be implemented on
gateways. RSIP implementations (both host and gateway) MUST support
all mandatory messages in order to be considered "RSIP compliant".
Value Message Implementation Status
------------------------------------------------------------
1 ERROR_RESPONSE gateway mandatory
2 REGISTER_REQUEST host mandatory
3 REGISTER_RESPONSE gateway mandatory
4 DE-REGISTER_REQUEST host mandatory
5 DE-REGISTER_RESPONSE gateway mandatory
6 ASSIGN_REQUEST_RSA-IP host optional
7 ASSIGN_RESPONSE_RSA-IP gateway optional
8 ASSIGN_REQUEST_RSAP-IP host mandatory
9 ASSIGN_RESPONSE_RSAP-IP gateway mandatory
10 EXTEND_REQUEST host mandatory
11 EXTEND_RESPONSE gateway mandatory
12 FREE_REQUEST host mandatory
13 FREE_RESPONSE gateway mandatory
14 QUERY_REQUEST host optional
15 QUERY_RESPONSE gateway mandatory
16 LISTEN_REQUEST host optional
17 LISTEN_RESPONSE gateway optional
17. Appendix C: Example RSIP host/gateway transactions
In this appendix, we present an exemplary series of annotated
transactions between an RSIP host and an RSIP gateway. All host to
gateway traffic is denote by `C --> S' and all gateway to host
traffic is denoted by `S --> C'. Parameter values are denoted inside
of parentheses. Versions, message types, and overall lengths are not
included in order to save space. "Don't care" values are indicated
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by 0's.
A ports parameter is represented by the number of ports followed by
the port numbers, separated by dashes. For example, 2-1012-1013
indicates two ports, namely 1012 and 1013, while 16-10000 indicates
16 ports, namely 10000-10015, and 4-0 indicates four ports, but the
sender doesn't care where they are.
IPv4 addresses are assumed.
17.1. RSAP-IP with Local Macro-flow Based Policy and No Remote Flow
Policy
This example exhibits the loosest policy framework for RSAP-IP.
C --> S: REGISTER_REQUEST ()
The host attempts to register with the gateway.
S --> C: REGISTER_RESPONSE (Client ID = 1, Local Flow Policy =
Macro, Remote Flow policy = None)
The gateway responds, assigning a Client ID of 1, local macro-
flow based policy and no remote flow policy. No RSIP method is
indicated, so RSAP-IP is assumed. No tunnel type is indicated,
so IP-IP is assumed.
C --> S: ASSIGN_REQUEST_RSAP-IP: (Client ID = 1, Address (local) =
0, Ports (local) = 4-0, Address (remote) = 0, Ports (remote) =
0, Lease Time = 3600)
The host requests an address and four ports to use with it, but
doesn't care which address or ports are assigned. The host
does not specify the remote address or ports either. The host
suggests a lease time of 3600 seconds.
S --> C: ASSIGN_RESPONSE_RSAP-IP: (Client ID = 1, Bind ID = 1,
Address (local) = 149.112.240.156, Ports (local) = 4-1234,
Address (remote) = 0, Ports (remote) = 0, Lease Time = 1800,
Tunnel Type = IP-IP)
The gateway responds by indicating that a bind ID of 1 has been
assigned to IP address 149.112.240.156 with ports 1234-1237.
Any remote host may be communicated with, using any remote port
number. The lease time has been assigned to be 1800 seconds,
and the tunnel type is confirmed to be IP-IP.
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The host is now able to communicate with any host on the public
network using these resources.
C --> S: QUERY_REQUEST: (Client ID = 1, Indicator = network,
Address (network) = 10.20.60.0, Address (netmask)
255.255.255.0)
The host asks the gateway if the network 10.20.60.0/24 is
local.
S --> C: QUERY_RESPONSE: (Client ID = 1, Indicator = network,
Address (network) = 10.20.60.0, Address (netmask) =
255.255.255.0)
The gateway responds indicating that the network in question is
local.
C --> S: ASSIGN_REQUEST_RSAP-IP: (Client ID = 1, Address (local) =
149.112.240.156, Ports (local) = 8-1238, Address (remote) = 0,
Ports (remote) = 0, Lease Time = 1800)
The host requests eight more particular ports for use with
RSAP-IP with the same address. A lease of 1800 seconds is
requested. IP-IP tunneling is implied by default.
S --> C: ASSIGN_RESPONSE_RSAP-IP: (Client ID = 1, Bind ID = 2,
Address (local) = 149.112.240.156, Ports (local) = 8-1305,
Address (remote) = 0, Ports (remote) = 0, Lease Time = 1800)
The gateway grants the request with the same address, but with
a different set of ports. IP-IP tunneling is implied by
default.
C --> S: FREE_REQUEST (Client ID = 1, Bind ID = 1)
The host frees bind ID 1; i.e., ports 1234-1237 from IP address
149.112.240.156. Note that the address itself is still
assigned to the host because the host is still assigned ports
1305-1314.
S --> C: FREE_RESPONSE (Client ID = 1, Bind ID = 1)
The gateway acknowledges that Bind ID 1 has been freed.
C --> S: EXTEND_REQUEST (Client ID = 1, Bind ID = 2, Lease Time =
1800)
The host request that the lease on bind ID 1 be extended for
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1800 seconds.
S --> C: EXTEND_RESPONSE (Client ID = 1, Bind ID = 2, Lease Time =
1800)
The gateway confirms the request.
S --> C: FREE_RESPONSE (Client ID = 1, Bind ID = 2)
The gateway forces the host to free the resources of bind ID 2.
C --> S: DE-REGISTER_REQUEST (Client ID = 1)
The host de-registers with the sever.
S --> C: REGISTER_RESPONSE (Client ID = 1)
The gateway acknowledges that the host has de-registered.
17.2. RSAP-IP with Local Micro-flow Based Policy and Remote Micro-
flow Based Policy
This example exhibits the strictest policy framework for RSAP-IP.
C --> S: REGISTER_REQUEST ()
The host attempts to register with the gateway.
S --> C: REGISTER_RESPONSE (Client ID = 5, Local Flow Policy =
Micro, Remote Flow policy = Micro, RSIP Method = RSAP-IP, RSIP
Method = RSA-IP, Tunnel Type = IP-IP, Tunnel Type = GRE)
The gateway responds, assigning a Client ID of 5, local micro-
flow based policy and remote micro-flow based policy. Both
RSAP-IP and RSA-IP are supported. Both IP-IP and GRE tunnel
types are supported.
C --> S: ASSIGN_REQUEST_RSAP-IP: (Client ID = 5, Address (local) =
0, Ports (local) = 0, Address (remote) = 38.196.73.6, Ports
(remote) = 21, Lease Time = 600, Tunnel Type = IP-IP)
The host requests a local address and a port assignment to use
with it. The host indicates that it wants to contact host
38.196.73.6 at port 21 (FTP control). The host requests a
lease time of 600 seconds and a tunnel type of IP-IP.
S --> C: ASSIGN_RESPONSE_RSAP-IP: (Client ID = 5, Bind ID = 1,
Address (local) = 149.112.240.156, Ports (local) = 2049,
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Address (remote) = 38.196.73.6, Ports (remote) = 21, Lease Time
= 600, Tunnel Type = IP-IP)
The gateway responds by indicating that a bind ID of 1 has been
assigned to IP address 149.112.240.156 with port 2049. Only
host 38.196.73.6 at port 21 may be contacted. The lease time
has been assigned to be 600 seconds, and the tunnel type is
confirmed to be IP-IP.
C --> S: LISTEN_REQUEST: (Client ID = 5, Address (local) =
149.112.240.156, Ports (local) = 2050, Address (remote) =
38.196.73.6, Ports (remote) = 20)
The host requests a listen port 2050 at the same address that
it has been assigned. Only host 38.196.73.6 from ports 20 (FTP
data) will be able to contact it.
S --> C: LISTEN_RESPONSE: (Client ID = 5, Address (local) =
149.112.240.156, Ports (local) = 2050, Address (remote) =
38.196.73.6, Ports (remote) = 20, Lease Time = 600, Tunnel Type
= IP-IP)
The gateway confirms the request and assigns a lease time of
600 seconds and a tunnel type of IP-IP.
C --> S: DE-REGISTER_REQUEST (Client ID = 5)
The host de-registers with the sever.
S --> C: REGISTER_RESPONSE (Client ID = 5)
The gateway acknowledges that the host has de-registered. All
of the host's bindings have been implicitly revoked.
17.3. RSA-IP with Local Macro-flow Based Policy and Remote Macro-
flow based Policy
This example exhibits a medium level of control for RSA-IP.
C --> S: REGISTER_REQUEST ()
The host attempts to register with the gateway.
S --> C: REGISTER_RESPONSE (Client ID = 3, Local Flow Policy =
Macro, Remote Flow policy = Macro, RSIP Method = RSAP-IP, RSIP
Method = RSA-IP, Tunnel Type = IP-IP, Tunnel Type = L2TP)
The gateway responds, assigning a Client ID of 3, local macro-
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flow based policy and remote macro-flow based policy. Both
RSAP-IP and RSA-IP are supported. Both IP-IP and L2TP tunnel
types are supported.
C --> S: ASSIGN_REQUEST_RSA-IP: (Client ID = 3, Address (local) =
0, Address (remote) = www.foo.com, Ports (remote) = 0, Lease
Time = 3600, Tunnel Type = IP-IP)
The host requests a local address and indicates that it wants
to contact host www.foo.com.
S --> C: ERROR_RESPONSE: (Error = REMOTE_ADDR_UNALLOWED, Client ID
= 3)
The gateway indicates that the host is not permitted to
establish communication with www.foo.com.
C --> S: ASSIGN_REQUEST_RSA-IP: (Client ID = 3, Address (local) =
0, Address (remote) = www.bar.com, Ports (remote) = 0, Lease
Time = 3600, Tunnel Type = IP-IP)
The host requests a local address and indicates that it wants
to contact host www.bar.com.
S --> C: ASSIGN_RESPONSE_RSA-IP: (Client ID = 3, Bind ID = 1,
Address (local) = 149.112.240.17, Address (remote) =
www.bar.com, Ports (remote) = 0, Lease Time = 3600, Tunnel Type
= IP-IP)
The gateway responds by granting local IP address
149.112.240.17 to the host, and permitting it to communicate
with www.bar.com, at any port. Requested lease time and tunnel
type are also granted.
C --> S: DE-REGISTER_REQUEST (Client ID = 3)
The host de-registers with the sever.
S --> C: REGISTER_RESPONSE (Client ID = 3)
The gateway acknowledges that the host has de-registered. All
of the host's bindings have been implicitly revoked.
18. Appendix D: Example RSIP host state diagram
This appendix provides an exemplary diagram of RSIP host state. The
host begins in the unregistered state. We assume that for UDP, if a
message is lost, the host will timeout and retransmit another copy of
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it. We recommend a 7-fold binary exponential backoff timer for
retransmissions, with the first timeout occurring after 12.5 ms.
This diagram does not include transitions for the LISTEN_REQUEST
message.
send
+------------+ REGISTER_REQUEST +------------+
| |----------------->|Registration|<-- timeout/send
+--->|Unregistered|<-----------------| Pending |--- REGISTER_REQUEST
| | | 7th timeout/recv +------------+
| +------------+ ERROR_RESPONSE |
| ^ |
| |7th timeout/recv |recv timeout/send
| |DE-REGISTER_RESPONSE |REGISTER_RESPONSE QUERY_REQUEST
| | | ^ |
| | send DE- v send | |
| +----------------+ REGISTER_REQUEST+----------+QUERY_REQUEST +----------+
| | Registered |<----------------| |-------------->|Registered|
| | De-registration| |Registered| | Query |
| | Pending |---------------->| |<--------------| Pending |
| +----------------+ recv +----------+ 7th timeout/ +----------+
| | ^ ERROR_RESPONSE ^ | recv
| | | | | QUERY_RESPONSE or
| timeout/send | | ERROR_RESPONSE
| DE-REGISTER_REQUEST 7th timeout/recv| |
| ERROR_RESPONSE | |
| +----------------+ | |
| |Go to Registered| | |send
| +----------------+ | |ASSIGN_REQUEST
| ^ timeout/send | |
| |Yes FREE_REQUEST | |
| + | | | |
| + + v | | v
| + + 7th timeout/ +--------+ +----------+
| + Are all + recv | Free | |Assignment|<--timeout/send
| + resources +<-----------|Pending | | Pending |---ASSIGN_REQUEST
| + freed? + FREE_RESPONSE+--------+ +----------+
| + + ^ | |
| + + | | |
| + | | |recv
| |No send | |recv |ASSIGN_RESPONSE
| v ERROR_REQUEST| |ERROR_ |
| +---------------+ | |RESPONSE |
| | Go to Assigned| | | |
| +---------------+ | | | 7th timeout/recv
| recv | | | QUERY_RESPONSE or
| +---------------+ERROR_RESPONSE | v v ERROR_RESPONSE+-------------+
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| | Assigned |-------------->+-------------+------------->| Assigned |
+>|De-registration| | Assigned | | Query |
| Pending |<--------------+-------------+<-------------| Pending |
+---------------+ send ^ | send +-------------+
^ | DE-REGISTER_REQUEST | | QUERY_REQUEST ^ |
| | | | | |
timeout/send 7th/timeout/recv | |send | |
DE-REGISTER_ ASSIGN_RESPONSE | |ASSIGN_REQUEST timeout/send
REQUEST or ERROR_RESPONSE| | QUERY_REQUEST
| |
| v
+----------+
| Assigned |
|Assignment|
| Pending |
+----------+
^ |
| |
timeout/send
ASSIGN_REQUEST
19. References
[RFC1918] Y. Rekhter, B. Moskowitz, D. Karrenberg, G. J. de Groot,
and E. Lear, "Address Allocation for Private Internets," RFC 1918,
Feb. 1996.
[RFC2119] S. Bradner, "Key words for use in RFCs to indicate
requirement levels," RFC 2119, Mar. 1997.
[RFC2434] T. Narten and H. Alvestrand, "Guidelines for Writing an
IANA Considerations Section in RFCs," RFC 2434, Oct. 1998.
[RFC2663] P. Srisuresh and M. Holdrege, "IP Network Address
Translator (NAT) Terminology and Considerations," RFC 2663, Aug.
1999.
[RSIP-FRAME] M. Borella, J. Lo, D. Grabelsky, and G. Montenegro,
"Realm Specific IP: Framework," Internet Draft <draft-ietf-nat-
rsip-framework-03.txt>, Dec. 1999 (work in progress).
[RSIP-IPSEC] G. Montenegro and M. Borella, "RSIP Support for End-to-
end IPSEC," <draft-ietf-nat-rsip-ipsec-02.txt>, work in progress,
Feb. 2000.
20. Authors' Addresses
Michael Borella
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3Com Corp.
1800 W. Central Rd.
Mount Prospect IL 60056
(847) 342-6093
mike_borella@3com.com
David Grabelsky
3Com Corp.
1800 W. Central Rd.
Mount Prospect IL 60056
(847) 222-2483
david_grabelsky@3com.com
Jeffrey Lo
NEC USA
C&C Research Labs.
110 Rio Robles
San Jose, CA 95134
(408) 943-3033
jlo@ccrl.sj.nec.com
Kunihiro Taniguchi
NEC USA
C&C Research Labs.
110 Rio Robles
San Jose, CA 95134
(408) 943-3031
taniguti@ccrl.sj.nec.com
21. Copyright Statement
Copyright (c) The Internet Society (2000). All Rights Reserved.
This document and translations of it may be copied and furnished to
others, and derivative works that comment on or otherwise explain it
or assist in its implementation may be prepared, copied, published and
distributed, in whole or in part, without restriction of any kind,
provided that the above copyright notice and this paragraph are
included on all such copies and derivative works. However, this
document itself may not be modified in any way, such as by removing
the copyright notice or references to the Internet Society or other
Internet organizations, except as needed for the purpose of developing
Internet standards in which case the procedures for copyrights defined
in the Internet Standards process must be followed, or as required to
translate it into languages other than English.
The limited permissions granted above are perpetual and will not be
revoked by the Internet Society or its successors or assigns.
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This document and the information contained herein is provided on an
"AS IS" basis and THE INTERNET SOCIETY AND THE INTERNET ENGINEERING
TASK FORCE DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT
NOT LIMITED TO ANY WARRANTY THAT THE USE OF THE INFORMATION HEREIN
WILL NOT INFRINGE ANY RIGHTS OR ANY IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF
MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.
Borella et al. Expires September 2000 [Page 48]
